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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inequality distribution model

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Academic literature on the topic 'Inequality distribution model'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 January 2023

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Inequality distribution model"

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Gondan, Matthias, and Steven P. Blurton. "Generalizations of the Race Model Inequality." Multisensory Research 26, no. 1-2 (2013): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002408.

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In redundant signals tasks, participants respond in the same way to two different stimuli which are presented either alone or in combination (redundant stimuli). Responses to redundant stimuli are typically faster than responses to single stimuli. Different explanations account for such redundancy gains, including race models and coactivation models. Race models predict that the cumulative response time distribution for the redundant stimuli never exceeds the summed distributions of the single stimuli (race model inequality, RMI, Miller, 1982). Based on work by Townsend and Nozawa (1995) we demonstrate that the RMI is a special case of a more general interaction contrast of response time distributions for stimuli of different intensity, or stimuli presented with onset asynchrony. The generalization of the RMI is, thus, suited for a much wider class of experiments than the standard setup in which response times for single stimuli are compared to those for double stimuli. Moreover, predictions can be derived not only for the race model, but for serial, parallel, and coactive processing modes with different stopping rules. Compared to the standard RMI, statistical power of these interaction contrasts is satisfactory, even for small onset asynchronies.

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Marjit, Sugata, Suryaprakash Mishra, Sandip Sarkar, and Lei Yang. "Trade, Inequality and Distribution-neutral Fiscal Policy." Foreign Trade Review 54, no. 2 (April 7, 2019): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519831797.

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Gains from trade and inequality do not feature prominently in trade theory. The standard criterion of Pareto efficiency indicates nothing about inequality when applied to the redistribution of gains from trade. Yet, trade-induced inequality has become a talking point and extremely contentious issue worldwide. In a Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson (HOS) model of trade, we consider tax-transfer policies that do not decrease the absolute income of any group, as suggested by the standard Pareto rule and keep the pre-trade degree of inequality between skilled and unskilled workers unchanged. Such a fiscal policy exists and is independent of whether the tax is progressive or proportional. We show that the aggregate gain in real income due to trade can be distributed to make everyone better off without increasing inequality. A generalization of the basic result shows that any Pareto efficient allocation can be transformed into a distribution-neutral allocation through appropriate fiscal policy. JEL Codes: F11, J31, D63, H20, H23

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Kumhof, Michael, Romain Rancière, and Pablo Winant. "Inequality, Leverage, and Crises." American Economic Review 105, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 1217–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20110683.

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The paper studies how high household leverage and crises can be caused by changes in the income distribution. Empirically, the periods 1920–1929 and 1983–2008 both exhibited a large increase in the income share of high-income households, a large increase in debt leverage of low- and middle-income households, and an eventual financial and real crisis. The paper presents a theoretical model where higher leverage and crises are the endogenous result of a growing income share of high-income households. The model matches the profiles of the income distribution, the debt-to-income ratio and crisis risk for the three decades preceding the Great Recession. (JEL D14, D31, D33, E32, E44, G01, N22)

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Jeong, Hyeok, and Robert M. Townsend. "GROWTH AND INEQUALITY: MODEL EVALUATION BASED ON AN ESTIMATION-CALIBRATION STRATEGY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, S2 (September 2008): 231–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100507070149.

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This paper evaluates two well-known models of growth with inequality that have explicit micro underpinnings related to household choice. With incomplete markets or transactions costs, wealth can constrain investment in business and the choice of occupation and also constrain the timing of entry into the formal financial sector. Using the Thai Socio-Economic Survey (SES), we estimate the distribution of wealth and the key parameters that best fit cross-sectional data on household choices and wealth. We then simulate the model economies for two decades at the estimated initial wealth distribution and analyze whether the model economies at those micro-fit parameter estimates can explain the observed macro and sectoral aspects of income growth and inequality change. Both models capture important features of Thai reality. Anomalies and comparisons across the two distinct models yield specific suggestions for improved research on the micro foundations of growth and inequality.

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Wijaya, Oki, Deni Aditya Susanto, Triatmi Heruwarsi, Sri Giyanti, and Nik Rahlia Nik Ibrahim. "Decomposition of the Theil Index in Inequality Analyses in Yogyakarta Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 316 (2021): 02046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131602046.

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Yogyakarta is Indonesia’s province with the highest inequality at the Gini ratio of 0.417. This research brings into focus inequality in Yogyakarta and inequality distribution by regions and the economic sectors. Methodologically, this research uses the descriptive quantitative analysis model to spell out inequality distribution. The analysis units are regions and the economic sectors at provincial and district/city levels. The parameter used is the Theil index with the approach of inequality of between-region, between-sector, within-region, and within-sector. The results exhibit that at the provincial level, Yogyakarta has a Theil index of 0.686. The region with the highest inequality is Bantul (0.737), whereas other areas come with severe inequality (> 0.5). In regard to between-region inequality, the highest inequality distribution is between Sleman and Kulon Progo and Gunungkidul. At district/city levels, the highest inequality is identified in the agricultural, trade, and industrial sectors. Finally, the highest inequality distribution is between the construction sector and the agricultural, trade, and industrial sectors.

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Yahia, Nagla. "Applications to Biomedical Data by Using Volume Biased Rayleigh Model." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2021.9724.

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In this manuscript, we discuss a new weighted distribution, which called the volume–biased Rayleigh (VB-R) distribution. The VB-R model is more flexible than some well known models and it has many applications in physics and medicine. The statistical properties of the VB-R distribution as; moments, mean, variance, moment generating function, incomplete moments, inequality measures, order statistics and Rényi an q entropies are calculated. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimators for the unknown parameter of the volume-biased Rayleigh distribution, based on complete samples. Finally, applications on real data-sets are provided to determine whether the VB-R distribution is better than other well-known distributions in modeling lifetime data or not.

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Yahia, Nagla. "Applications to Biomedical Data by Using Volume Biased Rayleigh Model." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 1724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2021.9724.

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In this manuscript, we discuss a new weighted distribution, which called the volume–biased Rayleigh (VB-R) distribution. The VB-R model is more flexible than some well known models and it has many applications in physics and medicine. The statistical properties of the VB-R distribution as; moments, mean, variance, moment generating function, incomplete moments, inequality measures, order statistics and Rényi an q entropies are calculated. The maximum likelihood (ML) estimators for the unknown parameter of the volume-biased Rayleigh distribution, based on complete samples. Finally, applications on real data-sets are provided to determine whether the VB-R distribution is better than other well-known distributions in modeling lifetime data or not.

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Ibrahim, Patmawati, Maimunah Ali, Mazliana Muridan, and Amirul Iman Mohd Jazid. "Revisiting Zakat Distribution on Income Inequality and Welfare: The Malaysia Experience." al-Uqud : Journal of Islamic Economics 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/al-uqud.v4n1.p146-161.

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This paper attempts to analyze the effects of zakat distribution on income inequality and welfare aspects of the poor Muslim society in Malaysia. The population of the study is the poor and hardcore poor of the zakat recipients in Selangor. Exploring the cross sectional micro level data of nine districts in Selangor, Malaysia, this study adopted Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient to represent positive measures of income inequality. However, these measures do not take into account the welfare effects of the distribution to the society. Hence, Atkinson index is adopted to represent the normative measures of inequality that takes into account the welfare effects of the zakat distribution to society. Results of the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve have proven effectiveness of zakat distribution in reducing income inequality of the society. Whilst the theory of zakat says that zakat distribution will improve income inequality and welfare of the society, findings of the normative measures in this research show otherwise. Therefore, this study is extended with zakat distribution simulation model based on had kifayah. Results from the distribution simulation model proved the ability of zakat in narrowing down income inequality, reducing income loss and hence increasing the welfare of the society.

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Yılmaz, Ensar. "Market Imperfections and Income Distribution." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 1147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0071.

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Abstract This paper aims to search links between market imperfections and functional income distribution. For this purpose we construct a two-sector model – wage goods and luxury goods producing sectors – incorporating imperfections of the product and labor markets under income inequality. In a structure with interdependent and partially monopolistic and competitive markets, we analytically trace up the effects of the changes in power relations proxied by the degree of mark-ups in the product and labor market. The model shows that price and wage mark-ups in two sectors have crucial income distribution implications for the agents in the economy to varying extents. It also demonstrates the effect of the existence of the differentiated consumption patterns arising from income inequality on income distribution. Furthermore, it seems that unemployment level creates externalities on wage rate and on corporate taxes of firms.

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Kot, Stanislaw Maciej. "Estimating the parameter of inequality aversion on the basis of a parametric distribution of incomes." Equilibrium 15, no. 3 (September 7, 2020): 391–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.018.

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Research background: In applied welfare economics, the constant relative inequality aversion function is routinely used as the model of a social decisionmaker’s or a society’s preferences over income distributions. This function is entirely determined by the parameter, ε, of inequality aversion. However, there is no authoritative answer to the question of what the range of ε an analyst should select for empirical work. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is elaborating the method of deriving ε from a parametric distribution of disposable incomes. Methods: We assume that households’ disposable incomes obey the generalised beta distribution of the second kind GB2(a,b,p,q). We have proved that, under this assumption, the social welfare function exists if and only if ε belongs to (0,ap+1) interval. The midpoint εmid of this interval specifies the inequality aversion of the median social-decisionmaker. Findings & Value added: The maximum likelihood estimator of εmid has been developed. Inequality aversion for Poland 1998–2015 has been estimated. If inequality is calculated on the basis of disposable incomes, the standard inequality–development relationship might be complemented by inequality aversion. The “augmented” inequality–development relationship reveals new phenomena; for instance, the stage of economic development might matter when assessing the impact of inequality aversion on income inequality.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inequality distribution model"

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CÌŒok, Mitja. "Analysing the distribution of income and taxes in Slovenia with a tax benefit model." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268837.

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Lee, Joo Young, and Youn Mi Lee. "Dynamic Impact of Aging on Income Inequality in the U.S. with Vector Autoregressive Model." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/secfr-conf/2020/schedule/57.

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Income inequality has been showing a steady increase for past decades and will be worsened in the future (Piketty, 2014). One of the most important factors to explain the worsening income inequality can be aging. Previous studies on aging focus on its impact on traditional issues such as health, retirement, and economic growth. This study finds the direct relationship between aging and income inequality using the vector autoregressive (VAR) model (Blanchard and Quah, 1989). The VAR model is useful to analyze the long-run response of aging on income inequality. The empirical results will verify the negative impact of aging on income inequality in the U.S. The governmental efforts to reduce the negative impact of aging on health care and pensions could delay the worsening income inequality.

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Corlu, Anil. "Income Inequality and Trade Flows: A Country Study for 2001." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-9212.

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This paper tests the relationship between income inequality and trade flows. The model is based upon Helena Bohman and Désirée Nilsson (2007) and Mitra Trindade and Dalgin (2008). This paper will set up gravity model for 50 countries which includes, income distribution, population, average individual income level and GINI variable as distribution of disposable income as an explanatory variables. Results confirm that when income inequality increases in the exporting country, export of necessities increase and export of luxuries decrease. Income distribution also shows expected effect on trade flows in the importing country. When income inequality increases in the importing country, import of necessities decrease and import of luxuries increase.

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Fischer, Manfred M., Florian Huber, and Michael Pfarrhofer. "The regional transmission of uncertainty shocks on income inequality in the United States." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6774/1/2018%2D01%2D10_FischerHuberPfarrhofer_Inequality.pdf.

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This paper explores the relationship between household income inequality and macroeconomic uncertainty in the United States. Using a novel large-scale macroeconometric model, we shed light on regional disparities of inequality responses to a national uncertainty shock. The results suggest that income inequality decreases in most states, with a pronounced degree of heterogeneity in terms of the dynamic responses. By contrast, some few states, mostly located in the Midwest, display increasing levels of income inequality over time. Forecast error variance and historical decompositions highlight the importance of uncertainty shocks in explaining income inequality in most regions considered. Finally, we explain differences in the responses of income inequality by means of a simple regression analysis. These regressions reveal that the income composition as well as labor market fundamentals determine the directional pattern of the dynamic responses.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

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Oberdabernig, Doris Anita. "Revisiting the Effects of IMF Programs on Poverty and Inequality." Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.033.

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Investigating how lending programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) affect poverty and inequality, we explicitly address model uncertainty. We control for endogenous selection into IMF programs using data on 86 low- and middle income countries for the 1982-2009 period and analyze program effects on various poverty and inequality measures. The results rely on averaging over 90 specifications of treatment effect models and indicate adverse short-run effects of IMF agreements on poverty and inequality for the whole sample, while for a 2000-2009 subsample the results are reversed. There is evidence that significant short-run effects might disappear in the long-run. (author's abstract)

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Peskar-Johnson, Cheryl L. "An analysis of service sector growth effects on income inequality a comparison model of metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of the Appalachia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1959.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-50).

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Fischer, Manfred M., Florian Huber, and Michael Pfarrhofer. "The transmission of uncertainty shocks on income inequality: State-level evidence from the United States." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6368/1/us%2Dstates_uncertainty.pdf.

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In this paper, we explore the relationship between state-level household income inequality and macroeconomic uncertainty in the United States. Using a novel large-scale macroeconometric model, we shed light on regional disparities of inequality responses to a national uncertainty shock. The results suggest that income inequality decreases in most states, with a pronounced degree of heterogeneity in terms of shapes and magnitudes of the dynamic responses. By contrast, some few states, mostly located in the West and South census region, display increasing levels of income inequality over time. We find that this directional pattern in responses is mainly driven by the income composition and labor market fundamentals. In addition, forecast error variance decompositions allow for a quantitative assessment of the importance of uncertainty shocks in explaining income inequality. The findings highlight that volatility shocks account for a considerable fraction of forecast error variance for most states considered. Finally, a regression-based analysis sheds light on the driving forces behind differences in state-specific inequality responses.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

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Oberdabernig, Doris Anita. "Revisiting the Effects of IMF Programs on Poverty and Inequality." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3609/3/wp144.pdf.

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Investigating how lending programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) affect poverty and inequality, we explicitly address model uncertainty. We control for endogenous selection into IMF programs using data on 86 low- and middle income countries for the 1982-2009 period and analyze program effects on various poverty and inequality measures. The results rely on averaging over 90 specifications of treatment effect models and indicate adverse short-run effects of IMF agreements on poverty and inequality for the whole sample, while for a 2000-2009 subsample the results are reversed. There is evidence that significant short-run effects might disappear in the long-run. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Arafat, Md Yasin. "Three Essays on the Evolution of the Determinants of Educational Attainment and its Consequences." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99465.

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The dissertation focuses on the different determinants of education, their effects on the educational outcome, and the overall effect of education on the lifetime consequences. The first chapter focuses on the inequality of educational opportunity across different demographic factors. This chapter employs a broader set of social factors to provide fresh insights into the inequality situation in the USA relative to those of the extant literature. The chapter employs polynomial trends for the effects of social factors to identify long-term trends in the determinants of the differences in attainment of each of four achievements (high school graduation, some college, college graduation, and post-college work) across different endogenous social groups. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data for the years of 1968-2013, we show how inequality of educational opportunity and its determinants have evolved over the years. The chapter utilizes the machine-learning process and logistic regression model to identify inequality of opportunity. The second chapter examines the age demographic distribution of graduates across cohorts from 1940 until 1990. Using the PSID data, the paper explored the first and second moment of the age of graduating from high school and college across the US. To deal with the data deficiencies, a large part of the chapter dealt with data preparation. The chapter provides a unique method of extracting information on the graduating age of the individuals both from high school and from college. The results show a large dispersion across the full sample. The data truncated to a standard length, however, provides a much smaller dispersion and much smaller moments. The chapter concludes that as the time passes, people tend to attain education at a younger age. The third chapter investigates the trends of the contribution of different factors of income starting from 1910 cohort. Following Mincer (1974), a wave of papers studied how various factors contribute to the earnings of individuals. This paper contributes to that literature in three ways: (i) using the PSID data, it computes the actual working experience of the individuals, (ii) it studies the cohorts who were born in 1910 or afterwards, unlike the existing papers, and (iii) it adds two variables�"technological progress and the occupation with which individuals start their careers�"to an extended Mincerian equation. The results re-emphasize the importance of education in lifetime earnings. The results also show that while some of the determinants of income have become more important over the years, other factors have not changed much in importance.
PHD

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Kwong, Sunny Kai-Sun. "Price-sensitive inequality measurement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25807.

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The existing inequality indexes in the economics literature (including the more sophisticated indexes of Muellbauer (1974) and Jorgenson-Slesnick (1984)), are found to be insensitive to relative price changes or are unjustifiable in terms of social evaluation ethics or both. The present research fills this gap in the literature by proposing a new index, named the Individual Equivalent Income (IEI) index. A household indirect utility function is hypothesized which incorporates certain attribute parameters in the form of equivalence scales. These attributes are demographic and environmental characteristics specific to a given household. This indirect utility function gives a number which represents the utility of each member of the household. A particular level of interpersonal comparison of utilities is assumed which gives rise to an exact individual utility indicator named equivalent income. A distribution of these equivalent incomes forms the basis of a price-sensitive relative inequality index. This index can be implemented in the Canadian context. Preferences are assumed to be nonhomothetic translog and demand data are derived from cross-section surveys and time-series aggregates. Based on demand data, the translog equivalent income function can be estimated and equivalent incomes imputed to all individuals in society. An Atkinson index of equivalent incomes is then computed to indicate the actual degree of inequality in Canada. The new IEI index is compared with other indexes based on a common data set. The main findings are: conventional indexes give bad estimates of the true extent of inequality and the IEI index, while providing a more accurate estimate, indicates distributive price impact in a predictable manner, i.e., food price inflation aggravates while transportation price inflation ameliorates the inequality problem.
Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
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Books on the topic "Inequality distribution model"

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Montes, Manuel F. A model of income and income inequality in the process of growth. [Quezon]: University of the Philippines, School of Economics, 1985.

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Kakusa no mekanizumu: Sūri shakaigakuteki apurōchi = A model of inequality : challenge of mathematical sociology. Tōkyō: Keisō Shobō, 2007.

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Mesnard, Alice. Is inequality bad for business?: A nonlinear microeconomic model of wealth effects on self-employment. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Development Research Group, Poverty and Human Resources, 2001.

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Glaeser, Edward L. Inequality. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Glaeser, Edward L. Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Ravallion, Martin. Inequality convergence. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Development Research Group, 2001.

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Income inequality in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Osder Publications, 2007.

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Measuring inequality. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Koeniger, Winfried. Labour market institutions and wage inequality. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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Huggett, Mark. Sources of lifetime inequality. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Inequality distribution model"

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Colombi, Roberto. "A New Model Of Income Distribution: The Pareto-Lognormal Distribution." In Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty, 18–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84250-4_2.

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Stoppa, Gabriele. "A New Model For Income Size Distributions." In Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty, 33–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84250-4_3.

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Figueroa, Adolfo. "Unified Theory of Capitalism: A Growth and Distribution Model." In Growth, Employment, Inequality, and the Environment, 69–93. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137506979_6.

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Dagum, Camilo. "A Model Of Net Wealth Distribution Specified For Negative, Null and Positive Wealth. A Case Study: Italy." In Income and Wealth Distribution, Inequality and Poverty, 42–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84250-4_4.

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McDonald, James B., and Michael Ransom. "The Generalized Beta Distribution as a Model for the Distribution of Income: Estimation of Related Measures of Inequality." In Modeling Income Distributions and Lorenz Curves, 147–66. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72796-7_8.

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Ferreira, Francisco, and Julie Litchfield. "Inequality and Poverty in the Lost Decade: Brazilian Income Distribution in the 1980s." In The New Economic Model in Latin America and its Impact on Income Distribution and Poverty, 249–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24520-8_10.

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Whitehead, Laurence. "Chronic Fiscal Stress and the Reproduction of Poverty and Inequality in Latin America." In The New Economic Model in Latin America and its Impact on Income Distribution and Poverty, 53–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24520-8_3.

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Radišić, Jelena, and Andreas Pettersen. "Resilient and Nonresilient Students in Sweden and Norway—Investigating the Interplay Between Their Self-Beliefs and the School Environment." In Equity, Equality and Diversity in the Nordic Model of Education, 273–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61648-9_11.

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AbstractUsing TIMSS 2015 data and a person-centred approach, the chapter focuses on academically resilient students in Norway and Sweden in grade eight. The self-belief profiles of academically resilient students compared with the nonresilient groups (i.e., low SES/low achievement, high SES/low achievement and high SES/high achievement) are investigated. Further, we evaluated the characteristics of the classroom environment for each of the profiles. After accounting for student SES and achievement, personal characteristics, advantages and disadvantages in the classroom and the school environment, we identified distinctive student profiles that might be more prone to risk. In the context of the equality–inequality paradigm, recognition of these profiles can strengthen the possibility to reduce the gap in battling different aspects of inequality across social groups. Concurrently, although we distinguish the same student groups across Sweden and Norway, their distribution within the countries differs. The latter results contribute to the ongoing debate on the dissolution/unification of the Nordic model, especially regarding particular trends within the Swedish education system.

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López Martínez, Alexandra, and Owen Eli Ceballos Mina. "Socioeconomic Residential Segregation and Income Inequality in Bogotá: An Analysis Based on Census Data of 2005." In The Urban Book Series, 433–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_22.

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AbstractResidential segregation is both a cause and consequence of socioeconomic inequalities. Since the 1990s, segregation patterns in Latin American cities have changed significantly. This is related to major urban transformations caused by privatization policies related to urban development, commercialization, and real estate activity. The main purpose of this chapter is to study residential socioeconomic segregation in the city of Bogotá, Colombia in 2005, using educational attainment as an indicator of socioeconomic status while considering the drivers of segregation during the 1990s. We also introduce a brief analysis of the relationship between residential segregation and inequality based on a model that allows replicating the income distribution of the population using census variables. This chapter shows that residential segregation in Bogotá is related to per capita income inequality, however, segregation may be caused by the dynamics of land and housing markets rather than inequality.

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Szczesny, Wiesław. "Inequality measures for multivariate distributions." In Grade Models and Methods for Data Analysis, 385–424. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39928-5_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inequality distribution model"

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HomChaudhuri, Baisravan. "Distributionally Robust Stochastic Model Predictive Control for Collision Avoidance." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9160.

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Abstract This paper focuses on distributionally robust controller design for avoiding dynamic and stochastic obstacles whose exact probability distribution is unknown. The true probability distribution of the disturbance associated with an obstacle, although unknown, is considered to belong to an ambiguity set that includes all the probability distributions that share the same first two moment. The controller thus focuses on ensuring the satisfaction of the probabilistic collision avoidance constraints for all probability distributions in the ambiguity set, hence making the solution robust to the true probability distribution of the stochastic obstacles. Techniques from robust optimization methods are used to model the distributionally robust probabilistic or chance constraints as a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem with linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints that can be solved in a computationally tractable fashion. Simulation results for a robot obstacle avoidance problem shows the efficacy of our method.

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Grzelak, Aleksander. "Income Inequality and Food Security in the Light of the Experience of the OECD Countries." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.070.

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The main aim of this article is evaluate the relationships between income inequality and food security in the light of the experiences of the OECD countries. Understanding the problems of inequality of income and food security is one of the main challenge for economic and social development of the contemporary world. In the part of empirical studies one has used a data from the selected OECD countries by prism of the Gini coefficient of income distribution and relative poverty. In turn, food security is presented from the perspective of the global index of food security (Global Food Security Index), which was developed at the request of DuPont by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). In the case of empirical verification one has used regression analysis and cluster (agglomeration) for typing of the studied countries. Time scope of analysis refers to the period 2010–2015. It was stated that there is a considerable variation in the level of food security, and especially income inequality between countries. This is a consequence of both the differences in the level of economic development, as well as the model of functioning of the economy. A relationships between income inequality and food security are complex and ambiguous. A clearer regularities can be seen in the case of income inequality and food security in the dimension related to the economic affordability of food price. This is due to the fact that issues related to food security are mainly connected with low level of income. In turn, the cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish three groups of countries with different characteristics in terms of income inequality and food security.

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Moinuddin, Khalid A. M., Peter N. Joubert, and Min S. Chong. "Turbulence Intensity Distribution for Flow Along a Streamwise External Corner." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32346.

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This work continues the studies of Moinuddin et al. [1], where experiments were performed on a streamwise external corner. The streamwise development of turbulent boundary layer over an external corner (chine) is influenced by secondary flow which is driven three-dimensionally. The direct effect of this secondary flow is to increase the drag force. Here secondary flow, which is known as Prandtl’s second kind, is induced by inequality of Reynolds stresses around the corner. This flow is expected to exhibit symmetry about the corner bisector. Moinuddin et al. [2,3] have established the symmetry of this flow based upon mean flow measurements. Normal wire measurements for the streamwise turbulence intensity profiles u′2+, measured at about Reθ 5700 and 4.7 m from the model leading edge, are presented in this paper. Mean flow measurements show excellent agreement between Pitot tube and normal wire measurements. Comparisons are made for u′2+, profiles at equal spanwise distance, from the corner, on both surfaces. The profiles agree quite well having nominal deviation depending on spanwise and normal distance from the corner. Isointensity contours also depict symmetrical turbulence distribution. It is also revealed that far from the corner, turbulence profiles agree well with the standard two-dimensional turbulence profile. The measurements agrees with the general behaviour expected from this kind of flow as reported by Xu & Pollard [4] from their LES calculation of flow in an annular square duct.

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Xu, Yifan, and Pan Xu. "Trade the System Efficiency for the Income Equality of Drivers in Rideshare." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/580.

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Several scientific studies have reported the existence of the income gap among rideshare drivers based on demographic factors such as gender, age, race, etc. In this paper, we study the income inequality among rideshare drivers due to discriminative cancellations from riders, and the tradeoff between the income inequality (called fairness objective) with the system efficiency (called profit objective). We proposed an online bipartite-matching model where riders are assumed to arrive sequentially following a distribution known in advance. The highlight of our model is the concept of acceptance rate between any pair of driver-rider types, where types are defined based on demographic factors. Specially, we assume each rider can accept or cancel the driver assigned to her, each occurs with a certain probability which reflects the acceptance degree from the rider type towards the driver type. We construct a bi-objective linear program as a valid benchmark and propose two LP-based parameterized online algorithms. Rigorous online competitive ratio analysis is offered to demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of our online algorithms in balancing the two conflicting goals, promotions of fairness and profit. Experimental results on a real-world dataset are provided as well, which confirm our theoretical predictions.

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Bashutska, Oksana, Lesia Buiak, Mykola Shynkaryk, and Oksana Bodnar. "Modeling the impact of social transfers on the inequality of income distribution in society." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Strategies, Models and Technologies of Economic Systems Management (SMTESM 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/smtesm-19.2019.66.

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Goschin, Zizi, Aura Popa, and Mihai Roman. "Migrants' Remittances in Romania and Balkan Countries: A Macro-Economic Perspective." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00192.

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The remittances of international migrants contribute to the well-being of their households of origin and also have an impact at macro-economic level. Out-migration is an effective means for low-income households to quickly overcome shortages of income. The sustenance of poor households might have been more difficult without such remittances. From a macro-perspective, remittances contribute to the equalization of the income distribution among households having out-migrants. This study examines the significance of selected macro-economic and demographic factors associated with remittance behaviour in Romania and several Balkan countries (Bulgaria, Turkey and Albania) as characterized by the propensity to remit and the amount remitted. The extent to which remittances affect the living standard of house-holds left behind is also appraised. In this respect we used macroeconomic datasets provided by World Bank and national statistical institutes. We develop a model to study the effects of migration and remittances on inequality in the origin communities, by employing regression analysis. Among the main findings is that the evolution of the regional Gross Domestic Product is positively related to the growth of the amount of remittances conveyed through the official network as part of the total amount of remittances.

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Raman, Naveen, Sanket Shah, and John Dickerson. "Data-Driven Methods for Balancing Fairness and Efficiency in Ride-Pooling." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/51.

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Rideshare and ride-pooling platforms use artificial intelligence-based matching algorithms to pair riders and drivers. However, these platforms can induce unfairness either through an unequal income distribution or disparate treatment of riders. We investigate two methods to reduce forms of inequality in ride-pooling platforms: by incorporating fairness constraints into the objective function and redistributing income to drivers who deserve more. To test these out, we use New York City taxi data to evaluate their performance on both the rider and driver side. For the first method, we find that optimizing for driver fairness out-performs state-of-the-art models in terms of the number of riders serviced, showing that optimizing for fairness can assist profitability in certain circumstances. For the second method, we explore income redistribution as a method to combat income inequality by having drivers keep an $r$ fraction of their income, and contribute the rest to a redistribution pool. For certain values of $r$, most drivers earn near their Shapley value, while still incentivizing drivers to maximize income, thereby avoiding the free-rider problem and reducing income variability. While the first method is useful because it improves both rider and driver-side fairness, the second method is useful because it improves fairness without affecting profitability, and both methods can be combined to improve rider and driver-side fairness.

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Gomez Lopez, Claudia, Rosa Lina Cuozzo, and Paula Boldrini. "Impactos de las políticas públicas de hábitat en la construcción del espacio urbano: el caso del Área Metropolitana de Tucumán, Argentina." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8026.

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En América Latina, la implantación del neoliberalismo como sistema económico ha llevado a un modelo de desarrollo con elevada heterogeneidad y desigualdad socioeconómica. De la mano de grandes cambios sociales y demográficos, las áreas urbanas experimentaron un acelerado desarrollo, crecimiento económico desigual en la distribución del ingreso, el aumento del desempleo y altos niveles de informalidad urbana. Enmarcado en esta realidad la producción del espacio urbano, se llevó adelante a través de la gestión de tres actores sociales: 1.el mercado inmobiliario; 2. el Estado nacional y 3. los asentamientos informales. De ellos, el estado cumple un rol fundamental en la construcción de la ciudad encauzando o restringiendo el desarrollo de ciertos espacios ya sea a través de la acción (implementación de políticas públicas, normativas, etc.) o de la omisión. En un contexto en el que persiste la ausencia de planificación, la carencia de un marco que defina el modo de ocupación del territorio, impone la lógica del mercado inmobiliario como criterio urbanístico principal, incluso para las actuaciones de promoción pública de vivienda. Ello impacta de modo negativo en la ciudad en la medida que favorece la especulación en manos del sector privado, produce segregación residencial y desigualdad en el acceso al suelo puesto que amplios sectores quedan fuera del mercado formal. Lo cual se tradujo en la conformación de áreas diferenciadas dentro de la ciudad agudizando la separación entre sectores sociales. A partir del 2003, en Argentina en virtud al crecimiento económico que se produce con posterioridad a la crisis 2001-2002, el Estado Nacional retomó los planes de vivienda a fin de dar solución al problema habitacional haciendo hincapié en programas de relocalización, radicación y regularización dominial de villas y asentamientos informales, articulando con trabajo cooperativo que implicaba la intervención una medida conjunta con el problema de desocupación. A las existentes políticas habitaciones de construcción de viviendas ejecutadas por los Institutos Provinciales de Vivienda (IPV), se sumaron un conjunto de políticas sociales que articulan programas de diversos órdenes, nacional, municipal, provincial y del IPV. (Argentina Trabaja, Municipio+Cerca, PROMEVI, PROMEBA, etc) enlazando la problemática habitacional a la social. Sin embargo estas medidas no revierten el sentido dominante que poseen las políticas públicas en materia de vivienda (del Río y Duarte, 2012) puesto que la construcción de viviendas sin sustento normativo ni planificación, o la consolidación y regularización de asentamientos populares en áreas vulnerables, lejos de mitigar las desigualdades existentes, producen efectos negativos en la ciudad. En este contexto, este trabajo analiza las consecuencias de las nuevas políticas habitacionales en el Área Metropolitana de Tucumán (AmeT), a casi 10 años de implementación de un conjunto de medidas sociales específicas, en teoría tendientes a la equidistribución del acceso al suelo urbano. In Latin America, the implementation of neoliberalism as an economic system has led to a development model with high heterogeneity and socioeconomic inequality. The adoption of policies of liberalization, deregulation and economic flexibility, along with the withdrawal of the state of urban management, major changes occurred in the cities. In the hands of great social and demographic change, urban areas experienced rapid development, uneven economic growth in the distribution of income, rising unemployment and high levels of urban informality. Framed in this reality, the production of urban space, was carried out by the management of three social actors: 1.The real estate market; 2 and 3 the national state informal settlements. Of these, the state plays a key role in building the city damming or restricting the development of certain areas either through action (implementation of public policies, regulations, etc.) or omission. Therefore, in a context in which the lack of planning continues, the lack of a framework defining how land occupation imposes the logic of urban real estate market as the main criterion, even for actions of public housing development. This impacts negatively on the city to the extent that speculation favors the private sector, produce residential segregation and inequality in access to land as large sections remain outside the formal market. Which results in the formation of distinct areas within the city exacerbating the gap between social sectors. In Argentina, under the economic growth that occurs after the 2001-2002 crisis, the Federal Government returned home plans to solve the housing problem but with a twist to the social, to meet the needs of the most vulnerable sectors of society. From being solely residential construction (turnkey system) executed by the Provincial Housing Institutes (IPV), policies will be passed to a set of social policies that articulate programs of various orders, domestic, municipal, provincial and IPV. (Argentina Works, Municipality + Close, PROMEVI, PROMEBA Law Pierri implementation of regularization, etc.) that link to social housing problems. However, this has not had the expected results in relation to urban problems. While the need for regional planning was promoted through the PET National and Provincial (Regional Strategic Plan), all implemented programs were developed without proper management tools to define the criteria for the consolidation and development from the Federal Government city and thus ended conspiring against it, as a stage of collective life. The lack of training of local technicians, the use of these programs clientelitas purposes by local politicians and rampant corruption, contributed to aggravating the observed trends. This suggests that the construction of new housing or consolidation or regularization of squatter settlements in vulnerable areas without legal justification and planning, far from mitigating the inequalities, negative effects on the city. Under this hypothesis, this paper analyzes the impact of new housing policies in the Metropolitan Area of Tucumán (AMET), nearly 10 years of implementing a set of tending to the equal distribution of access to urban land social measures. It is concluded that the actions taken by the State produced an increase and consolidate the processes of fragmentation and emerging socio-spatial segregation of Tucuman AMET.

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Solov'eva, Anastasiya, Sergey Solov'ev, Leonid Shevcov, and Valeriya Piven'. "ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY OF FLAT TROUSERS BASED ON P-BLOCKS." In PROBLEMS OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Bryansk State Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd1ed0352ef87.51750998.

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The paper considers an approach to the probabilistic analysis of the reliability of flat trusses based on p-boxes (probability boxes, p-boxes). Modeling of stochastic parameters in the form of p-blocks is justified for building pavement structures due to significant variability of climatic loads, variations in the physical and mechanical properties of coating materials, installation tolerances and other uncertainties. The advantage of this method is the possibility of using it with incomplete (limited) statistical information - when it is difficult to determine the probability distribution law or the parameters of a random variable. Variants of constructing p-blocks are illustrated for various types of incompleteness of statistical information: for an unknown distribution law using Chebyshev's inequality, for interval estimates of the parameters of random variables, etc. Information is given on the possibility of performing algebraic operations on p-blocks. The probability of no-failure operation with such approaches will be presented as an interval of values. If the interval is too wide (uninformative), the quality of statistical information should be improved by conducting additional tests. The paper presents mathematical models of limiting states taking into account the variability of the basic random variables. The possibility of using the proposed approach in the framework of most practical problems in the construction industry for assessing the safety of statically definable farms is shown. As a result, a formula is given for assessing the reliability of a truss as a conditional mechanical sequential system (in terms of the theory of reliability), taking into account the lack of information about the dependence of its elements. The algorithm for analyzing reliability is considered on a numerical example. The developed approach can be used for other types of statically definable hinge-rod systems.

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Reports on the topic "Inequality distribution model"

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Aliprantis, Dionissi, Daniel R. Carroll, and Eric R. Young. The Dynamics of the Racial Wealth Gap. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-201918r.

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What drives the dynamics of the racial wealth gap? We answer this question using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium heterogeneous-agents model. Our calibrated model endogenously produces a racial wealth gap matching that observed in recent decades along with key features of the current cross-sectional distribution of wealth, earnings, intergenerational transfers, and race. Our model predicts that equalizing earnings is by far the most important mechanism for permanently closing the racial wealth gap. One-time wealth transfers have only transitory effects unless they address the racial earnings gap, and return gaps only matter when earnings inequality is reduced.

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Amengual, Dante, Xinyue Bei, Marine Carrasco, and Enrique Sentana. Score-type tests for normal mixtures. CIRANO, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/uxsg1990.

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Testing normality against discrete normal mixtures is complex because some parameters turn increasingly underidentified along alternative ways of approaching the null, others are inequality constrained, and several higher-order derivatives become identically 0. These problems make the maximum of the alternative model log-likelihood function numerically unreliable. We propose score-type tests asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio as the largest of two simple intuitive statistics that only require estimation under the null. One novelty of our approach is that we treat symmetrically both ways of writing the null hypothesis without excluding any region of the parameter space. We derive the asymptotic distribution of our tests under the null and sequences of local alternatives. We also show that their asymptotic distribution is the same whether applied to observations or standardized residuals from heteroskedastic regression models. Finally, we study their power in simulations and apply them to the residuals of Mincer earnings functions.

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Edeh, Henry C. Assessing the Equity and Redistributive Effects of Taxation Reforms in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.020.

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Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty and inequality reduction through redistribution have indeed become critical concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Although redistribution results from the effect of tax revenue collections, micro household-level empirical analyses of the distributional effect of personal income tax (PIT) and value added tax (VAT) reforms in Nigeria have been scarcely carried out. This study for the first time quantitatively assessed both the equity and redistributive effects of PIT and VAT across different reform scenarios in Nigeria. Data used in this study was mainly drawn from the most recent large scale nationally representative Nigeria Living Standard Survey, conducted in 2018/2019. The Kakwani Index was used to calculate and compare the progressivity of PIT and VAT reforms. A simple static micro-simulation model was employed in assessing the redistributive effect of PIT and VAT reforms in the country. After informality has been accounted for, the PIT was found to be progressive in the pre- 2011 tax scheme, but turned regressive in the post-2011 tax scheme. It was also discovered that the newly introduced lump sum relief allowance in the post-2011 PIT scheme accrues more to the high-income than to the low-income taxpayers – confirming the regressivity of the current PIT scheme. However, the study further shows (through counterfactual simulations) that excluding the relatively high-income taxpayers from sharing in the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance makes PIT progressive in the post-2011 scheme. The VAT was uncovered to be regressive both in the pre-2020 scheme, and in the current VAT reform scheme. Further, after putting informality into consideration, the PIT was found to marginally reduce inequality but increase poverty in the pre-2011 scheme. The post-2011 PIT scheme reduced inequality and increased poverty, but by a smaller proportion – confirming a limited redistribution mainly resulting from the concentration of the lump sum relief allowance at the top of the distribution. However, if the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance is provided for ‘only’ the low-income taxpayers below a predefined income threshold, the post-2011 PIT scheme becomes largely redistributive. VAT was uncovered to marginally increase inequality and poverty in the pre-2020 scheme. Though the current VAT scheme slightly increased inequality, it considerably increased poverty in the country. It is therefore suggested that a better tax reform, with well-regulated relief allowance and differentiated VAT rates, will help to enhance the equity and redistribution capacity of the Nigeria tax system.

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Bouezmarni, Taoufik, Mohamed Doukali, and Abderrahim Taamouti. Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mtkj3339.

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COVID-19 has created an unprecedented global health crisis that caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Many, however, argue that pre-existing social inequalities have led to inequalities in infection and death rates across social classes, with the most-deprived classes are worst hit. In this paper, we derive semi/non-parametric estimators of Health Concentration Curve (HC) that can quantify inequalities in COVID-19 infections and deaths and help identify the social classes that are most at risk of infection and dying from the virus. We express HC in terms of copula function that we use to build our estimators of HC. For the semi-parametric estimator, a parametric copula is used to model the dependence between health and socio-economic variables. The copula function is estimated using maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator after replacing the cumulative distribution of health variable by its empirical analogue. For the non-parametric estimator, we replace the copula function by a Bernstein copula estimator. Furthermore, we use the above estimators of HC to derive copula-based estimators of health Gini coeffcient. We establish the consistency and the asymptotic normality of HC’s estimators. Using different data-generating processes and sample sizes, a Monte-Carlo simulation exercise shows that the semiparametric estimator outperforms the smoothed nonparametric estimator, and that the latter does better than the empirical estimator in terms of Integrated Mean Squared Error. Finally, we run an extensive empirical study to illustrate the importance of HC’s estimators for investigating inequality in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the U.S. The empirical results show that the inequalities in state’s socio-economic variables like poverty, race/ethnicity, and economic prosperity are behind the observed inequalities in the U.S.’s COVID-19 infections and deaths.

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