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Journal articles on the topic 'Inequality – South Africa'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Francis, David, and Edward Webster. "Inequality in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 36, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2019.1699397.

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2

Lehohla, Pali, and Nozipho Shabalala. "Inequality in South Africa." Development 57, no. 3-4 (December 2014): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dev.2015.33.

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3

Ashall, Victoria, and Michael Hillier. "Social inequality in South Africa." BMJ 335, Suppl S1 (July 1, 2007): 0707281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0707281.

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4

Collins, James. "Dilemmas of race, register, and inequality in South Africa." Language in Society 46, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740451600083x.

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AbstractThere is strong evidence that legacies of Apartheid remain in place in South Africa's education system, entangling economic inequality, racial categorization, and de facto language hierarchy. This study draws from an ethnographic study of language diversity in a Cape Town public school, focusing on how classroom practices regulate and school staff frame language diversity and social inequality among their pupils. It uses the concepts of language register, sociolinguistic scale, and racialization to analyze how education policy, classroom practices, and school discourses about language in South Africa implicate class and racial hierarchies. It shows how register analysis reveals multi-scaled connections between linguistic and social inequality. (Language registers, education, social inequality, South Africa)*
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5

Gumede, Vusi. "Revisiting Poverty, Human Development and Inequality in Democratic South Africa." Indian Journal of Human Development 15, no. 2 (July 27, 2021): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09737030211032961.

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There are many questions related to poverty in South Africa that remain unsatisfactorily answered. Given the poor performance of the South African economy, including declining per capita incomes and increasing unemployment, since 2010 or so, it is important to examine poverty dynamics in the recent years. Many recent studies in this regard have relied on 2015 data, and do not examine all the three interrelated aspects of wellbeing viz. poverty, human development and inequality. In this context, this paper uses all the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study and employs different poverty and inequality measurement techniques to investigate poverty dynamics, human development and inequality during the post-apartheid period in South Africa. The estimates suggest that although poverty was declining prior to the coronavirus pandemic, the African/Black population group is the most affected by poverty. The phenomenon of feminisation of poverty is also verified based on the evidence of increasingly more women in poverty than men. The proportion of population experiencing multiple deprivations, measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index, have not changed in the post-apartheid period. Similarly, human development has not improved during this period. South African society continues to be one of the most unequal societies in the world. The paper argues that the inability to sufficiently reduce poverty, unemployment and inequality results from the weak performance of the South African economy. In the same vein, it is the structure of the South African economy that has kept the levels of human development low and income inequality high.
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6

McKeever, Matthew. "Educational Inequality in Apartheid South Africa." American Behavioral Scientist 61, no. 1 (January 2017): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764216682988.

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In this article, I explore the utility of effectively maintained inequality theory in examining educational inequality in South Africa at the end of the apartheid era. As an obviously unequal country, South Africa provides an excellent opportunity to test the claim that even with large quantitative differences in achievement, qualitative differences will matter. Using data from the early 1990s, I find that there were extensive quantitative differences in secondary school transitions across respondents in different racial categories. The minority White population was consistently able to achieve both more and better education. At the same time, though, qualitative distinctions mattered. For the majority of the population, particularly Africans, the quality of education attained varied across parental background. These outcomes are important not only for examining the veracity of effectively maintained inequality, both in terms of racial and class differences but also because they illustrate how educational differences have served to perpetuate inequality over time in a society that no longer allows for the explicit denial of opportunity by race.
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7

Oladipo, Oluwasheyi. "The Relationship between Globalization and Income Inequality in South Africa." Journal of Global Economy 13, no. 4 (January 5, 2018): 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v13i4.473.

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 The wave of globalization is having far-reaching implications for the economic wellbeing of citizens in all regions and among all income groups. Using data from 1994q1 to 2012q4, the paper investigates the relationship between globalization and income inequality in South Africa. We find no evidence that globalization might have deepened income inequality in South Africa, particularly in the provinces. Rather, the paper found strong evidence indicating that income distribution is improving, and has become more so, in provinces that have stronger links to the world economy. Strengthening those links appears to result in reductions in inequality.Â
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8

Anand, Rahul, Siddharth Kothari, and Naresh Kumar. "South Africa: Labor Market Dynamics and Inequality." IMF Working Papers 16, no. 137 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498358934.001.

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9

Shupp, Franklin R. "Growth and income inequality in South Africa." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 26, no. 9-10 (August 2002): 1699–720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1889(01)00091-4.

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10

Tregenna, Fiona. "Earnings inequality and unemployment in South Africa." International Review of Applied Economics 25, no. 5 (September 1, 2011): 585–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2011.557053.

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11

Albertyn, Catherine. "Law, Gender and Inequality in South Africa." Oxford Development Studies 39, no. 2 (June 2011): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2011.568610.

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12

Burgard, Sarah A. "Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 35, no. 6 (November 2006): 568–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009430610603500610.

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13

Walle, Nicolas Van De, Jeremy Seekings, and Nicoli Nattrass. "Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa." Foreign Affairs 85, no. 3 (2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20032025.

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14

Nolan, Brian. "Poverty, Inequality and Reconstruction in South Africa." Development Policy Review 13, no. 2 (June 1995): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.1995.tb00088.x.

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15

James, Wilmpt, and Lieb Loots. "Class and income inequality, South Africa 1980." Social Dynamics 11, no. 1 (June 1985): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533958508458383.

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16

Wilson, Francis. "Historical Roots of Inequality in South Africa." Economic History of Developing Regions 26, no. 1 (June 2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20780389.2011.583026.

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17

Demombynes, Gabriel, and Berk Özler. "Crime and local inequality in South Africa." Journal of Development Economics 76, no. 2 (April 2005): 265–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.015.

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18

Nqwane, Sisipho, Santos Bila, Frederich Kirsten, and Sodiq Arogundade. "Perceived and Tolerated Inequality in South Africa." Journal of Developing Areas 55, no. 3 (2021): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2021.0053.

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19

Kapingura, Forget Mingiri. "Financial sector development and income inequality in South Africa." African Journal of Economic and Management Studies 8, no. 4 (December 4, 2017): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajems-11-2016-0177.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial sector development and inequality in South Africa for the period from 1990 to 2012. Unlike previous studies, the study examines the role of both the broad measure of financial sector development (Bank credit to the private sector) and a measure of financial inclusion (ATMs). Design/methodology/approach Utilising quarterly data, the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing model approach to cointegration test was estimated. The approach was preferred due to its compatibility with data of different orders and flexibility. Findings The findings indicate that financial development, especially when it is inclusive reduces the level of inequality in South Africa both in the short- and long-run. The results also highlighted that economic growth, external trade activities and government activities have played a very important role in reducing inequality in South Africa. On the other hand the empirical results also highlight that increasing inflation is regressive on inequality in South Africa. Research limitations/implications The results from the study imply that financial development on its own though important may not benefit the disadvantaged groups such as the poor and the rural community until it is inclusive. It is important to note that the study was carried out on the premise that inequality plays a very important role in exacerbating poverty levels in South Africa. Practical implications The paper highlights another avenue which authorities can pursue to reduce the level of inequality in the country. Social implications The paper documents the importance of financial inclusion in reducing the level of inequality in South Africa rather than advocating for financial sector development only. Originality/value The paper makes a contribution through analysing the effect of financial inclusion on income inequality rather than broad financial sector development which is common to the majority of the available empirical studies.
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20

Netswera, Fulufhelo G., and Collins C. Ngwakwe. "Rethinking the erosional effect of indirect taxes on individual income." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 1 (2013): 383–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c4art2.

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This paper examines the erosional effect of indirect taxes on individual incomes of South African citizens. A focus on taxation and the pervasion of indirect taxation in particular has become important given growing income inequality, unemployment and poverty amongst South Africans. The methodological approach utilised in this paper is rooted in reviews and use of hypothetical salaries to assess the erosional effect of indirect taxation on such salaries. The paper finds that although richer individuals may pay greater indirect taxes than poorer individuals; as a proportion of income however, poorer individuals spend higher proportion of their income on indirect taxes than richer individuals. This connotes therefore the lack of desired progressivity that should be implicit in South African indirect tax system. South Africa is among countries with the highest income inequality in the world. The implication of this research finding is that indirect taxes may exacerbate income inequality and work against the government vision of “better life for all” and in particular worsen the state of the poor class. The paper concludes that achieving effective reduction of income inequality and economic transformation in South Africa would require exempting individuals below certain threshold of income from paying some indirect taxes.
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21

Gomo, Charity. "Government transfers, income inequality and poverty in South Africa." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 1349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2018-0458.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of social or government transfers on income inequality and poverty in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachA top-down, bottom-up (TD-BU) model which combines an econometrically estimated labor supply model, a detailed tax-benefit module and a computable general equilibrium model is used in order to analyze the impact of government transfers on income inequality and poverty in South Africa. The paper uses a merged South African income and expenditure household survey and labor force survey for the year 2000, and a South African social accounting matrix as the main data sets.FindingsSimulation results suggest that doubling of government transfers lead to a 5.5 percent reduction in poverty if a relative poverty measure is used and a 7 percent reduction if an absolute poverty line is used. In addition, simulation results show differences in poverty and inequality measures between the MS-only model and the linked TD-BU model confirming the importance of linking the two models.Originality/valueThe TD-BU approach is important since it explicitly accounts for the following aspects: that labor supply should adjust to changes in the tax-benefit model, general equilibrium effects and the heterogeneity of economic agents. This allows for a richer micro-household modeling.
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22

Harris, Geoff, and Claire Vermaak. "Economic inequality as a source of interpersonal violence: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v18i1.782.

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This article examines whether the close association of income inequality and violence identified for high income countries applies also to sub-Saharan Africa and, in particular, to South Africa. Cross sectional analysis across sub-Saharan countries provided no evidence of such an association. However, using homicide rates and several measures of inequality across South Africa’s 52 districts does provide evidence of a significant positive relationship between homicide rates and expenditure inequality. A one per cent increase in inequality is associated with an increase in the homicide rate of 2.3 to 2.5 per cent. This relationship remains significant after controlling for other characteristics of the district.
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23

Ntuli, Miracle, and Prudence Kwenda. "Labour unions and wage inequality among African men in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 31, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2013.872984.

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24

Valiani, Salimah. "Structuring Sustainable Universal Health Care in South Africa." International Journal of Health Services 50, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731420905264.

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Intervening in debates around universal health care in South Africa, this article draws on class-based analytical tools from social medicine, political economy, and historical sociology. It is argued there are 3 keys to achieving sustainable universal health care in South Africa: addressing the socioeconomic roots of ill health; establishing a fully public, nonprofit health care system; and adequate investment in undervalued female workers who are the backbone of public health care. Each key is discussed with accompanying recommendations, using evidence from South Africa and other countries. Principal constraints are also identified through an analysis demonstrating the links between inequality, health care financing, and the monopoly structure of the South African health care industry.
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25

Lannegren, Olivia, and Hiroshi Ito. "The End of the ANC Era: An Analysis of Corruption and Inequality in South Africa." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 4 (August 30, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n4p55.

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ANC would always rule in South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC), which has been governing the country since the end of apartheid in 1994, received the worst results ever recorded. The ANC with president Jacob Zuma received 54 percent of the votes, which is a considerable decrease from 62 percent in 2011. This election was a clear sign that the ANC is in trouble towards the 2019 elections. The party seriously needs to rethink its strategies and investigates why the votes are decreasing. Given South Africa being a key player in global governance and in particular a strong leader among the African countries, it is significant to understand this political turmoil, as it may influence the political directions of other countries in that area. With reviews of relevant literature, therefore, this paper analyzes the current political situation in South Africa, focusing on corruption and inequality. The paper suggests connections between corruption, Jacob Zuma, and the potential end of the ANC era. The issues of inequality describes more the difficult situation that South Africans are facing and can be connected to the desire for change. It would be interesting to further analyze whether South Africa would be ready for a multiparty democracy with a peaceful transition of power after the national elections in 2019.
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26

Heintz, James. "Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa (review)." Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 64, no. 1 (2007): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2008.0007.

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27

Mosoetsa, Sarah, and David Francis. "Framing poverty and inequality studies in South Africa." Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 101, no. 1 (2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2019.0034.

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28

Urban, Boris. "Wealth inequality and entrepreneurial activity in South Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Economy 12, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijse.2020.10029718.

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Urban, Boris. "Wealth inequality and entrepreneurial activity in South Africa." International Journal of Sustainable Economy 12, no. 2 (2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijse.2020.110263.

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30

Francis, David, and Edward Webster. "Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections." Development Southern Africa 36, no. 6 (September 16, 2019): 788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2019.1666703.

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31

Chatterjee, Aroop. "Measuring wealth inequality in South Africa: An agenda." Development Southern Africa 36, no. 6 (November 2, 2019): 839–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2019.1690977.

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32

Baldry, Kim. "Graduate unemployment in South Africa: social inequality reproduced." Journal of Education and Work 29, no. 7 (July 24, 2015): 788–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1066928.

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33

Maduku, Harris, and Irrshad Kaseeram. "Inflation Targeting Monetary Policy and Unemployment in South Africa." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 4(J) (September 14, 2018): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i4(j).2410.

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We analyze the impact of inflation, growth and exchange rate on unemployment in South Africa using annual data spanning 1980- 2017. Using the ARDL methodology we find that there is a negative longrun relationship between inflation and unemployment in South Africa and inflation is significant in explaining unemployment. Other variables of interest, economic growth and exchange rate are also significant in explaining unemployment. We use the findings of our study to propose that the South African Reserve Bank(SARB) should consider revising its objectives so that they can consider getting involved in targeting unemployment so that they help nurse the economy from the wounds of high inequality and poverty.
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34

BICKFORD-SMITH, VIVIAN. "Urban history in the new South Africa: continuity and innovation since the end of apartheid." Urban History 35, no. 2 (August 2008): 288–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926808005506.

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The Soweto uprising of 1976 confirmed to most observers that the anti-apartheid struggle (in contrast to anti-colonial struggles in many other parts of Africa) would be largely urban in character. This realization gave impetus to a rapid growth in the hitherto small field of South African urban history. Much new work predictably sought to understand the nature of conflict and inequality in South African cities and its possible resolution.
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35

Moreroa, M. C., and M. B. Rapanyane. "A Growing Outcry of Gender-based Violence and Gender Inequality in South Africa : An Afrocentric Perspective." African Journal of Gender, Society and Development (formerly Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa) 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/2634-3622/2021/v10n2a1.

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The two practices of gender inequality and gender-based violence (GBV) are not peculiar to South Africans, as they also affect the African continent and the Global world in different shapes and forms. Whatever happens, when these two unacceptable behaviours and/ practices take form, women often end up being discriminated, sidelined and violated. Against this backdrop, this paper analyses the state of gender inequality and GBV in South Africa and finds common features which exist between the two. The central narrative of this paper is that the two notions are, at a very faster pace, becoming subjects of considerable debate and concern. This paper argues that the two notions have depressing effects on South African women. Afrocentricity is adopted in this paper in order to relevantly and positionally reflect on the central objective.
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36

Francis, David, Imraan Valodia, and Edward Webster. "Politics, Policy, and Inequality in South Africa Under COVID-19." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 9, no. 3 (December 2020): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976020970036.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated inequalities in South Africa. The question posed in this article is whether the pandemic and its associated responses offer the opportunity for a more egalitarian society in South Africa, or a more intensively unequal society. The future is contested. On the one hand, there is the consolidation of labor displacement, a growth in unemployment, and a deepening of inequality. On the other, there is the possibility of a turning point toward significant advances in the de-commodification of education, health, and transport. But as with much of the Global South, South Africa has relatively high levels of informality compared to the Global North, which has implications for the impact of the pandemic and the structure of the responses.
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37

Cockeran, Henry, and Waldo Krugell. "South Africa's susceptibility to financial crises." Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v10i1.5.

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38

Morrell, Robert. "Raewyn Connell and the Making of Masculinity Studies in South Africa." Boyhood Studies 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2020.130209.

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The study of masculinity in South Africa scarcely existed in 1990. A minor interest in gender was focused on women and inequality. South Africa was emerging from four decades of apartheid. It was into this environment that Raewyn Connell’s ideas were introduced, adopted and adapted. Raewyn herself made a number of trips to South Africa in the 1990s and 2000s and found a ready reception for her theories about masculinity. South Africa was in transition feeling its way from white minority rule and authoritarianism toward democracy and a commitment to ending poverty, inequality, racism, and the oppression of women. In this article, I describe how Raewyn’s idea energized scholarship, created a new research interest in men and masculinity, and contributed to gender activism.
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39

Augustine Umezurike, Samuel, Chux Gervase Iwu, and Lucky Asuelime. "Socio-economic implications of South Africa’s foreign direct investment in Southern African development." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3-2).2016.08.

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Notwithstanding its struggles to tame the high levels of poverty and inequality, South Africa is considered as a major economic hub of Africa. However, as an economic hub, there are other countries that perceive South Africa as a capitalist, neo-liberal economy that goes all out to dominate not only its neighbors in the southern hemisphere, but also many other developing nations in the continent. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to assess the socio-economic implications of South Africa’s foreign direct investment in Southern Africa. As far as the authors are concerned, there is yet to be a frank analyses of the varying perspectives, as well as a holistic explanation of the clearly, yet complex relationship which exists between South Africa and many other countries in the southern hemisphere. While the authors acknowledge the efforts of several scholars in trying to juxtapoze the nuances in these relationships, they insist that there has not been a contextual treatment with due consideration for the socio-economic implications of South African business expansion in Africa. Thus, the authors sincerely believe that the paper has serious implications for emerging economies especially in Africa. Other African countries can learn from South Africa’s tactical brilliance; the way it has positioned its economy as a major economic hub in Africa with illustrious attractions that are derived from sophisticated infrastructure, a good educational system, a functional health care system and world class standard ecotourism. The study was conducted using documentary analysis and, therefore, allowed the researchers to source and utilize documents, both in private and public domain, on the basis of their relevance to the research. Keywords: democracy, foreign direct investment, public administration, Southern African Development Community, Southern African Customs Union, Southern African Power Pool, regional cooperation. JEL Classification: H5, N27, 016, 019, 024, 055
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40

Huyssteen, Elsona van, Cathy Meiklejohn, Maria Coetzee, Helga Goss, and Mark Oranje. "An Overview of South Africa's Metropolitan Areas – Dualistic, Dynamic and under Threat…" European Spatial Research and Policy 17, no. 2 (November 19, 2010): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s10105-010-0008-2.

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The article explores the threats posed to metropolitan viability and resilience in South Africa which is faced by continued spatial and economic concentration and duality – a trend also evident in a number of Central European countries. Examples are provided of trends and challenges impacting the resilience of South Africa's metropolitan regions, as identified in recent empirical studies conducted by the authors. The paper argues that the agglomeration challenges facing South Africa's metropolitan regions and complications brought about by intra-metropolitan inequality are key aspects underlying the resilience of these regions. The article also suggests that there might be value in greater collaboration in research and knowledge-production and sharing in metropolitan planning, development and governance, between South African metropolitan regions and those in Central European countries.
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41

Bachmann, Max O., and Bupendra Makan. "Salary inequality and primary care integration in South Africa." Social Science & Medicine 45, no. 5 (September 1997): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00406-6.

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42

Dollery, Brian. "A HISTORY OF INEQUALITY IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1652–2002." South African Journal of Economics 71, no. 3 (September 2003): 595–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2003.tb00087.x.

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43

Beck, Roger B., and Sampie Terreblanche. "A History of Inequality in South Africa, 1652-2002." International Journal of African Historical Studies 37, no. 1 (2004): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4129100.

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44

Magruder, Jeremy R. "Intergenerational Networks, Unemployment, and Persistent Inequality in South Africa." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 62–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.1.62.

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This paper examines the importance of network-based intergenerational correlations in South Africa. I use longitudinal data on young South Africans to examine the covariance of children's employment with the usefulness of parents in their job search. I find that fathers serve as useful network connections to their sons (not daughters), and that mothers do not seem to be useful network connections. The father-son effect is robust to alternate explanations of specific human capital and correlated networks. The size of this effect is large. Present fathers' utility as network connections may be responsible for a one-third increase in their sons' employment rates. (JEL D31, J12, J13, J24, J62, O15, Z13)
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45

Leibbrandt, M., H. Bhorat, and I. Woolard. "HOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY AND THE LABOR MARKET IN SOUTH AFRICA." Contemporary Economic Policy 19, no. 1 (January 2001): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2001.tb00051.x.

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46

Frye, Isobel, and Marié Kirsten. "Theme issue on poverty and inequality in South Africa." Development Southern Africa 29, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0376835x.2012.645595.

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47

Winchester, Margaret S., and Brian King. "Decentralization, healthcare access, and inequality in Mpumalanga, South Africa." Health & Place 51 (May 2018): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.02.009.

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48

Spreen, Carol Anne, and Salim Vally. "Education rights, education policies and inequality in South Africa." International Journal of Educational Development 26, no. 4 (July 2006): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2005.09.004.

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49

Spaull, Nicholas. "Poverty & privilege: Primary school inequality in South Africa." International Journal of Educational Development 33, no. 5 (September 2013): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2012.09.009.

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50

Kollamparambil, Umakrishnan. "Happiness, Happiness Inequality and Income Dynamics in South Africa." Journal of Happiness Studies 21, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00075-0.

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