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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inequality'
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1
Schoff, Staci Leigh. "Economic Inequality's Correlation with Political Inequality and Inequality of Opportunity and the Implications for Social Justice Theory." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/980.
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In 2004 the American Political Science Association ("APSA") published research exploring whether the rising income inequality in the United States had an effect on political equality. Although the APSA found tremendous evidence of a correlation between income and political power, the APSA nonetheless concluded that the issue could not be conclusively determined without further analysis.
The intent of this thesis is to argue the position that economic inequality is heavily implicated in both political equality and equality of opportunity, and to propose a political theory that directly addresses - rather than evades - this issue. A conclusion drawn in this paper is that it is necessary in liberal capitalist environments to place constraints on individual economic liberty for the sake of maintaining some degree of economic equality. I show in this paper that this conclusion is consistent with both the liberal tradition and American political culture.
This paper accepts - rather than circumvents - the fundamental principle that income inequality is inevitable in a capitalist democracy as is the ability of money to purchase positions, power and assorted privileges. Therefore, it should be the goal of social justice theory to ensure the gap between the richest and poorest be allowed to be great enough to respect individual choice and responsibility, but not great enough to dampen the opportunities available to those born into the bottom of the economic scale or to permit those born into the top of the economic ladder to exert oppressive power over the rest.
In the final chapter I propose four methods of narrowing economic inequality. These include a minimum standard, minimum wage and income tax reform, a tax and cap on wealth and an absolute inheritance cap. These four methods of limiting economic inequality are directed at narrowing, if not eliminating political inequality and inequality of opportunity.
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Campelo, Alexandre Francisco. "The triangular inequality and Jensen inequality." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10511.
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O presente trabalho trata de duas importantes desigualdades matemÃticas: a desigualdade
triangular e a desigualdade de Jensen. Apresenta inicialmente uma visÃo de como o assunto de
desigualdades à tratado de forma inapropriada em livros de matemÃtica de nÃvel mÃdio. Em seguida à explicado o que à uma desigualdade, prossegue mostrando um experimento geomÃtrico empÃrico para que se possa âconcretamenteâ averiguar a veracidade da desigualdade triangular. Dando continuidade ao trabalho, sÃo mostradas sete demonstraÃÃes da desigualdade triangular. Posteriormente sÃo apresentadas trÃs demonstraÃÃes da desigualdade de Jensen. Para realizaÃÃo destas demonstraÃÃes foram necessÃrios conhecimentos de Ãlgebra elementar, geometria euclidiana, construÃÃes geomÃtricas, induÃÃo matemÃtica, convexidade de funÃÃes, desigualdade de Cauchy-Schuwarz, alÃm de vÃrios outros conhecimentos. Foram elencados sete problemas de aplicaÃÃo da desigualdade triangular e quinze da desigualdade de Jensen, com o objetivo de proporcionar ao leitor uma percepÃÃo mais apurada da forma como estas desigualdades podem ser aplicadas para motivar a criatividade dos alunos na resoluÃÃo de problemas.<br>This paper deals with two important mathematical inequalities: the triangle inequality and Jensen inequality. It first presents an overview of how the issue of inequality is treated improperly in math books for middle level. Then it is explained what is an inequality, continuing an experiment showing empirical geometry so you can "specifically" to ascertain the veracity of the triangle inequality. Continuing the work, seven are shown demonstrations of triangle inequality. Are then presented with three demonstrations of the Jensen inequality. To perform these demonstrations took knowledge of elementary algebra, Euclidean geometry, geometric constructions, mathematical induction, convex of functions, Cauchy-Schuwarz and several other knowledge. Were listed seven issues of application of the triangle inequality and
fifteen Jensen inequality, with the aim of providing the reader with a more accurate perception of how these inequalities can be applied to motivate students' creativity in problem solving.
3
Park, Young Ja. "Sobolev trace inequality and logarithmic Sobolev trace inequality." Digital version:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992883.
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Butler, Colin David. "Inequality and sustainability." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20030324.171924/index.html.
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Butler, Colin David, and Colin Butler@anu edu au. "Inequality and Sustainability." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030324.171924.
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Global civilisation, and therefore population health, is threatened by excessive inequality, weapons of mass destruction, inadequate economic and political theory and adverse global environmental change. The unequal distribution of global foreign exchange adjusted income is both a cause and a reflection of global social characteristics responsible for many aspects of these inter-related crises.
¶
The global distribution of foreign exchange adjusted income for the period 1964-1999 is examined. Using data for more than 99% of the global population, a substantial divergence in its distribution is found. The global Gini co-efficient, adjusted for national income inequality, increased from an already high value of 71% in 1964 to peak at more than 80% in 1995, before falling, very slightly, to 79% in 1999. The global distribution of purchasing parity power income is also examined, for a similar period. Though also found to be extremely unequal, its trend has not been to increased inequality. Implications of the differences between these two trends are discussed.
¶
A weighted time series index of global environmental change (IGEC) for the period 1960-1997 was also calculated. This uses nine categories of global time series environmental data, each scaled so that 100% represents the level of each category in nature prior to anthropogenic change; zero represents decline to a critical point. This index fell from 82% in 1960 to 55% in 1997, and will further decline during this century.
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Using evidence from several disciplines, it is argued that the decline in the IGEC correlates with major macro-environmental changes, which, combined with flawed social responses to scarcity and its perception, place at risk the ability of civilisation to function. This could occur because of the interaction of conflict, economically disastrous extreme climatic events, deterioration of other ecosystem services, regional food and water insecurity, and currently unforeseen events. Uncertainty regarding both a safe rate of decline and the tolerable nadir of the IGEC is substantial.
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Substantial reduction in the inequality of foreign exchange adjusted income is vital to enhance the development of policies able to reverse the decline in the environmental goods which underpin civilisation, and to promote the co-operation needed to maximise the chance that civilisation will survive.
6
Tsang, Chiu-yin, and 曾超賢. "Fatou-Shishikura inequality." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40887777.
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Voitchovsky, Sarah. "Inequality and growth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670079.
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Breau, Sébastien, and Jürgen Essletzbichler. "Commentary: Contesting inequality." SAGE Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a46244.
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Tsang, Chiu-yin. "Fatou-Shishikura inequality." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40887777.
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Badel, Alejandro. "Permanent racial inequality." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/454249961/viewonline.
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Rodriguez, Omar. "The Connective Inequality." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2104.
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This thesis is purposed to understand and mathematically formulate a model for testing the functional value of self-expression in the workplace. Starting from “pure self-expression”, this paper develops “functional self-expression” in given contexts. This development is through the lens of an idealized workplace context whose intrinsic value is profit-maximizing. This perspective is dominating and fills the entire surface to which the self can express too. The logical foundations of this paper begin anecdotal and transcend to holistic visualizations and a concluding model. In the end, we discover that the self-expression within “friendship” poses a threat to the idealized dominating context of the workplace.
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GEROSA, STEFANO. "Technology and inequality." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/924.
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This thesis is composed by three studies, whose common goal is advancing our knowledge of the properties of cross-country production technologies
In the first part we focus on across-country inequality, tackling the issue of cross-country dispersion of incomes. The objective of growth theory is that of explaining the observed shape of the world income distribution (WID) and to eventually predict its future evolution. The existence of large cross-country productivity differences, measured by the residual dispersion of incomes left unexplained by the dispersion of observable quantities (physical and human capital), calls for the rejection of the hypothesis of a common world technology. We introduce a novel specification of the technology index, linking productivity to cross-country knowledge spillovers, that is empirically testable and has the potential to account for the observed pattern of productivity differences. We investigate two possible knowledge spillovers structures in a dynamic general equilibrium framework, and we characterize the equilibrium or long-run WID for each of them. We show that with appropriate technology knowledge spillovers, in which each country extracts useful knowledge only from countries operating similat technologies, the long-run WID is in general clustered and the world economy is splitted in distinct technological neighbourhoods, giving a possible explanation for the endogenous formation of convergence clubs. With backward knowledge spillovers, where the technology diffusion process is blocked by barriers to technology adoption measured by the aggregate capital intensity of an economy, the shape of the long-run WID is controlled by the strenght of the spillovers force and the degree of increasing returns of the world economy. We show that an increase of the spillovers force always amplifies the dispersion of the equilibrium WID and that growth and inequality are negatively related: the less dispersed the WID, the higher the equilibrium world rate of the world economy.
In the second part we analyse the pattern of cross-country productivity differences and we test the specification of the technology index introduced in the first part. In particular we test the knowledge spillovers structures introduced in the first part over two dimensions: their ability to explain static observed cross-country productivity differences at a point in time and their consistency with the shape of the observed world income distribution. Using regression analysis to calibrate the fundamental parameters of our specification, we show that both appropriate technology and backward spillovers can explain over half of the observed productivity differences, but backward spillovers are more successful in replicating the actual shape of the WID.
In the third part we tackle the issue of within-country inequality, as measured by the skill premium, the wage of skilled workers relative to that of the unskilled. We study the ability of the capital-skill complementarity hypothesis (CSC), that assumes that capital substitutes unskilled labor more easily than skilled labor, to explain observed cross-country dispersion of the skill premium. We perform a steady-state analysis, novel to the literature about CSC, linking steady-state skill premia to the relative supply of unskilled labor and to observables that control the capital accumulation process (saving rates and barriers to capital accumulation, measured by the relative price of investments). We show that CSC holds in non-OECD countries but not in the OECD subsample, reinforcing a result obtained by other studies with different techniques: this result also show a fundamental cross-country parameter heterogeneity in the production function. As a by-product of our steady-state analysis we are also able to obtain new estimates for the elasticity of substitution between couples of inputs and to discriminate between alternative thresholds for the definition of skilled labor with respect to their consistentcy with plausible values of these elasticities. Finally, the fact that observable quantities are able to explain only a limited share of cross-country dispersion of skill.premia suggests that cross-country skill-biased technology differences are at work, and capital accumulation alone cannot explain neither income differences nor cross-country differences in inequality.
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Erlingsson, Maria. "Intersecting Inequality : An Interpretative Minor Field Study of Inequality in Bolivia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30085.
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This Bachelor thesis is an interpretive study, where the material has mainly been gathered through ethnographic methods, with thematically opened interviews and observations providing the primary data. A field study was conducted in Bolivia during the months of November and December of 2009; in La Paz in the Western highlands, including some interviews in the fast growing suburb El Alto, as well as in Santa Cruz de la Sierra in the Eastern lowlands. Bolivia is one of the poorest and most unequal countries in Latin America and the world, and the purpose of the study is to re-contextualise and re-interpret how inequality is created and maintained in the Bolivian society by doing a case study on gender inequality. In addition, an intersectional analysis is used that takes into account the diversity of the Bolivian society in terms of ethnicity and class. The study aims at exploring the mechanisms that create and maintain inequality in a Bolivian context as well as looking at the prospects for potential change in the unequal relations between groups of people within the new context of indigenous president Evo Morales and a new inclusive constitution. Using an abductive method, the empirical material has been re-interpreted with the help of American sociologist Charles Tilly’s framework of durable inequality. He identifies two mechanisms that create inequality, exploitation and opportunity hoarding, and two mechanisms that reinforce inequality; emulation and adaptation. Together with the concept of intersectionality, recognising women’s different experiences depending on, for instance, ethnic background or social class, these two frameworks are framing the study. Jointly they generate a new analytical tool that can deepen the understanding inequality mechanisms: the Intersecting Inequality Framework. The content of the interviews when analysed show that inequalities in Bolivia have long historical roots, and that the processes of exploitation, opportunity hoarding, emulation and adaptation that Tilly describes all take place in creating and maintaining an unequal position for Bolivian women. The Intersecting Inequality Framework reveals that the inequality mechanisms in the three dimensions of gender, ethnicity and class sometimes work autonomously and other times intersectionally. Changing durable inequality is a slow process; nevertheless there are signs of changed relations between categorical bounded groups in the Bolivian society. Although, in the context of Morales the main political focus at the time lays not on attaining gender equality, but rather to continue the empowerment of the indigenous populations.
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Krozer, Alice. "Inequality in perspective : rethinking inequality measurement, minimum wages and elites in Mexico." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290078.
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The role of inequality in development has been the subject of long-standing debates in academic and policy circles. Notwithstanding disagreements about exactly how the two are linked, conventional wisdom agrees that inequality is an objective 'fact' that can be measured free from ideological considerations. New data detect trends towards higher inequality, weaker economic positions for those at the bottom, and a concentration of wealth at the very top of the distribution in most regions. Inequality studies as currently practiced are ill-equipped to accommodate the empirical changes and the resulting theoretical implications. Putting an end to over half a century of mainstream consensus assuming that inequality would automatically recede with developmental progress, the discipline needs rethinking. My thesis proposes a new research agenda for studying inequality that is not only able to integrate these empirical developments, but which also challenges what has been taken for granted: that inequality just is, independently of context, time and observer. Instead, it proposes that along with its objective existence, inequality is a relational phenomenon subjectively experienced relative to a particular context. In five interconnected Sections, my dissertation challenges conventional views of how inequality looks, how it is seen, and what can be done about it, especially in developing countries. The study focuses on the ways in which inequality is perceived, and how it is perpetuated. After an introduction to the subject in Section I, Section II investigates how inadequate measurement perpetuates inequality, proposing a new indicator that shows that inequality is largely defined in the extreme ends of the income distribution. Section III examines the reproduction of inequality at the bottom, contrasting minimum wage policies over recent decades in Mexico with those of other countries in Latin America. In light of a political economy resistant to change, Section IV scrutinizes Mexican elites, exploring how inequality is perceived from the very top of the income distribution, how this affects policy-making and, subsequently, measured inequality levels. Section V concludes by outlining the theoretical and practical implications of my findings.
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Pourghadiri, Bahram Esfahani. "Inequality and the rentier state : vertical and horizontal inequality patterns in Iran." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17359/.
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Schwabish, Jonathan A. Knicsner Thomas. "Three essays in inequality." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Aysan, Ahmet Faruk. "Inequality, institutions and redistribution." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2730.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Kwong, Sunny Kai-Sun. "Price-sensitive inequality measurement." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25807.
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The existing inequality indexes in the economics literature (including the more sophisticated indexes of Muellbauer (1974) and Jorgenson-Slesnick (1984)), are found to be insensitive to relative price changes or are unjustifiable in terms of social evaluation ethics or both. The present research fills this gap in the literature by proposing a new index, named the Individual Equivalent Income (IEI) index.
A household indirect utility function is hypothesized which incorporates certain attribute parameters in the form of equivalence scales. These attributes are demographic and environmental characteristics
specific to a given household. This indirect utility function gives a number which represents the utility of each member of the household. A particular level of interpersonal comparison of utilities is assumed which gives rise to an exact individual utility indicator named equivalent income. A distribution of these equivalent incomes forms the basis of a price-sensitive relative inequality index.
This index can be implemented in the Canadian context. Preferences
are assumed to be nonhomothetic translog and demand data are derived from cross-section surveys and time-series aggregates. Based on demand data, the translog equivalent income function can be estimated and equivalent incomes imputed to all individuals in society. An Atkinson index of equivalent incomes is then computed to indicate the actual degree of inequality in Canada.
The new IEI index is compared with other indexes based on a common data set. The main findings are: conventional indexes give bad estimates of the true extent of inequality and the IEI index, while providing a more accurate estimate, indicates distributive price impact in a predictable manner, i.e., food price inflation aggravates while transportation price inflation ameliorates the inequality problem.<br>Arts, Faculty of<br>Vancouver School of Economics<br>Graduate
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Van, Wyk Hans-Werner. "The Blaschke-Santalo inequality." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06112008-165838.
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Beramendi, Pablo. "Decentralization and income inequality." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270597.
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Vittori, Claudia. "Mobility, inequality and polarization." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.544329.
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Al-Samarrai, Samer Mehdi. "Educational inequality in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343368.
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ESTRE, FELIPE BERNARDO. "POWER, INTERDEPENDENCE AND INEQUALITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=19569@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>A dissertação pretende repensar a desigualdade nas Relações
Internacionais a partir da obra Power and Interdependence, publicada em 1977
por Robert Keohane e Joseph Nye. Argumenta-se que, ao contrário do que os
autores afirmam, os novos processos políticos que caracterizam a política
internacional desde o início do século XX não necessariamente resultaram na
diminuição da hierarquia no sistema internacional. Pelo contrário, as organizações
internacionais permitem a articulação de outras formas de discriminação entre os
Estados que não podem ser resumidas a fatores econômicos ou assimetrias de
poder. O cerne discussão sobre a desigualdade na obra de Keohane e Nye está no
próprio conceito de interdependência complexa, o qual divide o sistema
internacional entre os avançados ou pluralistas e industrializados, e aqueles
que não podem fazer parte desse grupo sem os devidos ajustes. As organizações
internacionais, portanto, não seriam fatores que diminuiriam a hierarquia no
sistema internacional, mas seriam reprodutoras da desigualdade por meio da
atribuição de organizationally dependent capabilities.<br>The dissertation intends to rethink the inequality in International Relations
based on the book Power and Interdependence, published in 1977 by Robert
Keohane and Joseph Nye. It is argued that, contrary to what the authors say, the
new political processes that characterize international politics since the beginning
of the twentieth century did not resulted necessarily in the decrease of
international hierarchy. On the contrary, international organizations allow the
articulation of other forms of discrimination among the states that cannot be
reduced to economic factors or asymmetries of power. The core discussion about
inequality in the work of Keohane and Nye is on the very concept of complex
interdependence, which divides the international system between the advanced
or pluralistic, industrialized, and those that cannot join this group without the
proper adjustments. Therefore, international organizations would not be factors
that decrease the hierarchy in the international system, but are reproducing
inequality through the allocation of organizationally dependent capabilities.
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Furukawa, Yousuke. "Income Inequality and Macroeconomics." Kyoto University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/227577.
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Astsatrian, Anita. "Gender inequality in business." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13030.
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Badinger, Harald, and Elisabeth Nindl. "Globalization, Inequality, and Corruption." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3521/1/wp139.pdf.
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This paper presents new empirical evidence on the determinants of corruption, focussing
on the role of globalization and inequality. The estimates for a panel of 102
countries over the period 1995-2005 point to three main results: i) Detection technologies,
reflected in a high level of development, human capital, and political rights reduce
corruption, whereas natural resource rents increase corruption. ii) Globalization (in
terms of both trade and financial openness) has a negative effect on corruption, which
is more pronounced in developing countries. iii) Inequality increases corruption, and
once the role of inequality is accounted for, the impact of globalization on corruption
is halved. In line with recent theory, this suggests that globalization - besides reducing
corruption through enhanced competition - affects corruption also by reducing
inequality.<br>Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
27
Faissol, Daniel Mello. "Technology adoption and inequality." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22710.
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Santi, Francesca <1992>. "Inequality: A critical review." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14522.
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This thesis aims at reviewing the concept of inequality by individualizing the defining factors of this phenomenon. I will firstly indicate the forces that leads to it and what it will lead to from a theoretical point of view. I will illustrate the instruments that have been used and are being used to measure and quantify inequality.
I will then move to analyse what has been done under a more political lens. I will bring evidence from numerous studies, carried out at different times and in various countries to better examine the aftermath of diverse political policies.
It is through theory and data that I intend to examine from a social point of view the effectiveness of policies of the past. To determine how and what will entail receding or enhancing political plans whose intention is reducing the dispersion from the mean in the distribution of income.
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Nimier-David, Elio. "Firms, Territories and Inequality." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAG007.
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Cette thèse se situe à l'intersection de l'économie du travail, de l'économie urbaine et de l'entrepreneuriat. Elle vise à mieux comprendre le rôle des politiques d'éducation et du marché du travail dans le développement de l'activité économique locale et pour les inégalités.Le chapitre 1 étudie l'évolution des inégalités sur le marché du travail, la mobilité sociale et la dynamique des revenus en France entre 1991 et 2016. Contrairement aux autres pays développés, la France a connu une diminution des inégalités. Cette réduction est principalement due à une augmentation de la rémunération des femmes, en particulier dans le bas de la distribution, et à une réduction de l'écart salarial hommes-femmes. La compression des revenus est également observée à une échelle géographique plus fine, avec une convergence des villes les plus pauvres et une diminution des inégalités au sein et entre les territoires. Nous examinons ensuite le rôle de plusieurs politiques du marché du travail et constatons que l'augmentation du salaire minimum et la réduction du temps de travail ont eu un impact majeur. Enfin, nous étudions les principales caractéristiques de la distribution de la croissance des revenus. Comme aux États-Unis, nous constatons qu'elle est asymétrique, leptokurtique, et que les deux queues de la distribution sont Pareto distribuées. Ce chapitre permet de mieux comprendre l'évolution des inégalités et la dynamique des revenus au cours des dernières décennies.Le chapitre 2 étudie les effets de la participation salariale sur la rémunération des travailleurs et la productivité des entreprises. Pour ce faire, nous exploitons l'expansion d'un régime obligatoire de participation aux bénéfices de l'entreprise en France dans les années 1990. Depuis 1967, les entreprises de plus de 100 salariés doivent distribuer une part de leurs bénéfices à leurs travailleurs. En 1991, ce seuil a été ramené à 50 salariés. Nous nous appuyons sur une analyse de ``bunching'' et une stratégie de différence-de-différences exploitant ces seuils pour identifier les effets causaux de la participation salariale. Nous montrons que l'adoption de la participation aux bénéfices a entraîné une augmentation significative de la rémunération des travailleurs associée à une réduction comparable des bénéfices des actionnaires. Nous ne constatons aucune incidence sur le salaire de base des travailleurs, sauf au sommet de la distribution des revenus. Enfin, nous ne trouvons pas d'effets sur l'activité économique de l'entreprise et notamment sur l'investissement ou la productivité. La participation salariale augmente la rémunération des travailleurs sans impact sur la production.Le chapitre 3 analyse l'impact des universités sur l'activité économique locale. Pour ce faire, j'exploite une politique massive de construction de nouvelles universités mise en œuvre en France durant les années 1990. En combinant des différences-de-différences avec des données administratives, j'estime les effets causaux de ces nouveaux établissements. Une analyse au niveau local indique que la politique a augmenté de manière persistante le niveau d'éducation de la main d'œuvre et a entraîné de la création destructrice. On observe à la fois une augmentation des créations d'entreprises, en particulier dans les industries qualifiées, et des effets négatifs pour les ``vieilles'' entreprises. Dans l'ensemble, ces nouvelles universités ont amélioré l'activité économique locale avec plus de production et d'emplois pour les jeunes, mais des effets négatifs pour les travailleurs plus âgés. L'analyse locale est ensuite complétée par une analyse au niveau individuel. La construction de nouveaux établissement augmente la probabilité d'obtenir un diplôme universitaire, d'être en emploi et d'occuper un emploi qualifié à long terme. Ce chapitre montre que le niveau local de capital humain joue un rôle majeur dans la création d'entreprises, avec un impact considérable sur l'activité économique locale<br>This dissertation lies at the intersection between labor economics, urban economics and entrepreneurship. It aims at better understanding how education and labor market policies affect local economic activity and inequality.Chapter 1 provides new insights on labor market inequality, earnings mobility and earnings dynamics in France between 1991 and 2016. Using linked employer-employee data, we show that, contrary to other developed countries, France experienced a decrease in inequality over the period. This reduction in inequality is driven mostly by an increase in women's compensation, especially at the bottom of the distribution, and by a reduction in the gender gap. We find that the compression in labor earnings is also observed over space, with a convergence of the poorest cities and a decrease in inequality both within and between territories. Second, we discuss the role of several labor market policies and find that the rise in the minimum wage and the reduction in the workweek had a major impact. Finally, we characterize the main features of the income growth distribution. As in the US, we find that it is negatively skewed, leptokurtic, has double Pareto tails and evolves over the life-cycle. These new stylized facts provide a better understanding of the evolution of inequality and earnings dynamics over the past decades.Chapter 2, investigates the effects of profit-sharing on workers' compensation and firms' productivity. To do so, we exploit the expansion of a large mandatory profit-sharing scheme in France in the 1990s. Since 1967, firms with more than 100 employees have to distribute a share of their profits to their workers. In 1991, this threshold was reduced to 50 employees. We rely on a bunching analysis and a difference-in-differences strategy exploiting these thresholds to identify the causal effects of profit-sharing. We show that the adoption of profit-sharing led to a sizeable increase in workers' compensation matching a sharp reduction in shareholders' profits. We find no incidence on workers' base wage except at the top of the earnings distribution (e.g. for managers and engineers). Finally, we find no effect on economic activity such as firms' investment or productivity. As a result, profit-sharing acts as a redistributive tool that increases workers' compensation with little impact on firms' economic activity.Chapter 3 analyses the effects of universities on cities' economic activity and local labor markets. This chapter seeks to understand the impact of human capital on business dynamism, employment, wages and city growth. To do so, I exploit a massive college expansion policy implemented in France over the 1990s. I combine a staggered event study design with rich administrative data on workers and firms to estimate the causal effects of these new colleges. City-level results indicate that the policy persistently increased the local level of education and resulted in more creative destruction. On the one hand, I find a large increase in firm creation, especially in skilled industries. On the other hand, incumbent firms experienced more exits and lower growth. Overall, new colleges improved cities' economic activity, with more production and employment for the youth but negative effects on employment for older workers. I complement city-level results with an analysis at the individual level to provide evidence on the long-run effects of new colleges. Relying on differences between cohorts induced by the timing of the policy, I find a positive effect on education and labor market outcomes. Exposure to new colleges increases the probability to graduate from university, to be employed and to hold a high-skilled job in the long-run. This chapter shows that the local level of human capital plays a major role for firm creation, with a sizeable impact on local economic activity. It also provides new evidence on the long-run effects of higher education on individuals' labor market outcomes
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Niehues, Judith Verfasser], and Clemens [Akademischer Betreuer] [Fuest. "Income Inequality, Inequality of Opportunity and Redistributive Policies / Judith Niehues. Gutachter: Clemens Fuest." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1038112141/34.
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Niehues, Judith [Verfasser], and Clemens [Akademischer Betreuer] Fuest. "Income Inequality, Inequality of Opportunity and Redistributive Policies / Judith Niehues. Gutachter: Clemens Fuest." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-44675.
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Avent, Dustin Robert. "Organizational Politics and Relational Inequality: The Generation of Wage Inequality in the Production Process." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07142005-111201/.
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Previous research on stratification, primarily shaped by the status attainment tradition, has analyzed inequality as a function of individuals? statuses within a whole economy as opposed to relations among social groups embedded within organizations. Surprisingly, little research has been conducted on how relations among actors within organizations generate inequality. First, I critique this previous research for not analyzing relations within organizations. I then develop a model for understanding how social relations within organizations might generate income inequality. In this model, these relations are characterized by groups of actors struggling to appropriate portions of the surplus generated in organizations. These groups are organized around both material power and status-based power within the production process, both of which generate group-based conflict and struggle for the extraction of economic rents. Such rents form the basis for income inequality. Finally, I empirically assess this model using a sample of Australian organizations, and confirm that economic rents are generated out of both material power and status-based power. I conclude that relations within organizations engender a struggle over the surplus, which creates stratification. Thus, research should begin to focus on the organization as the unit of analysis, specifically on relations therein. Moreover, analyses of wage inequality should move toward understanding how actors struggle to appropriate portions of the surplus in organizations.
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Lien, Oskarsson Mathias. "A game of wealth inequality : A Monte Carlo simulation of wealth inequality using Monopoly." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385498.
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The debate of economic inequality is long-lived and have in the recent years come to be reignited. Although there is little research that supports fully eradicating wealth inequality, the subject of appropriate levels of inequality is an extensively discussed matter. This paper uses a model based upon the board game Monopoly to discuss the drivers of wealth inequality, and study the effect of introducing georgistic, income and wealth taxation respectively in the game. Using iterated simulations the results yielded display evidence of wealth and georgistic taxation having a noteworthy impact on wealth inequality at certain stages of the game. Additionally, correctly specified income taxation yields notable results. Despite the model’s simplicity, the results found share interesting similarities with empirical evidence.
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Malik, Sadia Mariam. "Health, inequality and economic development /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Larrea, Peñaherrera Ana. "Malnutrition and Inequality in Ecuador." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669412.
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La desnutrición crónica ha sido una condición persistente entre niños/as Ecuatorianos/as. Tiene el potencial de perpetuar el ciclo de la pobreza ya que afecta el desarrollo cognitivo, los logros académicos y, por ende, el potencial flujo de ingresos durante el ciclo de vida. El programa de suplementos nutricionales instituido por el gobierno reabastece la provisión de micronutrientes a través de suplementos nutricionales diarios. En el Capítulo 2 se aplica una serie de modelos de regresión discontinua y de variables instrumentales y no se encuentra evidencia de que el tratamiento ha tenido un efecto significativo sobre los niveles de hemoglobina entre niños/as. ¿Existen otras causas de la desnutrición?
La literatura médica indica que el estrés maternal pre-natal puede incrementar el riesgo de consecuencias adversas para el/la niño/a al nacer las cuales pueden tener repercusiones más tarde durante el ciclo de vida ya que el exponer al feto a condiciones adversas en-útero afecta una serie de “interruptores” de la secuencia genética del individuo llamados la epigenetica. En el Capítulo 3, se estudia directamente este propuesto mecanismo utilizando la crisis financiera de 1999 como un shock de estrés no anticipado a través de una regresión discontinua llamada “sharp” o “aguda.” Se encuentra que los/as niños/as expuestas en-útero tienen puntajes z de la talla para la edad significativamente más bajos que sus contrapartes no expuestos. Consecuentemente, el limitado efecto del programa de suplementación nutricional puede ser parcialmente explicado por la exposición al estrés maternal pre-natal. Adicionalmente, este locus biológico conectando el estrés maternal pre-natal a la trayectoria de crecimiento infantil provee un proceso teórico conectando la exclusión social y la salud individual.
Para estudiar la validez de lo anterior, en el Capítulo 4, se mide el efecto de la desigualdad de consumo sobre la desnutrición a nivel individual. Se encuentra un impacto exógeno del coeficiente de Gini, independiente del efecto del ingreso del hogar, en el 2006 pero no en el 2014. Este Capítulo conclusivo da evidencias parciales de que la sistemática exclusión social puede causar desnutrición y sesgar el efecto de programas de suplementación nutricional a través del efecto que tiene sobre el estrés maternal pre-natal.<br>Chronic malnutrition has been a persistent condition among Ecuadorian children. It has the potential to perpetuate the cycle of poverty by affecting cognitive development, schooling achievements and the potential lifetime income steam. The government-instituted nutritional-supplementation-program treats malnutrition by replenishing important micronutrient stocks through daily nutritional supplements. In Chapter 2, I apply a series of regression distribution (RD) and instrumental variable models and find no evidence that this treatment program has a significant average effect on hemoglobin levels among children. Are there other social causes of chronic malnutrition?
The medical literature indicates that pre-natal maternal stress may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes and can have effects later in life because fetal exposure to adverse in-utero conditions affects a series of “switches” in the genetic sequence of an individual called the epigenome. In Chapter 3, I test this proposed mechanism directly by using the 1999 financial crisis as an unanticipated exogenous stress shock. I use the sharp RD method and find those exposed in-utero had significantly lower height-for-age z-scores than their non-exposed peers 12 years after the exposure. Consequently, the supplementation program’s limited effect may be partially explained by exposure to pre-natal maternal stress. Additionally, a biological locus linking pre-natal maternal stress to childhood growth trajectory provides a theoretical pathway linking social exclusion to individual health.
In order to assess the validity of the later, in Chapter 4, I test whether inequality has an effect on malnutrition at the individual level. I find a causal exogenous impact of the Gini coefficient on malnutrition independent of household income in 2006 but not in 2014. This concluding Chapter gives partial evidence that systematic social exclusion can both cause malnutrition and skew the effect of nutritional supplementation programs through its effect on pre-natal maternal stress.
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Robeyns, Ingrid. "Gender inequality : a capability perspective." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251850.
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Ekström, Erika. "Essays on inequality and education /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3809.
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Gustavsson, Magnus. "Empirical essays on earnings inequality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics [Nationalekonomiska institutionen], Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4250.
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Dalgaard, Carl-Johan. "Growth and inequality of nations /." København, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/361106343.pdf.
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Ross, Carol. "The isoperimetric inequality in Rⁿ". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38043.
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This thesis presents a complete proof of the isoperimetric inequality for a smooth surface in Euclidean space. The proof uses the Brunn-Minkowski
Inequality, the formulae for the first variations of area and Alexandrov’s theorem.
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Gregory, Michael Peter Robert. "Farm income inequality and instability." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338982.
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Koo, Anita. "Social inequality and educational choice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443872.
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Leonardi, Marco. "Three aspects of wage inequality." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2897/.
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This work presents three contributions to the study of wage inequality. The first is concerned with between-group wage inequality, the second and third with within-group or residual wage inequality. Chapter 1 reviews the literature on wage inequality. Chapter 2 explores the possibility that a shift in consumer demand might have played a role in the rise of wage inequality. If more skilled workers demand more skill-intensive goods, then an exogenous increase in relative skill supplies will also induce a shift in relative demand. This channel reduces the need to rely on technology and trade to explain the patterns in the data. I illustrate this mechanism with a simple two-sector general equilibrium model. The empirical part demonstrates that in the UK more educated and richer workers demand more skill-intensive goods. Calibration of the model suggests that this induced demand shift can explain 3% of the total relative demand shift in the UK between 1981 and 1997. The baseline model only explains between-industry shifts in skill upgrading and wage inequality, while empirically, most of these changes took place within industries. An extension of the model with different qualities of goods and labor can also explain some of the within-industry changes. Chapter 3 provides some empirical evidence and a theory of the relationship between within-group wage inequality and the increasing dispersion of capital/labor ratios across firms. In the empirical part, I document the increasing variance of capital/labor ratios across firms in the US labor market. I also show that the increase in the capital intensity variance across firms is associated with the increasing wage variance across workers. To explain this empirical fact, I adopt a search model where firms differ in their optimal capital choice. The decline of the relative price of equipment makes the firm distribution of capital/labor ratios more dispersed. In a frictional labor market this force generates wage dispersion among identical workers. Simple calibration of the model indicates that the dispersion of capital/labor ratios can explain up to one third of the total increase in residual wage inequality. Chapter 4 presents a study of earnings instability. I use the PSID to decompose the rise in wage inequality in a permanent and a transitory component. I consider separately job stayers and job changers. I find that the result of increasing earnings instability (increasing variance of the transitory component of earnings) holds in a sample of job changers but does not hold in a sample of job stayers. I interpret the evidence in a search and matching model with on-the-job search. The increasing variance of the transitory component of earnings is modeled as a mean-preserving spread of the distribution of productivity shocks. The mean-preserving spread induces on-the-job search on a wider range of productivity values and reduces the range of values where workers stay on the same job. As a result, the variance in the transitory part of earnings is increased for job changers. The effect on the wage variance of job stayers is ambiguous and depends on the composition of stayers between non-seekers and seekers who did not find a new job.
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Rodano, Giacomo. "Inequality, bankruptcy and the macroeconomy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/288/.
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This thesis examines the determinants inequality and its effects on macroeconomic outcomes, and in particular the economic effects of bankruptcy law. The first two chapters are joint work with Jochen Mankart. In the first chapter, we examine the effects of Chapter 7 of the US bankruptcy law on entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are subject to production risk. They can borrow and if they fail they can default on their debt. We examine the optimal wealth exemption level and the optimal credit market exclusion duration in this environment. In the second chapter, we introduce secured credit, in addition to unsecured credit in a model that is similar to the one in the first chapter. Secured credit lowers the cost of a generous bankruptcy regime because agents who are rationed out of the unsecured credit market can still obtain secured credit. Therefore, the optimal exemption level is very high. In the third chapter, I estimate stochastic process for earnings of Italian individuals. I find that individual’s earnings present statistically significant heterogeneity both in levels and in growth rates that is determined before the beginning of economic activity. In the fourth chapter, I analyze the quantitative effects of introducing immediate debt discharge (fresh start) in the procedures of personal bankruptcy law on the saving and default decisions of Italian household. I find that introducing fresh start in the Italian bankruptcy law would worsen credit conditions, without almost any benefit in terms of better insurance. The fifth chapter is joint work with Emanuele Tarantino and Nicolas Serrano-Velarde. In this chapter we exploit the recent reform of bankruptcy law in Italy to analyze the effects of bankruptcy regulation on the cost of credit. We find that strengthening firms’ rights to renegotiate outstanding deals with creditors increased the costs of funding, while simplifying the procedure of liquidation decreased the costs of funding. In the sixth chapter, I show that credit market imperfections are not necessary to generate an individual poverty trap.
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Adachi, Takanori. "Entrepreneurship, Financial Intermediation, and Inequality." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/21072.
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Dixey, Rachael Anne. "Education and inequality in Botswana." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357560.
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Wildman, John. "Health, income and income inequality." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369278.
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Zoli, Claudio. "Inequality, welfare and poverty comparisons." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288182.
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Armstrong, Chris. "Complex equality and sexual inequality." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367936.
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Paez, Salamanca Gustavo Nicolas. "Three essays on economic inequality." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285172.
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This PhD dissertation studies how market structures and economic incentives transform heterogeneity at agent levels into unequal economic outcomes. The first chapter studies the economic incentives that lead a country to specialise its production in specific segments of a supply chain, and how these incentives transform heterogeneity at the productivity level into wage differences between countries. This chapter presents an innovative framework that incorporates production networks to the Ricardian trade model. It describes the price formation mechanism that occurs along supply chains and how it induces countries to focus on the production of specific goods. Moreover, the model highlights the role of the network structure in the determination of prices, and uses it to explain how changes in the productivity of a country have consequences in the production decisions and wages of the other countries that produce goods in the supply chain. The second chapter studies the effects that the heterogeneity of income flows has over the implementation of collective agreements. Collective agreements are the primary mechanism by which communities cope with market failures. However, the lack of enforcement mechanisms generates coordination challenges. This chapter presents a theoretical framework that studies how inequality among individuals affects the participation incentives of the individuals and explains why agreements that balance the rent-seeking behaviour of wealthy individuals with the redistribution interests of the poor reduce the adverse effects of heterogeneity, and can even use it to create more robust agreements. The third chapter studies heterogeneity at the level of academic journals. This chapter models the interaction between authors and journals as a platform market and uses this model to explain how general interest journals compete against field-specific journals. The model provides new insights into the way in which general interest journals link the different publication incentives of journals across fields. The theoretical results explain why general interest journals tend to attract higher quality publications and how changes in the publication capacity of a journal, or the volume of research in a field, can affect the quality of ideas published in both field-specific and general interest journals. Finally, this chapter applies the previous theoretical results to understand how the Top 5 journals in economics obtained their central role, and how their influence has changed between 1980 and the present.