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Journal articles on the topic 'Inertia Friction Welding'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Liwen, Zhang, Liu Chengdong, Qi Shaoan, Yu Yongsi, Zhu Wenhui, Qu Shen, and Wang Jinghe. "Numerical simulation of inertia friction welding process of GH4169 alloy." Journal de Physique IV 120 (December 2004): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004120078.

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Friction welding is a solid state welding technology with good quality and high automation. It has been widely used in many industry fields especially in automobile and aerospace industry. Because of the characters of less process parameters and high automation, inertia friction welding is popular in many fields. In this paper, a 2-D thermo-mechanical FEM model was developed to simulate inertia welding process. In this model, the temperature dependency of the thermal and mechanical properties of material was considered. The finite-element software MSC.Marc was used to calculate the temperature field, stress field and strain field during inertia friction welding process. The transient temperature field and the deformation of GH4169 superalloy during inertia friction welding process were predicted. The temperature filed during inertia friction welding process was measured by means of thermocouples. The calculated temperature filed is in good agreement with the experimental result.

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2

Zhang, Quan Zhong, Li Fen Hu, Wu Bin Li, and Jiu Chun Gu. "FE Modeling of the Inertia Friction Welding with a Modified Friction Law." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.55.

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The subject of this paper was the presentation of a holistic, fully-temperature-coupled FE model of inertia friction welding based on the modified friction law, which divided the friction welding process into beginning friction stage and steady equilibrium friction stage. At each of the stage Coulomb friction model and shear friction model were adopted respectively. The present FE model predicted the temperature of the welding joint as well as variation of friction torque and relative rotating velocity of the work-piece during the welding process. The evolution of friction torque and rotating velocity were compared with the experimental measurement. They showed a good agreement between them.

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3

Shinde, Gurunath, and Prakash Dabeer. "Review of Experimental Investigations in Friction Welding Technique." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (S) (July 10, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201736.

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<p>Friction welding is a solid state welding processes in which the weld is obtained by the heat generated due to forging and friction. Now a day’s eco-friendly joining of dissimilar materials is the need of the industries. The advantages of friction welding process are reduction in production time and cost saving. Friction welding is classified into two types. One type is Inertia drive friction welding and the other is Continuous drive friction welding. In continuous drive friction welding one of the work pieces is held stationary while the other is held for a certain rotating speed. The two work pieces are brought together under certain friction pressure for a<br />certain period of time known as friction time. Then, the rotation is stopped and upset pressure is applied for a certain upset time. Then, the spindle is disengaged and the component is unloaded. In Inertia drive friction welding one part is held stationary while the other is clamped in the chuck which is attached to the flywheel. The flywheel and chuck is rotated for a certain seed to store a predetermined energy. In this paper, review of friction welding on different materials and their weld ability has been discussed in brief.</p>

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4

Lienert, T. J., W. A. Baeslack, J. Ringnalda, and H. L. Fraser. "Inertia-friction welding of SiC-reinforced 8009 aluminium." Journal of Materials Science 31, no. 8 (April 1996): 2149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00356639.

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5

Whittenberger, J. Daniel, Thomas J. Moore, and Daniel L. Kuruzar. "Preliminary investigation of inertia friction welding B2 aluminides." Journal of Materials Science Letters 6, no. 9 (September 1987): 1016–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01729117.

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6

Jun, Tea Sung, Shu Yan Zhang, Mina Golshan, Matthew J. Peel, David G. Richards, and Alexander M. Korsunsky. "Synchrotron Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Residual Strains around Friction Welds between Dissimilar Aluminium and Nickel Alloys." Materials Science Forum 571-572 (March 2008): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.571-572.407.

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Friction welding processes, such as friction stir welding (FSW) and inertia friction welding (IFW) are popular candidate procedures for joining engineering materials (including dissimilar pairs) for advanced applications. The advantages of friction welding include lack of large scale material melting, ability to join dissimilar materials, and relatively low propensity to introduce defects into the weld joint. For these reasons FSW and IFW have become the subjects of a number of studies aimed at optimising the joining operations to obtain improved joint strength and reduce distortion and residual stress. In the present study we used the diffraction of high energy polychromatic synchrotron X-rays to measure interplanar lattice spacings and deduce nominal elastic strains in friction stir welds between dissimilar aluminium alloys AA5083 and AA6082, and in coupons from inertia friction welds between dissimilar nickel-base superalloys IN718 and RR1000. Energy-dispersive diffraction profiles were collected by two detectors mounted in the horizontal and vertical diffraction planes, providing information about lattice strains in two nearly perpendicular directions lying almost in the plane of the plate samples mounted perpendicularly to the incident beam. Two-dimensional maps of residual stresses in friction-welded joints were constructed. Apart from the 2D mapping technique, the sin2ψ method (transmission) was also used in the case of inertia friction-welded joint between nickel alloys. Comparison between the two results allowed the variation of the lattice parameter with the distance from the bond line to be deduced. It was found that friction welding of two dissimilar materials with significant strength mismatch may lead to the creation of a region of compressive stress in the vicinity of the bond line, in contrast with the behaviour observed for joints between similar materials.

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7

Rowson, Matthew, Chris J. Bennett, Mohammed A. Azeem, Oxana Magdysyuk, James Rouse, Ryan Lye, Joshua Davies, Simon Bray, and Peter D. Lee. "Observation of microstructure evolution during inertia friction welding using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 790–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521001569.

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The widespread use and development of inertia friction welding is currently restricted by an incomplete understanding of the deformation mechanisms and microstructure evolution during the process. Understanding phase transformations and lattice strains during inertia friction welding is essential for the development of robust numerical models capable of determining optimized process parameters and reducing the requirement for costly experimental trials. A unique compact rig has been designed and used in-situ with a high-speed synchrotron X-ray diffraction instrument to investigate the microstructure evolution during inertia friction welding of a high-carbon steel (BS1407). At the contact interface, the transformation from ferrite to austenite was captured in great detail, allowing for analysis of the phase fractions during the process. Measurement of the thermal response of the weld reveals that the transformation to austenite occurs 230 °C below the equilibrium start temperature of 725 °C. It is concluded that the localization of large strains around the contact interface produced as the specimens deform assists this non-equilibrium phase transformation.

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8

KITAMURA, Yuta, Mitsuyoshi TSUNORI, and Shinji MAEKAWA. "226 Thermo-mechanical simulation of inertia friction welding process." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2015.28 (2015): _226–1_—_226–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2015.28._226-1_.

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9

El-Hadek, Medhat Awad. "Sequential Transient Numerical Simulation of Inertia Friction Welding Process." International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics 10, no. 3 (April 22, 2009): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15502280902795086.

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10

Bennett, C. J., T. H. Hyde, and E. J. Williams. "Modelling and simulation of the inertia friction welding of shafts." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 221, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/14644207jmda154.

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The commercial materials forming package DEFORM-2D is used to model the inertia friction welding (IFW) process with particular reference to aero-engine mainline drive shafts. Both representative and predictive modelling techniques are presented, and models are described for the welding of identical and dissimilar material/geometry combinations. The range of material properties required for the models are discussed and details of the tests carried out to produce suitable material data are included. Case studies involving Inconel 718 and AerMet 100 are presented. The phase transformations in a high-strength aerospace steel are included in the model and their effects on residual stresses are presented. Temperature profiles are compared with experimental thermocouple measurements and the models are also compared with upset and rotational velocity data collected during welding. The DEFORM-2D software in conjunction with a friction law coded into a subroutine are shown to be suitable for modelling the IFW process between similar and dissimilar shaft materials. Results highlight the importance of the inclusion of the volume change associated with the martensite transformation on the residual stresses generated during the post-weld cooling of IFW joints.

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11

Luo, Haitao, Jia Fu, Lichuang Jiao, Guangming Liu, Changshuai Yu, and Tingke Wu. "Kinematics and dynamics analysis of a new-type friction stir welding robot and its simulation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 2019): 168781401986651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019866518.

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The mechanical configuration, structural composition, and five typical working conditions of a newly developed friction stir welding robot are introduced. The kinematics model of the friction stir welding robot is established and the forward kinematics equations, inverse kinematics equations, and the Jacobian matrix are solved. In addition, the dynamics model of the friction stir welding robot is also built by using the Lagrange method. The centroid position coordinate and inertia matrix of each part are obtained. Finally, the dynamic equation of friction stir welding robot is determined. According to the kinematics and dynamics model of robots, simulation analysis for friction stir welding robot based on virtual prototyping technology was carried out. The trajectory equation of the weld joint under the condition of melon petal welding is established, the spline trajectory is fitted by many discrete points measured by the contact probe, and the trajectory planning of each joint and the changing laws of motion parameters under the friction stir welding robot melon petal welding condition are obtained. The movement laws and the loading conditions of each joint can be better controlled by designers, and provide solid theoretical support for the static and dynamic characteristics analysis and structural optimization of the friction stir welding robot.

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12

Wen, Hengyu, Guoqiang You, Yuhan Ding, Peiqi Li, Xin Tong, and Wei Guo. "Effect of Friction Pressure on ZK60/Ti Joints Formed by Inertia Friction Welding." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 28, no. 12 (December 2019): 7702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04496-z.

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13

Lohe, Johannes, Marc Lotz, Mark Cannon, and Basil Kouvaritakis. "Application of Optimal Control Algorithm to Inertia Friction Welding Process." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 21, no. 3 (May 2013): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2012.2189570.

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14

Senkov, Oleg N., David W. Mahaffey, S. Lee Semiatin, and Christopher Woodward. "Inertia Friction Welding of Dissimilar Superalloys Mar-M247 and LSHR." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 12 (August 19, 2014): 5545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2512-x.

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15

Baeslack, W. A., D. Phillips, C. English, and A. P. Woodfield. "Inertia-friction welding of an advanced rapidly solidified titanium alloy." Journal of Materials Science Letters 10, no. 23 (January 1991): 1401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00735692.

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16

Kessler, M., S. Suenger, M. Haubold, and M. F. Zaeh. "Modeling of upset and torsional moment during inertia friction welding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 227 (January 2016): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.07.024.

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17

Wang, F. F., W. Y. Li, J. L. Li, and A. Vairis. "Process parameter analysis of inertia friction welding nickel-based superalloy." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 71, no. 9-12 (January 28, 2014): 1909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5569-6.

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18

Liu, Wei, Feifan Wang, Xiawei Yang, and Wenya Li. "Upset Prediction in Friction Welding Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/196382.

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This paper addresses the upset prediction problem of friction welded joints. Based on finite element simulations of inertia friction welding (IFW), a radial basis function (RBF) neural network was developed initially to predict the final upset for a number of welding parameters. The predicted joint upset by the RBF neural network was compared to validated finite element simulations, producing an error of less than 8.16% which is reasonable. Furthermore, the effects of initial rotational speed and axial pressure on the upset were investigated in relation to energy conversion with the RBF neural network. The developed RBF neural network was also applied to linear friction welding (LFW) and continuous drive friction welding (CDFW). The correlation coefficients of RBF prediction for LFW and CDFW were 0.963 and 0.998, respectively, which further suggest that an RBF neural network is an effective method for upset prediction of friction welded joints.

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19

Wu, Wei, Ling Yun Zhu, Guang Feng Wu, and Hui Bin Xu. "Study on Performance of Inertia Radial Friction Welding of Copper-Alloy to 35CrMnSi Steel." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.968.

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The joint property of aldary (T3 copper, B5 cupronickel and H96 brassiness) with 35CrMnSi by the use of inertial radial friction welding techniques is studied to meet the requirements of product operation . The microstructure of the welding joint, shear testing, vickers hardness and electron probe tests are carried out to verify the material weldability. The results show good performance of T3 copper, B5 cupronickel and H96 brassiness welded well with steel. The joints shear strength is more than 200Mpa, and no air hole flaw in weld seam that often occur in general fusion welding with dissimilar material. The welding properties can satisfy the requirements of the products. The results also indicate that under the same welding specification, the region of HAZ is related to thermal conductivity and melting point of copper-alloy, the microstructures of HAZ on B5＋35CrMnSi steel side is wider than others .

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20

Zhang, Liwen. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE FIELD FOR INERTIA FRICTION WELDING OF SUPERALLOY." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 38, supp (2002): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2002.supp.200.

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21

Nie, Longfei, Liwen Zhang, Zhi Zhu, and Wei Xu. "Microstructure evolution modeling of FGH96 superalloy during inertia friction welding process." Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 80 (March 2014): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2013.10.007.

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22

Tung, D. J., D. W. Mahaffey, O. N. Senkov, S. L. Semiatin, and W. Zhang. "Transient behaviour of torque and process efficiency during inertia friction welding." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 24, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 136–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2018.1491377.

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23

El-Hadek, Medhat A. "Numerical Simulation of the Inertia Friction Welding Process of Dissimilar Materials." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 45, no. 6 (August 2, 2014): 2346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-014-0148-2.

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24

Huang, Z. W., H. Y. Li, M. Preuss, M. Karadge, P. Bowen, S. Bray, and G. Baxter. "Inertia Friction Welding Dissimilar Nickel-Based Superalloys Alloy 720Li to IN718." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 38, no. 7 (June 26, 2007): 1608–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-007-9194-6.

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25

JI, Shude. "Effect of Welding Process Parameters on Material Flow Behavior of FGH96 Alloy in Inertia Friction Welding." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 48, no. 12 (2012): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2012.12.069.

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26

D’Alvise, L., E. Massoni, and S. J. Walløe. "Finite element modelling of the inertia friction welding process between dissimilar materials." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 125-126 (September 2002): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00349-7.

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27

Grant, B., M. Preuss, P. J. Withers, G. Baxter, and M. Rowlson. "Finite element process modelling of inertia friction welding advanced nickel-based superalloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 513-514 (July 2009): 366–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.02.005.

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28

Liu, C., H.-Y. Zhu, and C.-L. Dong. "Internal residual stress measurement on inertia friction welding of nickel-based superalloy." Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 19, no. 5 (March 31, 2014): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1362171814y.0000000206.

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29

Chamanfar, Ahmad, Mohammad Jahazi, and Jonathan Cormier. "A Review on Inertia and Linear Friction Welding of Ni-Based Superalloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 46, no. 4 (February 7, 2015): 1639–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2752-4.

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30

Bennett, C. J., T. H. Hyde, and P. H. Shipway. "A transient finite element analysis of thermoelastic effects during inertia friction welding." Computational Materials Science 50, no. 9 (July 2011): 2592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.03.048.

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31

Robotham, William S., Thomas H. Hyde, Edward J. Williams, Paul Brown, Ian R. McColl, and C. J. Kong. "Mechanical Testing of Dual Alloy Inertia Friction Welded Shafts." Applied Mechanics and Materials 3-4 (August 2006): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.3-4.131.

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The development of aeroengines with increasing thrust capabilities requires the development of shaft technology to deal with this greater power transmission, whilst still restricting their dimensions and weight. Modern aerospace drive shafts are predominantly of a single-alloy design and significant benefits could be obtained from using a dual alloy shaft, where a high temperature alloy is used at the turbine, i.e. hot, end of the shaft and a high strength alloy is used for the spline end of the shaft, where high strength is required, rather than high temperature performance. Whilst the processes of joining dissimilar materials are widely used the evolution of the joint and its strength characteristics are not fully understood. A program of research has been instigated to lead to an improved understanding of friction welds and their behaviour under monotonic and cyclic loadings with the overall objective to establish confidence in the welding parameters for these material combinations and the associated post-weld heat treatments. This paper presents an overview of the mechanical testing program and the aims of this work, illustrated with some examples from the monotonic and cyclic test work carried out on inertia friction welded dual alloy shaft components.

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32

Muhammad, Ossama, Christopher J. Bennett, and Hervé P. Morvan. "Modelling of Inertia Friction Welding Using Finite Element Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 1344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.1344.

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Inertia Friction Welding (IFW) is a solid-state joining process where one rotating (connected to an inertia) and one stationary part are brought together under an axial load, causing frictional heat generation and plastic deformation at the interface; upon cooling a weld is formed between the components. There is evidence in welds between dissimilar materials which show a flow regime that may keep impurities at the weld interface and may have implications for weld strength and fatigue life. Numerical modelling of IFW using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has allowed the successful prediction of temperature profile, upset (length loss) and flash shape and process parameters such as flywheel slowdown. However, due to the lack of knowledge of the behaviour of the severely plasticised zone (shear zone) and the fluid-like nature of the material near the interface, the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been considered. This paper presents a method to utilise both FEA and CFD modelling techniques to provide a better modelling strategy for the IFW processes. By using the results of an FEA model as the boundary/initial conditions for the CFD, simple models have allowed comparison between the two numerical approaches and have validated the implementation and consistency of material properties and modelling methodology for both. A model of the interface has been produced with CFD with this method which illustrates the possible material behaviour and material flow in that zone.

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33

Bu, Wen De, and Jin He Liu. "The Coupled Thermal Mechanical Modeling of the Inertia Friction Welding Process for Inconel718." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 710–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.710.

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In this paper, numerical modeling of inertia friction welding (IFW) for Inconel718 was performed using ABAQUS/Explicit with a 3D finite-element (FE) model and the coupled thermo-mechanical analysis. A new thermal input model has been deduced according to the characteristics of IFW and law of conservation of energy. The evolution of temperature field as well as the deformation pattern of the inertia welded joint has been predicted. It is shown that the interface temperature firstly increases rapidly to about 1100 °C within 3 s and then increases slowly. The energy input rate at the interface during the IFW process is closely related to the rotational speed and friction torque of flywheels. The temperature distribution at the interface is very inhomogeneous especially at the initial stage and finally tends to become uniform with the increase of time. Consequently, the flash start to appear as the interface temperature becomes homogeneous relatively and the plastic flow of metal at the interface happens. The verifying trial was carried out and the predicted temperature was compared with the experimental data measured by means of thermocouples. The shape of flash in simulation result was contrasted with the true shape of specimen under the same welding conditions. It is noted that the simulation results agrees well with the experimental results.

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34

Luo, Jian, Shanshan Liu, Wei Chen, and Xiaoling Xu. "Friction Interface Migration of Copper Alloy and Carbon Steel Dissimilar Metal Joints in Inertia Radial Friction Welding." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 31, no. 3 (June 15, 2015): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2015.1058954.

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35

HE, Jianchao. "Research of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti600/TC17 Inertia Friction Welding Joints." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 53, no. 22 (2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2017.22.095.

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36

Senkov, O. N., D. W. Mahaffey, D. J. Tung, W. Zhang, and S. L. Semiatin. "Efficiency of the Inertia Friction Welding Process and Its Dependence on Process Parameters." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 48, no. 7 (April 28, 2017): 3328–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4115-9.

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37

Attallah, Moataz M., Michael Preuss, Chatri Boonchareon, Axel Steuwer, John E. Daniels, Darren J. Hughes, Christopher Dungey, and Gavin J. Baxter. "Microstructural and Residual Stress Development due to Inertia Friction Welding in Ti-6246." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 43, no. 9 (April 4, 2012): 3149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1116-6.

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38

Bennett, C. J., M. M. Attallah, M. Preuss, P. H. Shipway, T. H. Hyde, and S. Bray. "Finite Element Modeling of the Inertia Friction Welding of Dissimilar High-Strength Steels." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 44, no. 11 (July 9, 2013): 5054–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1852-2.

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39

HYDE, T. H., A. H. YAGHI, D. W. J. TANNER, C. J. BENNETT, A. A. BECKER, E. J. WILLIAMS, and W. SUN. "CURRENT CAPABILITIES OF THE THERMO-MECHANICAL MODELLING OF WELDING PROCESSES." Journal of Multiscale Modelling 01, no. 03n04 (July 2009): 451–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1756973709000207.

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Some fundamental principles and advanced applications of thermo-mechanical modelling techniques used for industrial welding processes are described. The paper covers a range of modelling procedures comprising welding simulation and residual stress analysis of multi-pass, thick-walled ferritic steel pipes; welding simulation and distortion analysis of nickel-based superalloy thin plates; and inertia friction welding of dual alloy drive shafts. A number of pertinent mechanical and metallurgical concepts are discussed, including material behaviour models and material properties, microstructural evolution, solid state phase transformation and post-weld heat treatment. The paper emphasises the general methodologies of thermal modelling procedures and their role in the holistic process of the life assessment and design improvement of power plant piping systems and aeroengine casings and shaft components, operating under high temperature creep and fatigue service conditions.

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40

Bu, Wen De, Jin He Liu, Xiao Ling Xu, and Wei Wu. "Distribution and Variation Characteristics of Temperature in Inertia Friction Welded Inconel 718 Joint." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1581.

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The temperature evolution in inertia friction welded Inconel 718 joint was measured by means of embedding thermocouples in specimens. The spatial distributions of temperature in the axial and radial directions of weldments were obtained and the varying characteristics of the temperature distributions were analyzed. The results indicate that the heating rate during the inertia welding process decreases gradually. The temperature distribution in the radial direction of weldment is uneven and the temperature rises gradually with the increase of distance from the center. But the relation between the temperature and distance is nonlinear. In the axial direction, the shorter the distance from the initial friction surface is, the bigger the rate of temperature increment becomes and the higher the peak temperature and the temperature gradient are. Meanwhile, the longer the distance from the initial friction surface is, the later the peak temperature appears and the longer the delay time gets. Moreover, the results of microhardness testing in a welded joint prove that the measurement of temperature in this study is reliable.

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41

Lai, Fuqiang, Shengguan Qu, Roger Lewis, Tom Slatter, Ge Sun, Tao Zhang, and Xiaoqiang Li. "Optimization of Friction Welding Process Parameters for 42Cr9Si2 Hollow Head and Sodium Filled Engine Valve and Valve Performance Evaluation." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 5, 2019): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071123.

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Due to their design, hollow cavity and filled sodium, hollow head and sodium filled engine valves (HHSVs) have superior performance to traditional solid valves in terms of mass and temperature reduction. This paper presents a new manufacturing method for 42Cr9Si2 steel hollow head and sodium filled valves. An inertia friction welding process parameter optimization was conducted to obtain a suitable process parameter range. The fatigue strength of 42Cr9Si2 steel at elevated temperatures was evaluated by rotating bending fatigue test with material specimens. Performance evaluation tests for real valve components were then carried out using a bespoke bench-top apparatus, as well as a stress evaluation utilizing a finite element method. It was proved that the optimized friction welding parameters of HHSV can achieve good welding quality and performance, and the HHSV specimen successfully survived defined durability tests proving the viability of this new method. The wear resistance of the HHSV specimens was evaluated and the corresponding wear mechanisms were found to be those classically defined in automotive valve wear.

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Xu, Wei, Li Wen Zhang, and Chong Xiang Yue. "Finite Element Simulation of Microstructural Evolution during Inertia Friction Welding Process of Superalloy GH4169." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.975.

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During the inertia friction welding (IFW) process of superalloy GH4169, the main mechanism for microstructural evolution is dynamic recrystallization (DRX). In order to investigate the microstructural evolution during the process, a finite element (FE) model coupled with the DRX model of the alloy was developed on the platform of MSC.Marc. Equivalent strain was introduced into the DRX model to improve the computational precision. As a result, the IFW process with microstructural evolution was simulated. Simulated results reveal that DRX region is very small. Fully recrystallized region and fine grains appear near the weld line. Dynamically recrystallized fraction (DRXF) decreases and grain size increases with the increase of the distance from the weld line. Predicted results of microstructural distribution agree well with experimental ones.

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43

Luo, Jian, Xiaoming Wang, Dejia Liu, Fei Li, and Junfeng Xiang. "Inertia Radial Friction Welding Joint of Large Size H90 Brass/D60 Steel Dissimilar Metals." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 27, no. 9 (September 2012): 930–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2011.610087.

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44

Huang, Z. W., H. Y. Li, Gavin Baxter, Simon Bray, and Paul Bowen. "Characterization of the Weld Line Zones of an Inertia Friction Welded Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.440.

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The Inertia Friction Welding (IFW) process is a high-temperature and high pressure process, with heavy plastic deformation, high power density, fast heating and fast cooling of the weld material. The microstructure produced in the weld line （WL）zones is therefore very different from parent material. A detailed microstructural investigation of the WL zones has been conducted using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that the morphology, energy status and microchemistry of grain boundaries in the WL zones are quite different from those in the parent material. It is also observed that, compared to a bi-modal distribution of intragranular ¢ particles in the parent material, a unimodal distribution of very fine spherical ¢ particles is produced in high density in the WL zones. This work provides a detailed understanding of the physical and chemical changes occurring across the weld line.

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Banerjee, Amborish, Michail Ntovas, Laurie Da Silva, and Salaheddin Rahimi. "Effect of rotational speed and inertia on the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution during inertia friction welding of 8630M steel." Materials Letters 296 (August 2021): 129906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129906.

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Liu, Y. H., Z. B. Zhao, C. B. Zhang, Q. J. Wang, H. Sun, and N. Li. "Thermal and mechanical induced texture evolution of inertia friction welding in α + β titanium alloy." Materials Letters 277 (October 2020): 128329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128329.

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Mahaffey, D. W., O. N. Senkov, R. Shivpuri, and S. L. Semiatin. "Effect of Process Variables on the Inertia Friction Welding of Superalloys LSHR and Mar-M247." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47, no. 8 (June 8, 2016): 3981–4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3600-x.

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Senkov, O. N., D. W. Mahaffey, and S. L. Semiatin. "A Comparison of the Inertia Friction Welding Behavior of Similar and Dissimilar Ni-Based Superalloys." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 49, no. 11 (July 30, 2018): 5428–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4853-3.

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Zhu, Yuanzhi, Zhe Zhu, Zhidong Xiang, Zhimin Yin, Zhifang Wu, and Wenqing Yan. "Microstructural evolution in 4Cr10Si2Mo at the 4Cr10Si2Mo/Nimonic 80A weld joint by inertia friction welding." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 476, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.08.062.

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Wang, Ying, Jian Luo, Xiaoming Wang, and Xiaoling Xu. "Interfacial characterization of T3 copper/35CrMnSi steel dissimilar metal joints by inertia radial friction welding." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 68, no. 5-8 (April 21, 2013): 1479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-4936-7.

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