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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inertia of reactant gas

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Academic literature on the topic 'Inertia of reactant gas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Inertia of reactant gas"

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Chadwick, Eric Alexander, Pranay Shrestha, Harsharaj Birendrasingh Parmar, Aimy Bazylak, and Volker Paul Schulz. "(General Student Poster Award Winner, 3rd Place) Biomimetic Auxiliary Channels for Enhanced PEM Fuel Cell Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-02, no. 67 (2024): 4661. https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-02674661mtgabs.

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The bipolar plate of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells is responsible for reactant delivery, liquid product water removal, and mechanical stability of PEM fuel cell stacks. Bipolar plates account for 70-90% of the weight and volume and 18-28% of the production costof stacks [1]. Improving the function of the flow fields embedded in the bipolar plates can significantly impact the energy density of PEM fuel cells by improving liquid water management and reactant distribution. Researchers have modified conventional flow fields by adding baffles or partially narrowed channels as semi-o

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Haugen, Nils Erland L., Jonas Krüger, Dhrubaditya Mitra, and Terese Løvås. "The effect of turbulence on mass transfer rates of small inertial particles with surface reactions." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 836 (December 13, 2017): 932–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.820.

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The effect of turbulence on the mass transfer between a fluid and embedded small heavy inertial particles that experience surface reactions is studied. For simplicity, the surface reaction, which takes place when a gas phase reactant is converted to a gas phase product at the external surface of the particles, is unimolar and isothermal. Two effects are identified. The first effect is due to the relative velocity between the fluid and the particles, and a model for the relative velocity is presented. The second effect is due to the clustering of particles, where the mass transfer rate is inhib

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Pivac, Ivan, Boris Šimić, and Frano Barbir. "Experimental diagnostics and modeling of inductive phenomena at low frequencies in impedance spectra of proton exchange membrane fuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 365 (October 16, 2017): 240–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.087.

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Representation of fuel cell processes by equivalent circuit models, involving resistance and capacitance elements representing activation losses on both anode and cathode in series with resistance representing ohmic losses, cannot capture and explain the inductive loop that may show up at low frequencies in Nyquist diagram representation of the electrochemical impedance spectra. In an attempt to explain the cause of the low-frequency inductive loop and correlate it with the processes within the fuel cell electrodes, a novel equivalent circuit model of a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell

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Mao, Deming, John M. Karanikas, Phillip S. Fair, Ionut D. Prodan, and George K. Wong. "A Different Perspective on the Forchheimer and Ergun Equations." SPE Journal 21, no. 05 (2016): 1501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180920-pa.

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Summary The need to better estimate the performance of hydraulically fractured wells in shale-gas formations has focused attention on the description of the non-Darcy flow in the region of the hydraulic fracture near the borehole where the converging flow may be increasingly dominated by the inertia effect. The analogy between high-rate flow in proppant-filled hydraulic fractures—best described by the Forchheimer equation—and the flow of reactants in fixed beds or granular beds in catalysis—widely described by the Ergun equation—may offer insights on how to estimate the value of the coefficien

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Zhuo, Min, An Ding Chen, Jian Zhu, and Long Zhang. "Deep Hole Fabrication Based on ICP Process." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.293.

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This paper presents deep-hole etching process by inductively coupled plasma (ICP),the hole is higher than 400um ,and its diameter is 200um wide. Etching process successfully used in anchor fabrication below 150 um deep in micro-inertial devices, is first used in deep-hole etching .The result is badly, the sidewall surface is coarse, and the sidewall perpendicularity is poor,the dimension difference between upper and down diameter is as large as 35um.Because with the depth increasing , deep-hole etching brings new problem, such as fluorine(F) radical and ions distributing very differently betwe

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Chakraborty, A. K., and H. P. Mazumdar. "On the inertial energy spectrum of turbulence in a reacting gas." Mechanics Research Communications 14, no. 5-6 (1987): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0093-6413(87)90048-6.

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Murota, Junichi. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Langmuir-Type Formulation for Atomic-Order Surface Reactions of Reactant Gases on Si (100) and Ge (100) Surfaces." ECS Transactions 112, no. 1 (2023): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11201.0003ecst.

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Atomic-order surface reaction processes of reactant gases on the Si (100) and Ge (100) surfaces are reviewed. The site density on the (100) surface where the reactant molecules are adsorbed and react is estimated from the maximum self-limited adsorption/reaction amount of reactant gas on the (100) surface. The atomic-order amounts of reactant gases under self-limiting adsorption/reaction conditions are described using a modified Langmuir-type mechanism as a function of reactant gas partial pressure and exposure time at a specified temperature. For the hydrogen-terminated surface, it is propose

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Valeriu, Voiculescu, Rotaru Petre, Spanu Cezar, and Mateescu Monica. "Maximum conversion in presence of inert gas." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 80, Feb 2003 (2003): 110–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5836679.

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University of Craiova, A. I. Cuza 13, 1100 Craiova, Romania <em>E-mail :</em> protaru@central.ucv.ro Fax : 40-251-415077 <em>Manuscript received 2 I January 2002, revised 14 November 2002, accepted 20 November 2002</em> In the case of equilibrium reactions in gaseous phase or solid-gas phases, that takes place in the presence of inert gas and under isothermal-isobaric or isothermal-isochoric conditions, the conversion is maximum, if reactants are stoichiometrically mixed and the amount of inert gas is constant. A particular case is represented by the oxidation reactions with air, in which nitr

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Zufferey, R., A. Ortega Ancel, A. Farinha, et al. "Consecutive aquatic jump-gliding with water-reactive fuel." Science Robotics 4, no. 34 (2019): eaax7330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aax7330.

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Robotic vehicles that are capable of autonomously transitioning between various terrains and fluids have received notable attention in the past decade due to their potential to navigate previously unexplored and/or unpredictable environments. Specifically, aerial-aquatic mobility will enable robots to operate in cluttered aquatic environments and carry out a variety of sensing tasks. One of the principal challenges in the development of such vehicles is that the transition from water to flight is a power-intensive process. At a small scale, this is made more difficult by the limitations of ele

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Horianoi, S. V., V. A. Raschepkin, I. A. Volchyn, and A. O. Yasynetskyi. "MODELLING OF THE PROCESS OF COMBINED CLEANING OF A FLUE GAS FROM PARTICULATE MATTER AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN A VENTURI TUBE AND CYCLONE-TYPE SCRUBBER." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 83, no. 2 (2025): 116–32. https://doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2025.10.

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The mathematical model is developed to analyse and study background for the simultaneous combined cleaning of flue gas from particulate matter and sulphur dioxide generated by the combustion installation of moderate capacity, applying the wet gas cleaning in Venturi tube and cyclone-type scrubber. The physical and operational factors of particulate matter retention and SO2 absorption with droplets of a highly reactive water dissolved reactant (NH3) sprayed into Venturi tube are studied. In the part of a flue gas cleaning from particulate matter, widely accepted mathematical model is used. For

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inertia of reactant gas"

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Hiemke, Levan F. (Levan Frederick). "The influence of reactant gas solubility on flooded flow fuel cells." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13060.

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Stål, Herman. "Inertia and practice change related to greenhouse gas reduction : Essays on institutional entrepreneurship and translation in Swedish agri-food." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-89085.

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To avoid dangerous climate change a massive reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is required in a relative short time span. However, as development is moving in the wrong direction, there appears to be great inertia in changing activities. This dissertation’s overarching purpose is, from an institutional perspective, to advance the understanding of greenhouse gas-related inertia, as well as change, in industrial agri-activities. This purpose is addressed in four individual but related papers and an introductory chapter. A case study methodology is utilized to advance knowledge regarding green

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Obayopo, S. O. (Surajudeen Olanrewaju). "Performance enhancement in proton exchange membrane cell - numerical modeling and optimisation." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26247.

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Sustainable growth and development in a society requires energy supply that is efficient, affordable, readily available and, in the long term, sustainable without causing negative societal impacts, such as environmental pollution and its attendant consequences. In this respect, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells offer a promising alternative to existing conventional fossil fuel sources for transport and stationary applications due to its high efficiency, low-temperature operation, high power density, fast start-up and its portability for mobile applications. However, to fully harness th

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Agricola, Lucas. "Nozzle Guide Vane Sweeping Jet Impingement Cooling." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1525436077557298.

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Cseh, Csaba. "Analýza napjatosti ojnice motoru se zahrnutím vlivu ojničních šroubů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377358.

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Csaba CSEH Engine Connecting Rod Analysis Including Bolts Influence DW, ITE, 2008, 75 pp, 88 fig. The aim of my diploma work is a stress analysis in the material of a connecting rod during a stationary engine regime. Dynamic forces from the connecting rod‘s motion and the forces acting on the bolts are included in the calculations. The whole stress analysis is based on a FEM designed application on a model, that was created in a CAD system package according to the real component.

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Brundin, Carl. "Alternative energy concepts for Swedish wastewater treatment plants to meet demands of a sustainable society." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146831.

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This report travels through multiple disciplines to seek innovative and sustainable energy solutions for wastewater treatment plants. The first subject is a report about increased global temperatures and an over-exploitation of natural resources that threatens ecosystems worldwide. The situation is urgent where the current trend is a 2°C increase of global temperatures already in 2040. Furthermore, the energy-land nexus becomes increasingly apparent where the world is going from a dependence on easily accessible fossil resources to renewables limited by land allocation. A direction of the requ

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Chou, Yeh-Chi, and 周業期. "Analysis of reactant gas transport and performance of PEM fuel cell." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71160528489420459734.

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碩士<br>華梵大學<br>機電工程研究所<br>92<br>The purpose of this thesis is to establish a two dimensional PEM fuel cell model. The main objective is to examine the influence of inlet fuel humidity on the mass transport and the cell performance, and to emphasize the effectiveness of interdigitated flow field by increasing the numbers and position of the baffles in the flow channel. In the section of results and discussion, the distributions of the local current density, fuel flux and water vapor are well examined under different operating conditions. The effects of inlet fuel humidity reveal that

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Book chapters on the topic "Inertia of reactant gas"

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Bell, David, Jean-François Doussin, and Thorsten Hohaus. "Preparation of Simulation Chambers for Experiments." In A Practical Guide to Atmospheric Simulation Chambers. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22277-1_3.

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AbstractWhen setting up a simulation chamber experiment it is essential, in order to ensure meaningful results, to start with a well-controlled chemical system. Coming after the chapter dealing with the requested careful characterization of the simulation chamber, the present chapter describes the preparation of the chamber before running an experiment. It includes various chamber cleaning protocols, the preparation of a clean chamber atmosphere (the reacting mixture) and a series of protocols for blank experiments. Indeed, having a clean atmosphere in a simulation chamber, as free as possible

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Lun, Cliff K. K., and Stuart B. Savage. "Kinetic Theory for Inertia Flows of Dilute Turbulent Gas-Solids Mixtures." In Granular Gas Dynamics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39843-1_11.

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Kanchan, Brajesh Kumar, Pitambar R. Randive, and Sukumar Pati. "Numerical Investigation on the Influence of Reactant Gas Concentration on the Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_159.

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Wang, Zhiwei, Yanping He, Zhongdi Duan, Chao Huang, and Shiwen Liu. "Direct Contact Condensation Characteristics of Steam Injection into Cold-Water Pipe Under Rolling Condition." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_65.

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AbstractDirect contact condensation (DCC) is widely occurred in nuclear power systems and leads to undesired phenomena such as condensation-induced water hammer. For ocean nuclear power ships, DCC is inevitable in the passive heat removal system and influenced by sea conditions. In this paper, the characteristics of DCC under rolling conditions are analyzed. The numerical model of DCC is established based on computational fluid dynamics approach. The VOF model, SST k–ω turbulence model and the additional inertia force model are incorporated to describe the liquid-gas two-phase flow under the r

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Schlaghaufer, Florian, Johannes Fischer, and Alkwin Slenczka. "Electronic Spectroscopy in Superfluid Helium Droplets." In Topics in Applied Physics. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94896-2_5.

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AbstractElectronic spectroscopy has been instrumental in demonstrating the properties of helium droplets as a cryogenic matrix for molecules. The electronic spectrum of glyoxal, which was one of the first molecules investigated in helium droplets by means of electronic spectroscopy, showed two features that provided convincing evidence that the droplets were superfluid. These were free rotation and the distinct shape of the phonon side band which could be directly assigned to the characteristic dispersion curve of a superfluid. On closer examination, however, details such as increased moments

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Noyori, Ryoji, and Takao Ikariya. "Carbon Dioxide as a Reactant and Solvent in Catalysis." In Green Chemistry Using Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154832.003.0007.

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An increased awareness of global atmospheric carbon levels and heightened efforts to recover industrial emissions prior to their release into the environment has led to the availability of an unprecedented amount of carbon dioxide for industrial utilization. Unfortunately, chemical utilization of carbon dioxide as an industrial feedstock is limited by thermodynamic and kinetic constraints. Toxic carbon monoxide, the main competitor in many processes, is used in industry instead because CO2 is perceived to be less reactive and its efficient catalytic conversion has remained elusive. The major c

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Bethke, Craig M. "Mass Transfer." In Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0015.

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In previous chapters we have discussed the nature of the equilibrium state in geochemical systems: how we can define it mathematically, what numerical methods we can use to solve for it, and what it means conceptually. With this chapter we begin to consider questions of process rather than state. How does a fluid respond to changes in composition as minerals dissolve into it, or as it mixes with other fluids? How does a fluid evolve in response to changing temperature or variations in the fugacity of a coexisting gas? In short, we begin to consider reaction modeling. In this chapter we conside

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Novozhilov, Boris V., and Vasily B. Novozhilov. "Influence of Gas-phase Inertia on Nonsteady Combustion." In Theory of Solid-Propellant Nonsteady Combustion. ASME-Wiley, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.862spc_ch9.

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Bird, G. A. "Inelastic Collisions And Surface Interactions." In Molecular Gas Dynamics And The Direct Simulation Of Gas Flows. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198561958.003.0005.

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Abstract As noted in Chapter 1, rotational energy is associated only with diatomic and polyatomic molecules that consist of two or more atoms. Furthermore, there is no rotation about axes with a small moment of inertia, such as the internuclear axis of diatomic molecules. The most realistic of the classical monatomic models is the point centre of force, and the obvious extension would be two or more point centres of force separated by fixed distances.

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Doraiswamy, L. K. "Multiphase Reactions and Reactors." In Organic Synthesis Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096897.003.0025.

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The first three chapters of this part dealt with two-phase reactions. Although catalysts are not generally present in these systems, they can be used in dissolved form in the liquid phase. This, however, does not increase the number of phases. On the other hand, there are innumerable instances of gas-liquid reactions in which the catalyst is present in solid form. A popular example of this is the slurry reactor so extensively employed in reactions such as hydrogenation and oxidation. There are also situations where the solid is a reactant or where a phasetransfer catalyst is immobilized on a s

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Conference papers on the topic "Inertia of reactant gas"

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Sun, Qirun, Zhi Wu, Wei Gu, et al. "Resilience Assessment for Integrated Energy System Considering Gas-Thermal Inertia and System Interdependency." In 2024 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm51994.2024.10688547.

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Jiang, Mingxuan, Binlu Wang, and Gengfeng Li. "A Reliability Evaluation Method for Integrated Energy System with Hydrogen Considering Gas Inertia and Delay of Flow." In 2024 IEEE 8th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ei264398.2024.10991693.

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Veser, G., G. Friedrich, M. Freygang, and R. Zengerle. "A Simple and Flexible Micro Reactor for Investigations on Heterogeneous Catalytic Gas Phase Reactions." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1243.

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Abstract Micro reactors, i.e. chemical reactors with characteristic dimensions in the sub-millimeter range, hold great promise for novel chemical process routes (Lerou 1996, Wengeng 1996). Among their potential advantages for chemical processes are: the very small thermal inertia, allowing for a very direct control of temperature as a very critical reaction parameter; their inherent safety due to both the small reactant volume being present at any time in the reactor and the well controllable reactor and reaction conditions; and their small dimensions, making them easy to integrate into existi

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Lee, Man Su, D. Yogi Goswami, Ben Hettinger, and Sanjay Vijayaraghavan. "Preparation and Characteristics of Calcium Oxide Pellets for UT-3 Thermochemical Cycle." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16083.

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UT-3 thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production involves four gas-solid reactions. In order to make the cycle feasible, the solid reactant must be chemically reactive and physically stable in cyclic operation. Calcium oxide pellets, with CaO dispersed in the CaTiO3 inert matrix, were prepared and stearic acid, graphite, and corn starch were added as pore forming agents during the process. Experimental studies to improve and evaluate the Ca-pellets through the investigation into thermal decomposition of additives, X-ray diffraction, pore size distribution, conversion and reaction rate were co

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Lee, S., C. F. Edwards, and C. T. Bowman. "Development of a Multilayer Mesoscale Burner Array for Gas Turbine Reheat." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61050.

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Mesoscale burner arrays allow combustion to be conducted in a distributed fashion at the millimeter (meso) scale. At this scale, diffusive processes are fast, but not yet dominant, such that a number of advantages over conventional burners can be achieved without giving up the possibility to use fluid inertia to advantage. Since the scale of the reaction zone follows from the scale at which the reactants are mixed, very compact flames result. We expect that this compact, distributed form of combustion can provide not only the opportunity of inter-turbine reheat, but also the potential for lean

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Koepf, Erik, Suresh G. Advani, and Ajay K. Prasad. "Design of a Novel High Temperature Gravity-Fed Solar Thermochemical Reactor for Solar-Fuels Production: Case Study - ZnO Powder." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54204.

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Solar fuels are emerging as a viable pathway towards closing the gap between fuel production and consumption in the United States. If these fuels can be produced on large scale and achieve carbon-neutrality, a truly sustainable energy solution may be realized. Hydrogen is among the list of attractive solar fuels. Whether used in a PEM fuel cell or combustion engine, hydrogen as a fuel produced from sunlight and water represents an elegant energy harvesting cycle, with zero-emissions, high efficiency, and exceptional power-density. A novel solar-thermochemical reactor has been designed and cons

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Bloomfield, Valerie J., and Robert Townsend. "Hydrodynamic Direct Carbon Fuel Cell." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6593.

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There are many possibilities for the direct carbon fuel cell approach including hydroxide and molten carbonate electrolytes, solid oxides capable of consuming dry carbon, and hybrids of solid oxide and molten carbonate technologies. The challenges in fabricating this type of fuel cell are many including how to transport the dry solids into the reactant chamber and how to transport the spent fuel (ash) out of the chamber for continuous operation[1]. We accomplish ash removal by utilizing a hydrodynamic approach, where inert gas or steam is injected into the anode chamber causing the carbon part

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Rapaport, Pinkhas, Yeh-Hung Lai, and Chunxin Ji. "GDM Intrusion Into Reactant Gas Channels and the Effect on Fuel Cell Performance." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97086.

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This paper reports on the study of gas diffusion media (GDM) intrusion into reactant gas channels and its effect on the performance of the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The PEM fuel cell under consideration consists of a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) sandwiched between two layers of gas diffusion media commonly made of carbon paper or cloth. The GDM/MEA/GDM assembly is then compressed between two adjacent bi-polar plates. In this configuration, the compression pressure is transmitted under the lands of the reactant gas flow-field onto GDMs on which the portion over the channels

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Kimble, Michael C., and Nicholas E. Vanderborgh. "Reactant Gas Flow Fields in Advanced PEM Fuel Cell Designs." In 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (1992). SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/929292.

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Panchuk, K. L., D. S. Korchagin, and I. V. Krysova. "Geometrical mass-inertia model of dynamic surface forming." In OIL AND GAS ENGINEERING (OGE-2018). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5051872.

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Reports on the topic "Inertia of reactant gas"

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Sreethawong, Thammanoon. Natural gas reforming to hydrogen energy in low temperature plasma system : report. Chulalongkorn University, 2009. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2009.81.

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The effect of stage number of multistage AC gliding arc discharge reactors on the process performance ofthe combined reforming and partial oxidation of simulated CO₂-containing natural gas having a CH₄:C₂H₆:C₃H₈:C0₂ molar ratio of 70:5:5:20 was investigated. For the experiments with partial oxidation, either pure oxygen or air was used as the oxygen source with a fixed hydrocarbon-to-oxygen molar ratio of 211. Without partial oxidation at a constant feed flow rate, all conversions of hydrocarbons, except CO₂, greatly increased with increasing number of stages from 1 to 3; but · beyond 3 stages

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Melekh, Yaroslav, James Dixon, Katrina Salmon, and Michael Grubb. European Natural Gas through the 2020s: the Decade of Extremes, Contradictions and Continuing Uncertainties. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36687/inetwp233.

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The European gas system has entered a structurally volatile phase defined by post energy crisis overbuild, dislocated demand trajectories, and a decoupling mandate under REPowerEU. This paper interrogates the contradictions between fossil lock-in through LNG import capacity and overcontracting, and policy-driven demand reduction. The EU’s pivot to flexible LNG procurement exposes pricing to global volatility, while decarbonisation hinges on electrification, demand-side retrofits and hydrogen feasibility—each encumbered by cost, infrastructure lag, and political friction. We assess Europe’s gas

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Bruce. L51642 Field Nondestructive Examination of ERW Pipe Seams. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010587.

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Electric resistance welded (ERW) pipe has been used in the natural gas transmission industry for many years. The Department of Transportation (DOT) has recently expressed interest in the integrity of the weld seam in pipelines made from ERW pipe that was manufactured prior to 1970. Specifically, the DOT has requested that natural gas transmission and hazardous liquid pipeline operators determine whether or not their pipelines that meet this description require hydrostatic proof testing. The initial concern from the DOT was for seam weld selective corrosion, although reference has since been ma

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