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Journal articles on the topic 'Infant and toddler science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Bates, Marlana, Priya Gupta, Mary Cogswell, Heather Hamner, and Cria Perrine. "Iron Content of Commercially Available Infant and Toddler Foods in the United States, 2015." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2020): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082439.

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Objectives: To describe the iron content of commercially available infant and toddler foods. Methods: Nutrition Facts label data were used from a 2015 database of 1037 commercial infant and toddler food and drink products. Products were grouped into food categories on the basis of name, ingredients, target age, and reference amounts customarily consumed (RACC). Mean and median iron content per 100 g and per RACC were calculated. The proportion of products considered good and excellent sources of iron were determined on the basis of percent daily value (% DV) thresholds. Results: Among products marketed for infants (aged 4–12 months), infant cereals had the highest mean (6.19 mg iron per RACC; 41.25 iron mg per 100 g) iron content. Among products marketed for toddlers (aged 12–36 months), vegetable-based mixtures or meals contained the highest mean iron in mg per RACC (mean: 2.97 mg) and dry, grain-based desserts had the highest mean iron in mg per 100 g (mean: 6.45 mg). Juice and drink products had the lowest mean iron contents in both infant and toddler products. Conclusions: Most commercially available infant cereals are considered to be an excellent source of iron, likely from fortification, but wide variability was observed in iron content by food category. Products that are considered good or excellent sources of iron (≥10% DV) can help consumers identify products with higher iron content, such as infant cereals or toddler vegetable-based mixtures/meals.

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Beauregard, Jennifer L., Marlana Bates, Mary E. Cogswell, Jennifer M. Nelson, and Heather C. Hamner. "Nutrient Content of Squeeze Pouch Foods for Infants and Toddlers Sold in the United States in 2015." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071689.

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Background: To describe the availability and nutrient composition of U.S. commercially available squeeze pouch infant and toddler foods in 2015. Materials and Methods: Data were from information presented on nutrition labels for 703 ready-to-serve, pureed food products from 24 major U.S. infant and toddler food brands. We described nutritional components (e.g., calories, fat) and compared them between packaging types (squeeze pouch versus other packaging types) within food categories. Results: 397 (56%) of the analyzed food products were packaged as squeeze pouches. Differences in 13 nutritional components between squeeze pouch versus other packaging types were generally small and varied by food category. Squeeze pouches in the fruits and vegetables, fruit-based, and vegetable-based categories were more likely to contain added sugars than other package types. Conclusion: In 2015, squeeze pouches were prevalent in the U.S. commercial infant and toddler food market. Nutrient composition differed between squeeze pouches and other packaging types for some macro- and micronutrients. Although it is recommended that infants and toddlers under two years old not consume any added sugars, a specific area of concern may be the inclusion of sources of added sugar in squeeze pouches. Linking this information with children’s dietary intake would facilitate understanding how these differences affect overall diet quality.

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Moore, Amy, Jennifer Fisher, Katherine Morris, Christina Croce, and Kai Ling Kong. "Unhealthy Snacking Behaviors and Nutrients to Limit From Snacks Among U.S. Infants and Toddlers." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_088.

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Abstract Objectives The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends avoiding foods with added sugars and limiting foods higher in sodium before 2 years of age. This study examined the contributions of sweet and salty snacks in infant and toddler diets. Methods This cross-sectional analysis of dietary intake used three 24-hour dietary recalls collected from mothers of 141 infants and toddlers ages 9 to <16 months. Dietary recalls were collected over the phone by trained researchers using a validated multiple pass method. Snacks high in nutrients to limit were categorized as sweet (e.g., cakes, cookies) and salty (e.g., chips, crackers) using What We Eat in America food categories. The average number of snacks per day, total energy from snacks, and nutrients to limit from snacks were evaluated for 71 infants (9 to <12 months) and 70 toddlers (12 to < 16 months). Results Mothers were on average 32.6 ± 4.4 years old, identified as white (78.0%), and were college graduates (87.1%). Most infants/toddlers were breastfed ≥6 months (68.1%) and were introduced to solid foods after 4 months (96.5%). More than one-third (40.1%) of infants consumed at least one snack high in nutrients to limit on any given day. These snacks accounted for 5% of total energy (24 ± 49 kcals), 56.2% of total added sugars, 11.7% of total sodium, and 2.8% of total fat in infant dietary intakes. Similarly, more than two-thirds (74.3%) of toddlers consumed at least one snack high in nutrients to limit on any given day. These snacks accounted for 6.3% of total energy (60 ± 74 kcals), 75.0% of total added sugars, 8.4% of total sodium, and 5.3% of total fat in toddler dietary intakes. Conclusions Infants and toddlers consume snacks that contribute discretionary calories and added sugars. Given the new guidelines to avoid foods and beverages with added sugars before 2 years, future studies should examine factors that influence snack intake during this early development period. Funding Sources National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, Grant/Award Number: R01HD087082-01.

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Kay, Melissa C., Emily W. Duffy, Lisa J. Harnack, Andrea S. Anater, Joel C. Hampton, Alison L. Eldridge, and Mary Story. "Development and Application of a Total Diet Quality Index for Toddlers." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061943.

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For the first time, the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans include recommendations for infants and toddlers under 2 years old. We aimed to create a diet quality index based on a scoring system for ages 12 to 23.9 months, the Toddler Diet Quality Index (DQI), and evaluate its construct validity using 24 h dietary recall data collected from a national sample of children from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. The mean (standard error) Toddler DQI was 49 (0.6) out of 100 possible points, indicating room for improvement. Toddlers under-consumed seafood, greens and beans, and plant proteins and over-consumed refined grains and added sugars. Toddler DQI scores were higher among children who were ever breastfed, lived in households with higher incomes, and who were Hispanic. The Toddler DQI performed as expected and offers a measurement tool to assess the dietary quality of young children in accordance with federal nutrition guidelines. This is important for providing guidance that can be used to inform public health nutrition policies, programs, and practices to improve diets of young children.

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Pomeranz, Jennifer L., and Jennifer L. Harris. "Federal Regulation of Infant and Toddler Food and Drink Marketing and Labeling." American Journal of Law & Medicine 45, no. 1 (March 2019): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858819849991.

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Foods and beverages marketed for infants, babies, and toddlers through 3 years of age is a $7 billion industry in the United States, incorporating a wide range of products, including infant formula and other types of drinks, foods, and snacks. The World Health Organization (“WHO”) found that mothers “are often inundated with incorrect and biased information” from direct advertising, health claims on products, information packs from sales representatives, and the distribution of samples of infant formula and “educational materials” by infant formula manufacturers. To address these problematic practices, in 1981, the WHO established the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the “Code”) to end the inappropriate marketing of infant formula and other food and drinks intended for children up to age two. In 2016, WHO expanded the definition of breastmilk substitutes to include milk and milk products specifically marketed for feeding infants and young children up to age three. However, the United States is one of a minority of countries that has not passed any legislation or regulation to implement the Code. Furthermore, U.S. regulation and enforcement actions have not kept pace with the introduction of new products and product categories and the profusion of labeling and marketing claims questionably implying nutritional and developmental benefits from these products.

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Shapiro, Allison, Abigail Flesher, Kendal Lattanzi, Renee Charlifue-Smith, and Susan Johnson. "Young Children's Food-Related Receptive Language and Acceptance of a Novel Food." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_114.

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Abstract Objectives Little inquiry has been undertaken regarding the interface of children's development of eating behaviors and their understanding of food-related (FR) words. Thus, we explored the relationship between young children's understanding of FR vocabulary (FR receptive language) and their acceptance of a novel food. Methods Caregivers (n = 35) and children ages 7–24 mo (n = 12 infants age <12 mo; n = 23 toddlers age ≥12 mo) participated in a study in which caregivers offered a novel food (nutrition supplement added to infant oatmeal) to their children. Novel food acceptance was measured as g consumed. The Communicative Development Inventory assessed caregiver perceptions of infants’ understanding of 154 words related to food and eating (FR receptive language). A linear regression model with FR receptive language, age (toddler vs. infant) and a FR receptive language-by-age interaction was used to predict acceptance of the novel food. Covariates included infant sex and BMI z-score and a p < 0.1 was chosen for this exploratory study. Results As expected, caregivers reported that infants understood fewer words as compared to toddlers (median [IQR]; 7 [13] vs. 33 [46], respectively). The relationship between FR receptive language and novel food acceptance differed by age (F = 8.08, p = 0.01). Among toddlers, greater FR receptive language (more food-related words understood) was associated with greater novel food acceptance (β [95% CI], 0.22g [−0.04, 0.49], p = 0.09). In younger infants, greater FR receptive language was associated with lower novel food acceptance (−0.80g [−1.53, −0.07], p = 0.03). Conclusions Receptive language facilitates children's understanding of their environment and contributes to shaping their behavior. Our preliminary findings suggest that greater FR receptive language may facilitate acceptance of novel food in toddlers. Younger infants were perceived to understand few words and may not have enough receptive language to positively influence food acceptance. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Government of Canada, as part of the Business Platform for Nutrition Research (BPNR) hosted by the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition.

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Sorenson, Susan B., Haikang Shen, and Jess F. Kraus. "Coroner-Reviewed Infant and Toddler Deaths." Evaluation Review 21, no. 1 (February 1997): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x9702100104.

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Ma, Jingqiu, Yipu Chen, Liwei Tan, Dominik Grathwohl, and Xiaoyang Sheng. "Real-World Effectiveness of a New Growing Up Milk on Digestive Comfort and Social-Emotional Outcomes Among Healthy Toddlers in China." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_076.

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Abstract Objectives Existing clinical evidence indicates infant formulas containing bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides (MOS) promote soft stools and gut health among young infants. This prospective single-arm study aimed to assess effectiveness of a new growing-up milk (GUM) containing MOS and milk fat (naturally contains sn-2 palmitate) on digestive and social-emotional outcomes among healthy toddlers. Methods Toddlers age 12–36 months were enrolled from an urban area in China to receive the GUM for 28 days. Overall digestive comfort (primary outcome) was assessed by the Gut Comfort Composite Score (GCCS; range 10–60 with increasing scores for higher GI burden) from the 10-item Toddler Gut Comfort Questionnaire (Meng 2019). Other parent-reported culturally relevant outcomes included heatiness based on individual symptoms via Child Heatiness Questionnaire (Sheng 2020; total score range 0–10), and social-emotional outcomes via 3-day mood diary and Children's Playfulness Scale (Li 1995; range 0–69). Results A total of 98 toddlers were enrolled and completed the study. While overall GI burden was low at baseline (mean ± SD GCCS: 15.7 ± 4.7; range 10–32), GCCS at post-baseline visits was further reduced (14.7 ± 4.7 at D7, p = 0.02; 13.5 ± 4.0 at D14, p < 0.001; 13.3 ± 3.6 at D28, p < 0.001). Parental report for child heatiness was reduced over study period (0.5 ± 1.2 at D28 vs. 1.0 ± 1.5 [range 0–7] at baseline, p = 0.002). Percentage of toddlers with heatiness (composite score > 0) was 40% at baseline and reduced to 26% by D28 (p = 0.011). Parents reported that their toddlers’ playful behaviors became more important to them by D28 from baseline (median [IQR]: 62 [13] vs. 58 [11.5], p = 0.002). Over 94% of parents reported their toddlers exhibited happy moods at each post-baseline visit, although not statistically different from baseline. Furthermore, lower gut comfort score was associated with more playful behaviors (p < 0.001) and happier mood during daytime (p < 0.001). Over 95% of parents reported their toddlers liked the taste of the GUM and felt happy when drinking it, while 98% of toddlers indicated they liked to drink the GUM. Conclusions Consumption of a new GUM with MOS and milk fat is associated with improved gut comfort, increased importance of playfulness and reduced heatiness. Parents also reported happy toddler moods and high satisfaction. Funding Sources Sponsored by Wyeth Nutrition.

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Opydo-Szymaczek, Justyna, and Jadwiga Opydo. "Dietary fluoride intake from infant and toddler formulas in Poland." Food and Chemical Toxicology 49, no. 8 (August 2011): 1759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.023.

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Kuhn, Brett R., and Deb Weidinger. "Interventions for Infant and Toddler Sleep Disturbance: A Review." Child & Family Behavior Therapy 22, no. 2 (June 20, 2000): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j019v22n02_03.

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Hughes-Belding, Kere, Gayle J. Luze, and Ji-Young Choi. "Convergent Validity of Infant/Toddler Developmental Progress Monitoring Tools." Child & Youth Care Forum 48, no. 4 (January 23, 2019): 493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09491-y.

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Koegel, Lynn Kern, Dara Stiebel, and Robert L. Koegel. "Reducing Aggression in Children with Autism toward Infant or Toddler Siblings." Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps 23, no. 2 (June 1998): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2511/rpsd.23.2.111.

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Children with autism often lack appropriate means to communicate and may rely on aggression and other disruptive behaviors to express their needs. This may be a particularly serious problem when aggression occurs toward an infant or toddler, who could be severely injured by an older sibling. This study examined the use of functional assessment and individualized parent-implemented intervention plans in the home setting, including functional communication training with relevant ecological manipulations. Data were collected in the context of a multiple baseline design across three families. The results showed that after the intervention there were: (1) large reductions in the children's aggression toward their infant or toddler sibling, (2) increases in parent and child happiness level, and (3) increases in strangers' level of comfort with respect to interacting with the family. The results are discussed in terms of improving the overall quality of life for families of children with autism.

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Pierce, D., V. Munier, and C. T. Myers. "Informing Early Intervention Through an Occupational Science Description of Infant-Toddler Interactions With Home Space." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 63, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.63.3.273.

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Hutchinson, M. Katherine. "Infectious diseases and infection control in infant-toddler daycare centers." Child & Youth Care Forum 21, no. 3 (June 1992): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00757569.

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Auld, Garry W., and Melinda Morris. "Infant/Toddler Feeding Practices of Adolescent Mothers: Ethnic Differences and Intergenerational Involvement." Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 2 (December 1994): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077727x94232003.

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Lindsay Nurse, Keisha T., Kim Gardner, and Maria R. Brea. "Operationalizing Culturally Responsive Research Practices: Documenting the Communication Skills of Children With Confirmed or Possible Exposure to the Zika Virus in Saint Lucia, West Indies." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 6, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-19-00140.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe a culturally responsive research investigation of communication and interaction skills in Saint Lucian children impacted by the Zika virus (ZIKV). Method Both quantitative and qualitative data collection strategies that align with positivist and interpretivist strategies were used to gain knowledge about communication and interaction development in a cohort of children impacted by ZIKV in Saint Lucia. Thirty participants received a neurodevelopmental assessment, which included a medical assessment, caregiver interview, participant observation, and data collection using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–Third Edition. Twenty-six participants in the cohort received a communication and interaction assessment, which included a caregiver interview, participant observation, and data collection using the Rossetti Infant–Toddler Language Scale. Results Approximately half of our cohort demonstrated typical neurodevelopment, including typical communication and interaction skills, and half demonstrated delays in neurodevelopmental domains, including communication and interaction. Qualitatively, parents expressed a need for resources about mental health, emotional well-being, financial assistance, and peer support. Conclusions There is a continued need to create knowledge about the impact of ZIKV on communication and interaction development in children worldwide. Moreover, culturally responsive research components should be included in research training programs in communication sciences and disorders.

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Duhn, Iris. "Making agency matter: rethinking infant and toddler agency in educational discourse." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 36, no. 6 (May 23, 2014): 920–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2014.918535.

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Van den Abbeele, Pieter, Norbert Sprenger, Jonas Ghyselinck, Benoît Marsaux, Massimo Marzorati, and Florence Rochat. "A Comparison of the In Vitro Effects of 2’Fucosyllactose and Lactose on the Composition and Activity of Gut Microbiota from Infants and Toddlers." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030726.

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Because of the recognized health benefits of breast milk, it is recommended as the sole nutrition source during the first 6 months of life. Among the bioactive components are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that exert part of their activity via the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the gut microbiota fermentation of HMO 2’fucosyllactose (2’-FL), using two in vitro models (48 h fecal incubations and the long-term mucosal simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem [M-SHIME®]) with fecal samples from 3-month-old breastfed (BF) infants as well as 2–3 year old toddlers. The short-term model allowed the screening of five donors for each group and provided supportive data for the M-SHIME® study. A key finding was the strong and immediate increase in the relative abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae following 2’-FL fermentation by both the BF infant and toddler microbiota in the M-SHIME®. At the metabolic level, while decreasing branched-chain fatty acids, 2’-FL strongly increased acetate production together with increases in the health-related propionate and butyrate whilst gas production only mildly increased. Notably, consistently lower gas production was observed with 2’-FL fermentation as compared to lactose, suggesting that reduced discomfort during the dynamic microbiome establishment in early life may be an advantage along with the bifidogenic effect observed.

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Whaley, Kimberlee L., and Rebecca Kantor. "Mixed-age grouping in infant/toddler child care: Enhancing developmental processes." Child & Youth Care Forum 21, no. 6 (December 1992): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00757369.

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Paolicelli, C., C. Borger, J. Machado, N. Weinfield, L. Ritchie, and D. Berman. "Examining the Feeding Beliefs, Rules, and Practices of Toddler Caretakers: Findings from the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119, no. 10 (October 2019): A144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2019.08.147.

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Schamess, Gerald. "Parallel mother/infant/toddler groups: A developmentally oriented intervention programme for unmarried teenage mothers." Journal of Social Work Practice 2, no. 4 (May 1987): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650538708414981.

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Zhang, Kai, Brenna M. Flannery, Carolyn J. Oles, and Anthony Adeuya. "Mycotoxins in infant/toddler foods and breakfast cereals in the US retail market." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 11, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2018.1451397.

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Moreno, Amanda J., and Mary M. Klute. "Infant–toddler teachers can successfully employ authentic assessment: The Learning Through Relating system." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 26, no. 4 (October 2011): 484–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.02.005.

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Paolicelli, Courtney, Christine Borger, Jill DeMatteis, Bibi Gollapudi, Janice Machado, Amanda Reat, Lorrene Ritchie, Brenda Sun, Shannon Whaley, and Thea Palmer Zimmerman. "The WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (WIC ITFPS-2) Through Age 5: What We've Learned, What Questions Remain, and How You Can Use This Longitudinal Dataset." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_081.

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Abstract Objectives By the end of the session, attendees will be able to: (1) Articulate the methodology of and notable findings from the USDA WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (WIC ITFPS-2); and (2) Summarize the major domains of data available through age 5 in the WIC ITFPS-2 public use dataset. Methods The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is the premier public health nutrition program for low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and post-partum women, infants, and children up to age five. To better understand how WIC participation is associated with the health and nutrition outcomes of young children, USDA funded the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (ITFPS-2) in 2011. WIC ITFPS-2 is a national, longitudinal study of 3775 mother-child dyads who enrolled in WIC either during the mother's pregnancy or shortly after the child was born. The study interviews participants every 2 to 6 months through the child's fifth birthday, with two additional follow-ups at ages 6 and 9 years. The study captures information on children's health and nutrition status, including 24 hour dietary recall data; mothers’ feeding practices and beliefs; household food security; and WIC participation patterns. Data are weighted to produce national estimates. As of June 2021, data through children's fifth birthday (i.e., all years during which children were categorically eligible for WIC) are publicly available. Results Using descriptive, univariate, and multivariate techniques, analyses across the first 6 study reports have demonstrated positive associations between WIC and diet outcomes among young children. After controlling for other factors, longer WIC participation was associated with higher Health Eating Index-2015 scores at various time points, with lower daily energy intake, and with meeting the Dietary Guidelines recommendation to limit added sugar. Conclusions Across children's first five years of life, WIC participation has been associated with improved dietary intake and better diet quality, among other positive outcomes. The WIC ITFPS-2 dataset is publicly available and should be leveraged by researchers to further explore the health and nutrition status of low-income children during the early years of life. Funding Sources WIC ITFPS-2 is funded by USDA contract number AG-3198-B-11–0020 with Westat.

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Lindsey, Samantha, Judi Brooks, Anahita Mistry, Renee Lajiness-O'Neill, and Angela Lukomski. "Differences in Sensorimotor Development Among U.S. Infants Receiving Breastmilk and/or Formula in the First 6-Months From the PediaTrac™ Project." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_073.

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Abstract Objectives Achieving sensorimotor (SEM) milestones is one measure of early infant brain development promoted through higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. Both breastmilk and formula contain DHA, with a global level of 0.32% in breastmilk and many formula brands. However, a 2017 study of Midwestern U.S. mothers found significantly lower breastmilk DHA levels. It was thus hypothesized that infants fed formula would have higher SEM scores. The objective of this study was to measure differences in SEM development between infants fed breastmilk, formula, or a combination in participants of the PediaTrac™ Project. PediaTrac is a web-based measure providing longitudinal, real time, multidomain data on infant and toddler growth and development at time periods corresponding to well child visits. Methods Using PediaTrac, data were collected from 548 caregiver-infant dyads across multiple Midwestern sites. Caregivers reported the primary nutrition source as breastfeeding, formula or combination. Their responses to gross and fine motor function questions were used to create a SEM composite, Percent of Maximum Possible (POMP) score at newborn (NB), 2-, 4- and 6-months. Data were analyzed via ANOVA and Tukey test using SPSS. Results Infants fed formula had statistically higher mean SEM scores at NB (M = 0.618Formula, M = 0.590Breast, p = 0.017), 2- (M = 0.706Formula, M = 0.680Breast, p = 0.006) and 6-months (M = 0.727Formula, M = 0.696Breast, p = 0.014) compared to breastfed infants. Mean SEM scores of combination fed infants were higher than breastfed infants at 2- (M = 0.701Combination, M = 0.680Breast, p = 0.184), 4- (M = 0.684Combination, M = 0.673Breast, p = 0.573) and 6-months (M = 0.704Combination, M = 0.696Breast, p = 0.895), despite no significant differences between scores. Conclusions Formula fed infants showed consistently higher SEM scores than breastfed infants in the first 6-months. These findings contradict previous research, indicating a need for further investigation into variables contributing to these discrepancies such as maternal breastmilk DHA concentrations, socioeconomic factors, site specific confounds, accuracy of parent reports of motor development, etc. Funding Sources Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. EMU College of Health & Human Services Research Support Award.

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Rakotomanana, Hasina, David Thomas, Fanjaniaina Fawbush, Deana Hildebrand, Gail Gates, Joel Komakech, Christine Walters, and Barbara Stoecker. "Child Development in a Region of Madagascar With High Child Undernutrition." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_063.

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Abstract Objectives The Vakinankaratra region of Madagascar has a high burden of child undernutrition, a strong risk factor for poor child development. The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess the household stimulation environment and to evaluate the development of 11 to 13 month-old toddlers from this agriculturally-productive area with some of the highest young-child stunting rates in the world. Methods Stunting (length-for-age z-score < -2) and underweight (weight-for-age z-score < -2) were determined using the 2006 WHO growth standards. Household stimulation environment was evaluated using the Family Care Indicators scales. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III were used to directly evaluate development of 36 toddlers (mean age 11.9 mo). Age-appropriate, increasingly difficult tasks are provided by the Bayley Scales to assess cognition, language, and motor skills. Socioemotional development also was evaluated using a questionnaire individually administered to the primary caregivers of 76 toddlers (mean age 11.7 mo). Results More than two-thirds (69%) of young children in the sample were stunted and 11% were underweight. Most mothers used household objects (75%) and materials from outside the house (71%) as children's toys such as makeshift balls made of plastic wraps. Common adult-infant interactions were talking and playing. In most households, adults told stories or read a book to children only once a week at most. However, these interactions were limited by other responsibilities of the parents. Scoring of the Bayley scales is adjusted to provide composite scores with a mean of 100 for each domain for each age group. Below average scores were determined in our sample as follows: cognitive [mean (SD): 60 (10.3)], motor [61.9 (13.4)], language [62 (13.2)], and socioemotional [85.1 (17.9]). Although in this small sample there were no statistical differences based on nutritional status, development scores for fine motor, cognitive, and receptive and expressive language were correlated [0.4 < r < 0.7, p < 0.05]. Conclusions The very high stunting rates and very low cognitive, motor, language, and socioemotional scores of young children in the Vakinankaratra region require urgent attention. Funding Sources This study was funded by the Marilynn Thoma Chair in Human Sciences at Oklahoma State University.

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Cryer, Debby, Laura Wagner-Moore, Margaret Burchinal, Noreen Yazejian, Sarah Hurwitz, and Mark Wolery. "Effects of transitions to new child care classes on infant/toddler distress and behavior." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 20, no. 1 (January 2005): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2005.01.005.

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Edwards, Carolyn Pope, Mary Ellin Logue, Sandra Loehr, and Sanford Roth. "The influence of model infant—toddler group care on parent-child interaction at home." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 1, no. 4 (December 1986): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(86)90010-4.

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Frosch, Cynthia A., Martha J. Cox, and Barbara Davis Goldman. "Infant-Parent Attachment and Parental and Child Behavior During Parent-Toddler Storybook Interaction." Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 47, no. 4 (2001): 445–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2001.0022.

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Ahn, Jang-Hyuk, Byung-Man Kwak, Jung-Min Park, Na-Kyeoung Kim, and Jin-Man Kim. "Rapid Determination of L-carnitine in Infant and Toddler Formulas by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2014.34.6.749.

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LILLAS, CONSTANCE M., JUDGE LESTER LANGER, and MONICA DRINANE. "Addressing Infant and Toddler Issues in the Juvenile Court: Challenges for the 21st Century." Juvenile and Family Court Journal 55, no. 2 (April 2004): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6988.2004.tb00163.x.

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Ispa, Jean M. "Ideas about infant and toddler care among Russian child care teachers, mothers, and university students." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(95)90012-8.

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Kwon, Kyong-Ah, Adrien Malek, Diane Horm, and Sherri Castle. "Turnover and retention of infant-toddler teachers: Reasons, consequences, and implications for practice and policy." Children and Youth Services Review 115 (August 2020): 105061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105061.

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Sagar, Jayesh, Suhas Kumar, D. Mondal, and D. K. Shah. "Idiopathic Infected Hydrocele in a Toddler: A Case Report with Review." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 2396–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.371.

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Idiopathic infected hydrocele in infants is a rare, but well-documented, entity in English literature; however, occurrence of such a condition in a toddler is not yet documented. Here we report the case of an idiopathic infected hydrocele in a toddler for the first time in English literature. We also discuss a review of literature and demonstrate management of infected hydrocele by antibiotics without any surgical intervention, also for the first time in English literature.

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Kruizinga, Ingrid, Janne C. Visser, Tamara van Batenburg-Eddes, Alice S. Carter, Wilma Jansen, and Hein Raat. "Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorders with the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment." PLoS ONE 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2014): e97630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097630.

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Morrissey, Anne-Marie. "Scaffolding, analysis and materials: Contributing factors in an unexpected finding of advanced infant/toddler pretend play?" Journal of Early Childhood Research 12, no. 2 (March 28, 2014): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718x13515428.

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Lang, Sarah N., Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan, Letitia E. Kotila, Xin Feng, Claire M. Kamp Dush, and Susan C. Johnson. "Relations Between Fathers’ and Mothers’ Infant Engagement Patterns in Dual-Earner Families and Toddler Competence." Journal of Family Issues 35, no. 8 (February 10, 2014): 1107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14522243.

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VAALA, SARAH E., and MATTHEW A. LAPIERRE. "Marketing Genius: The Impact of Educational Claims and Cues on Parents' Reactions to Infant/Toddler DVDs." Journal of Consumer Affairs 48, no. 2 (October 30, 2013): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joca.12023.

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Kruizinga, Ingrid, Wilma Jansen, Cathelijne L. Mieloo, Alice S. Carter, and Hein Raat. "Screening Accuracy and Clinical Application of the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA)." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 30, 2013): e72602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072602.

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ELARIDI, JOMANA, HANI DIMASSI, MARIA ESTEPHAN, and HUSSEIN F. HASSAN. "Determination of Aluminum, Chromium, and Barium Concentrations in Infant Formula Marketed in Lebanon." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 1738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/jfp-20-003.

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ABSTRACT Infant formula is a major nutritional component for many infants and toddlers. However, the presence of contaminants, such as toxic metals, may pose increased health risks to infants. An investigation of the total concentrations of the metals aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), and chromium (Cr) in infant formulae marketed in Lebanon was performed. Powdered dairy and nondairy infant formula samples were collected from all commercially available brands (n = 39) in the Lebanese market on two production dates (78 samples in total) and analyzed for these three metals with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. All brands contained detectable concentrations of Al and Ba, Cr was detected in 95% of brands. Mean (±standard deviation) concentrations of the metals were estimated as 1.54 ± 1.43 (Al), 0.256 ± 0.593 (Ba), and 0.168 ± 0.143 (Cr) (μg/g). The concentration ranges in the powdered formula were 0.080 to 7.93 (Al), 0.038 to 5.35 (Ba), and 0.041 to 0.348 (Cr) μg/g. A significant difference in the mean concentrations of Al, Ba, and Cr for the two production dates of a single brand was observed in 92, 59, and 83% of samples, respectively. The mean concentration of Al in the soy-based formula was significantly higher than that of aluminum in milk-based and corn-based formulas (P = 0.018). Cr concentrations in the continuation special formulations were significantly higher than those in the beginner formulations (P = 0.008). Our study provides the first publicly available information on metal contamination in infant formulas in Lebanon and reveals the need for frequent monitoring and surveillance of these products intended for infant consumption. HIGHLIGHTS

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Lippard, Christine N., Maria Fusaro, Kalli B. Decker, and Claire D. Vallotton. "Effects of prior formal and informal caregiving experiences on undergraduates’ infant/toddler caregiving knowledge and beliefs." Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education 40, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2019.1607632.

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Au, Lauren E., Courtney Paolicelli, Klara Gurzo, Lorrene D. Ritchie, Nancy S. Weinfield, Kaela R. Plank, and Shannon E. Whaley. "Contribution of WIC-Eligible Foods to the Overall Diet of 13- and 24-Month-Old Toddlers in the WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 119, no. 3 (March 2019): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.001.

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Lock, Gabriela. "The Foodlet Vehicle Designed for and Used in the Iris I Intervention." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 24, no. 3_suppl_1 (January 2003): S16—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265030243s103.

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At the behest of UNICEF, conceptual specifications from the International Workshop on Micronutrient Supplementation throughout the Life Cycle (held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in November 1999) were developed for a chewable, flavored multiple-micronutrient vehicle that was a hybrid of a food and a tablet (i.e., “foodLET”). Two varieties of foodLET were created: one with a single infant–toddler RDA for selected micronutrients, and the other with two RDAs for the same vitamins and minerals. They were shipped and stored in special, hermetic blister packs to protect the physical form from crumbling and to protect the vitamins from oxidative damage. In the actual experience of delivering more than 40,000 foodLETs in four sites in diverse settings, the ability of the product to live up to the ideal characteristics can be assessed.

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Duffy, Kay, Jacquier, Catellier, Hampton, Anater, and Story. "Trends in Food Consumption Patterns of US Infants and Toddlers from Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS) in 2002, 2008, 2016." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112807.

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The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) is the largest survey of dietary intake among infants and young children in the United States. Dietary patterns in early childhood are a key component of prevention of diet-related chronic diseases, yet little is known about how food consumption patterns of infants and young children have changed over time. The objective of this study is to examine trends in food and beverage consumption among children ages 6–23.9 months using data from the FITS conducted in 2002, 2008, and 2016. A total of 5963 infants and young children ages 6–23.9 months were included in these analyses. Food consumption data were collected using a multiple-pass 24-h recall by telephone using the Nutrition Data System for Research. Linear trends were assessed using the Wald’s test in a multivariable linear regression model. Positive significant findings include increases in breast milk consumption and decreases in the consumption of sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and 100% fruit juice. More troubling findings include decreasing infant cereal consumption, stagnant or decreasing whole grain consumption, and stagnant consumption of vegetables. Our findings suggest some promising improvements in dietary intake among infants and toddlers in the United States over the past 15 years, but further policy, programmatic, and industry efforts are still needed.

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Lee, Jung-Hoon, Jin-Ho Shin, Jung-Min Park, Ha-Jung Kim, Jang-Hyuk Ahn, Byung-Man Kwak, and Jin-Man Kim. "Analytical Determination of Vitamin B12Content in Infant and Toddler Milk Formulas by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)." Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 35, no. 6 (December 31, 2015): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.6.765.

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Bisceglia, Rossana, Michal Perlman, Diana Schaack, and Jennifer Jenkins. "Examining the psychometric properties of the Infant–Toddler Environment Rating Scale-Revised Edition in a high-stakes context." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 24, no. 2 (April 2009): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.02.001.

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Hendricks, Gaironeesa, Susan Malcolm-Smith, Colleen Adnams, Dan Joseph Stein, and Kirsten Ann Mary Donald. "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on language, speech and communication outcomes: a review longitudinal studies." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 31, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2018.28.

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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this paper was to provide a systematic review and update on the available longitudinal studies on the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on language, speech and communication development, as well as associated potential environmental confounders during the preschool period.MethodsA literature search was restricted to English, full‐text, peer‐reviewed, longitudinal studies in from 1970 until present: PUBMed, Scopus, Web of Science {C-e Collection, Biological Abstracts, KCI-Kean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, SciELO Citation Index, Zoological Rec-d}, Academic Search Premier (Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO. Keywords included: prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE); speech or language or communication outcomes; neurocognitive or neurodevelopment or neurobehavioral or neurobehavioural; infant or baby or toddler or preschooler; longitudinal or follow-up. The inclusion criteria included (i) longitudinal cohorts with at least 2 time-points; (ii) association of light, moderate or heavy PAE on language, speech or communication delay, development or disorder; (iii) environmental confounders; (iv) infants up to preschool age.ResultsSix studies satisfied the threshold for inclusion. Three studies reported that PAE was significantly associated with receptive or expressive delay. These studies demonstrated lower scores on either receptive or expressive communication in the alcohol group in comparison to the non-alcohol group, even after controlling for environmental factors up to 36 months.ConclusionEvidence from the longitudinal studies reviewed suggest that PAE influenced delays in receptive and expressive communication up to 36 months. Contextual risk factors played a significant role in language development over time and especially as children approached school age.

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Uribe, Alexandra L. MacMillan, Hannah G. Rudt, and Tashara M. Leak. "Stakeholders’ Views on Mobile Applications to Deliver Infant and Toddler Feeding Education to Latina Mothers of Low Socioeconomic Status." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082569.

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Infant- and toddler-feeding (ITF) practices are critical to long-term health and chronic disease prevention. Using mobile applications (apps) to promote desirable ITF practices shows promise for overcoming challenges of in-person education. However, the viability of ITF apps for Latina mothers of low-socioeconomic status (SES) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize stakeholders’ views on Latina mothers’ capability, motivation, and barriers to using ITF apps. New York City-based health professionals who frequently engage with Latina mothers of low SES completed in-depth interviews. Directed content analysis was used to identify themes through theoretical and inductive codes. Participants included dietitians, nutrition educators, and physicians (n = 17). The following themes were identified: (1) Most Latina mothers of low-SES are tech-savvy (i.e., high capability and experience using smartphones and apps); (2) Apps are an appealing way to deliver ITF education; (3) There are challenges to using apps that must be carefully considered for ITF education development. Overall, ITF apps are a viable option as skills and use appear high among Latina mothers. Key considerations for app development include targeted app promotion; detailed instructions for obtaining and using app; more visuals, less text for low literacy and multiple dialects; making key features available offline.

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Kleppe, Rasmus. "Affordances for 1- to 3-year-olds’ risky play in Early Childhood Education and Care." Journal of Early Childhood Research 16, no. 3 (March 8, 2018): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718x18762237.

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This article focuses on how Early Childhood Education and Care institutions provide for 1- to 3-year-olds’ risky play—a previously little researched topic—utilizing data from an exploratory, small-scale study investigating aspects of risky play in the age-group. The main findings describe how three essentially different Early Childhood Education and Care centers provide different opportunities for risky play. These environments are assessed with the theoretical concept of affordance and suggest that versatile, flexible, and complex environments and equipment—with little objective risk—are optimal for children’s risky play in this age-group. Being a new topic, the affordance assessment is discussed in relation to a standardized measurement, the Infant-Toddler Environment Rating Scale—Revised edition. Findings indicate that the two approaches partly coincide but also that there are discrepancies. Interpretations and implications are discussed.

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Ryan, Saskia E., Linda M. Reynard, Elisa Pompianu, Peter van Dommelen, Clizia Murgia, M. Eulàlia Subirà, and Noreen Tuross. "Growing up in Ancient Sardinia: Infant-toddler dietary changes revealed by the novel use of hydrogen isotopes (δ2H)." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7 (July 8, 2020): e0235080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235080.

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