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Journal articles on the topic 'Infant drawing'
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Tanaka, Masayuki, Masaki Tomonaga, and Tetsuro Matsuzawa. "Finger drawing by infant chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes )." Animal Cognition 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-003-0198-3.
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Quiñones, Gloria, Avis Ridgway, and Liang Li. "Collaborative drawing: A creative tool for examination of infant–toddler pedagogical practices." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 44, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1836939119855219.
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Evidence was gathered from an Australian long day care project ‘Educators of babies and toddlers; developing a culture of critical reflection’. A cultural–historical theoretical approach was sensitively interwoven with visual methodology. The innovative combination of visual methodology and cultural–historical theory involved the creation of three Collaborative Forums. The Collaborative Forums aimed for participants to collectively unravel their pedagogical knowledge. The visual methodology involved research tools such as video observations, images, collaborative drawings and group interview transcripts. The research tools of mapping promises and collaborative drawing provided opportunity to imagine and map educators’ pedagogical practices. The act of collaborative drawing was an improvised and imagined activity that strengthened understanding of the multiplicity of educators’ promises. The collaborative drawing elicited discussion that created an expansive collective agenda. Collaborative drawing offered an innovative research tool with ongoing capacity to generate expertise for imagining ideal practices for infant–toddler research. The findings suggest that collaborative drawing with educators is a creative and imaginative tool for expanding the infant–toddler research agenda.
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Jolley, Richard, and Zhi Zhang. "How Drawing is Taught in Chinese Infant Schools." International Journal of Art & Design Education 31, no. 1 (February 2012): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-8070.2012.01726.x.
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Sansone, Antonella. "Working with Parents and Infants: A Psycho-Soma Integrative Approach." Nutrition and Health 19, no. 1-2 (July 2007): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600701900209.
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Drawing on a single case of a mother-infant difficult relationship, I shall consider the inseparability of psyche and soma and the embodiment of psychosomatic health and illness. A dualistic perspective prevents acknowledging that the mother's concerns, conflicts and mental state can obstruct the milk flow and affect the infant's feeding pattern, the mother-infant relationship and the infant's health. The aim of psychotherapists and all those with a professional concern for parents and infants should be that of understanding the positive value of a symptom and facilitating the mind integration with the soma.
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Humaira, Bunga, and Febriniwati Rifdi. "ANALISIS KECEMASAN IBU DENGAN PERAWATAN BAYI BBLRDI RUMAH SAKITDR AHMAD MUCHTAR BUKITTINGGITAHUN 2018." Maternal Child Health Care 1, no. 2 (July 9, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32883/mchc.v1i2.591.
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<p><em>Low weight for infant is one of problem that often occurs in treatment infant when getting birth. The number of low weight for infant becomes the problems for health workers. Around a quarter of low weight for infants die before stable or in 12 hours first of living infant. Result of SDKI 2002-2003 percentages of low weight for infant shows 7.6%. Based on Riskesdas (basic health research) 2007 around 11.5% infant getting birth with low weight lack of 2500 gram (minister health 2008). So, purpose of this research is to know description mothers’ anxiety with treatment low weight for infants. This research is descriptive research, type of the research qualitative method to know description mothers’ anxiety with treatment low weight for infants in Ahmad Muchtar hospital Bukittinggi 2018. This research is started on june 20-august 15 2018. The total respondent is 10 respondents with purposive sampling. In this research is done input aspect, process</em><em>, o</em><em>utput is done by four steps, they are collecting data through interviewing collection, display and drawing. </em><em>Based on the result of the research shows that mother who has low weight infant causes anxiety is mothers’ anxiety to see the infant. It is suggested that workers health when giving the information is more skillful and service improvement. Mothers’ anxiety with treatment low weight for infant can be concluded that informant says that the causes of anxiety is the mother feels anxiety and worried toward the infant. </em></p>
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Ghetti, Claire, Łucja Bieleninik, Mari Hysing, Ingrid Kvestad, Jörg Assmus, Renee Romeo, Mark Ettenberger, et al. "Longitudinal Study of music Therapy’s Effectiveness for Premature infants and their caregivers (LongSTEP): protocol for an international randomised trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e025062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025062.
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IntroductionPreterm birth has major medical, psychological and socioeconomic consequences worldwide. Music therapy (MT) has positive effects on physiological measures of preterm infants and maternal anxiety, but rigorous studies including long-term follow-up are missing. Drawing on caregivers’ inherent resources, this study emphasises caregiver involvement in MT to promote attuned, developmentally appropriate musical interactions that may be of mutual benefit to infant and parent. This study will determine whether MT, as delivered by a qualified music therapist during neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalisation and/or in home/municipal settings following discharge, is superior to standard care in improving bonding between primary caregivers and preterm infants, parent well-being and infant development.Methods and analysisDesign:international multicentre, assessor-blind, 2×2 factorial, pragmatic randomised controlled trial; informed by a completed feasibility study.Participants:250 preterm infants and their parents.Intervention:MT focusing on parental singing specifically tailored to infant responses, will be delivered during NICU and/or during a postdischarge 6-month period.Primary outcome:changes in mother–infant bonding at 6-month corrected age (CA), as measured by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire.Secondary outcomes: mother–infant bonding at discharge and at 12-month CA; child development over 24 months; and parental depression, anxiety and stress, and infant rehospitalisation, all over 12 months.Ethics and disseminationThe Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics approved the study (2018/994/REK Nord, 03 July 2018). Service users were involved in development of the study and will be involved in implementation and dissemination. Dissemination of findings will apply to local, national and international levels.Trial registration numberNCT03564184
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Cooper, Maria. "Reframing assessment: Reconceptualising relationships and acknowledging emotional labour." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 18, no. 4 (November 19, 2017): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949117742784.
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Implementing relationships-based pedagogies in infant and toddler settings might assume that teachers’ experiences of emotional labour will be acknowledged. This assumption may be complicated by assessment practices that both rely on and detract from relationship-building opportunities with infants and toddlers. Assessment also relies on reciprocal relationships between teachers, and between teachers and families. Drawing on sociocultural theoretical perspectives, this article illustrates how one team of infant-toddler teachers in Aotearoa-New Zealand reframed their assessment understandings and practices to acknowledge their experiences of emotional labour with infants and toddlers. Consequently, positive changes in the teachers’ relationships with children, with families and with each other eventuated. The author argues that reconceptualising relationships in infant-toddler settings requires an understanding of assessment as a reflexive, relational process that can occur during everyday interactions, and emotional labour as central to relationship-building. Implications include teachers’ need for time, reflective dialogue and support to address tensions between assessment and relational pedagogy, so that relationships might be reconceptualised and the importance of emotional labour acknowledged.
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Urban, Elizabeth. "States of identity: a perspective drawing upon Fordham's model and infant studies." Journal of Analytical Psychology 43, no. 2 (April 1998): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1465-5922.00024.
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Dasgupta, Susmita, Mainul Huq, and David Wheeler. "Drinking Water Salinity and Infant Mortality in Coastal Bangladesh." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x1650003x.
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This paper investigates the post-natal impact of pre-natal salinity exposure in coastal Bangladesh, drawing on extensive medical research that links the salinity of drinking water consumed during pregnancy to maternal hypertension, preeclampsia and post-partum infant morbidity and mortality. The research employs individual and household survey information from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 2004 and 2007. In the absence of direct, household-specific measures of drinking water salinity, we construct monthly estimates for 2001–2009 using spatial interpolation of readings from soil salinity monitors that lie within 40[Formula: see text]km of the DHS clusters. The analysis uses probit and logit models to estimate mortality probability for infants less than two months old. Controlling for many other determinants of infant mortality, we find high significance for salinity exposure during the last month of pregnancy and no significance for exposure during the preceding months. The implied impact is comparable in magnitude to the estimated effects of traditionally-cited variables such as maternal age and education, gender of the household head, household wealth, toilet facilities, drinking water sources and cooking fuels.
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Chang, Tzu-Fen, Chamarrita Farkas, Daniela Vilca, and Claire Vallotton. "U.S. and Chilean Mothers’ Use of Mental References With Infant Girls and Boys: Comparison of Maternal Practices in Gender Socialization via Language in Two Countries." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 8 (July 21, 2017): 1271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117720752.
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Variability in parents’ socialization of gender across countries has been understudied. To address the gap, this study compares U.S. and Chilean mothers’ practices in socialization of gender through use of mental state language. Drawing on 90 Chilean and 52 U.S. mother–infant dyads, we examined variation in the frequencies of mothers’ utterances of five types of mental references—emotion, desire, physiological states, causal talk, and cognition—to determine whether they varied by country and infant gender. Infant age ranged between 10 and 15 months. The frequencies with which both U.S. and Chilean mothers in our sample talked about most mental references did not vary according to infant gender, with the exceptions of causal talk in the United States. Specifically, the U.S. mothers used more causal talk with girls than boys. There were more similarities than differences in maternal use of the mental references in the U.S. and Chilean samples. This study did not observe gendered socialization practices through the use of these mental references in infancy among the U.S. and Chilean mothers. Instead, the current study suggests that, using mothers’ mental references in the child’s first year as the indicator, both gender-neutral and cross-gendered socialization practices emerge in the United States, and only gender-neutral socialization practices emerge in Chile.
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BRADY, MICHELLE, EMILY STEVENS, LAETITIA COLES, MARIA ZADOROZNYJ, and BILL MARTIN. "‘You can Spend Time. . .But not Necessarily be Bonding with Them’: Australian Fathers’ Constructions and Enactments of Infant Bonding." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 1 (July 14, 2016): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000374.
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AbstractGovernments are increasingly implementing policies that encourage early father-infant bonding. However, to date, research has not systematically examined fathers’ perspectives and experiences of early bonding. Using a social constructionist embodiment perspective we argue that paternal bonding is best conceived as a process of repeated, embodied performances that are shaped by gendered parenting discourses. Drawing on 100 semi-structured interviews with a diverse group of Australian fathers of young infants, we argue that most men believe they are capable of developing early strong bonds. They assume that bonding is a product of spending sufficient time with a child, irrespective of the parent's gender. In contrast, a sizable minority of fathers assert that physiology means fathers are ‘largely useless’ to very young infants, and tend to remain distant in the early months. We conclude that social policies promoting early paternal bonding must engage with and challenge gendered/physiological discourses.
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Broer, Tineke, Martyn Pickersgill, and Sarah Cunningham-Burley. "Neurobiological limits and the somatic significance of love: Caregivers’ engagements with neuroscience in Scottish parenting programmes." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 5 (October 21, 2020): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120945966.
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While parents have long received guidance on how to raise children, a relatively new element of this involves explicit references to infant brain development, drawing on brain scans and neuroscientific knowledge. Sometimes called ‘brain-based parenting’, this has been criticised from within sociological and policy circles alike. However, the engagement of parents themselves with neuroscientific concepts is far less researched. Drawing on 22 interviews with parents/carers of children (mostly aged 0–7) living in Scotland, this article examines how they account for their (non-)use of concepts and understandings relating to neuroscience. Three normative tropes were salient: information about children’s processing speed, evidence about deprived Romanian orphans in the 1990s, and ideas relating to whether or not children should ‘self-settle’ when falling asleep. We interrogate how parents reflexively weigh and judge such understandings and ideas. In some cases, neuroscientific knowledge was enrolled by parents in ways that supported biologically reductionist models of childhood agency. This reductionism commonly had generative effects, enjoining new care practices and producing particular parent and infant subjectivities. Notably, parents do not uncritically adopt or accept (sometimes reductionist) neurobiological and/or psychological knowledge; rather, they reflect on whether and when it is applicable to and relevant for raising their children. Thus, our respondents draw on everyday epistemologies of parenting to negotiate brain-based understandings of infant development and behaviour, and invest meaning in these in ways that cannot be fully anticipated (or appreciated) within straightforward celebrations or critiques of the content of parenting programmes drawing on neuropsychological ideas.
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Cong, Xiaomei, Susan Ludington-Hoe, Victoria Vazquez, Di Zhang, and Sharon Zaffetti. "Ergonomic Procedure for Heel Sticks and Shots in Kangaroo Care (Skin-to-Skin) Position." Neonatal Network 32, no. 5 (2013): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.32.5.353.
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Kangaroo Care (KC) has been recommended as a pain-reducing strategy in neonates; however, KC has not been widely used to minimize procedural pain caused in part by nurses’/phlebotomists’ discomfort when positioning themselves and the infant for blood drawing and injections. Therefore, an ergonomically designed setup incorporating the use of KC was introduced into clinical practice to facilitate blood draws and injections. The step-by-step procedure used for heel sticks and injections is presented in this manuscript. After implementing the ergonomic step-by-step protocol, complaints of discomfort by nurses and phlebotomists ceased, and an additional benefit was that infant pain responses were significantly reduced.
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Perry, Rosemarie E., Eric D. Finegood, Stephen H. Braren, Meriah L. Dejoseph, David F. Putrino, Donald A. Wilson, Regina M. Sullivan, C. Cybele Raver, and Clancy Blair. "Developing a neurobehavioral animal model of poverty: Drawing cross-species connections between environments of scarcity-adversity, parenting quality, and infant outcome." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 02 (April 2, 2018): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941800007x.
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AbstractChildren reared in impoverished environments are at risk for enduring psychological and physical health problems. Mechanisms by which poverty affects development, however, remain unclear. To explore one potential mechanism of poverty's impact on social–emotional and cognitive development, an experimental examination of a rodent model of scarcity-adversity was conducted and compared to results from a longitudinal study of human infants and families followed from birth (N = 1,292) who faced high levels of poverty-related scarcity-adversity. Cross-species results supported the hypothesis that altered caregiving is one pathway by which poverty adversely impacts development. Rodent mothers assigned to the scarcity-adversity condition exhibited decreased sensitive parenting and increased negative parenting relative to mothers assigned to the control condition. Furthermore, scarcity-adversity reared pups exhibited decreased developmental competence as indicated by disrupted nipple attachment, distress vocalization when in physical contact with an anesthetized mother, and reduced preference for maternal odor with corresponding changes in brain activation. Human results indicated that scarcity-adversity was inversely correlated with sensitive parenting and positively correlated with negative parenting, and that parenting fully mediated the association of poverty-related risk with infant indicators of developmental competence. Findings are discussed from the perspective of the usefulness of bidirectional–translational research to inform interventions for at-risk families.
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Hubbard, Joshua A. "Invulnerable Facts: Infant Mortality and Development in Nationalist Gansu." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 14, no. 4 (November 2, 2020): 623–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8771166.
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Abstract This article examines responses to high rates of infant mortality in China’s northwestern province of Gansu during the Nationalist decades (1927–1949). Based on public health reports for both government and popular audiences, this article argues that the problem of Gansu’s especially high infant mortality rate was constructed to serve a particular political and economic agenda, drawing heavily not only from fascist ideals but also the logic of foreign philanthropists and Nationalist technocrats. Once established, the facts of this problem and its cause remained stubbornly invulnerable to new evidence. The article makes two primary contributions. First, it brings to light actors and institutions largely absent in existing scholarship on medicine and public health in Republican China. Second, it cautions against treating infant mortality rates referenced in the historical record as dispassionate measures of life and death. Rather, these purported facts affirm the value ascribed to reproductive health and its relevance for particular political aims.
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Cheeseman, Sandra. "Narratives of infants’ encounters with curriculum: Beyond the curriculum of care." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 18, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949117692243.
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Australia’s National Quality Framework identifies responsibilities for early childhood educators who work with infants to plan for and assess their learning. Educators are urged to be ‘responsive to children’s ideas and play’ and to ‘assess, anticipate and extend children’s learning’. Responsiveness in relation to infants is often couched in terms of emotional support and attention to the attachment relationship, or in detailed guidance about supporting the infant in care routines. Drawing on Levinas’s ideas of ethical encounter to frame a consideration of infants’ learning more broadly, this article suggests the possibility to see beyond traditional perceptions of infants as objects of the attachment relationship, and identifies the potential for infants to be viewed as ‘initiators’ who guide educators’ responses. Working with Levinas’s ideas of absolute responsibility in the face-to-face encounter, the notion of ‘response-ableness’ is used to examine educators’ decisions and actions as they share in learning encounters with infants. Using video footage captured during an infant’s encounter with learning, the decisions of the educator prove influential. Creating a narrative of this experience illuminates the educator’s response-ableness, and shows how an infant’s ideas and investigations might form the basis of the learning encounter. Close examination of educator response-ableness may lead to richer possibilities for infants’ encounters with learning, beyond the curriculum of care.
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Malatesta, Gianluca, Daniele Marzoli, and Luca Tommasi. "Keep a Left Profile, Baby! The Left-Cradling Bias Is Associated with a Preference for Left-Facing Profiles of Human Babies." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060911.
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The left-cradling bias (LCB) refers to the (typically female) preference to hold an infant on the left side of one’s own body. Among the three main accounts proposed for such a phenomenon, namely the “handedness”, “heartbeat” and “hemispheric asymmetry” hypotheses, the latter has met with the greatest empirical success. Accordingly, the LCB would facilitate the communication of socio-emotional information through the right hemisphere of both the cradled and the cradling individual, and should emerge mainly in face-to-face interactions. In this regard, it should be noticed that when the infant’s body is oriented toward the cradler, the left or right side of their face is relatively more visible to left- and right-cradlers, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesized that the LCB might also be associated with a preference for left-facing profiles (i.e., those showing the left, and more expressive, hemiface/cheek) of human babies. In order to test our hypothesis, we assessed the cradling-side preferences of female participants, as well as their preference for the left- or right-facing profile of a human infant depicted in a drawing. Left-cradlers exhibited a significantly larger preference for the left-facing version of the drawing compared with right-cradlers, a finding further corroborating the right-hemisphere hypothesis.
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Kitchens, Rachael. "‘Mothercraft not learnt by instinct’: An investigation of the infant welfare movement in Australia 1919–1939." Children Australia 31, no. 1 (2006): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200011032.
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Drawing from the work of Norbert Elias, this paper examines the infant welfare movement in Australia in the inter-war years. Elias maintains that during the course of what he describes as the ‘civilising process’, the psychological and behavioural distance between adults and children has increased. As a result of this growing distance, the period of childhood has become longer and the process of the transition to adulthood more complex. In this way, parenthood is experienced as an increasingly difficult task, and one that does not come naturally but requires education and training. It is the contention of this paper that the infant welfare movement, with its emphasis on parental education, can be understood as part of the civilising process: as an unintended consequence of the growing distance between children and adults.
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ARSENIO, ARTUR M. "DEVELOPMENT OF NEURAL MECHANISMS FOR MACHINE LEARNING." International Journal of Neural Systems 15, no. 01n02 (February 2005): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065705000050.
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The goal of this work is to develop a humanoid robot's perceptual mechanisms through the use of learning aids. We describe methods to enable learning on a humanoid robot using learning aids such as books, drawing materials, boards, educational videos or other children toys. Visual properties of objects are learned and inserted into a recognition scheme, which is then applied to acquire new object representations — we propose learning through developmental stages. Inspired in infant development, we will also boost the robot's perceptual capabilities by having a human caregiver performing educational and play activities with the robot (such as drawing, painting or playing with a toy train on a railway). We describe original algorithms to extract meaningful percepts from such learning experiments. Experimental evaluation of the algorithms corroborates the theoretical framework.
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Wang, Ming-Hua. "Treatment of simple low anal fistula of infant with thread drawing therapy: a report of 21 cases." Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 3, no. 3 (May 15, 2005): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20050319.
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Jang, Ji Hyeon, and Shin Dong Lee. "A Study on the Development of Infant Combined Drawing Education Program for the Expansion of Working Memory." Korean Society of Science & Art 37, no. 5 (December 31, 2019): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17548/ksaf.2019.12.30.305.
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Rossano, Federico. "Sequence organization and timing of bonobo mother-infant interactions." Interaction Studies 14, no. 2 (July 22, 2013): 160–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.14.2.02ros.
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In recent years, some scholars have claimed that humans are unique in their capacity and motivation to engage in cooperative communication and extensive, fast-paced social interactions. While research on gestural communication in great apes has offered important findings concerning the gestural repertoires of different species, very little is known about the sequential organization of primates’ communicative behavior during interactions. Drawing on a conversation analytic framework, this paper addresses this gap by investigating the sequential organization of bonobo mother-infant interactions, and more specifically, how individuals solicit carries from one another. It shows how bonobos establish participation frameworks before producing a carry request gesture and how the ensuing communicative actions can be organized in adjacency-pair sequences. Moreover, the timing between the initiation of an action and its response is similar to what has been documented in adult human interaction. Finally, it outlines some of the orderly practices bonobos use to deal with the absence of response from the addressed participants in carry sequences. Keywords: adjacency pair; pan paniscus; conversation analysis; gestures; interactional time; sequence organization
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Noble, Mark D. "Democracy and Infant Mortality in Less-Developed Nations: Dismantling Differences in Direct and Indirect Effects Modeling." Sociological Perspectives 62, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 282–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121418820035.
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In recent years, many studies have focused on examining the relationship between democracy and health outcomes in developing nations. However, the overwhelming majority of this research utilizes direct-effect modeling approaches, assuming that increases in democracy are going to directly translate into improvements in well-being. Drawing on a sample of 136 less-developed nations, I first conduct a basic regression, where I find no significant impact of democracy on infant mortality. I then utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) to show significant indirect effects of democracy on infant deaths through public health spending. The results help place in context previous studies that have found inconsistent effects of democracy on health outcomes. The regression and SEM analyses demonstrate how erroneous findings can result from solely utilizing direct-effect approaches, which incorrectly treat key mediating mechanisms as competing predictors.
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Jorgenson, Andrew, James Rice, and Brett Clark. "Assessing the Temporal and Regional Differences in the Relationships between Infant and Child Mortality and Urban Slum Prevalence in Less Developed Countries, 1990–2005." Urban Studies 49, no. 16 (March 28, 2012): 3495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012440124.
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Drawing from various bodies of social scientific literature and research, the authors assess the extent to which infant and child mortality rates in less developed countries are impacted by the percentage of domestic populations living in urban slum conditions. Results of two-way fixed effects panel model estimates of 80 less developed countries from 1990 to 2005 indicate that growth in the percentage of populations living in urban slum conditions positively affects both forms of mortality rate. The effects, moreover, are much more pronounced for African countries than for less developed countries in Latin America and Asia and moderately larger for the Asian nations than those in Latin America. Additional findings suggest that the magnitude of the effect of urban slum prevalence on infant and child mortality increased through time for the African countries, but not for the Latin American and Asian countries in the study.
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Joseph, June, Pranee Liamputtong, and Wendy Brodribb. "From Liminality to Vitality: Infant Feeding Beliefs Among Refugee Mothers From Vietnam and Myanmar." Qualitative Health Research 30, no. 8 (January 24, 2019): 1171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732318825147.
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Infant feeding in traditional (non-White societies) is imbued within beliefs surrounding the human body and food. This article, framed within the liminality theory, demonstrates perspectives of 38 Vietnamese and Myanmarese refugee mothers. Situated within the postmodern methodological framework, innovative methods of in-depth interviewing and drawing were used to gather participant’s subjectivities. As birthing renders the new mother and infant weak, the findings mirror a “liminality to vitality” nurturing continuum, acknowledging the (a) essentialism of bodily breast milk, (b) rituals that strengthen mothers for lactation, (c) lactation-inducing food, and (d) culturally symbolic non-milk food that promote an independence for nourishment other than from the maternal body. Health care professionals are called to value the importance of bodily vitality in birthing and clinical maternal–child health/nutrition spheres so that culturally specific services and consultations are rendered. Our findings also offer a platform to developing models of care for families from Vietnamese and four ethnic Myanmarese communities.
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Martens, Lydia. "Selling infant safety: entanglements of childhood preciousness, vulnerability and unpredictability." Young Consumers 15, no. 3 (August 12, 2014): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/yc-10-2013-00409.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine, through a focus on the practice of child caring, how three qualities of childhood preciousness, vulnerability and unpredictability, are nurtured by being brought together as rationales for product re-design, innovation and diversification. The new parent of today is confronted with a myriad of products that are designed to “safeguard”, “guide” and “monitor” the young child and ensure its well-being. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on research into the organisation of encounter platforms that serve as communication forums for commercial practitioners and child carers, and includes insights derived from fieldwork and a cultural content analysis of the British retailer Mothercare, consumer exhibitions and brand–product websites. Findings – After providing a brief outline of the research on which this paper draws, the author present three ways in which child safety is present in the market that caters for young children and their care. This is followed by a discussion of two case studies, which respectively expand on how vulnerability and unpredictability are nurtured in commercial narratives. Originality/value – The author concludes by drawing out the implications of the risk-averse culture, which this creates.
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Lambidou, Maroula, Birgit Alteheld, Rolf Fimmers, Frank Jochum, Antonia Nomayo, and Peter Stehle. "Impact of an Infant Formula Containing a Novel Fat Blend (Cow’s Milk Fat, Fish and Vegetable Oil) and Prebiotics on Stool Fatty Acid Soaps and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles in Full-Term Healthy Newborns." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 77, no. 3 (2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000515705.
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<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (>25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: <i>n</i> = 30) or a “standard” formula containing <10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: <i>n</i> = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.
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Sumsion, Jennifer, Linda J. Harrison, and Matthew Stapleton. "Spatial perspectives on babies’ ways of belonging in infant early childhood education and care." Journal of Pedagogy 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 109–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jped-2018-0006.
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Abstract In this article, we endeavour to think spatially about the texture of infants’ everyday lives and their ways of ‘doing’ belonging in the babies’ room in an Australian early childhood education and care centre. Drawing on data from a large, multiple case-study project, and on theorisations of space that reject Euclidean notions of space as empty, transparent, relatively inert containers into which people, objects practices and artefacts are inserted, and instead emphasise space as complex, dynamic and relational, we map the navigating movements (Massumi, 2002) of baby Nadia. Through the telling of ‘stories-so-far’ (Massey, 2005), we convey how Nadia, as part of a constellation or assemblage of human and non-human beings, found ways to intensify space and to mobilise new vantage points, thus expanding the spatial possibilities of what we initially took to be a particularly confined and confining space.
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Visweswaran, Kamala. "‘My words were not cared for’: Customary law, criminality and the ‘woman question’ in late colonial India." Contributions to Indian Sociology 52, no. 2 (June 2018): 156–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966718763419.
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Drawing upon the court case of one woman sentenced for killing her infant in the early decades of the last century, this article reads Pierre Bourdieu’s insight on how the trial stages conflicts produced in the social realm as a paradox for explaining how British administrators and Indian village officials negotiated non-conflicting codes of sexual and moral conduct on the basis of colonial ideology and locally fixed caste hierarchies to convict women of infanticide. This article argues that a staging of women’s agency is crucial for understanding the colonial conferral of legal subjectivity and for a gendered critique of the Subaltern Studies paradigm of conflict or collaboration as ‘dominance without hegemony.’
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Torr, Jane. "How ‘shared’ is shared reading: Book-focused infant–educator interactions in long day-care centres." Journal of Early Childhood Literacy 20, no. 4 (August 20, 2018): 815–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468798418792038.
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Children's language experiences in the first two years of life are inextricably connected with their current and future language and literacy development. Research has shown that mother–child shared reading of picture books is a practice that can promote this development. Little is known, however, about the shared reading experiences of infants attending early childhood education and care centres. This naturalistic study analysed the reading experiences of 10 infants observed during a three-hour period as they and their educators went about their typical activities in their early childhood education and care centres. Drawing on Halliday's systemic functional linguistic theory, which proposes a non-arbitrary relationship between language use and features of the material setting, this study analysed two aspects of the infants' shared reading experiences: the tenor (roles and relationships) realised in the educators' use of speech function, and the field (the topic or subject matter) realised in the vocabulary used. The manner in which these contextual variables are realised in the adult–child talk during shared reading affects the pedagogical potential of this practice. The findings reveal that the infants had little opportunity to initiate or participate in book-focused interactions with their educators, with implications for their language and literacy learning opportunities.
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Knight, Zelda G. "SOME THOUGHTS ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ROOTS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF SERIAL KILLERS AS NARCISSISTS: AN OBJECT RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 34, no. 10 (January 1, 2006): 1189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.10.1189.
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This article documents the definition and context of serial murder. The main theoretical framework adopted is object relations theories which have been particularly renowned for drawing close attention to the process and development of the early dyadic mother-infant relationship as a primary departure point for understanding both healthy and pathological psychic development. These theories have been especially comprehensive in depicting the inner world of the infant as magical and terrifying, fractured and kaleidoscopic. Within the context of narcissistic dynamics, one aspect of human behavior may be described as nonpathological and the basis for healthy ambitions and ideals, while another may be identified as pathological and destructive so that individuals behave in grandiose and murderous ways. Some of these individuals are sadistic serial killers who enjoy the sexual thrill of murdering and who are both pathological and destructive narcissists. This study examines the psychological roots of the behavior of sexually motivated male serial killers, and why they do what they do. The context of serial murder is presented, with a refined definition of sexually motivated serial murder. The development of narcissism is described as this forms the basis for understanding such behavior.
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Havercroft, Barbara. "The Trauma of Child Death: The Discourse of Mourning in Camille Laurens's and Laure Adler's Autobiographical Writings." Irish Journal of French Studies 19, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7173/164913319827945792.
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This article addresses a noteworthy development in French women's autobiographical texts of the extreme contemporary: the painful writing of mourning subsequent to the traumatic death of a child. Trauma theorists such as Cathy Caruth, Susan Brison, Shoshana Felman, and Dori Laub insist on the importance of the narration of the traumatic experience in the form of a 'meaningful [...] story' (Caruth, 1996: 117) enabling the object of the trauma to become the subject of her own story, and thus effecting a transformation of her status from passive victim to agential subject. If, however, trauma is beyond words and 'unspeakable' (in both senses of the adjective), how can one find the adequate discursive means to represent it, how can one transform the traumatic experience into a narrative? Drawing on theories of trauma and mourning, the article analyzes the ways in which two contemporary French writers, Laure Adler and Camille Laurens, deal with this daunting discursive dilemma, following the passing of their respective infants. Using various textual strategies, Adler and Laurens both succeed in narrating poignant accounts of loss, producing in each case a 'livre-tombeau' which is simultaneously a book of death and a book of life, allowing the deceased infant to live on through the writing of the trauma of mourning.
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Mohamed, Yasmin, Martha Kupul, Janet Gare, Steven G. Badman, Selina Silim, Andrew J. Vallely, Stanley Luchters, and Angela Kelly-Hanku. "Feasibility and acceptability of implementing early infant diagnosis of HIV in Papua New Guinea at the point of care: a qualitative exploration of health worker and key informant perspectives." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e043679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043679.
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IntroductionEarly infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV and timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive infants. Access to EID is limited in many low-income and middle-income settings, particularly those in which standard care involves dried blood spots (DBS) sent to centralised laboratories, such as in Papua New Guinea (PNG). We conducted a qualitative exploration of the feasibility and acceptability of implementing a point-of-care (POC) EID test (Xpert HIV-1 Qualitative assay) among health workers and key stakeholders working within the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme in PNG.MethodsThis qualitative substudy was conducted as part of a pragmatic trial to investigate the effectiveness of the Xpert HIV-1 Qualitative test for EID in PNG and Myanmar. Semistructured interviews were undertaken with 5 health workers and 13 key informants to explore current services, experiences of EID testing, perspectives on the Xpert test and the feasibility of integrating and scaling up POC EID in PNG. Coding was undertaken using inductive and deductive approaches, drawing on existing acceptability and feasibility frameworks.ResultsHealth workers and key informants (N=18) felt EID at POC was feasible to implement and beneficial to HIV-exposed infants and their families, staff and the PMTCT programme more broadly. All study participants highlighted starting HIV-positive infants on treatment immediately as the main advantage of POC EID compared with standard care DBS testing. Health workers identified insufficient resources to follow up infants and caregivers and space constraints in hospitals as barriers to implementation. Participants emphasised the importance of adequate human resources, ongoing training and support, appropriate coordination and a sustainable supply of consumables to ensure effective scale-up of the test throughout PNG.ConclusionsImplementation of POC EID in a low HIV prevalence setting such as PNG is likely to be both feasible and beneficial with careful planning and adequate resources.Trial registration number12616000734460.
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Robinson, Robbie. "The Legal Nature of the Embryo: Legal Subject or Legal Object?" Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 21 (April 10, 2018): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2018/v21i0a2914.
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This contribution addresses the question regarding the legal nature of a cryopreserved embryo. Such preservation is a relatively modern development in the medical field. Neither Tennessee (USA) law nor European law provides an acceptable explanation regarding its legal nature. It is argued herein that this is mainly due to the fact that rather unscientific language is applied. It is suggested that the using of concise legal terminology may contribute to a better understanding. The terms legal subject and object and legal subjectivity are well-known and have definite legal content. By drawing an analogy between the legal status of an infant and such embryos, the conclusion is reached that embryos are not legal subjects sui iuris but indeed share the legal subjectivity of their parents.
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Nogacka, Alicja M., Silvia Arboleya, Naghmeh Nikpoor, Jeremie Auger, Nuria Salazar, Isabel Cuesta, Laura Mantecón, et al. "Influence of 2′-Fucosyllactose on the Microbiota Composition and Metabolic Activity of Fecal Cultures from Breastfed and Formula-Fed Infants at Two Months of Age." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071478.
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Although breast milk is considered the gold standard of nutrition for infant feeding, some circumstances may make breastfeeding difficult. Several commercial milk preparations include synthetic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in their composition. However, the effect of HMOs on the establishment of the intestinal microbiota remains incompletely understood. Independent batch fermentations were performed with feces from six full-term infant donors of two months of age (three breastfed and three formula-fed, exclusively) in the presence of 2′fucosyllactose (2′FL), one of the most abundant HMOs in human milk. Microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline and at 24 h of incubation. The 2′FL consumption, gas accumulation, and levels of different metabolites were determined by chromatography. Microbiota profiles at baseline were clearly influenced by the mode of feeding and by the intrinsic ability of microbiotas to degrade 2′FL. The 2′FL degradation rate clustered fecal cultures into slow and fast degraders, regardless of feeding type, this being a determinant factor influencing the evolution of the microbiota during incubation, although the low number of donors precludes drawing sound conclusions. More studies are needed to decipher the extent to which the early intervention with HMOs could influence the microbiota as a function of its ability to utilize 2′FL.
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Rubin, Kenneth H., Lilly Both, Carolyn Zahn-Waxler, E. Mark Cummings, and Margaret Wilkinson. "Dyadic play behaviors of children of well and depressed mothers." Development and Psychopathology 3, no. 3 (July 1991): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400005289.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine the relations among maternal depression, security of attachment, and peer interactive behaviors in early childhood. Drawing from the literature, we posited that socially inhibited play behaviors in childhood would be associated with maternal depression as well as with an insecure mother-child attachment relationship. Forty-three 5-year-olds and their mothers participated in the study. There were 21 depressed and 22 affectively well mothers. Security of attachment was assessed via a variation of the Strange Situation procedure when the children were 2 years old. At 5 years of age the children were observed during free play with a familiar same-sex agemate. Results supported the hypotheses that social inhibition is associated with maternal depression and with an insecure mother-infant attachment relationship.
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Shan, Liran Christine, Chenguang Li, Zhongyi Yu, Áine Regan, Ting Lu, and Patrick Wall. "Consumer perceptions on the origin of infant formula: a survey with urban Chinese mothers." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 2 (May 2021): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000364.
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AbstractThe consumer survey reported in this research paper aims to understand how Chinese mothers learn about and confirm the origin of powdered infant formulas (henceforward formulas), their knowledge level and preferences between formulas from different origins. With globalization, dairy companies can source ingredients for domestic production and manufacture finished products across the world. Chinese consumers are now facing a variety of formulas with different brand origin, main ingredient origin (‘nai yuan’), manufacturing origin, and country-of-purchase. Drawing on a large representative sample of Chinese mothers who have purchased formulas, we found that most of them had intensively engaged in learning about and confirming formulas' origin through different strategies. However, they may not interpret related cues correctly: a majority of Chinese mothers incorrectly considered the ‘main ingredient origin’ as the ‘manufacturing place’ and could not necessarily recognize between ‘foreign’ and ‘domestic’ brands. Among formulas from different origins, authentic foreign branded, produced and packaged formulas showed a high popularity in Tier 1 & 2 cities and among more knowledgeable consumers. In low-tier cities, these products were equally popular as domestically branded and produced formulas using imported milk powders and other ingredients. Formulas directly acquired from overseas markets through unofficial channels were least favoured by consumers. The study shows that Chinese consumers' previous one-sided endorsement towards foreign formulas appears to have weakened. Decisions made by formula companies on the origin of the main ingredient and the place of manufacture would influence product attractiveness, and the segments of Chinese consumers to target.
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Kingston, Andrew. "Death and Fairy Tale." differences 31, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 30–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10407391-8662160.
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The music of the spectralist composer Claude Vivier is often considered through the lens of autobiography. However, from his abandonment as an infant to the circumstances of his murder at the age of thirty-four, certain aspects of Vivier’s life also seem to resist any straightforwardly autobiographical account. Borrowing the concept of “autothanatography” from Jacques Derrida and others, this essay explores how Vivier’s works inscribe a relationship to death, to the end and impossibility of autobiography, into its very origin. I argue that such an inscription occurs prominently in Vivier’s musical and dramatic portrayals of childhood, particularly those in Kopernikus: Opéra—Rituel de mort and Lonely Child. Drawing on Kathryn Bond Stockton’s writing on queer childhood and Lee Edelman’s early essay on homographesis, I further argue that this displacement of the autobiographical in Vivier’s works is also marked by his sexuality, or, more precisely, by its spectral repercussions.
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Dalton, Thomas C. "The developmental roots of consciousness and emotional experience." Consciousness & Emotion 1, no. 1 (September 26, 2000): 55–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ce.1.1.05dal.
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Charles Darwin is generally credited with having formulated the first systematic attempt to explain the evolutionary origins and function of the expression of emotions in animals and humans. His ingenious theory, however, was burdened with popular misconceptions about human phylogenetic heritage and bore the philosophical and theoretical deficiencies of the brain science of his era that his successors strove to overcome. In their attempts to rectify Darwin’s errors, William James, James Mark Baldwin and John Dewey each made important contributions to a theory of emotion, which attempted to put it on a more secure philosophical and scientific footing. My contention is that Dewey and his collaborator, infant experimentalist Myrtle McGraw, succeeded where their contemporaries failed. They pointed the way out of the morass of recapitulationism, and showed how a developmental theory of consciousness, mind and emotion could be formulated that avoided the epistemological and ontological pitfalls of Darwin’s theory. Drawing on an extensive body of research from contemporary experimental studies of infant development, this essay attempts to put the questions raised by these historical figures about the structure, function and value of emotions in a theoretical framework. A developmental theory is proposed about the complex, interacting neurobiological and neurobehavioral factors that contribute to human emotional development. This theory identifies the possible relationships among emotions, consciousness and mind and how their co-development influences the capacity of young children to form moral judgments.
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Kelley, Joan, Dennis Allsopp, and David L. Hawksworth. "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and the Toxic Gas Hypothesis: Microbiological Studies of Cot Mattresses." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 5 (September 1992): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100508.
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1 Fifty infants' mattresses were studied to investigate the occurrence of viable fungal and bacterial propagules, with particular reference to Scopulariopsis brevicaulis which had been suggested to be implicated in SIDS cases. A total of 19 SIDS cases mattresses, 1 non-SIDS death, 20 used controls, and 10 new unused controls were examined. 2 Differences were found between SIDS and used controls in the variety of fungal species isolated and the numbers isolated from fillings; bacterial numbers were similar. 3 S. brevicaulis was isolated from only four mattresses, three of which were SIDS cases. It was not found in most of those on which death had occurred. 4 A number of potentially pathogenic or allergenic fungi, including Aspergillus fumigatus, were isolated more frequently from SIDS cases mattresses than new or used controls. 5 Scanning electron microscopy of mattress covers and fillings showed microbial 'biofilms' in the head areas of all SIDS cases examined. This was not seen on other samples. 6 The limited number of mattresses studied and the use of unmatched controls precludes the drawing of any general conclusions as to the significance of the biofilms or other fungi isolated. 7 Reports of the existence of a dimorphism in general growth forms of S. brevicaulis were investigated by growing and transferring authentic strains between a variety of growth media. 8 No 'slimy' state of this fungus was observed and dimorphism was not confirmed.
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Bahorski, Jessica S., Gwendolyn D. Childs, Lori A. Loan, Andres Azuero, Marti H. Rice, Paula C. Chandler-Laney, Eric A. Hodges, Heather M. Wasser, Amanda L. Thompson, and Margaret E. Bentley. "Parental Self-Efficacy in New Mothers Predicts Infant Growth Trajectories." Western Journal of Nursing Research 42, no. 4 (June 6, 2019): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945919854464.
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The purpose of this study was to examine whether parental self-efficacy (PSE) is associated with change in infant weight-for-length z score (WLZ) from age 3 to 12 months. Data were drawn from the Infant Care, Feeding, and Risk of Obesity study, conducted with low-income, African American mother–infant dyads ( n = 127). PSE was measured at infant age of 3 months. Infant anthropometrics were measured at infant age of 3 and 12 months, WLZ change between these time points was calculated, and infants stratified into WLZ change categories (expected, excessive, or slow). To analyze the data, ANCOVA, multiple regression, and post hoc techniques were used. Controlling for infant birthweight, PSE at 3 months was associated with infant WLZ change (η2 = 0.05, p = .04). Mothers of infants who exhibited excessive growth had higher PSE than mothers of infants who exhibited slow growth (Tukey-adjusted p = .03). This finding suggests that infants of mothers with high PSE may have increased obesity risk, but more research is needed.
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Elvira, Mariza, and Siti Azizah. "Pengaruh Pemberian Pijat Bayi Terhadap Kenaikan Berat Badan Bayi Umur 0-6 Bulan Di BPS Bunda Bukittinggi." Jurnal Pembangunan Nagari 2, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30559/jpn.v2i1.16.
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The massage is not only done when the baby is healthy, but also on sick or fussy babies and infants has become routine care after birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of infant massage on weight gain in infants aged 0-6 months. This type of research is Experimental with Quasy Experiment. The population in this study was 0-6 month-old baby. The sample amounted to 24 people consisting of 12 people who were given infant massage and 12 people were not given infant massage with technique sampling nonprobability. Data was collected using a computerized questionnaire then processed in the univariate and bivariate analyzes. The results obtained infant weight gain on average increased weight infants fed infant massage is 800 gram/month and on average increased weight infants who were not given the baby massage is 233.33 gram/month. Results of statistical test p value = 0.000 visible means no significant difference on average between giving a massage in infants with weight gain in infants aged 0-6 months. The conclusion can be drawn that the baby is gaining weight rapidly increases with doing baby massage, and also advice it to parents to always perform routine infant massage on baby.
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Siswanto, J. Edy, Arend F. Bos, Peter H. Dijk, Rinawati Rohsiswatmo, Gatot Irawan, Eko Sulistijono, Pertin Sianturi, Dewi A. Wisnumurti, Rocky Wilar, and Pieter J. J. Sauer. "Multicentre survey of retinopathy of prematurity in Indonesia." BMJ Paediatrics Open 5, no. 1 (January 2021): e000761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000761.
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BackgroundThe incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is higher in Indonesia than in high-income countries. In order to reduce the incidence of the disease, a protocol on preventing, screening and treating ROP was published in Indonesia in 2010. To assist the practical implementation of the protocol, meetings were held in all Indonesia regions, calling attention to the high incidence of ROP and the methods to reduce it. In addition, national health insurance was introduced in 2014, making ROP screening and treatment accessible to more infants.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether the introduction of both the guideline drawing attention to the high incidence of ROP and national health insurance may have influenced the incidence of the disease in Indonesia.SettingData were collected from 34 hospitals with different levels of care: national referral centres, university-based hospitals, and public and private hospitals.MethodsA survey was administered with questions on admission numbers, mortality rates, ROP incidence, and its stages for 2016–2017 in relation to gestational age and birth weight.ResultsWe identified 12 115 eligible infants with a gestational age of less than 34 weeks. Mortality was 24% and any stage ROP 6.7%. The mortality in infants aged less than 28 weeks was 67%, the incidence of all-stage ROP 18% and severe ROP 4%. In the group aged 28–32 weeks, the mortality was 24%, all-stage ROP 7% and severe ROP 4%–5%. Both mortality and the incidence of ROP were highest in university-based hospitals.ConclusionsIn the 2016–2017 period, the infant mortality rate before 32 weeks of age was higher in Indonesia than in high-income countries, but the incidence of ROP was comparable. This incidence is likely an underestimation due to the high mortality rate. The ROP incidence in 2016–2017 is lower than in surveys conducted before 2015. This decline is likely due to a higher practitioner awareness about ROP and national health insurance implementation in Indonesia.
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Sevón, Eija. "Narrating Ambivalence of Maternal Responsibility." Sociological Research Online 12, no. 2 (March 2007): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1527.
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Early motherhood and caring for the infant involve a moral ambiguity that is related to the questions of responsibility and vulnerability. By means of the ethics of care, motherhood can be understood as belonging to the moral domain, as relational, and as linked with everyday social situations. The culturally dominant narratives of ‘good mothering’ easily naturalise and normatise maternal agency. This study illustrates the process of adopting responsibility for the infant and the moral ambivalence that is inscribed in early maternal care. The data consist of four interview sessions with each of seven first-time mothers conducted during pregnancy and the first post-natal year. The interviews concentrated on events, relationships, routines, thoughts and feelings related to the mothers’ daily caring for the baby. The women talked about their experiences drawing on two different narratives. The narrative of desirable responsibility unfolded the positive aspects of caring and responsibility for the baby. By means of this narrative, the women were able to give coherence to their lives as new mothers and to narrate the pleasure they felt in taking responsibility for their baby. In contrast, the narrative of maternal vulnerability showed the shadow side of maternal care focusing on the mothers’ tiredness and distress. This narrative embodied ‘moral monitoring’ and ‘epistemological struggles’ between the dominant cultural narratives and the mothers’ personal narratives. The study shows that early mothering is morally laden in two different ways simultaneously. Mothering itself is a moral disposition and practice characterised by ambivalence. The cultural narratives of ‘good mothering’ play a dual role in this process: they tempt women into pursuing intensive mothering, but at the same time they create an elusive moral imperative.
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van Oppen de Ruiter, Branko F. "Lovely Ugly Bes! Animalistic Aspects in Ancient Egyptian Popular Religion." Arts 9, no. 2 (April 17, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts9020051.
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The popular yet demonic guardian of ancient Egypt, Bes, combines dwarfish and leonine features, and embodies opposing traits such as a fierce and gentle demeanor, a hideous and comical appearance, serious and humorous roles, an animalistic and numinous nature. Drawing connections with similarly stunted figures, great and small cats, sacred cows, baboons, demonic monsters, universal gods and infant deities, this article will focus on the animalistic associations of the Bes figure to illustrate that this leonine dwarf encompassed a wider religious significance than apotropaic and regenerative functions alone. Bes was thought to come from afar but was always close; the leonine dwarf guarded the sun god Ra along the diurnal solar circuit; the figure protected pregnant women and newborn children; it was a dancer and musician; the figure belonged to the company of magical monsters of hybrid appearance as averter of evil and sword-wielding fighter. Exploring the human and animal, demonic and numinous aspects of this leonine dwarf will not only further our understanding of its nature and function, but also its significance and popularity.
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Numa, Guy. "Jean-Baptiste Say on Free Trade." History of Political Economy 51, no. 5 (December 1, 2019): 901–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7803715.
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Jean-Baptiste Say is generally portrayed as an unrelenting champion of laissez faire who believed commercial activity promoted economic well-being. However, I develop a more nuanced portrait of Say’s thinking by showing that he did not believe that free trade was an unmitigated good. He thus identified several exceptions to free international trade that justified government intervention in the form of restrictions on imports and public subsidies to domestic industries. Going beyond Adam Smith’s arguments for protective tariffs, Say maintained that government could play a role to protect infant industries, insisting on the fact that protectionism could only be gradually and carefully removed. Drawing upon Say’s published writings and archival sources, I show that Say developed original views on domestic and international trade, several of which were distinct from those of Smith. Overall, Say’s analysis of free trade sheds greater light on his conception of the role of government in a market economy. It illustrates under what conditions the government should intervene in order to achieve both economic efficiency and social justice.
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Smyth, Lisa. "Social roles and alienation: Breastfeeding promotion and early motherhood." Current Sociology 68, no. 6 (November 7, 2018): 814–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118807512.
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This article considers whether the social institutions through which early motherhood is experienced can support non-alienating role identification. Drawing on critical theory’s conceptualization of social roles, the analysis focuses on 20 interviews with middle-class mothers in Northern Ireland, taken from a larger dual-site study of early motherhood in 2009–2010. This region has one of the lowest rates of breastfeeding in the world and has a particularly intensive promotion strategy. Considering respondent experiences of the pressure to breastfeed, the article examines the consequences of a key institutional definition of good motherhood in the early stages. The article argues that the effort to rigidly impose a moral code as the role is taken on has potentially alienating effects, as it limits the scope for the agent to appropriate and identify with it. An approach to health promotion which instead trusts women to exercise situated moral judgement about infant care, rather than subjecting them to an externally imposed moral code, would reduce the emotional strain and potential for alienation in early motherhood.
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Tinsley Johnson, Elizabeth, Jacob A. Feder, Thore J. Bergman, Amy Lu, Noah Snyder-Mackler, and Jacinta C. Beehner. "The Goldilocks effect: female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1952 (June 2, 2021): 20210820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0820.
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The cost–benefit ratio of group living is thought to vary with group size: individuals in ‘optimally sized’ groups should have higher fitness than individuals in groups that are either too large or too small. However, the relationship between group size and individual fitness has been difficult to establish for long-lived species where the number of groups studied is typically quite low. Here, we present evidence for optimal group size that maximizes female fitness in a population of geladas ( Theropithecus gelada ). Drawing on 14 years of demographic data, we found that females in small groups experienced the highest death rates, while females in mid-sized groups exhibited the highest reproductive performance. This group size effect on female reproductive performance was largely explained by variation in infant mortality (and, in particular, by infanticide from immigrant males) but not by variation in reproductive rates. Taken together, females in mid-sized groups are projected to attain optimal fitness due to conspecific infanticide and, potentially, predation. Our findings provide insight into how and why group size shapes fitness in long-lived species.
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Green, Janet, Linda Jones, Julia Petty, Patricia Bromley, Cathrine Fowler, and Karen Walker. "Part 1: COVID-19 and knowledge for midwifery practice—impact and care of pregnant women." British Journal of Midwifery 29, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2021.29.4.224.
Full textAbstract:
The emergence of viral diseases, such as COVID-19, represents a global public health threat, particularly the high-impact animal viruses that have switched hosts and are able to be transmitted within human populations. Pandemics threaten the general population; however, there are special groups, such as pregnant women and their babies, which may be at a higher risk of, or more severely affected by infection. Pregnancy is considered a unique immunological condition; therefore, current challenges include decisions on preventing and treating infections during pregnancy and the possible implications for the fetus and newborn infant. This integrative review, the first of a two-part series, analyses selected literature on COVID-19 within maternal and newborn care, drawing on key themes relating to the impact on the pregnant woman. The themes discussed are: the nature of the immune system in pregnant and newly birthed mothers, maternal risk, mode and timing of birth, care during pregnancy and childbirth, and the transition to parenthood including the implications for practice for maternal mental wellbeing.
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Prado, Isabella Scatamacchia Cordeiro Ferraz, and Ana Elisa Madalena Rinaldi. "Compliance of infant formula promotion on websites of Brazilian manufacturers and drugstores." Revista de Saúde Pública 54 (February 6, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001327.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE: To verify the compliance with Law No. 11,265/2006 in the promotion strategies for infant formula in Brazilian websites of manufacturers and drugstore networks. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2017. We analyzed the compliance to attributes of the Law No.11,265/2006 (Law for Marketing of Foods for Infants and Toddlers, Feeding Bottles, Teats and Pacifiers) in five websites of infant formula manufacturers and nine websites of drugstore networks. The main attributes assessed were: the presence of drawings or representations of children, the presence of warning statements displayed in conspicuous and prominent spaces informing if products are intended for infants aged under or over 6 months, the adequate display of infant formulas/similar products, and the presence of pop-ups with other infant formulas or links to websites for children’s products. All compliances and non compliances verified were described in absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS: We verified that 80% of the websites of infant formula manufacturers displayed advertisements for other children’s food products. The main non compliance in infant formula manufacturer’s websites was the absence of warning statements about products intended for infants over 6 months of age. Only 33% of the drugstores’ websites complied with Law No. 11,265/2006. The main non compliances in these websites were the absence of warning statements on products intended for infants over 6 months of age (100%), the presence of pop-up advertisements for other infant foods (77%) and the presence of advertisements for other children’s food products (92%). CONCLUSION: We identified non compliances with the Law No. 11,256/2006 in almost all websites of infant formula manufacturers and in all the websites of drugstore networks. Most promotion strategies were found at drugstore websites, which are the main channels for online sales.