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1
Ahonsi, Babatunde A. "Factors affecting infant and child mortality in Ondo State, Nigeria." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1358/.
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Following the logic of the proximate determinants framework for child survival analysis, the study shows how the main socioeconomic inequalities in neonatal, post-neonatal, and child mortality observed in 1981-86 Ondo State were produced. Unlike most previous studies of early childhood mortality factors in Nigeria, the study explicitly investigates the linking mechanisms between key socio-economic factors and child survival. Local area infrastructural development is shown to be the main socioeconomic factor in neonatal mortality while household disposable income status along with local area infrastructural development showed the strongest impacts upon post-neonatal mortality. Household disposable income status emerged as the main socioeconomic factor affecting mortality during ages 1-4, with maternal education showing no strong effects even in this age segment where its impact may be expected to be most strongly felt. The integrated analysis demonstrates that much of the observed infant mortality advantage of residence in more developed local areas is due to easier physical and real access to modern health services and that most of the child mortality benefits conveyed by high household income status derive primarily from better home sanitary conditions and secondarily from better quality of curative and home care for very ill children.
2
Ukwu, Susan Adaku. "Association of Health Facility Delivery and Risk of Infant Mortality in Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7439.
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Infant mortality (IM) incidence in health facility systems during or after infant delivery is
substantially high in Nigeria. In this quantitative, cross-sectional study, the effects of skill
birth attendants (SBAs), prenatal care, and providers of prenatal care on IM in health
facility delivery centers were examined. The Mosley and Chen theoretical framework
informed this study and was used to explain the relationship between SBAs, prenatal
care, and providers of prenatal care and IM. One hundred and sixty infant deaths were
examined among mothers who used an SBA versus those who did not, mothers who had
prenatal care versus those without, and mothers who received prenatal care from a health
facility versus traditional providers. The 2014 verbal and social autopsy secondary data
set was analyzed using binary logistic regression technique. There was no significant
difference in risk of IM between mothers who had SBA during infant delivery in health
facility compared to those without SBA during delivery. Mothers who received prenatal
care had a significant higher risk of infant death in a health facility compared to those that
did not receive prenatal care. Mothers who received prenatal care from traditional
providers did not have a statistically significant risk of IM compared to mothers who
received prenatal care from a health facility. The findings could have positive social
change implications by encouraging multilevel public health stakeholders to support and
promote the use of health surveillance in understanding the barriers and challenges of
health facility delivery practices, prenatal care, and use of SBA as it relates to IM to
facilitate policy change in maternal and infant care practices in Nigeria.
3
Esewe, Roselynd Ejakhianghe. "Developing strategies to enhance implementation of early Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) guidelines in health care facilities in Edo State, Nigeria." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6201.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Nursing)The number of healthcare institutions that has embraced Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) as an effective and efficient method of neonatal care especially in Edo State, Nigeria has not multiplied even after more than a decade of its recommendation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2003. Nigeria ranks seventh among the ten African countries where newborns have the highest risk of dying with over 700 newborn deaths per10, 000 live births. This is worrisome because Edo State is one of the 36 states in Nigeria that contribute about 6,700 neonatal deaths to the 255,500 mortality rate recorded in Nigeria annually. This has led to a concern about the knowledge and attitude of the key drivers in neonatal care of simplified methods aimed at reducing neonatal mortality despite previous training efforts. The development of a strategy to enhance the early implementation of the WHO KMC guidelines in all healthcare facilities across the state was therefore conceptualized. Strategies to increase implementation are considered important to the success of KMC because reducing neonatal mortality rate is contextual. This research aimed to explore and describe the application of the KMC guidelines by the nurses, administrators and parents of preterm infants in the care of premature babies and to develop strategies to enhance its early implementation in healthcare facilities in Edo State, Nigeria.
4
Jayachandra, Vaishnavi. "Factors affecting infant mortality." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585806.
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Infant mortality rate has long been an important factor when measuring a country's overall health status. The lower the infant mortality rate the better the country's health status. This study examines the variation of infant mortality in Hispanic/Latinos, Black/African Americans, and Medicaid beneficiaries in the United States. Secondary data was drawn from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for the year 2011-2012. Results of the study did not reveal or support the demographic or socioeconomic factors that influence the outcome of infant mortality. Future research should include data from the neo-natal intensive care unit, and not just the emergency department, where infant mortality is better recorded.
5
Peachy, Latawnya D. "Fetal infant mortality review the next step in addressing infant mortality in Tarrant County /." online resource, 2008. http://digitalcommons.hsc.unt.edu/theses/1/.
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6
Seckin, Nutiye. "Determinants Of Infant Mortality In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611069/index.pdf.
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Infant mortality rate is used as an indicator of a nation&rsquos economic welfare. Despite the tremendous reduction since 1900s infant mortality rate is still high for developing countries. Infant mortality is reduced from 67 to 21 per 1000 live births in 17 years from 1990 to 2007 in Turkey. However, IMR in Turkey is still much higher than the rates in developing countries which is reported as 5 in 2007. In this thesis, I examine regional, household and individual level characteristics that are associated with infant mortality. For this purpose survival analysis is used in this analysis. The data come from 2003-2004 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey that includes detailed information of 8,075 ever married women between the ages 15-49. 7,360 mothers of these women gave birth to 22,443 children. The results of the logistic regression show that intervals between the births of the infants are associated with infant mortality at lower levels of wealth index. Children from poorer families with preceding birth interval shorter than 14 months or children whose mothers experience a subsequent birth fare badly. Breastfeeding is important for the survival chance of the infants under the age 3 months. Place of delivery and source of water the family uses are also found to be correlated with infant mortality risk. Curvilinear relation between maternal age at birth and infant mortality risk is observed, indicating higher risk for teenage mothers and mothers having children at older ages.
7
Iyer, Jayashree Srinivasan. "Determinants of infant mortality in India." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56956.
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"Infant Mortality Rate" (IMR), is an important socio-economic indicator which measures an important dimension of the well-being of any society. For the developing and less developed countries of the world, Infant Mortality Rates are much higher than those in the developed countries. This research aims to study IMR in India, a country which achieved considerable growth in industrial and agricultural sectors during the post-independence era, but which still has a relatively high level of IMR. Different formulations for measuring IMR are given and work done by different searchers in this area are reviewed in this study. Indicators of the variables affecting IMR are chosen, a time series regression model is estimated by ordinary least squares, and the results discussed. A cross-section analysis of the states in India is also attempted. The results of these analyses, concur quite well with other studies done for countries in similar stages of economic development.
8
Majombozi, Ziyanda. "'Luring the infant into life' : exploring infant mortality and infant-feeding in Khayelitsha, Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20068.
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The ethnographic data presented in this dissertation is drawn from 20 weeks of informal interviews, participant observation, and other creative research methods such as the use of social media platforms like Facebook and WhatsApp, WhatsApp interviews, focus groups and pictures. Drawing on concepts of managing risk, this dissertation demonstrates that in a world where life is precarious due to illnesses, poverty and other social ills that reflect the political economy of the different spaces, child care is about sustaining the life of an infant. This paper explores the different ways that the state (represented through the National Department of Health) and mothers imagine themselves to be sustaining infant life. It further explores the complexities that arise when the state, external health institutions as well as the mother together with her family and friends imagine the process of sustaining infant life differently. This paper argues that infant feeding choices reflect the different discourses that surround 'sustaining life' and 'managing risk'. It aims to show that the introduction of exclusive breastfeeding policies is a manifestation of the state's ideas on how to sustain infant life. In contrast, the introduction of medicine and complimentary feeds reflect the ideas mothers have for sustaining the lives of their infants. This paper suggests that, although exclusive breastfeeding is important, there are different ways to sustain infant life that are not within the biomedical framework. Alas, these are often dismissed as barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and isolated from other tools used to sustain infant life and to address infant mortality.
9
Olaleye, Peter Damilare. "Mortality investigation : does life table PA90 model annuitants mortality in Nigeria?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17306.
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Mestrado em Actuarial ScienceEste estudo tem como objetivo investigar se a tábua PA90 do Reino Unido constitui um modelo aceitável para a experiência de mortalidade na Nigéria, no que diz respeito à população dos detentores de anuidades. A motivação para o trabalho provém do facto de o mercado nigeriano de anuidades se ter vindo a desenvolver nos últimos anos. Nesta dissertação apresenta-se uma revisão de alguma da literatura relevante sobre o tópico, incluindo algumas noções de base - o que é uma renda vitalícia - e descrições necessariamente breves da investigação sobre questões de mortalidade desenvolvida no Reino Unido e em África, bem como de algumas das razões pelas quais as taxas de mortalidade estão a ser continuamente objeto de estudo. Os dados e as metodologias indispensáveis à prossecução do objetivo são de seguida discutidos e aplicados. Destaque deve ser dado aos dois métodos de suavização utilizados, spline com base natural (NCS) e spline penalizada, que foram usados no training set data, para a obtenção de taxas de mortalidade alisadas. As taxas estimadas são posteriormente comparadas com a tábua PA90, para estudar se esta deve continuar a ser usada na Nigéria, ou se se impõe a realização de um estudo completo da mortalidade no país.
This study aims to investigate PA90 of the UK as a proxy for annuitant mortality table in Nigeria. Annuities seem to grow rapidly across the globe due to reformations and regulations in the public social security systems regarding post retirement plans. Nigerian annuity market is not left out in this global growth as annuity product now gains momentum by the day. The primary focus of this dissertation is to compare PA90 of the UK with crude rates estimated from the national data available, an important topic nowadays in Nigeria. A literature review is provided - what life annuity means, mortality investigations in UK and Africa, and some of the reasons why mortality rates are being assessed. Data and methodology required to accomplish the objective of the work developed are also thoroughly discussed and used. Two smoothing techniques, natural basis spline (NCS) and penalised spline were applied on the training set, to obtain smoothed mortality rates. The rates that have been estimated are then compared with the PA90 rates, to see whether this life table should continue to be used as a proxy for the mortality of Nigerian annuitants, or an independent study should be carried out.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
10
O'Donoghue, Timothy F. "Urbanization and infant mortality : an ecological analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487757723994641.
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11
Ebeniro, Jane. "The Geography of Maternal Mortality in Nigeria." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115073/.
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Maternal mortality is the leading cause of death among women in Nigeria, especially women aged between 15 and 19 years. This research examines the geography of maternal mortality in Nigeria and the role of cultural and religious practices, socio-economic inequalities, urbanization, access to pre and postnatal care in explaining the spatial pattern. State-level data on maternal mortality rates and predictor variables are presented. Access to healthcare, place of residence and religion explains over 74 percent of the spatial pattern of maternal mortality in Nigeria, especially in the predominantly Muslim region of northern Nigeria where poverty, early marriage and childbirth are at its highest, making them a more vulnerable population. Targeting vulnerable populations in policy-making procedures may be an important strategy for reducing maternal mortality, which would also be more successful if other socio-economic issues such as poverty, religious and health care issues are promptly addressed as well.
12
Storer, Lisa Clair Dawn. "The possible significance of cytomegalovirus in infant mortality." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247228.
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13
Mohamed, Wan Norsiah. "The determinants of infant mortality in Peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295497.
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14
Ndlovu, Rodwell Sibusiso. "Factors influencing infant and child mortality in Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6788.
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Magister Philosophiae - MPhilAccording to a 2010 report by the United Nations, mortality rates among children under the age of five remain extremely high in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa in which Zimbabwe is one of them. Child mortality in Zimbabwe is found to be associated with the specific causes with differing factors. This thesis analyses main causes of child mortality in Zimbabwe with selected socioeconomic, bio-demographic, maternal fertility behaviour, sexual reproductive health and services delivery factors in the study area, and Zimbabwe’s progress towards reaching MDG 4&5, which is to improve maternal health and reduce child mortality. The study used secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey Zimbabwe of 2010-11, which is a nationally representative sample of all deaths based on household interviews to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors, health care accessibility and HIV/AIDS on infant and child mortality. This is a theoretical and descriptive study which uses odds and hazard rates of analysis and also used bio-demographic variables to understand the problem by exploring the data to obtain the most plausible estimates of infant and child mortality in the past decades. The findings, to a great extent showed that, socioeconomic factors have a huge contribution to infant and child mortality rates in Zimbabwe. Preceding birth interval, family size, birth type, breastfeeding status, source of drinking water, mother education, mother income, area of residence, and father education have significant effect at univariate level, whereas, area of residence, mother education and father education were not significant at multivariate level. The finding from the study revealed that mother’s educational level is not a determinant factor of infant and child mortality in Zimbabwe unlike other studies. However, awareness about the influencing factors of infant and child mortality is vital in order to control them, so also is enlightenment on the need of birth control and family size and benefit of breastfeeding. Improvement on the socioeconomic status and empowerment of citizens most especially women will help to reduce infant and child mortality.
15
au, Lberes@bigpond net, and Linda Beresford. "Baby Graves: Infant Mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20061129.125515.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the problem of infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-
1908. In particular it investigates why Merthyr Tydfil, an iron, steel and coal producing
town in south Wales, experienced high infant mortality rates throughout the nineteenth
century which rose by the end of the century despite sixty years of public health
reforms. The historiography of infant mortality in nineteenth-century Britain includes
few Welsh studies although the south Wales Coalfield played an important part in
industrial and demographic change in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth
century. The thesis argues that conditions of industrial development shaped the social,
economic and public health experience in Merthyr, ensnaring its citizens in social
disadvantage, reflected in the largely unacknowledged human toll among mothers and
babies in that process.
The thesis analyses the causes of over 17, 000 infant deaths in Merthyr Tydfil
from the primary evidence of an unusually complete series of Medical Officer of Health
Reports to identify the principal attributed causes of infant death and explain their
social origins and context. The thesis examines the work of Dr. Thomas Jones Dyke,
MOH from 1865-1900, who was the author of most of these reports, and assesses his
career in public health, but suggests that there were limits to his capacity to address the
problem of infant mortality. The analysis showed convulsions, tuberculosis, measles
and whooping cough, lung diseases, diarrhoea, nutritional causes of death and infant
deaths from antenatal causes of maternal origin to be those which drove up infant
mortality rates in Merthyr from the 1880s. From 1902 antenatal causes of infant death,
independent of the sanitary environment, and directly linked to the health of mothers,
were the only ones still rising.
Public health reforms were unable to address the social factors which
engendered poverty and ill-health. Large families dependent mainly on male
breadwinners had little margin of economic safety. Industrial conflicts in Merthyr
revealed the inability of the Poor Law to address the problems of mass destitution in an
urban setting. Women experienced few employment opportunities, married early and
undertook heavy domestic labour reflected in early death rates for women and high
perinatal infant death rates due to the poor health and socio-economic status of mothers.
The training of midwives from 1902, with the potential to save many infant lives and to
advocate for working-class mothers, failed to do so in Merthyr by 1908.
Although specifically addressing the issues of infant mortality in nineteenthcentury
Britain, the issues raised are of contemporary relevance since infant deaths
reflect many social dynamics of inequality through which infant lives are inevitably
sacrificed.
16
Beresford, Linda. "Baby graves: infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908." Beresford, Linda (2006) Baby graves: infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/324/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis examines the problem of infant mortality in Merthyr Tydfil 1865-1908. In particular it investigates why Merthyr Tydfil, an iron, steel and coal producing town in south Wales, experienced high infant mortality rates throughout the nineteenth century which rose by the end of the century despite sixty years of public health reforms. The historiography of infant mortality in nineteenth-century Britain includes few Welsh studies although the south Wales Coalfield played an important part in industrial and demographic change in Britain during the second half of the nineteenth century. The thesis argues that conditions of industrial development shaped the social, economic and public health experience in Merthyr, ensnaring its citizens in social disadvantage, reflected in the largely unacknowledged human toll among mothers and babies in that process.
The thesis analyses the causes of over 17, 000 infant deaths in Merthyr Tydfil from the primary evidence of an unusually complete series of Medical Officer of Health Reports to identify the principal attributed causes of infant death and explain their social origins and context. The thesis examines the work of Dr. Thomas Jones Dyke, MOH from 1865-1900, who was the author of most of these reports, and assesses his career in public health, but suggests that there were limits to his capacity to address the problem of infant mortality. The analysis showed convulsions, tuberculosis, measles and whooping cough, lung diseases, diarrhoea, nutritional causes of death and infant deaths from antenatal causes of maternal origin to be those which drove up infant mortality rates in Merthyr from the 1880s. From 1902 antenatal causes of infant death, independent of the sanitary environment, and directly linked to the health of mothers, were the only ones still rising.
Public health reforms were unable to address the social factors which engendered poverty and ill-health. Large families dependent mainly on male breadwinners had little margin of economic safety. Industrial conflicts in Merthyr revealed the inability of the Poor Law to address the problems of mass destitution in an urban setting. Women experienced few employment opportunities, married early and undertook heavy domestic labour reflected in early death rates for women and high perinatal infant death rates due to the poor health and socio-economic status of mothers. The training of midwives from 1902, with the potential to save many infant lives and to advocate for working-class mothers, failed to do so in Merthyr by 1908.
Although specifically addressing the issues of infant mortality in nineteenthcentury Britain, the issues raised are of contemporary relevance since infant deaths reflect many social dynamics of inequality through which infant lives are inevitably sacrificed.
17
Mercier, Michael E. "Infant mortality in Ottawa, 1901, an historical-geographic perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ26933.pdf.
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18
Hall, Eric William. "Aspects of infant mortality in Ipswich, Suffolk 1871-1930." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511300.
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19
Curtis, Sian Louise. "Death clustering, birth spacing and infant mortality in Brazil." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315429.
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20
Mercier, Michael E. (Michael Ernest) 1970 Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Infant mortality in Ottawa, 1901; an historical-geographic perspective." Ottawa.:, 1997.
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21
Penjor, Yothin Sawangdee. "Influence of mother's education on infant mortality in Bangladesh /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd392/4838753.pdf.
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22
Pierce, Hayley Marie. "Reducing Infant Mortality to Reach Millennium Development Goal 4." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4073.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) found that 6.6 million children under five died in 2012 (WHO 2013). Almost half of all of these child deaths take place in the first month of life, and 75% of all under five deaths occur within the child's first year of life (WHO 2013). The aim of this study is to compare the most influential factors that decrease infant and neonatal mortality in order to find where policy makers, governments, and international organizations need to focus their efforts in order to get all countries on track for Millennium Development Goal 4 to reduce child mortality. Mosley and Chen (1984) suggest that infant mortality should be studied more as a process with multifactorial origins opposed to an acute, single phenomenon. To study the multifaceted nature of infant mortality they suggest grouping select variables into broad categories. This paper uses this model to test the contribution of the following four types of factors: 1) healthcare system 2) social determinants 3) reproductive behavior and 4) national context in order to understand which category impacts infant mortality most significantly. This study utilizes the Demographic and Health Surveys and was estimated using a discrete time hazard model. Results suggest that social determinants reduce infant mortality most significantly over the other three factors and that maternal education is the key to reaching Millennium Development Goal 4. This research suggests that healthcare interventions, although important, are not a substitute for mother's education. The combination of prenatal care and maternal education will ensure the safest first year for a child.
23
Lemani, Clara. "Modelling covariates of infant and child mortality in Malawi." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5895.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Mortality of children under the age of five has been the main target of public health policies (Gakusi and Garenne 2006). There has been a significant decline in under-five mortality in the twentieth century in almost all countries regardless of initial levels and socio-economic factors, although the rate of decline has been different in different regions (UNIGME 2012). Malawi, a country in the sub-Saharan region, is characterised by high infant and child mortality. Using data from 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, infant mortality in Malawi was estimated at 66 deaths per 1000 births while child mortality was at 50 deaths per 1000 births (NSO and ORC Macro 2011). Studies have been conducted to identify covariates of infant and child mortality in Malawi but none of these used recent data and none has included HIV/AIDS as a risk factor (Baker 1999; Bolstad and Manda 2001; Kalipeni 1992; Manda 1999). This study aims at examining bio-demographic, socio-economic and environmental factors associated with infant and child mortality in Malawi. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data for 2004 and 2010 are used.
24
Wencak, Jason P. "Excess Fertility and Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1371811539.
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25
Morkusová, Andrea. "Determinants of infant mortality level in chosen African countries." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193092.
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The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse which determinants have an impact on infant mortality in West and East Africa for a year 2012 based on correlation and regression analysis. Representative countries Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal for West Africa and Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda for East Africa, were chosen. From the gained results and information, recommendation for possible better future development of infant mortality is concluded as the outcome of the diploma thesis aim. On base of data analysis, one variable, which influences a development of infant mortality, was not identified, but it can be assumed that a complex of variables affects the infant mortality. In this line with final findings, current strategy of development aid is focused primarily on local activities more than just on financial help.
26
Whitworth, Alison Kathryn. "Short birth intervals and infant health in India." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364723.
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27
McIntosh, Tania. "A price must be paid for motherhood : the experience of maternity in Sheffield, 1879-1939." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6000/.
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This study considers the reproductive experiences of women in Sheffield between 1870 and 1939, encompassing the development of concepts of maternal and infant welfare, and debates over birth control and abortion. It focuses on the impact of state and voluntary enterprise, on the development of health professions and hospitals, and on the position of mothers. The study shows that high infant mortality was caused primarily by poor sanitation. Unlike other areas, Sheffield had low rates of both maternal employment and bottle feeding, suggesting that these were not significant factors. The decline in infant mortality was due to a combination of factors; the removal of privy middens and slum areas, and the development of welfare clinics and health visiting services. High maternal mortality was prevalent mainly in areas of skilled working class employment; not middle class areas as in other cities. There was no inverse correlation between infant and maternal mortality in Sheffield. Maternal mortality was caused by high rates of sepsis following illegal abortion. The reduction in mortality was due to a cyclical decline in the virulence of the causative bacteria, and the application of sulphonamide drugs to control it. The development of antenatal and birth control clinics had little impact. Despite early action to train midwives in Sheffield, midwifery remained a largely part time, low status occupation throughout the period. The hospitalisation of normal childbirth occurred early in Sheffield, and demand for beds outstripped supply, demonstrating that women were able to shape the development of services. Local authority and voluntary groups generally co-operated in the delivery of services, which were developed along pragmatic lines with little reference to debates about eugenics or national deterioration. The growth of welfare schemes was circumscribed by the available resources. Central government provided enabling legislation, but schemes were planned and implemented at the local level.
28
Peralta, Christine Noelle. "Handmaids of medicine : Filipino nurses' liminality in infant mortality campaigns." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38160.
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In the 1920s, Philippine infant mortality campaigns called into question Filipino women’s capacity to care as both mothers and nurses. Therefore the campaign required a two-step process of first remodeling elite Filipino women as nurses who would then transfer their knowledge to mothers. In order to address the needs of the people, nurse education needed to be remodeled. Therefore, the colonial government partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) to remodel Philippine nursing through an experimental system that emphasized university training and specialization in public health. Even though the Foundation wanted to prove the universality of this system it was inevitably hampered by local conditions in the Philippines. It would take two decades for a university nurse training system to finally take shape. Although it took years for the university system to be established offshoots of the original program did take root, particularly the RF fellowship program that sponsored Filipino nurses to temporarily migrate to the U.S. to study abroad.
By examining a variety of sources, including RF records, letters, newspapers, dissertations and conference transcripts, this paper considers the role Filipino student nurses played in infant mortality campaigns. Filipino nurses sought U.S. training, in order to have their medical authority recognized, but in seeking recognition within a system that saw Filipino nurses as inherently inferior due to their race, gender, and profession meant that their authority would perpetually be called into question. For Filipino nurses that took part in the colonial medical project they occupied a liminal space that both simultaneously validated and invalidated their knowledge. The dilemma of recognition was an issue that all Filipino migrants in the U.S. faced which created a constant state of surveillance within the community abroad. While some crumbled under the pressure of constant policing other Filipinos used it challenge the U.S. colonial project. At infant mortality health conferences, Filipino medical practitioners asserted their own medical authority. Even though these conferences were the same sites where both colonial and native medical practitioners invalidated nurse knowledge, nurses used it to legitimize native authority and the medical authority of women.
29
Ahmad, A. "A study on social determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/43408/.
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1.1 Background There is a large body of empirical evidence to suggest that social conditions are one of the major determinants of population health. These are defined as the ‘Social determinants of Health (SDH)’. SDH refers to the specific pathways by which social forces affect health. Developing a better understanding of the social determinants of health is critical in order to ameliorate the social determinants associated with poor health and to reduce the health disparities within the population. 1.2 Aim To examine the relationship between social determinants and infant mortality in Malaysia 1.3 Methods This study comprises an ecological (area-based) population health survey involving all 135 administrative districts of Malaysia. A literature review was undertaken in order to develop a model that hypothesises the main social determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia. In order to test the model, secondary data comprises of social determinants and infant mortality rate data from a range of sources were collected and analysed. Statistical analysis of the data using general linear model including correlations, factor analysis and multiple regression were undertaken in order to examine the collective influence of a range of social determinants on variations observed in infant mortality. Determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia tested in this study include GDP per capita, poverty rate, mean income of bottom 40% income earner, Gini coefficient, ratio of top 20% income: to bottom 40% income, doctors density ratio, hospital bed per population ratio, car ownership per population, computer ownership per population, urbanization rate, percentage living in single housing and flats, women education and social development index. 1.4 Results Although simple regression revealed significant relation between IMR with fifteen predictors, further analysis using multiple regressions failed to demonstrate any significant linear relationship except cars per population ratio which may reflect accessibility to food and services. This phenomenon may be due to problem of multicolinearity among variables. Factor analysis was done to identify similar items and new variables were created based on the identified factors. With the new group of variables, social development index explained 18%, income distribution explained 10.6% and health service provision explained 3.8 % of the variability observed in IMR. However, with multiple regressions, only social development index remained significant at p<0.05 level. Collectively, the variables were able to explain only 23% of the variability in IMR using multiple linear regressions analysis. 1.5 Conclusion This study managed to inform us regarding the important social determinants that can be altered with policy change in order to improve child survival in a developing country undergoing its health and economic transitions.
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Pandey, Jhabindra Prasad Panee Vong-ek. "Determinants of early breastfeeding practices affecting infant mortality in Nepal /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd392/4838762.pdf.
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Nyide, Thabisile. "Health care services and infant mortality in South Africa Bantusans." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1988. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3877.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a culturally responsive pedagogy in improving African American middle grades students’ achievement in attitude toward mathematics. Subjects were selected from two intact mathematics classes. Student gains between pre-test and post-test scores on the Quasar Cognitive Assessment Instrument and the Quasar Mathematics Attitude survey were analyzed using a two-tailed t-statistic. The non-equivalent pre-test post-test control group design was used to test group differences between the control group and treatment group. This study found that there was no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the treatment group and control group on the Quasar Cognitive Assessment Instrument. There was a significant difference found between the groups in attitude toward mathematics. The treatment group did show the more improved attitudes toward mathematics than did the control group. This study concluded that for this middle school urban group of African American students’ the use of culturally responsive pedagogy enabled students to achieve gains at a level comparable to their counterparts whom received traditional instruction. The findings of this study support culturally responsive pedagogy as an instructional method which has the potential to increase mathematics achievement and foster potential attitudes of middle grades African American students in urban school settings.
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Farooq, Romana. "Understanding the bereavement experiences of Pakistani women following infant mortality." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10414/.
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Introduction: The death of an infant is a source of profound grief (Boyle, 1997). Reactions to and adjustments following the loss are often connected with the social, cultural and political position of the mother (Boone, 1985). West African, Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi women, have been reported to experience the highest rate of infant mortality in the UK (ONS, 2014b). Dominant narratives of infant mortality revolve around genetic and individual lifestyle factors (Bundey, Alam, Kaur, Mir, & Lancashire, 1991; Parslow et al., 2009), with little exploration of the impact of this narrative on grieving minority women. In addition existing models of grief highlight a linear process involving dynamic progression through phases (Kubler-Ross & Kessler, 2005) or more recently the concept of ‘continuing bonds’ has emerged (Klass, Silverman, & Nickman, 2014). However little is known about the bereavement experience of Pakistani women, despite them experiencing the highest rates of infant mortality. Method: Seven bereaved Pakistani women were interviewed about their experiences of infant mortality, using the Biographic Narrative Interview Method. Drawing on feminist and social critical narrative inquiry. the focus was on exploring how Pakistani women make sense of the loss and how their experiences and meaning-making are linked to social, cultural and political structures and discourses. The data was analysed using Framework Analysis. In addition, individual narrative portraits were developed for each woman. Results: Six main narratives were identified from the group analysis. Pakistani women’s experience of infant mortality involved the telling of ‘uncertain’, ‘powerless’, ‘grief’ and ‘transformative’ narratives. Women demonstrated the interconnection between power, uncertainty, grief and transformation. Feeling powerless and uncertain exacerbated their grief whereas feeling empowered and supported to bring about change helped their grief to heal. Women also demonstrated that ‘sense-making’ was a key part of their bereavement experience, which was influenced by stories of blame, times when women noticed inconsistencies and their religion. Pakistani women’s bereavement experience was timeless and linked to their racial and religious position. Finally ‘meeting our needs’ included reflecting on the care that they received and how services could better meet their needs, particularly around the provision of psychological support, chaplaincy, specialist language support and BME women’s involvement in decision making bodies in services. Discussion: The research highlights how Pakistani women challenge the master narratives of pregnancy and infant mortality. Their experiences of loss and bereavement can be similar as well as different from dominant discourses of loss, as well as more complex and uncertain than some traditional Western models of grief. The study highlights the importance of considering the racial, gendered and religious position of minority women as they navigate health services following infant mortality. The research also indicates the importance of culturally sensitive psychological support post bereavement.
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Linton, Anna. "'BestaÌŠndiger Trost Wider die schrecklichen Hiobs=Posten' : German Lutheran occasional verse for bereaved parents in the seventeenth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249837.
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Marlow, N. "Death and later disability in children of low birth weight." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354846.
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Hu, Weimin. "Etiological and ecological perspectives on geographical variations in infant mortality in British Columbia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0007/NQ41359.pdf.
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Kan, Lisa. "Identification of risk groups : study of infant mortality in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27971.
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Multivariate statistical methods, including recent computing-intensive techniques, are explained and applied in a medical sociology context to study infant death in relation to socioeconomic risk factors of households in Sri Lankan villages.
The data analyzed were collected by a team of social scientists who interviewed households in Sri Lanka during 1980-81. Researchers would like to identify characteristics (risk factors) distinguishing those households at relatively high or low risk of experiencing an infant death. Furthermore, they would like to model temporal and structural relationships among important risk factors.
Similar statistical issues and analyses are relevant to many sociological and epidemiological studies. Results from such studies may be useful to health promotion or preventive medicine program planning.
With respect to an outcome such as infant death, risk groups and discriminating factors or variables can be identified using a variety of statistical discriminant methods, including Fisher's parametric (normal) linear discriminant, logistic linear discrimination, and recursive partitioning (CART). The usefulness of a particular discriminant methodology may depend on distributional properties of the data (whether the variables are dichotomous, ordinal, normal, etc.,) and also on the context and objectives of the analysis. There are at least three conceptual approaches to statistical studies of risk factors. An epidemiological perspective uses the notion of relative risk. A second approach, generally referred to as classification or discriminant analysis, is to predict a dichotomous outcome, or class membership. A third approach is to estimate the probability of each outcome, or of belonging to each class. These three approaches are discussed and compared; and appropriate methods are applied to the Sri Lankan household data.
Path analysis is a standard method used to investigate causal relationships among variables in the social sciences. However, the normal multiple regression assumptions under which this method is developed are very restrictive. In this thesis, limitations of path analysis are explored, and alternative loglinear techniques are considered.Science, Faculty of
Statistics, Department of
Graduate
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King, Margaret. "The behavioural and emotional reaction of the Romans to infant mortality." Thesis, Online version, 1997. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/22511.
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Walsh, Joan. "Aspects of infant mortality in a university town, Cambridge 1875-1911." Thesis, Open University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446314.
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As part of a wider Open University project investigating the decline in infant mortality, 1875-1948, this thesis takes the form of an examination of two propositions. First, that the chance of infant survival was determined more by environmental characteristics than by personal and family characteristics. Environmental characteristics include social characteristics and in particular the role played by members of the University. The second proposition was that the development of a health visiting service was a major contributor to the decline of infant mortality in Cambridge after 1906. The impact on infant mortality on five areas of infant and family life is investigated. These include personal characteristics and family income, the external environment, the state of housing, philanthropic ventures and the provision of a health visiting service. These areas were explored in the light of the work of others and this work contributes to the debate on the timing of the decline in infant mortality by investigating the influence of various factors at micro level. The Vaccination Birth Registers, the Medical Officer of Health Reports and the work of the early twentieth century investigators are used. The Vaccination Birth Registers allow detailed investigation at street level in the first three months of infant life. It was found those environmental factors and personal and family characteristics played an important part in the chance of an infant surviving the first year of life. Personal factors were particularly important in the first three months of life. Although evidence suggests that members of the University and those of the town lived separate lives they worked together in philanthropic initiatives which had a positive effect on the health of infants. In particular by establishing a health vesting service, the evidence suggested a positive relationship between the work of health visitors and the reduction in infant mortality from diarrhoea.
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Cattell, Norma Ann. "'The folly of generalisation' : infant mortality in Loughborough, Leicestershire : 1888-1910." Thesis, Open University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424808.
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Santos, TaiÌs de Freitas. "Breastfeeding, the health of children and infant mortality in Northeast Brazil." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242410.
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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah Cready Cynthia M. "Income inequality and racial/ethnic infant mortality in the United States." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9770.
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Dorley, Mary Christine. "The Impacts of Race, Residence, and Prenatal Care on Infant Mortality." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7796.
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Tennessee ranks high for infant mortality (IM) in the United States. Despite public health efforts, the IM rate for Blacks is twice that of Whites mimicking what is observed nationally. Several risk factors for IM have been identified; however, it was still unclear how places of residence and prenatal care (PNC) affect IM for Tennesseans. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between places of residence (conceptualized by rurality and racial concentration), PNC, and IM among racial groups across Tennessee and to determine if race modified these associations. This was a cross-sectional study using data from the Tennessee PRAMS survey (2009-2011) and geocoded to 2010 U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Agriculture data. The study was grounded on the theory of racial residential segregation and concentrated poverty. General linear model and hierarchical binomial logistic regression were used to analyze the data. High racial concentration was associated with IM for Non-Hispanic women and remained significant even after controlling for demographic variables (aOR = 5.33, 95%CI [1.11, 25.67]). Disparity in PNC access for Blacks, Other races, and Hispanics were observed based on racial concentration and rurality; however, PNC was not a risk factor for IM. Black race modified the relationship between high racial concentration and IM. Implications for social change include greater public awareness, education on risk factors, advocacy to decrease disparities in access to care, and resource allocation to highly impacted areas potentially mitigating health outcomes for the most vulnerable women and infants.
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Mokoena, Mathabang P. "Risk factors associated with high infant and child mortality in Lesotho." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11510.
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This study uses the 2004 and 2009 Lesotho Demographic and Health Surveys (LDHS) to: 1) identify the risk factors that affect mortality at neonatal, post-neonatal, and child ages, and, specifically, to determine the effect of mother’s HIV status on child mortality; 2) investigate how the risk factors that affect mortality have changed between the two periods, 2000-2004 to 2005-2009; and 3) determine if the risk factors are age dependent, that is, whether the effects of risk factors vary for different child ages.
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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah. "Income Inequality and Racial/Ethnic Infant Mortality in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9770/.
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The objective of this study was to examine if intra-racial income inequality contributes to higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) for African-Americans. The conceptual framework for this study is derived from Richard Wilkinson's psychosocial environment interpretation of the income inequality and health link. The hypotheses examined were that race/ethnicity-specific IMRs are influenced by intra-race/ethnicity income inequality, and that these effects of income inequality on health are mediated by level of social mistrust and/or risk profile of the mother. Using state-level data from several sources, the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth Infant Death database, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2000 General Social Survey, a number of regression equations were estimated. Results indicated that the level of intra-racial/ethnic income inequality is a significant predictor of non-Hispanic Black IMRs, but not the IMRs of non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics. Additionally, among Blacks, the effect of their intra-racial income inequality on their IMRs was found to be mediated by the risk profile of the mother, namely, the increased likelihood of smoking and/or drinking and/or less prenatal care by Black women during pregnancy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Sosnaud, Benjamin Curran. "Life Chances: Infant Mortality, Institutions, and Inequality in the United States." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17465313.
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The dissertation explores variation in socio-demographic inequalities in infant mortality in the U.S. with three empirical chapters.
The first empirical chapter focuses on inequalities in the likelihood of infant mortality by maternal education. Drawing on vital statistics records, I begin by assessing variation in these disparities across states. In some states, infants born to mothers with less than twelve years of schooling are more than twice as likely to die as infants of mothers with four years of college or more. I then examine how variation in the magnitude of these inequalities is associated with key medical system institutions. I find that more widespread availability of neonatal intensive care is associated with reduced inequality. In contrast, greater supply of primary care is linked to slightly larger differences in infant mortality between mothers with low and high education.
In the second empirical chapter, I explore racial disparities in neonatal mortality by stratifying these gaps based on two generating mechanisms: 1) disparities due to differences in the distribution of birth weights, and 2) those due to differences in birth weight-specific mortality. For each state, I then calculate the relative contribution these mechanisms to disparities in neonatal mortality between whites and blacks. Two patterns emerge. In some states, racial disparities in neonatal mortality are entirely a product of differences in health at birth. In other states, differential receipt of medical care contributes to disparities in very low birth weight mortality between white and black neonates.
The third empirical chapter evaluates the relationship between local public health expenditures and socioeconomic inequalities in infant mortality. Drawing on local government expenditure data in a sample of large municipalities, I explore the extent to which health and hospital spending are associated with inequalities in county infant mortality rates between mothers with low and high levels of educational attainment. For white mothers, I find that hospital expenditures are negatively associated with educational inequalities in infant mortality, but that other health expenditures are positively associated with inequality. In contrast, local public health expenditures are not significant predictors of educational inequalities in infant mortality rates for black mothers.Sociology
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Mboho, Margaret Mbuk. "Socio-cultural factors influencing maternal mortality in AKWA IBOM State, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511263.
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Wessel, Hans. "Pregnancy outcome and mortality patterns among women in Cape Verde /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-3287-5/.
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Saleh, Jalal-Eddeen Abubakar. "Prevalence of Neonatal Tetanus in Northeastern Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/166.
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Although efforts have been made towards improving the health of children across the globe with notable results, neonatal tetanus (NNT) remains a major contributor to the neonatal death rates in Nigeria. This problem calls for a concerted effort by the government to achieve the revised global NNT elimination deadline of 2015. The purpose of this cross-sectional quantitative study using secondary data was to establish the prevalence of NNT in Nigeria's northeast region and to ascertain if there was any significant difference in frequency of antenatal care (ANC), trained traditional birth attendants (TBAs), and umbilical cord treatments, using single sample proportions test and chi-squared tests of independence. The framework for this research was the theory of planned behavior. The participants (N = 312) were mothers of NNT babies. In spite a continual decline in the NNT cases between 2010 (26%) and 2013 (9%), the prevalence rate of NNT was unacceptably high at 28.815%. Also, significant differences existed as mothers who gave birth to NNT babies received significantly fewer or no ANC (p < 0.001), received significantly fewer or no attention from TBAs (p < 0.001), and reported significantly fewer incidences of proper umbilical cord treatments (p < 0.001). The chi-squared tests of independence resulted in significant differences in the frequencies of mothers who received ANC between Nigerian provinces (p < 0.001) and mothers who had their baby's umbilical cord treated (p = 0.005). This study will contribute to social change by guiding health care policy makers and immunization program managers on maternal and newborn health care services and indicate ways to build capacity of the TBAs for safe home delivery/hygienic handling of umbilical cord of newborns.
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Ayalew, Kassahun Abere. "Assessment of the IGME methods of estimating infant mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate from under-five mortality rate in countries affected by HIV." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5896.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This study assesses the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) methods of estimating the infant and neonatal mortality rates from the under-five mortality rates in countries affected by HIV/AIDS. It uses Botswana, Malawi and South Africa as case studies. The assessment is made by comparing the IGME results with estimates from projection models and empirical results computed from survey data and vital statistics data corrected for the level of incompleteness for the countries included in the study. In addition, relevant literature is reviewed in order to determine the reasonableness and impact (on the results produced) of the assumptions made by the method.
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Klotz, Angie. "Income inequality, racial composition and the infant mortality rates of U.S. counties." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1115693615.
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