Journal articles: 'Infant mortality in Nigeria'

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Adeosun, Oluyemi Theophilus, and Omolara Morounkeji Faboya. "Health care expenditure and child mortality in Nigeria." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 33, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-10-2019-0172.

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PurposeHealth improves the proficiency and output generated by individuals. It also raises physical as well as mental abilities, which are required for the growth and advancement of any economy. Many infant diseases have been recognised via contemporary technology in a bid to tackle these diseases. However, children within the African continent (Including Nigeria) die en masse from diseases. This has made the government of Nigeria allocate sizeable part of the nation's budget to healthcare system. The allocation to health is, however, yet to translate to improved health condition for Nigerians. It does not measure up to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards for apportioning budget to the health sector. This study also analyses empirically the impact of healthcare expenses on the mortality level of infants as well as Nigeria's neonatal mortality level.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses on Nigeria. Vector auto regression model techniques, unit root tests and cointegration test were carried out using time series date for the period between 1986 and 2016.FindingsThe outcome has revealed that expenditure on healthcare possesses a negative correlation with the mortality of infants and neonates. The study discovers that if the Nigerian government raises and maintains health expenditure specifically on activities focused on minimising infant mortality, it will translate to reduction in infant mortality in Nigeria.Originality/valueThis paper has contributed exhaustively to solution to poor expenditure on healthcare, especially child mortality, in Nigeria.

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Alaba, Oluwayemisi Oyeronke, and Chidinma Godwin. "Bayesian hierarchical modeling of infant mortality in Nigeria." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 25, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v25i2.7.

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Infant mortality and its risk factors in Nigeria was investigated using Bayesian hierarchical modeling. The hierarchical nature of the problem was examined to detect the within and between groups (states and regions) variations in infant deaths. The effect of individual level variables on the risk of a child dying before the age of one was determined using data collected from the fifth round Multiple Indicator Survey (MICS5, 2016-2017). Infants in Northern Nigeria had a higher risk of dying than others, especially in North West, while South West had the lowest risk of infant deaths. Ten percent of the variations in infant deaths was explained by differences between states while differences between regions explained only seven percent of the variations. Also, factors such as urban place of residence, mothers with secondary and tertiary education, first birth and birth interval above 2 years were associated with a decreased risk of infant deaths. Male infants, birth interval of less than 2 years, mothers with primary and no education, teenage mothers and mothers that gave birth at age 35 years and above were associated with a higher risk of infant mortality.

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David, Joseph. "Infant Mortality and Public Health Expenditure in Nigeria: Empirical Explanation of the Nexus." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tjeb-2018-0010.

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Abstract This study employs Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and Granger causality technique to empirically examines the nature of relationship between infant mortality and public expenditure on health in Nigeria from 1980 – 2016. In addition, the study considers the roles of immunization, private health expenditure and external health resources on infant mortality in Nigeria. Among other things, the empirical results indicate the presence of significant conintegrating (long-run) relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure (and private health expenditure, immunization and external health resources), coupled with the existence of bi-directional causal relationship between infant mortality and government health expenditure. In addition, the results also demonstrate that, government health expenditure, private health expenditure, immunization, and external health resources significantly influence infant mortality negatively both in the long and short term. Although, private health spending is shown as the major determinant of the reduction of infant mortality rate in Nigeria, due to the size of the coefficient of private health expenditure. In essence, the total overhaul of the Nigerian health sector, so as to improve the efficiency of the sector, as well curb the incidents of fund mismanagement which has plagued the sector overtime, coupled with the intensifying of immunization programs and activities are however recommended.

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Bolu-Steve, F. N., A. A. Adegoke, and G. M. Kim-Ju. "Cultural Beliefs and Infant Mortality in Nigeria." Education Research International 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6900629.

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Rationale. Nearly half of all deaths prior to the age of five years globally occur in five nations: China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan, with almost a third of these deaths in India and Nigeria (Lawson et al., 2014). Methods. This study investigated the cultural beliefs about infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to sample (N = 2400) working mothers on their cultural beliefs in relation to infant mortality. The present study uses an indigenous questionnaire, “Cultural Beliefs of Infant Mortality Questionnaire (CBIMQ).” A series of hierarchical regressions and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed to test the hypotheses that cultural beliefs about infant mortality would vary by geography, ethnicity, age, income, education, and marital status. Results. Findings revealed that age, education, and mothers’ monthly income significantly predicted working mothers’ cultural beliefs of infant mortality. Furthermore, results showed differences in marital status, urban vs. rural locality, ethnicity, and religious affiliation on working mothers’ cultural beliefs of infant mortality. Conclusion. We discuss the implications to address health issues and provide recommendations for targeted programs such as seminars and workshops to be organized by counselors on the scientific causes of infant mortality.

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ADEDINI, SUNDAY A., CLIFFORD ODIMEGWU, EUNICE N. S. IMASIKU, DOROTHY N. ONONOKPONO, and LATIFAT IBISOMI. "REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY IN NIGERIA: A MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS." Journal of Biosocial Science 47, no. 2 (January 10, 2014): 165–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932013000734.

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SummaryThere are substantial regional disparities in under-five mortality in Nigeria, and evidence suggests that both individual- and community-level characteristics have an influence on health outcomes. Using 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data, this study (1) examines the effects of individual- and community-level characteristics on infant/child mortality in Nigeria and (2) determines the extent to which characteristics at these levels influence regional variations in infant/child mortality in the country. Multilevel Cox proportional hazard analysis was performed on a nationally representative sample of 28,647 children nested within 18,028 mothers of reproductive age, who were also nested within 886 communities. The results indicate that community-level variables (such as region, place of residence, community infrastructure, community hospital delivery and community poverty level) and individual-level factors (including child's sex, birth order, birth interval, maternal education, maternal age and wealth index) are important determinants of infant/child mortality in Nigeria. For instance, the results show a lower risk of death in infancy for children of mothers residing in communities with a high proportion of hospital delivery (HR: 0.70, p<0.05) and for children whose mothers had secondary or higher education (HR: 0.84, p<0.05). Although community factors appear to influence the association between individual-level factors and death during infancy and childhood, the findings consistently indicate that community-level characteristics are more important in explaining regional variations in child mortality, while individual-level factors are more important for regional variations in infant mortality. The results of this study underscore the need to look beyond the influence of individual-level factors in addressing regional variations in infant and child mortality in Nigeria.

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Adetunji, Jacob Ayo. "Infant mortality in Nigeria: effects of place of birth, mother's education and region of residence." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 4 (October 1994): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200002160x.

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SummaryThis paper examines the effects of a child's place of birth, mother's education, region of residence and rural and urban residence on infant mortality in Nigeria between 1965 and 1979, using data from the 1981/82 Nigeria Fertility Survey. Infant mortality rates declined in all regions between 1965 and 1979. Children born in modern health facilities, irrespective of their mothers' place of residence, experienced significantly lower rates of infant mortality than those born elsewhere. Logistic regression analysis showed that all other variables tested were also significant, although some to a lesser degree. Efforts to reduce infant mortality in Nigeria should include policies that rectify rural and urban differentials in the distribution of health facilities and encourage their use.

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Ogbolu, Yolanda. "Neonatal Mortality: A Critical Global Health Issue." Neonatal Network 26, no. 6 (November 2007): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.26.6.357.

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Almost all of the millions of babies who die worldwide in the first four weeks of life are in low- and middle-income countries. The socioeconomic status of developing countries adversely affects maternal-child health because it limits access to adequate nutrition, quality health care, medications, safe water, adequate sanitation, and other basic social services. The factors associated with high infant mortality rates transcend national boundaries, making infant mortality a critical global health problem. Poverty is one of the most important factors affecting the infant mortality rate in Nigeria. This examination of infant mortality in Nigeria exemplifies the multifactorial national and international issues underlying infant mortality in developing countries. Infant mortality in these countries will not improve without global attention and intervention. By finding creative ways to share expert knowledge about caring for neonates, neonatal nurses can contribute to global improvements in maternal-child health care.

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Undelikwo, Veronica Akwenabuaye, and Ebingha Erena Enang. "Cultural Practices and Infant Mortality in Cross River State, Nigeria: A Sociological Perspective." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0153.

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Abstract One of the greatest challenges confronting the government in Nigeria today is the need to reduce infant and child morbidity and mortality in order to achieve the sustainable development goal 2030. Infant mortality is generally used to describe the death of infants or babies that were born alive but died before their first birthday. There is generally marked inequality in infant death between developed and developing nations but also within them. Culture has been found to influence the health of the people especially in developing countries where majority of the people are traditionally oriented and superstitious. Several cultural values, beliefs and practices have considerable influence on the health behaviour of Nigerians, which has been adopted by pregnant women, and carried over to their children resulting in infant mortality. These cultural beliefs and practices are some of the major reasons for the low patronage of antenatal health care and orthodox medicine. People have remained bound to cultural beliefs and values. People tend to view events of diseases and deaths from the cultural and supernatural perspective, thereby causing mothers to stick to traditional and cultural practices in health matters. The paper is purely theoretical and relied heavily on secondary data and relevant literature on the issue under consideration. The paper calls for adequate awareness and enlightenment especially in areas where cultural practices are very ingrained and where infant mortality is high due to these practices.

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Bruederle, Anna, and Roland Hodler. "Effect of oil spills on infant mortality in Nigeria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (March 5, 2019): 5467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818303116.

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Oil spills can lead to irreversible environmental degradation and are a potential hazard to human health. We study how onshore oil spills affect neonatal and infant mortality by combining spatial data from the Nigerian Oil Spill Monitor with Demographic and Health Surveys. To identify a causal effect, we compare siblings born to the same mother, conceived before and after a nearby oil spill. We find that nearby oil spills that occur before conception increase neonatal mortality by 38.3 deaths per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to an increase of around 100% on the sample mean. The effect is fairly uniform across girls and boys, socio-economic backgrounds, and locations. We show that this effect is not driven by events related to oil production or violent conflict. Rather, our results are consistent with medical and epidemiological evidence showing that exposure to hydrocarbons can pose risks to fetal development. We provide further evidence suggesting that the effects of oil spills on neonatal mortality persist for several years after the occurrence of an oil spill.

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Ayoade, Modupe Alake. "Regional and socioeconomic inequalities in infant mortality in Nigeria." GeoJournal 85, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-09978-0.

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Adetunji, Jacob Ayo. "Infant mortality and mother's education in Ondo State, Nigeria." Social Science & Medicine 40, no. 2 (January 1995): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)e0067-3.

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Bolu-Steve, Foluke Nike, and Mary Ogechi Esere. "Psychosocial experiences of infant mortality by mothers in Nigeria." Journal of Psychology in Africa 31, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1928923.

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Raji, Rahman Olanrewaju. "Infant and Under Five Mortality Rates in Nigeria: An Impact Analysis of Macroeconomic Conditions." Risk and Financial Management 2, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/rfm.v2n1p1.

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Over the years, the rising unfriendly macroeconomic environment is a contributing factor to the infant and under-five mortality rate in Nigeria. The study investigated the role of macroeconomic conditions on infant and under-five mortality rates in Nigeria for the period 1986–2017 using the fully modified OLS technique. The results show that the unfriendly macroeconomic policy environment such as the instability of inflation rate, unemployment and exchange rate enhanced the increased level of infant and under-five mortality rate in Nigeria. The study recommends that the authority should adopt more pro-growth policies that can ensure and maintain sound domestic macroeconomic policies to stem child mortality rate and promote economic growth through investment in food production and related investment in health. Most importantly, macroeconomic policies and institutions are highly needed to be strengthened in order to have a friendly macroeconomic environment which will in turn improve the population health of the country which can enhance sustainable and long term dietary as well as nutritional pattern of young age children and adult.

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Muhammad, Faisal, Jamil Hassan Abdulkareem, and ABM Alauddin Chowdhury. "Major Public Health Problems in Nigeria: A review." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v7i1.34672.

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The inadequate programs designed to address the numerous health problems in Nigeria have led to the little improvement in our health status. Besides the continued neglect of the importance of addressing public health issues would make matters worse for poor Nigerians most of who are at the receiving end. This study adopted a qualitative approach, so as to adequately describe the study aims and objectives. The data for this study were collected through scientific database sources, web search engines, direct observation and relevant documents from the Nigerian Ministry of Health. The major public health challenges Nigeria faces are infectious diseases, control of vector some diseases, maternal mortality, infant mortality, poor sanitation and hygiene, disease surveillance, non-communicable diseases and road traffic injuries etcetera. Nigeria is currently working towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the collaborative efforts of both Nigerian Government, Donor Agencies and NGOs to provide an efficient and effective health care delivery in Nigeria.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.7(1) 2017: 6-11

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Dwomoh, Duah, Kofi Agyabeng, Kwame Agbeshie, Gabriel Incoom, Priscilla Nortey, Alfred Yawson, and Samuel Bosomprah. "Impact evaluation of the free maternal healthcare policy on the risk of neonatal and infant deaths in four sub-Saharan African countries: a quasi-experimental design with propensity score Kernel matching and difference in differences analysis." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e033356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033356.

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ObjectiveDespite the huge financial investment in the free maternal healthcare policy (FMHCP) by the Governments of Ghana and Burkina Faso, no study has quantified the impact of FMHCP on the relative reduction in neonatal and infant mortality rates using a more rigorous matching procedure with the difference in differences (DID) analysis. This study used several rounds of publicly available population-based complex survey data to determine the impact of FMHCP on neonatal and infant mortality rates in these two countries.DesignA quasi-experimental study to evaluate the FMHCP implemented in Burkina Faso and Ghana between 2007 and 2014.SettingDemographic and health surveys and maternal health surveys conducted between 2000 and 2014 in Ghana, Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Zambia.ParticipantsChildren born 5 years preceding the survey in Ghana, Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Zambia.Primary outcome measuresNeonatal and infant mortality rates.ResultsThe Propensity Score Kernel Matching coupled with DID analysis with modified Poisson showed that the FMHCP was associated with a 45% reduction in the risk of neonatal mortality rate in Ghana and Burkina Faso compared with Nigeria and Zambia (adjusted relative risk (aRR)=0.55, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.76, p<0.001). In addition, infant mortality rate has reduced significantly in both Ghana and Burkina Faso by approximately 54% after full implementation of FMHCP compared with Nigeria and Zambia (aRR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.59, p<0.001).ConclusionThe FMHCP had a significant impact and still remains relevant in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 and could provide lessons for other sub-Saharan countries in the design and implementation of a similar policy.

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Kotsadam, Andreas, Gudrun Østby, Siri Aas Rustad, Andreas Forø Tollefsen, and Henrik Urdal. "Development aid and infant mortality. Micro-level evidence from Nigeria." World Development 105 (May 2018): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.022.

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Ayoade, Modupe Alake. "Spatio-temporal patterns and determinants of infant mortality in Nigeria." International Social Science Journal 67, no. 225-226 (September 2017): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/issj.12161.

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Slinkard, BA, Samantha A., Jennifer R. Pharr, PhD, Tamara Bruno, MPH, Dina Patel, MSN, Amaka Ogidi, MEd, Michael Obiefune, MBBS, and Echezona E. Ezeanolue, MD, MPH. "Determinants of Infant Mortality in Southeast Nigeria: Results from the Healthy Beginning Initiative, 2013-2014." International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.229.

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Background: Neonatal mortality due to preventable factors occurs at high rates throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Community-based interventions increase opportunities for prenatal screening and access to antenatal care services (ANC) services. The Healthy Beginning Initiative (HBI) provided congregation-based prenatal screening and health counseling for 3,047 women in Enugu State. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants for infant mortality among this cohort.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of post-delivery outcomes at 40 churches in Enugu State, Nigeria between 2013 and 2014. Risk factors for infant mortality were assessed using chi square, odds ratios, and multiple logistic regression.Results: There were 2,436 live births from the 2,379 women who delivered (55 sets of twins and one set of triplets), and 99 cases of neonatal/early postneonatal mortality. The neonatal mortality rate was 40.6 per 1,000 live births. Risk factors associated with neonatal mortality were lack of access to ANC services [OR= 8.81], maternal mortality [OR= 15.28], caesarian section [OR= 2.47], syphilis infection [OR= 6.46], HIV-positive status [OR= 3.87], and preterm birth [OR= 14.14].Conclusions and Global Health Implications: These results signify that culturally-acceptable community-based interventions targeted to increase access to ANC services, post-delivery services for preterm births, and HIV and syphilis screening for expectant mothers are needed to reduce infant mortality in resource-limited settings.Key words: Infant Mortality • Neonatal Mortality • HIV, Antenatal Care • Nigeria • Healthy Beginning InitiativeCopyright © 2018 Slinkard et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Lawoyin, T. O. "Risk factors for infant mortality in a rural community in Nigeria." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 121, no. 2 (June 2001): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400112100213.

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Adebowale, Ayo S. "Intra-demographic birth risk assessment scheme and infant mortality in Nigeria." Global Health Action 10, no. 1 (January 2017): 1366135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1366135.

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Adebanji, Funmilola Bukola, Philip Ifeakachukwu Nwosa, Olusoji Ojo, and Olamide Jacquilyne Alake. "Foreign Aid and Child Mortality Rate in Nigeria." Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 9, no. 2 (August 14, 2020): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i2.14960.

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Several factors have attributed to the high child mortality rate, including poverty, age of women at birth, and length of the interval between births. Besides, the lack of financial resources in developing countries has been a challenge in addressing the prevalent high child mortality rate. Thus, this study seeks to examine the relationship between foreign aid and infant mortality in Nigeria from 1981 to 2018. Employing Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, the study observed that foreign aid, government expenditure on health, real GDP, and carbon dioxide emission negatively impacted child mortality. Hence, the study concludes that foreign aid reduces child mortality in Nigeria. The study recommends that the government ensure that all foreign aid and grants use immediately to reduce child mortality by building the necessary infrastructure and making it readily available.JEL Classification: F35, I19.How to Cite:Adebanji, F. B., Nwosa, P. I., Ojo, O. O., & Alake, O. J. (2020). Foreign Aid and Child Mortality Rate in Nigeria. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 9(2), 187-194. https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i2.14960.

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I, Oche Prince. "The Prevalence of Malaria amongst Adults in Remote Primary Health Care Facility in South-South Nigeria." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH 7, no. 2 (October 28, 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijar.2014.07.02.art010.

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Malaria is a serious public health burden with high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria accounting for 60% outpatient visits, 30% childhood mortality, 25% infant mortality and 11% maternal mortality, respectively, in the country. Malaria is endemic in Nigeria with consequent high economic burden. Malaria is one of the leading causes of death in Nigeria. The prevalence of malaria is high in Nigeria resulting from several climatic, bioenvironmental and socio-demographic factors. Malaria prevalence is higher amongst dwellers with high poverty and illiteracy levels. The prevalence of malaria was evaluated retrospectively in this study using clinical records over 12 months in a remote primary healthcare facility in South-South Nigeria. The findings show varied malaria prevalence rates amongst the months, with 3 months below 50% and the remaining 9 months above 50%. The overall period prevalence was 56% (541/966). The high prevalence rate reported in this study reflects the endemicity of malaria in Nigeria and is consistent with other reports that malaria prevalence is higher in the south-south Nigeria than observed with other regions of the country. The study prevalence 56% is twice higher than the average national period prevalence of 23%.

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Ewemade, Jude, Joshua Akinyemi, and Nicole DeWet. "The effect of child death on birth spacing in Nigeria." Journal of Biosocial Science 52, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932019000464.

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AbstractStudies have focused on the effect of short birth spacing on childhood mortality, yet very little attention has been paid to the possibility of an inverse relationship such that child mortality might also positively or negatively affect birth spacing. In Nigeria, where both fertility and child mortality are high, this inverse relationship is a possible reason for the country’s high fertility. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of child death on time to birth of the next child. Data were drawn from the 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey. The study sample comprised 188,986 live births born to women aged 15–49 years within the five years preceding the survey. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was fitted to the data, and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals calculated. More than half of the mothers (68%) already had a next birth by 36 months after the death of the index child. Controlling for other covariates, the Cox regression model showed that the likelihood of next birth was higher when the index child had died compared with when the index child survived (HR: 2.21; CI: 2.03–2.41). Sub-group analysis by geo-political regions in Nigeria showed that in all regions there was a higher likelihood of having a next birth following the death of a preceding child. Death of the index child was found to be a major factor that shortens the length of birth intervals in Nigeria. It is therefore important that the Government of Nigeria intensifies efforts aimed at reducing infant mortality and encouraging adequate birth spacing.

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I. Wegbom, Anthony, Joshua O. Akinyemi, and Clement K. Edet. "The Influence of Frailty on Infant and Child Mortality in Rural Nigeria." American Journal of Public Health Research 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajphr-6-1-5.

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Orji, Anthony, Jonathan E. Ogbuabor, Onyinye I. Anthony-Orji, Chinonso Okoro, and Daniel Osondu. "Analysis of ICT, Power Supply and Human Capital Development in Nigeria as an Emerging Market Economy." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2020-0024.

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AbstractThis paper analyzed the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) and power supply on human capital development in Nigeria as an emerging market economy. The study adopted the Classical Linear Regression Model for the empirical analysis. The result showed that ICT, power supply (proxied by electricity consumption) and population impact positively on human capital development, while infant mortality has a negative impact on human capital development in Nigeria. The impact of ICT on school enrolment suggests that technology is fast evolving and new technologies are preferred to old ones. The study, therefore, recommended that Nigeria should follow in the trend of ICT globally in harnessing her human capital endowments. In conclusion, the Nigerian government should harness her ICT and electric power potentials and develop the human capital available to her to prevent the emigration of her human resource endowment to more resilient and promising economies.

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Suleiman, Ibrahim, Sambo Abubakar, and Hamza Shehu Mohammed. "Policy Reforms in Nigerian Health Sector and the Potential for Poverty Reduction." American Economic & Social Review 1, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/aesr.v1i1.145.

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This paper studies the policy reforms in the Nigerian health sector and potentiality of the sector towards poverty reduction in the country. The study investigates the contribution of health in the process of poverty reduction by various governments in Nigeria. The study employs secondary source as a methods of data collection. The study reveals that health sector reform involves more than just improvement in health or health care. It is a process motivated by the need to address fundamental deficiencies in health care systems that affect all health care services. Health sector reform in Nigeria is based on the poor health status of the population and the poor rating of the health system itself. The study reveals that Nigerian health status was ranked 187 out of 191 countries by WHO in 2000. The infant mortality rate, the under-five mortality rate and the maternal mortality ratio are some of the indicators that are often used to compare health status of populations. Nigeria’s figures on each of the three indicators are some of the worst in the world, even by the standard of developing countries. The health sector reform was one of the social sector reforms undertaken by the Obasanjo administration, with the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) providing the overall national development framework. The NEEDS, itself, has four major goals: wealth creation, poverty reduction, employment generation and value re-orientation. Consequently, the study look at the contribution of the health sector reform towards reduction of poverty in Nigeria.

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Jemiluyi, Olufunmilayo, Rebecca Folake Bank-Ola, and Ifeoluwa Alao-Owunna. "The Effects of Health Aid on Heterogeneous Child Health Outcomes: An Empirical Evidence from Nigeria." Journal of Advanced Research in Economics and Administrative Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jareas.v2i1.152.

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Purpose: This study investigates the effectiveness of health-aid in Nigeria, with focus on child health outcomes. In particular, the study aims to examine whether health aid has yielded significant gains in child health in Nigeria. Methodology/Approach/Design: Secondary data on neonatal, infant and under 5 mortality as well as measles and DPT immunization were used. The stationarity of the variables was ascertained using the augmented Dickey-Fuller and Philip-Perron unit root tests. In order to confirm the presence or otherwise of long-run relationship among the selected variables, Johansen cointegration test was carried out and the obtained coefficients and p-values indicate evidences of long-run relationship. Finally, the study used the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimator to examine the effects of aid targeted at children health on the various child health outcomes. Results: The results suggest the existence of long-run relationships between health aid and child health indicators, with aid having reducing impacts on the mortality indicators and a positive correlation with child immunization coverage. Also, public health expenditure, literacy rate and urbanization rate are negatively correlated with measures of children mortality and positively correlated with the measures of immunization coverage. Except for infant mortality, economic growth proxy by GDP growth rate has insignificant effect on child health. Practical Implications: Sustained improvement in children health is the core objective of aids aimed at children’s health, and findings of this research will serve as a framework for health policymakers in understanding the contributions of health aid inflow to specific indicators of child health in Nigeria. Originality/Value: This study makes a number of contributions to the ongoing discussion on the effectiveness of health-specific ODA in Nigeria. Despite the inconclusiveness of the health aid-health outcomes literature, this study has shown that children health aid has led to improvement in children health in Nigeria. While previous studies have focused on child mortality indicators, this study examined the effect on various measures of children health including children immunization coverage.

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Okeke, Edward N., and A. V. Chari. "Health care at birth and infant mortality: Evidence from nighttime deliveries in Nigeria." Social Science & Medicine 196 (January 2018): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.017.

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Jaiyeola, M., S. Oyamakin, J. Akinyemi, S. Adebowale, A. Chukwu, and O. Yusuf. "Assessing Infant Mortality in Nigeria Using Artificial Neural Network and Logistic Regression Models." British Journal of Mathematics & Computer Science 19, no. 5 (January 10, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmcs/2016/28870.

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Joakin Chidozie, Nwaokoro. "Risk Factors Associated with Infant Mortality in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria." Science Journal of Public Health 3, no. 5 (2015): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.s.2015030501.22.

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Adebayo, Samson B., Ludwig Fahrmeir, and Stephan Klasen. "Analyzing infant mortality with geoadditive categorical regression models: a case study for Nigeria." Economics & Human Biology 2, no. 2 (June 2004): 229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2004.04.004.

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Gershon, Obindah, Adesuwa Akhigbemidu, and Romanus Osabohien. "Domestic Resource Mobilization and Under-Five Mortality in Nigeria." Research in World Economy 11, no. 3 (June 16, 2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v11n3p320.

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This study considered domestic resource mobilisation and allocation to healthcare service delivery due to the high rate of infant deaths in Nigeria. Value addition in the agricultural sector is captured as a major source of revenue which could be channelled towards increased government expenditure in healthcare. As such, the paper applies vector error correction technique on yearly data for the period 1981 to 2015. It investigates the long-run relationship and short-run dynamics between under-five mortality on the one hand, with female literacy, agricultural productivity, tax revenue, and gross capital formation on the other hand. Outcome of the study indicates, from a long run perspective, under-five mortality is positively related to tax revenue, female literacy rate and gross capital formation. However, there is a negative relationship between under-5 mortality and agricultural productivity. Moreover, as Nigeria diversifies away from crude oil towards agriculture, increased productivity and tax revenues could be channelled towards better health outcomes and rural transformation. Furthermore, enhanced management of tax and better budgeting towards the agricultural sector is recommended. In addition, infrastructure development, agro-allied investments will ensure reduction in agricultural waste and supply costs. The outcomes portend significant relevance for meeting Sustainable Development Goals 2, 3, 4, & 10.

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Bankole, Olubunmi Olusola, and Folake Barakat Lawal. "Teething." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 37, no. 2 (January 2017): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272684x17701262.

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Misconceptions about the teething process has led to high infant morbidity and mortality, which was recently experienced in Nigeria due to consumption of an adulterated drug used in the prevention and treatment of teething-related illnesses in infants. It is however, unknown if these misconceptions still persist in a rural town in Nigeria despite oral health awareness campaigns targeted at this. The aim of this study is to assess the beliefs and practices of residents in Igbo Ora, a rural township in Nigeria, regarding the teething process. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 393 adults in Igbo Ora using a 33-item, semistructured questionnaire. Symptoms such as diarrhea (80.7%), fever (69.2%), and boils (64.4%) were still considered as a must to accompany teething. Teething powder, teething syrup, and traditional concoctions were commonly recommended by (42.0%), (31.6%), and (48.1%) of the respondents, respectively, to treat and prevent teething symptoms. This study revealed that misconceptions about teething are still highly prevalent among the populace in Igbo Ora, and a structured oral health education intervention at the community level is urgently needed.

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Babalola, Michael Oluyemi. "Group A Rotavirus G1P[6] Associated Fatalities in Diarrheic Nigerian Infants, Possible Impact of Enterovirus Environmental Enteric Dysfunction, and Implications for Rota-Vaccinology." Journal of Child Science 10, no. 01 (January 2020): e110-e118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716374.

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AbstractGroup A rotavirus (RVA) diarrhea disease and mortality are yet unabated, particularly in developing countries. As global knowledge of specific strains associated with infant mortality is crucial for successful vaccination efforts, candidate RVA strains detected in mortality and fatal cases of severely diarrheic hospitalized infants in Akure, Nigeria were investigated.Fecal samples from comatose patients were tested for RVAs, other diarrhea viruses, and enteric bacterial pathogens. Genomic dsRNA was extracted from 10% rotavirus positive stool suspension, the VP4 and VP7 genes were reverse transcribed and amplified by one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyped by seminested multiplex PCR. Amplicons were sequenced, aligned by ClustalW, and phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA6. Sequences data were deposited to GenBank and DDBJ.Medical examination and microbiological analyses upheld viral diarrhea. EIA revealed RVA and enterovirus. PCR identified virulent RVA strain GIP[6] whose VP7 nucleotide sequences shared a common cluster with Cuban isolate G1P[6], while the VP4 P[6] sequences were related to Asian strains. Reassortant RVA G1P[6] was found in fatal diarrhea cases and mortality of a Nigerian child. RVA coinfection with enterovirus and associated biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction in infantile diarrhea should henceforth be evaluated. Current rotavirus vaccines may fare badly against the prevailing virulent strains. The disease severity and outcome necessitates a wider epidemiological study, a review and inclusion of the P[6] genotype in future rotavirus vaccines.

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Oritogun, Kolawole, and Elijah Bamgboye. "Application of Count Models on Infant and Child Mortality in Nigeria: A Comparative Study." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health 30, no. 3 (May 4, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2018/40601.

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Samuel Adeyinka, Femi. "On Modelling of Infant Mortality Rate in Nigeria with Exponentiated Cubic Transmuted Exponential Distribution." International Journal on Data Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijdst.20200601.13.

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Olawuwo, Simeon, N. Forcheh, and S. Setlhare. "Individual, Household and Community-Level Effects of Infant and Child Mortality in Nigeria: A Logistic Regression Approach." Global Journal of Health Science 10, no. 10 (September 19, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v10n10p136.

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Research has shown that knowledge about the determinants of childhood mortality at the individual level is not enough to address the problem because the characteristics of the environment where a child is born tend to alter individual level characteristics and thereby affect child survival. The study used data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The fact that a child was either dead or alive was assumed to be accurately recorded. Hence, logistic regression model was used to model whether a child is dead or alive with respect to the selected predictor variables. Results from the study reveal that infant and child mortality in Nigeria is determined more by individual household than by community, and that geographical variations also exist. This study has identified significant risk factors that will help policy makers to formulate policies that will improve childhood survival.

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Nwokocha, Ezebunwa E., and Chioma Obioma. "SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN IN RURAL ABIA STATE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 7, no. 3-4 (September 13, 2016): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs73-4201616128.

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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 24pt 36pt;"><span style="color: #131413; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: medium;">The role of adequate and timely immunization in the reduction of infant and childhood mortality cannot be overstated, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study, anchored in the Health Belief Model and Rational Choice Theory, investigated the sociocultural factors influencing childhood immunization in the rural state of Abia, Nigeria, an area with a high infant mortality rate. A multistage sampling technique involving the random selection of 3 communities in Bende Local Government Area and the purposive selection of 433 respondents with children under the age of 5 was adopted. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 respondents — 3 health personnel, 3 traditional birth attendants, 4 community leaders (2 men and 2 women), 2 church representatives, and the head of the health department in the local government headquarters. Findings reveal that the majority of respondents had heard about childhood immunization and largely understood its essence. Religious beliefs and the mother’s economic activities (especially when market day coincides with immunization day) were identified as major influences on immunization. More attention should be directed to providing adequate education for rural dwellers on the importance of immunization for childhood mortality reduction.</span></p>

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Abimbola R, Ezeh, Smith Stella I., and Aboaba Olusimbo O. "STRESS TOLERANCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CRONOBACTER SPP. ISOLATED FROM POWDERED INFANT FORMULA RETAILED IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 6 (July 3, 2021): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i6.2021.3989.

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., is an emerging, opportunistic pathogen that causes infections such as , meningitis and in neonates and infants, and can sometimes lead to death. There is zero tolerance for the presence of . all powdered infant formulae because of the high mortality rate (80%) associated with . . Three . (CS14, CS17 and CS124) isolated from PIF retailed in Nigeria were exposed to different levels of stress (pH, osmotic, oxidative, heat, bile and desiccation). The production ability of the isolates was investigated and the susceptibility of the isolates to different antibiotics was carried out using the MIC panel. Variation in stress response was observed in the isolates with no consistent pattern. The CS 17 ( ) and CS 124 ( ) showed the highest tolerance to stress on the average. All the isolates exhibited the ability to produce ranging from 1.30 – 2.0 and were also sensitive to more than 95% of the antibiotics used in the MIC panel, with no resistance to any.

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Jemiluyi, Olufunmilayo Olayemi. "Urbanization and Child Health Outcomes in Nigeria." Journal of Population and Social Studies 29 (August 11, 2021): 586–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv292021.036.

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Against the rising trend of urbanization in Nigeria and the accompanying dramatic changes in the urbanization process, this study explores the health advantage of urbanization in Nigeria. The study specifically examines the relationship between various child health outcomes. Secondary data on neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortalities were used to measure child health outcomes. By obtaining cointegration among the collected data, the study investigates the long-run relationships between the degree of urbanization and the various child health outcomes using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares(FM-OLS) estimator. The results suggest the existence of positive relationships between urbanization and child health indicators. In particular, the results show that there exist child health advantages of urbanization, with urbanization having reducing impacts on the mortality indicators. Also, public health expenditure, literacy rate, and health aids are negatively correlated with measures of children mortality. In all the estimated models, the economic growth proxy by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has an insignificant effect on all the measures of child health outcomes. The result implies the need to pay attention to the urbanization process for an effective health plan.

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Udjo, E. O. "Levels and Trends in Infant and Child Mortality among some Kanuri of North-east Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/33.1.43.

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Olusegun, Busari. "Point of Care (POC) for Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) in Nigeria? Healthcare Workers Opinion." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.09.01.art009.

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Without access to life-saving drugs, including antiretroviral, about one-third of HIV exposed infants (HEI) will die by age 1 year and 50% by age 2 years. A 75% reduction in disease progression and 76% reduction in HIV mortality in infants has been attributed to early diagnosis of HIV and early commencement on ART. Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV aids timely commencement on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Several challenges have been identified with the current process. Point of care (POC) technologies are recommended as a veritable means of addressing these challenges and improving EID uptake. With the aim of assessing the standard of care and the acceptability of POC for the provision of EID. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted across eight healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The survey was conducted among 72 healthcare workers using self-administered questionnaire; with a recovery rate of 61(84.7%). Analysis of participants’ responses indicate that 100% of the respondents believes there is a need for EID. Most respondent reported an average turnaround time (TAT) of 3-4 weeks (35.8%) and >6 weeks (34.0%). Most respondents identified distance to the PCR laboratories (45.7%) and long TAT (34.8%) as key issues affecting the conduct of EID. On the benefit of POC for EID; 90.2% of respondent believe it is beneficial; while 81.5% of respondent believe that with the introduction and use of POC for EID there will be an increase in EID uptake. The POC is a viable and acceptable alternative for EID to increase uptake.

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Sadoh, AE, and FE Eki-Udoko. "Characteristics of HIV/ Malaria co-infected mothers who did not access early infant diagnosis for their HIV-exposed infants in Benin-City, Nigeria." Annals of Health Research 6, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30442/ahr.0603-07-93.

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Background: Perinatally-acquired HIV infections rapidly lead to death within one to two years of life. Early infant diagnosis (EID) is the key to early identification with the prompt commencement of treatment. This has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. In Nigeria, only 21% of HIV-infected infants are on ARTs. Objective: To determine the characteristics of HIV/Malaria co-infected mothers who did not access EID for their HIV- exposed infants. Methods: HIV infected mothers were recruited from three hospitals during the last trimester of pregnancy and were tested for peripheral and placental malaria at delivery. Socio-demographic and some clinical characteristics were obtained using a proforma. Following delivery, the babies were commenced on the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) protocol for HIV including prophylactic Nevirapine therapy, infant feeding counselling and performance of DNA PCR at 6-8 weeks of life. Mothers whose infants did not have DNA PCR results were categorized as having not accessed EID services. Results: Of the 162 infants, only 101 (62.4%) had a DNA PCR test done. The mean age of mothers who did not access EID (31.84±4.8 years) was significantly higher than for mothers who accessed EID (30.58±3.09 years) (p<0.0001). Mothers with low levels of education (p = 0.006), cohabiting mothers (p = 0.0067) and HIV serodiscordant couples (p = 0.0029) were more likely not to access EID. Conclusion: Education, marital status and HIV serodiscordance are significant determinants of accessing EID services. Assessment of these factors at first contact with a pregnant HIV-infected woman allows risk categorisation for default from EID.

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Buck, Sean, Kevin Rolnick, Amanda A. Nwaba, Jens Eickhoff, Kelechi Mezu-Nnabue, Emma Esenwah, and Olachi J. Mezu-Ndubuisi. "Longer Breastfeeding Associated with Childhood Anemia in Rural South-Eastern Nigeria." International Journal of Pediatrics 2019 (June 10, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9457981.

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Introduction. Child mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is 29 times higher than that in industrialized countries. Anemia is one of the preventable causes of child morbidity. During a humanitarian medical mission in rural South-Eastern Nigeria, the prevalence and risk factors of anemia were determined in the region in order to identify strategies for reduction. Methods. A cross-sectional study was done on 96 children aged 1-7 years from 50 randomly selected families. A study questionnaire was used to collect information regarding socioeconomic status, family health practices, and nutrition. Anemia was diagnosed clinically or by point of care testing of hemoglobin (Hb) levels. Results. 96 children were selected for the study; 90 completed surveys were analyzed (43% male and 57% females). Anemia was the most prevalent clinical morbidity (69%), followed by intestinal worm infection (53%) and malnutrition (29%). Mean age (months) at which breastfeeding was stopped was 11.8 (±2.2) in children with Hb <11mg/dl (severe anemia), 10.5±2.8 in those with Hb = 11-11.9mg/dl (mild-moderate anemia), and 9.4±3.9 in children with Hb >12mg/dl (no anemia) (P=0.0445). Conclusions. The longer the infant was breastfed, the worse the severity of childhood anemia was. Childhood anemia was likely influenced by the low iron content of breast milk in addition to maternal anemia and poor nutrition. A family-centered preventive intervention for both maternal and infant nutrition may be more effective in reducing childhood anemia and child mortality rate in the community.

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Akpan, Ubong Bassey, Udeme Asibong, Ezukwa Omoronyia, Kazeem Arogundade, Thomas Agan, and Mabel Ekott. "Severe Life-Threatening Pregnancy Complications, “Near Miss” and Maternal Mortality in a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria: A Retrospective Study." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2020 (July 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3697637.

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Background. Investigating severe life-threatening pregnancy complications that women encounter and the maternal morbidities (near miss) may help to evaluate the quality of care in health facility and recommend ways to improve maternal and infant survival especially in low-income countries. The aim of this review was to identify, classify, and determine the frequency and nature of maternal near miss events and the maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods. A retrospective facility-based review of cases of near miss and maternal mortality occurring between 1st January 2012 and 31st December 2016 at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital was conducted. Near miss case definition was based on the WHO disease specific criteria. The main outcomes included the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), maternal near miss ratio (MNMR), mortality index, maternal morbidities, and perinatal outcome. Results. There were 10,111 pregnancy-related admissions, 790 life-threatening pregnancy complications that resulted in 99 maternal deaths, and 691 near miss cases. The maternal mortality ratio was 979 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, and the maternal near miss ratio was 6,834 per 100,000 maternities. The MMR to MNMR ratio was 1 : 8. Sepsis and severe anaemia had high case-specific mortality indices of 0.4 and 0.53, respectively. The perinatal outcome was poor compared to that of uncomplicated pregnancies: perinatal mortality rate (PMR) 266 per 1000 live births (OR 7.74); neonatal intensive care (NIC) admissions 11.6 percent (OR 1.83); and low birth weight (LBW) (<2.5 kg) 12.19 percent (OR 1.89). Conclusion. Antenatal care and early recognition of danger signs in pregnancy as well as prompt referral and early institution of essential obstetrics care are important for maternal and infant survival.

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Adewuyi, Emmanuel Olorunleke, Yun Zhao, and Reeta Lamichhane. "Risk factors for infant mortality in rural and urban Nigeria: evidence from the national household survey." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, no. 5 (March 30, 2017): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817696599.

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Peter, Sede, Oghenerurie Precious Uzezi, Abu Prince Oshoke, and Eniye Blessing Adesuwa. "HIV/Aids, Infant Mortality and Economic Growth: A Systematic Assessment of Their Causal Relationship in Nigeria." Economy 7, no. 2 (2020): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.502.2020.72.87.97.

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Ademuyiwa, Iyabo Yewande, Rosaline Oluremi Opeke, and Titilayo Dorothy Odetola. "Utilisation of antenatal care services as determinants of satisfaction and its challenges in Lagos, Nigeria." British Journal of Midwifery 28, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2020.28.4.242.

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Despite the growing interest and efforts by government to popularise antenatal care services in Nigeria as recommended by the World Health Organization, high levels of infant and maternal mortality remains a major public health challenge facing the country. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth cause more deaths and disabilities than any other reproductive health problems in African countries, including Nigeria. Antenatal care presents an opportunity for recognition and appropriate intervention for some of the causes of maternal mortality in developing countries. The study investigates the level of utilisation of antenatal care services as determinants of satisfaction and its challenges among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of 1 500 pregnant women. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients for the tools ranged from 0.94–0.97. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (correlation, simple and multiple regression) statistics. The results showed that utilisation of antenatal care services had a significant influence on pregnant women's satisfaction with the services. Long waiting hours in the clinic, income/financial constraints, high cost of services and distance to health centres are the major challenges faced by pregnant women in Lagos.

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O. Ayenigbara, G., and V. B. Olorunmaye. "Investigating the Causes of Infant Mortality in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria." Public Health Research 2, no. 6 (January 7, 2013): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.phr.20120206.01.

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Ezeh, O. K., K. E. Agho, M. J. Dibley, J. J. Hall, and A. N. Page. "Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a pooled cross-sectional analysis." BMJ Open 5, no. 3 (March 27, 2015): e006779-e006779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006779.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Infant mortality in Nigeria'

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