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Academic literature on the topic 'Infection – Dissertations universitaires'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Infection – Dissertations universitaires"
Beshara, Ranin. "Impact d’une infection par le virus grippal de type A sur la myélopoïèse." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S016/document.
Full textInfluenza type A virus (IAV) infection, is one of the most important causes of respiratory diseases worldwide. It also leads to recurrent epidemics with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Secondary bacterial infections, mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia), are often associated with influenza and contribute significantly to excess mortality. Disruption of lung tissue integrity and impaired antibacterial immunity during IAV infection participate in bacterial pulmonary colonization and dissemination out of the lungs.Influenza infection leads to a profound alteration in the pulmonary myeloid cell compartment characterized by numeric or functional alteration of sentinel cells (alveolar macrophages and conventional dendritic cells (cDC)) and recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells (neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes and inflammatory dendritic cells).Myeloid cells originate from the bone marrow (BM). During infections, myelopoiesis may be profoundly affected in order to maintain the production and mobilization of inflammatory myeloid cells to the site of infection. At present, the consequences of influenza infection on myelopoiesis remain poorly understood.In our project, we report that influenza infection leads to a transient decrease in the number of Cdc (cDC1 and cDC2) in the lungs, and severely impairs the number of BM progenitors committed to the DC lineage (CDP, pre-cDC and, most importantly, the cDC1-biased pre-DC lineage). This reduction was associated with an increase in the production of monocytes in the BM (monopoiesis). The altered cDC differentiation was independent of pro-inflammatory cytokines and was not due to an intrinsic dysfunction of cDC precursors. Defective DC genesis during influenza was associated with a decrease in the production of the key cDC differentiation factor, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L). Importantly, Flt3-L overexpression during influenza restores the differentiation of BM progenitors into cDC - a phenomenon associated with repopulation of cDC in the lungs. The restoration of pulmonary cDC associates with a partial protection against secondary pneumococcal infection characterized by reduced bacterial loads, improved pathological outcomes and prolonged survival
Zinzendorf, Nanga Yessé. "Infection expérimentale par des bactéries à developpment intracellulaire. Régulation du TNF-α et de ses récepteurs." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMP202.
Full text@In the first model, human monocytic cells were infected with 4 R. Equi strains differing in b-lactamin resistance. These strains regulate differently TNF-a production. The b-lactam resitant strains do not induce any measurable TNF-a mRNA expression and TNF-a secretion upon infection. The supernatant from b-lactam resitant R. Equi cultures promoted an inhibition of the induction of both TNF-a expression and release by the macrophages infected by the b-lactam susceptible strains. In the second model, human monocytic cells were infected with two strains of L. Monocytogenes, a hemolytic strain EGD and a non hemolytic mutant. These two strains regulate differently TNF-a activity and TNF-a receptors (TNF-R) mRNA expression. The hemolytic strain down-regulates TNF-RI mRNA expression, up-regulates TNF-RII mRNA expression, inhibits TNF-a activity and induces the release of soluble TNF-RI
Benkahla, Mehdi Ayech. "Infection à entérovirus in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S053/document.
Full textEnterovirus genus encompasses a number of non-enveloped RNA viruses grouped into 12 species, EV-A-J and Rhinovirus A-C. Group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 is thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). A strain of CV-B4 (CV-B4 E2) was isolated from the pancreas of a patient with T1D, and was able to induce a hyperglycemia in mouse. The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known yet. It has been observed that the infection of human monocytes with CV-B4 E2 in vitro can be enhanced by anti-VP4 antibodies bound to the virus, and human macrophages are also infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to better understand the mechanisms of enterovirus infections. Despite the effect of enterovirus on health, the means in the fight against these viruses are limited.Our main objectives were i) to investigate CV-B4 E2-infection in mice and to determine whether monocytes / macrophages are targets of the virus in vivo ii) to implement a CV-B4 E2-induced diabetes model in mice iii) to study the anti-CV-B4 activity of various molecules in vitro iiii) To highlight the natural occurrence of enterovirus infections in animals.Viral RNA was found in vivo in monocytes (CD14+) and macrophages (F4/80+) of the spleen and in bone marrow cells of ICR-CD1 mice inoculated with CV-B4 E2. In vitro, CV-B4 E2 infected the CD14+ and the F4/80+ cells of the spleen. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The serum of CV-B4 E2- infected mice enhanced in vitro the infection of spleen cells by CV-B4 E2 but not the infection of BMDM. ICR-CD1 mice, treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of Streptozotocin β (STZ), and afterwards inoculated with CV-B4 E2 developped hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinemia. The viral load of pancreas assessed by quantitative RT-PCR was not different in diabetic animals (STZ/CV-B4 E2) compared to non-diabetic animals inoculated with CV-B4 E2. Histological analysis of diabetic animals highlighted an inflammation of pancreas isletsPirodavir-derived molecules, which bind to the enteroviruses capsid, inhibited the infection with echovirus 7 and 11 but not the infection with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. On the other hand, it was displayed that an anti-CV-B4 E2 effect of fluoxetine in cultures of mouse pancreas fragments and mouse beta cells. The detection of anti-VP4 antibodies in serum by ELISA using a 50 amino acids peptide of VP4 from EV-G1 (a porcine enterovirus) was applied to piglets to highlight enterovirus infections. A strong sequence homology (88%) between the VP4 of EV-G1 and of other EV-G suggests that antibodies directed against viruses other than EV-G1 can be detected.In conclusion, CV-B4 E2 can infect monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo in a murine system, and the virus can cause diabetes in mice previously exposed to low doses of STZ. Fluoxetine inhibits the infection of pancreatic cells with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. The detection of anti-EV-G1-VP4 antibodies highlighted natural enterovirus infections in young pigs. This porcine model could be used to study the pathophysiology of enterovirus infections and to evaluate approaches aimed to fight these viruses
Bouam, Samir. "Aide à la décision pour la surveillance des infections nosocomiales et la sélection de l'antibiothérapie empirique : adaptation d'un modèle conceptuel pour l'implémentation et l'évaluation d'un système intégré au SIH." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD10.
Full textAlidjinou, Enagnon Kazali. "Infection à coxsackievirus B4, inflammation et persistance." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S022/document.
Full textGroup B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are small RNA viruses belonging to Enterovirus genus and to the Picornaviridae family. In humans, CVB can cause numerous mild and severe acute infections. They are also thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Several epidemiological and clinical data support a link between enteroviruses, especially CVB and T1D. Two main mechanisms have been described to explain this enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D including a “bystander activation” of an inflammatory environment and viral persistence. These mechanisms contribute to initiation of the autoimmune process. Our studies aimed to understand the features and outcomes of CVB infection that could explain their involvement in these mechanisms. The results suggest that CVB4 (used as CVB model) is an inflammatory virus. CVB4 induces in vitro the production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of high amounts of IFNα. However this induction is only possible when CVB4 infection is enhanced by non-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in increased viral entry in cells. We also reported detection of IFNα in plasma of T1D patients, commonly associated with enteroviral RNA. In addition, monocytes have been identified as major targets of enteroviruses among PBMCs. Besides IFNα, CVB4 can induce the synthesis of other proinflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-6 and TNFα. Interestingly, infection is not needed, since inactivated viral particles can induce these proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the enhancing of CVB4 infection in PBMCs results in increased production of these cytokines. We have shown that macrophages that are known as major innate immunity effectors can produce IFNα and other proinflammatory cytokines upon infection with CVB4. Macrophages derived from PBMCs in presence of M-CSF (but not GM-CSF) can be infected by CVB4, and the virus can persist in these cells. CVB4 can also establish a productive, carrier-sate persistent infection in pancreatic ductal-like cells. The virus can be completely cleared from chronically-infected cells using fluoxetine. This molecule already used in the treatment of depression and other mental disorders, has displayed antiviral activity against many enteroviruses, and can completely clear CVB4 from chronically-infected cells within few weeks. Cellular changes have been observed during chronic infection including a reduced expression of PDX-1, a resistant profile to lysis upon superinfection with CVB4, and an important decrease of CAR expression. These changes can linger even after the clearance of CVB4. In addition the miRNA profile in chronically-infected ductal-like cells was clearly different from that of mock-infected cells. Some phenotypic and genotypic changes were also observed in the virus derived from chronic infection. Altogether, these findings show the features of CVB4 infection are compatible with mechanisms reported in the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D, and support the hypothesis of involvement of CVB in this disease
Caufour, Philippe. "Implication des lymphocytes T CD8+ dans la physiopathologie de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine : étude de la primo-infection du macaque par le virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD06.
Full textJosse, Jérôme. "Impact de l'infection à Staphylococcus aureus sur le microenvironnement osseux." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMP204/document.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus-related bone and joint infections are common diseases whose consequences can range from simple cell damage to delayed bone repair or excessive inflammatory response. To study this phenomenon, we have developed two models of in vitro infection with Staphylococcus aureus and primary bone-forming cells derived from human surgical explants. These cells have been previously cultured in a standard medium or osteogenic medium to obtain two populations at different stages of maturation. The study of Staphylococcus aureus internalization, cell death and production of inflammatory mediators in these 2 populations allowed us to establish whether the impact of Staphylococcus aureus varied depending on cell maturation. We also studied the impact of Staphylococcus aureus on mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord. In case of bone regeneration in infected site, mesenchymal stem cells may have to interact with Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, we characterized the ability of these cells to internalize Staphylococcus aureus, to survive against the infection and to produce inflammatory mediators in our in vitro model of acute infection. This project allowed us to validate our in vitro infection models and to characterize the impact of Staphylococcus aureus on different cells in the bone microenvironment, providing new approaches for the development of antibacterial strategies and bone tissue engineering
Porte, Rémi. "Caractérisation des propriétés anti-infectieuses de la flagelline, agoniste du Toll-like receptor 5." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S065/document.
Full textWith its ability to sense micro-organisms and to induce a rapid defense against infections, innate immunity represents the first line of host’s defense. The innate immune response is triggered by universal and conserved microbial molecular patterns recognized by innate receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of these receptors induces local inflammation and antimicrobial response against pathogens. These biological properties have allowed considering the use of TLR as anti-infective therapeutic target. In this context it has been shown that flagellin, the major component of bacterial flagella and the agonist of TLR5, had anti-infectious properties. It was shown that flagellin induces a strong production by innate lymphoid cells of IL-22, a cytokine involved in the protection of mucosa. Furthermore, the strong expression of TLR5 by epithelial cells suggests a role for these cells in the anti-infectious properties of flagellin. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the antimicrobial effects of the TLR5 agonist remained to be defined.In this thesis, we studied the anti-infectious properties of flagellin in two infectious murine models. We first showed that systemic administration of flagellin, prior to infectious challenge, protect against an intestinal infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The protection induced by flagellin is observable upon infection by mucosal route but is absent during a challenge by the systemic route, thus demonstrating the role of the mucosa for the protection. The anti-bacterial effect in this model is dependent on the expression of TLR5 and independent of the innate lymphoid cells’ IL-22 production. This study suggests a novel mechanism of flagellin-mediated protection, independent of the IL-22.We also analyzed the anti-infectious abilities of flagellin in a murine model of respiratory infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In particular, we showed that flagellin could be used in therapy when combined to an antibiotic. Indeed, the combination of amoxicillin or co-trimoxazole with flagellin protected mice infected with a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae compared to antibiotic standalone. The effectiveness of this therapy was dependent on the activation of TLR5 and was associated with pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils. This combinatory treatment also improved the protection in a model of post-influenza pneumococcal superinfection. These results show that the combination of TLR5 agonist / antibiotic ameliorates pulmonary anti-infectious response and allow to consider new antibacterial strategies against infections when antibiotics reach their limits (nosocomial infections, multiresistant bacteria ...)
Maillet, Séverine. "Étude de l'expression des gènes IE110 et LAT (Latency Associated Transcript) du virus herpes simplex de type 1 (HSV1) lors de la phase de latence dans le modèle murin de primo-infection herpétique orale." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114829.
Full textWakrim, Lahcen. "Développement d'un modèle d'infection du macaque par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 2 : approche physiopathologique et vaccinale." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05A002.
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