Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infection – Dissertations universitaires'
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Beshara, Ranin. "Impact d’une infection par le virus grippal de type A sur la myélopoïèse." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S016/document.
Full textInfluenza type A virus (IAV) infection, is one of the most important causes of respiratory diseases worldwide. It also leads to recurrent epidemics with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Secondary bacterial infections, mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia), are often associated with influenza and contribute significantly to excess mortality. Disruption of lung tissue integrity and impaired antibacterial immunity during IAV infection participate in bacterial pulmonary colonization and dissemination out of the lungs.Influenza infection leads to a profound alteration in the pulmonary myeloid cell compartment characterized by numeric or functional alteration of sentinel cells (alveolar macrophages and conventional dendritic cells (cDC)) and recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells (neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes and inflammatory dendritic cells).Myeloid cells originate from the bone marrow (BM). During infections, myelopoiesis may be profoundly affected in order to maintain the production and mobilization of inflammatory myeloid cells to the site of infection. At present, the consequences of influenza infection on myelopoiesis remain poorly understood.In our project, we report that influenza infection leads to a transient decrease in the number of Cdc (cDC1 and cDC2) in the lungs, and severely impairs the number of BM progenitors committed to the DC lineage (CDP, pre-cDC and, most importantly, the cDC1-biased pre-DC lineage). This reduction was associated with an increase in the production of monocytes in the BM (monopoiesis). The altered cDC differentiation was independent of pro-inflammatory cytokines and was not due to an intrinsic dysfunction of cDC precursors. Defective DC genesis during influenza was associated with a decrease in the production of the key cDC differentiation factor, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3-L). Importantly, Flt3-L overexpression during influenza restores the differentiation of BM progenitors into cDC - a phenomenon associated with repopulation of cDC in the lungs. The restoration of pulmonary cDC associates with a partial protection against secondary pneumococcal infection characterized by reduced bacterial loads, improved pathological outcomes and prolonged survival
Zinzendorf, Nanga Yessé. "Infection expérimentale par des bactéries à developpment intracellulaire. Régulation du TNF-α et de ses récepteurs." Reims, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REIMP202.
Full text@In the first model, human monocytic cells were infected with 4 R. Equi strains differing in b-lactamin resistance. These strains regulate differently TNF-a production. The b-lactam resitant strains do not induce any measurable TNF-a mRNA expression and TNF-a secretion upon infection. The supernatant from b-lactam resitant R. Equi cultures promoted an inhibition of the induction of both TNF-a expression and release by the macrophages infected by the b-lactam susceptible strains. In the second model, human monocytic cells were infected with two strains of L. Monocytogenes, a hemolytic strain EGD and a non hemolytic mutant. These two strains regulate differently TNF-a activity and TNF-a receptors (TNF-R) mRNA expression. The hemolytic strain down-regulates TNF-RI mRNA expression, up-regulates TNF-RII mRNA expression, inhibits TNF-a activity and induces the release of soluble TNF-RI
Benkahla, Mehdi Ayech. "Infection à entérovirus in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S053/document.
Full textEnterovirus genus encompasses a number of non-enveloped RNA viruses grouped into 12 species, EV-A-J and Rhinovirus A-C. Group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 is thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). A strain of CV-B4 (CV-B4 E2) was isolated from the pancreas of a patient with T1D, and was able to induce a hyperglycemia in mouse. The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known yet. It has been observed that the infection of human monocytes with CV-B4 E2 in vitro can be enhanced by anti-VP4 antibodies bound to the virus, and human macrophages are also infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to better understand the mechanisms of enterovirus infections. Despite the effect of enterovirus on health, the means in the fight against these viruses are limited.Our main objectives were i) to investigate CV-B4 E2-infection in mice and to determine whether monocytes / macrophages are targets of the virus in vivo ii) to implement a CV-B4 E2-induced diabetes model in mice iii) to study the anti-CV-B4 activity of various molecules in vitro iiii) To highlight the natural occurrence of enterovirus infections in animals.Viral RNA was found in vivo in monocytes (CD14+) and macrophages (F4/80+) of the spleen and in bone marrow cells of ICR-CD1 mice inoculated with CV-B4 E2. In vitro, CV-B4 E2 infected the CD14+ and the F4/80+ cells of the spleen. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The serum of CV-B4 E2- infected mice enhanced in vitro the infection of spleen cells by CV-B4 E2 but not the infection of BMDM. ICR-CD1 mice, treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of Streptozotocin β (STZ), and afterwards inoculated with CV-B4 E2 developped hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinemia. The viral load of pancreas assessed by quantitative RT-PCR was not different in diabetic animals (STZ/CV-B4 E2) compared to non-diabetic animals inoculated with CV-B4 E2. Histological analysis of diabetic animals highlighted an inflammation of pancreas isletsPirodavir-derived molecules, which bind to the enteroviruses capsid, inhibited the infection with echovirus 7 and 11 but not the infection with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. On the other hand, it was displayed that an anti-CV-B4 E2 effect of fluoxetine in cultures of mouse pancreas fragments and mouse beta cells. The detection of anti-VP4 antibodies in serum by ELISA using a 50 amino acids peptide of VP4 from EV-G1 (a porcine enterovirus) was applied to piglets to highlight enterovirus infections. A strong sequence homology (88%) between the VP4 of EV-G1 and of other EV-G suggests that antibodies directed against viruses other than EV-G1 can be detected.In conclusion, CV-B4 E2 can infect monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo in a murine system, and the virus can cause diabetes in mice previously exposed to low doses of STZ. Fluoxetine inhibits the infection of pancreatic cells with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. The detection of anti-EV-G1-VP4 antibodies highlighted natural enterovirus infections in young pigs. This porcine model could be used to study the pathophysiology of enterovirus infections and to evaluate approaches aimed to fight these viruses
Bouam, Samir. "Aide à la décision pour la surveillance des infections nosocomiales et la sélection de l'antibiothérapie empirique : adaptation d'un modèle conceptuel pour l'implémentation et l'évaluation d'un système intégré au SIH." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05CD10.
Full textAlidjinou, Enagnon Kazali. "Infection à coxsackievirus B4, inflammation et persistance." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S022/document.
Full textGroup B coxsackieviruses (CVB) are small RNA viruses belonging to Enterovirus genus and to the Picornaviridae family. In humans, CVB can cause numerous mild and severe acute infections. They are also thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Several epidemiological and clinical data support a link between enteroviruses, especially CVB and T1D. Two main mechanisms have been described to explain this enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D including a “bystander activation” of an inflammatory environment and viral persistence. These mechanisms contribute to initiation of the autoimmune process. Our studies aimed to understand the features and outcomes of CVB infection that could explain their involvement in these mechanisms. The results suggest that CVB4 (used as CVB model) is an inflammatory virus. CVB4 induces in vitro the production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of high amounts of IFNα. However this induction is only possible when CVB4 infection is enhanced by non-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in increased viral entry in cells. We also reported detection of IFNα in plasma of T1D patients, commonly associated with enteroviral RNA. In addition, monocytes have been identified as major targets of enteroviruses among PBMCs. Besides IFNα, CVB4 can induce the synthesis of other proinflammatory cytokines, mainly IL-6 and TNFα. Interestingly, infection is not needed, since inactivated viral particles can induce these proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the enhancing of CVB4 infection in PBMCs results in increased production of these cytokines. We have shown that macrophages that are known as major innate immunity effectors can produce IFNα and other proinflammatory cytokines upon infection with CVB4. Macrophages derived from PBMCs in presence of M-CSF (but not GM-CSF) can be infected by CVB4, and the virus can persist in these cells. CVB4 can also establish a productive, carrier-sate persistent infection in pancreatic ductal-like cells. The virus can be completely cleared from chronically-infected cells using fluoxetine. This molecule already used in the treatment of depression and other mental disorders, has displayed antiviral activity against many enteroviruses, and can completely clear CVB4 from chronically-infected cells within few weeks. Cellular changes have been observed during chronic infection including a reduced expression of PDX-1, a resistant profile to lysis upon superinfection with CVB4, and an important decrease of CAR expression. These changes can linger even after the clearance of CVB4. In addition the miRNA profile in chronically-infected ductal-like cells was clearly different from that of mock-infected cells. Some phenotypic and genotypic changes were also observed in the virus derived from chronic infection. Altogether, these findings show the features of CVB4 infection are compatible with mechanisms reported in the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D, and support the hypothesis of involvement of CVB in this disease
Caufour, Philippe. "Implication des lymphocytes T CD8+ dans la physiopathologie de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine : étude de la primo-infection du macaque par le virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD06.
Full textJosse, Jérôme. "Impact de l'infection à Staphylococcus aureus sur le microenvironnement osseux." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMP204/document.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus-related bone and joint infections are common diseases whose consequences can range from simple cell damage to delayed bone repair or excessive inflammatory response. To study this phenomenon, we have developed two models of in vitro infection with Staphylococcus aureus and primary bone-forming cells derived from human surgical explants. These cells have been previously cultured in a standard medium or osteogenic medium to obtain two populations at different stages of maturation. The study of Staphylococcus aureus internalization, cell death and production of inflammatory mediators in these 2 populations allowed us to establish whether the impact of Staphylococcus aureus varied depending on cell maturation. We also studied the impact of Staphylococcus aureus on mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord. In case of bone regeneration in infected site, mesenchymal stem cells may have to interact with Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, we characterized the ability of these cells to internalize Staphylococcus aureus, to survive against the infection and to produce inflammatory mediators in our in vitro model of acute infection. This project allowed us to validate our in vitro infection models and to characterize the impact of Staphylococcus aureus on different cells in the bone microenvironment, providing new approaches for the development of antibacterial strategies and bone tissue engineering
Porte, Rémi. "Caractérisation des propriétés anti-infectieuses de la flagelline, agoniste du Toll-like receptor 5." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S065/document.
Full textWith its ability to sense micro-organisms and to induce a rapid defense against infections, innate immunity represents the first line of host’s defense. The innate immune response is triggered by universal and conserved microbial molecular patterns recognized by innate receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of these receptors induces local inflammation and antimicrobial response against pathogens. These biological properties have allowed considering the use of TLR as anti-infective therapeutic target. In this context it has been shown that flagellin, the major component of bacterial flagella and the agonist of TLR5, had anti-infectious properties. It was shown that flagellin induces a strong production by innate lymphoid cells of IL-22, a cytokine involved in the protection of mucosa. Furthermore, the strong expression of TLR5 by epithelial cells suggests a role for these cells in the anti-infectious properties of flagellin. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the antimicrobial effects of the TLR5 agonist remained to be defined.In this thesis, we studied the anti-infectious properties of flagellin in two infectious murine models. We first showed that systemic administration of flagellin, prior to infectious challenge, protect against an intestinal infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The protection induced by flagellin is observable upon infection by mucosal route but is absent during a challenge by the systemic route, thus demonstrating the role of the mucosa for the protection. The anti-bacterial effect in this model is dependent on the expression of TLR5 and independent of the innate lymphoid cells’ IL-22 production. This study suggests a novel mechanism of flagellin-mediated protection, independent of the IL-22.We also analyzed the anti-infectious abilities of flagellin in a murine model of respiratory infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In particular, we showed that flagellin could be used in therapy when combined to an antibiotic. Indeed, the combination of amoxicillin or co-trimoxazole with flagellin protected mice infected with a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae compared to antibiotic standalone. The effectiveness of this therapy was dependent on the activation of TLR5 and was associated with pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils. This combinatory treatment also improved the protection in a model of post-influenza pneumococcal superinfection. These results show that the combination of TLR5 agonist / antibiotic ameliorates pulmonary anti-infectious response and allow to consider new antibacterial strategies against infections when antibiotics reach their limits (nosocomial infections, multiresistant bacteria ...)
Maillet, Séverine. "Étude de l'expression des gènes IE110 et LAT (Latency Associated Transcript) du virus herpes simplex de type 1 (HSV1) lors de la phase de latence dans le modèle murin de primo-infection herpétique orale." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114829.
Full textWakrim, Lahcen. "Développement d'un modèle d'infection du macaque par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 2 : approche physiopathologique et vaccinale." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05A002.
Full textAyari, Asma. "Rôle du tissu adipeux dans les infections respiratoires par le virus Influenza ou la bactérie streptococcus pneumoniae." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S009/document.
Full textSince the identification of leptin in 1994, the white adipose tissue (WAT) is no longer considered to solely be an inert tissue storing fat. As an endocrine organ, the adipose tissue synthesizes and secretes several hormones and cytokines involved in the control of whole-body metabolism. In addition, besides preadipocytes and adipocytes, WAT also contains innate and adaptive immune cells; thereby contributing to the development and control of immunity. However, the role played by the adipose tissue during infections - notably during pulmonary infections, such as those resulting from influenza virus or Streptococcus pneumoniae infections - has barely been investigated. This defines the general scope of this work. Epidemiological and experimental data convincingly report that obese individuals are more susceptible to influenza infection. During this project, we therefore questioned whether influenza infection may impact on adipose tissues, both subcutaneous (inguinal, SCAT) and visceral (perigonadal, EWAT) depots, in lean and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. We unexpectedly showed that influenza virus is detected in SCAT and EWAT (quantification of the viral genome by RtqPCR) and that this was associated with drastic changes in the tissue such as: increased secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, decreased expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis, as well as increased expression of genes related to the induction of anti-viral immunity. Interestingly enough, influenza infection was associated with the development of brown-like adipocytes in the SCAT, only in lean animals. Moreover, we demonstrated in vitro that preadipocytes and adipocytes (murine cell-line and human primary cells) are permissive to infection, yet with different outcomes. Indeed, only adipocytes allowed the release of new infectious particles (RtqPCR, transcriptomics, quantification of infectious particules on MDCK cells, confocal and transmission electron microscopy). Altogether, our findings revealed, for the first time, that the white adipose tissue, an organ at the crossroads of metabolism and immunity, is deeply affected by influenza infection and might thus be undervalued in influenza pathophysiology.In opposite to influenza infection, the impact of obesity on the outcome of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S.p.) infection remains uncertain, due to the different models (genetically-based obesity, and bacterial strains) used. During this work, we investigated S. pneumoniae (Sp1 strain, sublethal dose) infection in lean and high-fat diet-induced obese mice. We showed that obese mice died from sublethal S. pneumoniae infection, compared to lean animals. The increased mortality induced by infection did not result from impaired pulmonary response but rather from the development of a meningitis-like syndrom likely resulting from an increased bacterial dissemination through the bloodbrain barrier into the brain. We propose that the model of dietary obesity induced by consumption of fat-enriched diet, may be envisaged as a novel and valuable experimental model of memingitis to study Streptococcus pneumoniae travel through the blood-brain barrier and the subsequent immune consequences
Hassane, Maya. "Etude des lymphocytes T gamma-delta producteurs d'interleukine-17 au cours des infections respiratoires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S034/document.
Full textThe mounting of an appropriate host innate immune response in the lungs requires the rapid establishment of a complex cellular and molecular networking that allows the containment and clearance of pathogens during respiratory infections. Both neutrophils and γδT cells are central players in the host response during mucosal infections. Using a model of invasive pneumococcal disease, we illustrated a role for Interleukin-17A in controlling neutrophil recruitment, bacterial loads and survival. Following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, we defined pulmonary γδT cells, especially the lung resident Vγ6Vδ1+ subset, as the primary source of IL-17A in an IL-23/IL- 1β-dependent manner. Using gene-targeted mice, we demonstrated that γδT cells largely contributed to neutrophilia and to the control of the pathology. Furthermore, we now defined a second and unexpected early role for neutrophils as accessory cells in γδT17 cell activation through IL-1β secretion. Neutrophil-derived IL-1β was dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome activity and required alveolar macrophage-secreted TNF-α for priming and bacterial pneumolysin for NLRP3- dependent caspase-1 activation. This report thus brings to light the sequential molecular/cellular events leading to γδT17 cell activation and highlights the existence of a biologically relevant and fully functional NLRP3 inflammasome in pulmonary neutrophils that regulates a key immune axis in the development of protective innate response to respiratory bacterial infection.Based on these observations, we hypothesized that an increase in the pool of IL-17A-producing innate-like T lymphocytes might play a protective role during pneumococcal infection. As recently suggested, we demonstrated that intranasal IL-7/M25 complex administration into naïve mice allowed the expansion of the cellular pool of innate immune cells presenting a Th17-like phenotype in the lungs especially T cells. Moreover, we showed during S. pneumoniae infection that prophylactic IL-7/M25 treatment increased the capacity of Vγ6Vδ1+ T cells to produce IL-17A. Interestingly, this phenotype led to higher neutrophil recruitment and a better control of bacterial burden in the lungs as well as systemic dissemination. Thus, we report a critical role of IL-7 in creating an IL-17-enriched microenvironment which improves the early development of host innate immune response to respiratory bacterial infection. This observation might pave the way to the development of future innovative cytokine/cell-based strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haddadi, Ahmed Zine El Abidine. "Construction d’un score prédictif du risque nosocomial pour des patients de réanimation." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S039/document.
Full textLimiting nosocomial infections is still a health challenge although the technical development has improved. They are inherent in medical care and the health care services have the highest prevalence. Indeed, whatever the service (surgical, medical or both), the patients life-giving process is under attack because of the emergence of one or several organ faillures;This generates a diagnostic and therapeutic arsenal which is often invasive.Among the consequences resulting from these infections we will take into account :i) a longer stay in hospitalii) an extra costiii) a higher mortality rateiv) bacterial resistance .If we could anticipate upstream and downstream this issue with complex origins and sometimes fatal consequences, it would be a major asset for patients and a strategic tool for medical teams.The present study is organized in three parts, and first focusses onto the identification of the nosocomial event and death risk factors in intensive care where the study took place. We took into account the the case-mix of the intensive care unit in the TIMONE University Hospital. The study was made with two different statistic methods that is logistic regression and the competitive risks method.The next step first consisted in comparing the predictive capacities of the APACHE II, LOD, SOFA and SAPS II scores in nosocomial patients hospitalized in intensive care . Then it tried to determine if the variation of the LOD, SOFA, APACHEII and SAPS II scores was a prognostic risk factor.Results showed that the best predictive performance was objectively measured by the SOFA and that only the variation of this score between the first day in hospital and the day of the diagnosis of a nosocomial infection, calculated thanks to the AUC, could be predictive of a nosocomal risk. After these steps, and with the results calculated , the construction of a predictive score could be established thanks to the logistic regression method. The objective of this score is to help, or even influence the prescribing doctors when they take decisions or when they try to adjust their therapeutic practices
Béraud, Guillaume. "Modelling infectious agent transmission using social mixing data." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S040/document.
Full textThe economic evaluation of new vaccines requires the modeling of infectious disease transmission within a population, which in turn requires some assumption of specific mixing patterns. Matrixes generated from social contact studies were determined for 8 European countries. To date, no such data exist for France. The ComesF study (Contact Matrix Estimation – France) aimed to fill this gap.MethodologyThe survey was carried out over 3 different periods (Feb-Mar, Apr, Apr-May) with 278 participants common to the first and the last periods. Participants had to list all their contacts for 2 consecutive days in a diary, with the age, sex, location, frequency, type and duration of the contact, from which we estimated French contact matrixes.Combining cross-sectional serological surveys from 2009 and 2013 and vaccine coverage information, we have determined an optimal model for the serology of measles, mumps and rubella for the year of the data collection; age-dependent susceptibility by department was then derived to the year of interest (2016), and effective reproduction number and age-dependent relative incidence of a potential outbreak were estimated using the French contact matrixes.We analysed the influence of meteorological conditions on the temporal variations in mixing patterns. The population of the study was split according to the day and the weather at the time when the diary was filled in. The mean number of contacts and the potential for transmission summarized with R0 were calculated for type and location of contact under different weather conditions.We conducted a systematic review on gender differences in infection focusing on influenza, measles, mumps and rubella. Finally, we provided an exploration of the impact of gender on mixing patterns, and eventually the potential implication for modelling.ResultsThe 2033 participants reported 38 881 contacts (weighted median [first quartile-third quartile]: 8[5–14] per day), and 54 378 contacts with supplementary professional contacts (9[5–17]). Contrary to age, gender, household size, holidays, weekend and occupation, the period of the year had little influence on the number of contacts or the mixing patterns. Contact patterns were highly assortative with age, irrespective of the location of the contact, and gender, with women having 8% more contacts than men. Although most contacts occurred at home and school, the inclusion of professional contacts modified the structure of the mixing patterns. Holidays and weekends reduced the number of contacts dramatically, and as proxies for school closure, reduced R0 by 33% and 28%, respectively.The risk for Mumps and Rubella mainly concerned southeastern and south central France, while the risk for measles was more scattered over the country. Risk differed with gender for Measles and Rubella. Besides infants under 1, the highest share of participation would concern teenagers and young adults.The weather had a differential effect on social mixing according to the type of day, notably weekdays and weekend. But correction for repeated analysis made some results no more significant, although the trend for a differential effect between weekdays and weekend remained.Gender differences in social mixing might explain some gender differences in infectious disease epidemiology. Using gender-specific susceptibility and gender-specific contact matrixes had a significant impact on the result of the modeling. Despite the differences, French contact matrixes shared many aspects with those of other European countries. Notably, school closures were likely to have a substantial impact on the spread of close contact infections in France. While the risk of a new Measles outbreak persists, it predominates for Mumps. The effect of weather on social mixing was mild, if not negligible. Gender differences in modelling should be emphasized
Cian, Amandine. "Epidémiologie, circulation, colonisation du parasite entérique unicellulaire Blastocystis sp." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S029/document.
Full textDigestive protozoan infections are a major cause of morbidity, malnutrition and mortality worldwide. However, the biology of some enteric protozoa as Blastocystis is not well known and these microorganisms remain still neglected by the health authorities. Briefly, this parasite colonizes the intestinal tract of humans and various animals. Its main mode of transmission is the fecal-oral route and its prevalence can exceed 50% in developing countries. It exhibits a large genetic diversity with 17 subtypes (STs) identified to date. Recent data suggest that infection with Blastocystis is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and urticaria. As part of my thesis, epidemiological studies have been conducted in different countries (Lebanon, Senegal, France) to determine the prevalence of this parasite in the human population and identify risk factors for infection. In parallel, through a survey in French zoos, animal reservoirs of zoonotic transmission of Blastocystis have been proposed. Moreover, mechanisms involved in the colonization of the host by the parasite were studied.As part of, epidemiological, the parasite was identified in faecal samples by real-time PCR and the resulting amplicon was sequenced for subtyping. The first study conducted in Lebanon in the Tripoli area showed a prevalence of 19% in the general population but this prevalence reached 60% in a population of school children living in the same region. A prevalence of 100% was obtained in a cohort of Senegalese children. The high prevalence observed in these countries can be explained by poor hygiene conditions in connection with the faecal peril. In terms of distribution of STs, the ST3 was predominant in both countries followed by ST1 and ST2. In a multicenter study conducted in France, an overall prevalence of 18.3% was obtained with a predominance of ST3, followed by ST1, ST2 and ST4. This distribution is quite similar to that observed in most European countries. In the French study, parasite prevalence was significantly higher in summer than in winter. Other variables such as a recent trip and age have been identified as risk factors for transmission of the parasite. The contact with animals may represent another risk factor because of the zoonotic potential of the parasite. In a large epidemiological study conducted in two French zoos and including over 160 animal species, the overall prevalence of Blastocystis exceeds 30% with significant variations between animal groups. By comparing the distribution of STs between humans and different groups of animals, primates, artiodactyls (cattle and pigs) and birds represent major potential reservoirs of infection for humans.An association between infection with Blastocystis and appendicitis was demonstrated in a child in Morocco confirming the pathogenicity and invasive and inflammatory potential of the parasite. In addition, 26 other family members presented digestive symptoms suggesting waterborne outbreak of blastocystosis. The hypothesis of a relationship between Blastocystis ST and pathogenicity was suggested hence the interest of a comparative genomics study to identify virulence factors that may be present or absent for some STs. No difference was found between the ST4 genome sequenced during my thesis and the ST7 genome available in the database while these STs have different virulence in vitro. Finally, the unknown impact of colonization by Blastocystis on the composition of the human intestinal microbiota was evaluated. The compositions of the bacterial microbiota of 96 patients infected or not by Blastocystis were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and compared. A higher bacterial diversity was found in colonized patients compared to non-infected patients. These data suggest that colonization by Blastocystis would not be associated with dysbiosis generally observed in intestinal infectious diseases but rather to a healthy intestinal microbiota
Huck, Olivier. "Infection et stimulation de cellules endothéliales par Porphyromonas gingivalis et son lipopolysaccharide : lien entre maladies parodontales et athérosclérose." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ021.
Full textPeriodontal diseases have been linked to systemic diseases especially cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. In our study, we investigated the effects induced by an infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, and stimulation by its lipopolysaccharide on endothelial cells at the interface between the inner part of arteries and blood flow. We focused on the effects induced on cathepsin B, a protease involved in atherosclerosis and on the activation of inflammasome, an intracellular complex linked to secretion of IL-1beta. Results showed that infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis and stimulation by its lipopolysaccharide increase enzymatic activity of cathepsin B with different kinetics. These modifications are observed without any modifications of RNAm expression and protein concentration. We also showed that infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis increases RNAm expression of NLRP3 but this increase at the RNAm level is not associated with an increase of the protein concentration due to an induced proteolysis. Furthermore, we developed a reliable model of experimental periodontitis that will be used to analyze interactions between periodontitis and systemic diseases in vivo, especially in apolipoprotein-E -/- mice
Surdeau, Natacha. "Biofilms et infections nosocomiales : évaluation de l'efficacité d'un nouveau désinfectant OXSIL® 320N." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMO201.
Full text@Nosocomial infections are hospital acquired infections. They are not present or incubating when the patient is admitted to the hospital, and are either endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous ones are caused by organisms present in the patient own flora and exogenous infections are caused by organisms originating from medical devices, hospital staff, or environment. This contamination might be the result of a lack of efficiency in cleaning and disinfection procedures, those deficiencies being often attributed to the state in which these harmful microorganisms are found (biofilms). To reduce the risks of contamination, two parts have been developed in this thesis: at first, predictions of adhesion between stainless steel AISI 304 (major component of equipment in operating room) and four nosocomial strains (E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. Aeruginosa et E. Hirae), and in the second part, we determine, the efficient concentration of a new disinfectant OXSILÒ 320N in order to eliminate biofilms. Physico-schemical studies demonstrated the complexity of interactions involved in the initial phase of adhesion. We suggest that a change of the stainless steel surface properties could theoretically limit bacterial adhesion. However it was nearly impossible to limit adhesion between the four studied bacterial strains and the support AISI 304. It is then necessary to optimise preventive hygienic conditions. The bactericidal concentration of OXSILÒ 320N against planktonic cells, according to AFNOR Norm NF T 72-150, was 3,13%. Furthermore, biofilms were commonly more resistant than their planktonic counterparts due to the presence of known resistance mechanisms. According to the SODIFRA recommendations, the optimal conditions, required to avoid any contamination, were a concentration 12,52% and 10 min contact. These conditions can eliminate infection risks during short or long laps between two interventions in an operating room. These results revealed the necessity to use this disinfectant at appropriate concentration and but also the consequences of using it in infradose, although this concentration is considered as an efficient concentration by AFNOR Norm
Bustamante, Jacinta Cecilia. "Défaut héréditaire de CYBB et prédisposition mendélienne aux infections mycobactériennes." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05A003.
Full textMendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare syndrome conferring predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria (bacille Calmette Guérin vaccines and environmental mycobacteria), as well as more virulent. M. Tuberculosis and salmonella. Mutations found in six genes involved IL12/IL23-IFNγ mediated immunity. We studied a multiples family in which four otherwise healthy adult males show mycobacterial diseases (BCG-osis and tuberculosis). By multipoint linkage analysis, a maximal Lod score of 1. 93 was found for two candidate regions on X-chromosome. The patients harbor a novel mutation in CYBB (Q231P), which abolishes the respiratory burst in monocyte-derived macrophages. This gene is an essential component of NADPH in phagocytes. Germline CYBB mutations are commonly associated with chronic granulomatous disease. The MSMD-causing mutation in CYBB selectively affects the respiratory burst in macrophages. This experiment of nature indicates that the pathway in human macrophages is crucial for protective immunity to mycobacteria
Griseri, Thibault. "Rôle immunorégulateur des lymphocytes TNK dans le diabète de type 1 et les infections virales." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N24S.
Full textInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can prevent type 1 diabetes by impairing T cell responses to pancreatic β cells. As iNKT cells can also promote T cell responses to pathogens, and as viruses can trigger autoimmune diabetes, we investigated the effect of iNKT cells on virus-induced diabetes. Mice expressing the lymphochoriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) in their pancreatic β cells develop diabetes after LCMV infection. Here, we show that although iNKT cells promote systemic anti-LCMV CD8 T cell responses, theyn also completely abolish LCMV-induced diabetes. Locally in the pancreas, iNKT cells induced the production of large amount of antiviral cytokines inhibiting LCMV replication
Logez, Hélène. "Influence des acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 sur la réponse inflammatoire et la résistance à l'agression pulmonaire à Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez les souris sauvages et mutées pour le gène CFTR." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S045.
Full textJacobelli, Simon. "Rôle du système immunitaire dans le contrôle des infections par les papillomavirus humains." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T037.
Full textT cell immunity is involved in the defense against human papillomaviruses (HPV). Incidence and prevalence of HPV-induced clinical lesions are high in immunocompromised patients and concern oncogenic and/or non oncogenic cutaneous and mucosal HPV. In this work, T-cell immunity against HPV was studied in 2 models of HPV infection: - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like eruptions in the setting of HIV infection: clinical, virological et immunologic features were studied in a series of patients. The nadir of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the intensity and the length of T CD4+ deficiency were related on the development of clinical lesions induced by both bêta HPV or alpha HPV. The inefficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HPV-induced clinical lesions suggests that anti-HPV T-cell responses were ineffective. - Couples with women presenting with HPV16-induced classic vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and their healthy male partners, who were longitudinally followed for 18 months. Anti-E2 protein T-cell responses are a marker of efficient control of HPV infection, either after treatment in women, or spontaneously in men. Since E2 protein is absent from viral particles, the presence of anti-E2 T-cell responses in healthy male partners indirectly proves that they have been infected by replicative HPV16. These results provide a strong argument in favor of prophylactic HPV vaccination of young men to decrease the spread of mucosal HPV diseases
Chasseigneaux, Stéphanie. "Analyse moléculaire des interactions hôte-prions en systèmes cellulaires." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N20S.
Full textCGH array analysis of uninfected N2a sublines, susceptible or resistant to 22L prion strain, revealed chromosomal imbalances but did not demonstrate any characteristic profile of genomic alterations linked to phenotype. Likewise, sublines phenotype did not depend on the expression of Prnp nor PrPC. Analysis expression of a set of 29 genes revealed distinct transcriptional profiles in the N2a sublines. Transcriptional analysis of N2a5822L cells using microarrays demonstrated differential expression of genes implicated in transcription efficiency and cytoplasmic dynamics. Expression levels of a set of 38 genes in N2a5822L, in three susceptible sublines and in a resistant subline revealed diversity in transcriptional response to prion infection. Finally, study of PrPSc in a CJD patient harbouring the p. V180I mutation revealed the absence of the diglycosylated isoform supporting the evidence of the conversion of mono- and un-glycosylated mutated forms into the pathogenic mutant PrPSc180I
Aubron, Cécile. "Diversité métabolique au sein de l'espèce Escherichia coli : implications dans les capacités d'adaptation et la virulence." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T041.
Full textWe carry out a study of the metabolic diversity for some strains of E. Coli, in order to (i) point out a link between metabolism and virulence and, (ii) improve our understanding of urinary tract infections (UTI). The specific activity of some enzymes from the central metabolism was measured for 5 strains yielded in 4 mediums. We highlight a metabolic diversity, which could be linked to strain's habitats or pathovars. The uropathogenic strain, E. Coli CFT073, favours acetate metabolism and neoglucogenesis during growth in urine. The study of redox homeostasis for 8 E. Coli strains shows an unbalance during exponential phase by comparison with stationary phase. A systemic stress, such as a polytraumatism, is responsible for changes in urine composition, which could be a risk factor of UTI occurrence in unwell intensive care patients
Mogrovejo, Valdivia Alejandra. "Conception et évaluation d'un pansement à libération de deux principes actifs pour le traitement des plaies chroniques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S046.
Full textChronic wounds present a risk of infection, delaying the healing process and leading to severe pain. Chronic wounds represent a public health problem that generates high costs. Silver dressings are widely used to treat wounds already infected or with a risk of infection. Nevertheless, the toxic effect of silver toward fibroblasts and keratinocytes generates a perception lack of efficacy and cost effectiveness, and question their effectiveness as well as its safety. The goal of this work was to design a wound dressing releasing two active ingredients: a silver salt to treat the infection and ibuprofen to relieve the pain. The dressing was coated by a layer-by-layer (L-b-L) system to slow down silver diffusion into the wound and at the same time provide a moist environment to the wound. First, a nonwoven polyester textile was functionalized by chitosan or by β-cyclodextrin polymer, both crosslinked with citric acid under curing conditions to form a thermofixed negatively charged layer at the surface textile to then loaded silver onto the textile. Next, a L-b-L system was built on the support by alternating self-deposition of CHT as cationic polyelectrolyte and cyclodextrin polymer as anionic polyelectrolyte. A curing process was applied to stabilize the L-b-L system. L-b-L system showed a linear evolution of the weight gain in relation to number of layers formed. Loaded silver and ibuprofen reached up to 240 μg/cm2 and 200 μg/cm2 respectively. Silver was released up to 3 μg/cm2 after 3 days in PBS under static conditions, and ibuprofen was released up to 6 hours under the same parameters. Biological studies proved the dressing cytocompatibility using human lung normal cell lines (L132). In vitro microbiological evaluation showed greater antibacterial activity of the dressing against S. aureus and E. coli. Finally, a preliminary in vivo study was performed in C3H/HE mice with a wound infected by E. coli. The dressings tested were applied to the wounds and were maintained for 3 days. Only the free silver-dressing (negative control) showed a colonization by E. coli
Georgel, Anne-France. "Analyse des réponses anti-bactériennes et anti-virales respiratoires induites par les agonistes des récepteurs de l’immunité innée." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S053.
Full textViral and bacterial infections remain a burden for health care systems. The current therapeutic approaches by antibiotic have shown their effectiveness but also their limit especially in cases of multidrug-resistant microorganisms or in the treatment of patients with aggravating pathologies. Stimulation of innate immunity could be a complementary therapeutic approach to current treatments. Indeed, the activation of the innate immune system induces local production of antimicrobial molecules and the recruitment of effector cells involved in controlling infection.The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are innate sensors that trigger signaling cascades and promotes the archetypal pro-inflammatory responses involved in antimicrobial defense. TLR5 recognizes flagellin, the structural protein of bacterial flagella. TLR5 is expressed on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells.In the first part of the work, we assessed the ability of flagellin to control the replication of influenza A virus H3N2. We first showed that intranasal or systemic administration of flagellin activated transcription of anti-viral genes in lung tissue. Administration of flagellin reduced viral replication in the lung of mice infected with H3N2 IAV. This effect is also observed in Il22-/- and Ifnar-/- mice suggesting a mechanism independent of type I interferon and interleukin 22 signaling. Finally, we also showed that the combination of flagellin with oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor) was more efficacious than standalone treatments.The second part of this work is the ASTRAL clinical study, which assesses the ability of blood mononuclear cells to respond to different TLR agonists in patients with acute lobar pneumonia. This study started in October 2017 and plans to include 38 patients. The objective is to observe the response after TLR agonist stimulation by transcriptional analysis and cytokine assays. The first results (analysis of 7 patients) show that blood mononuclear cells can be activated by TLR agonists in the context of pneumonia
Medjahed, Halima. "Développement d'outils génétiques pour étudier la virulence de Mycobacterium abscessus." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077077.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species that can be involved in pulmonary and disseminated infections in immunosuppressed or young cystic fibrosis patients. It is an emerging pathogen and has attracted recent attention due to the numerous cases of infection; furthermore, genomic tools have been developed for this species. Nevertheless, the study of this species has until now been limited to spontaneous variants. We have compared three different mutagenesis Systems : the ts-sacB, the phage, and the recombineering Systems, and show that there are important differences in their efficiency for the construction of allelic-exchange mutants. We show, using the mmpL4b gene of the glycopeptidolipid pathway as a target, that allelic-exchange mutants can be constructed with a reasonable efficiency ( 7%) using the recombineering System. Studies on this species were limited so far to natural spontaneous variants. These studies have nevertheless showed that the Rough variants of M abscessus which are characterized by a low production of glycopeptidolipids are hypervirulent in human and also in in vivo models. Interestingly, these highly virulent isolates strongly induce TNF-α secretion by macrophages. However, the mechanism of the higher virulence process is currently unknown. The mutant constructed in this study, which is low glycopeptidolipids producer, is unable to slide and it loss the ability to form biofilms. These confirm the role of glycopeptidolipids in the modification of cell surface. Using in vivo model the virulence of this mutant has been tested. This study shows that other factor is involved with the lack glycopeptidolipids in the virulence of M abscessus. The study of the mechanism of the virulence of M abscessus is a pre-requisite to develop new drugs or vaccine candidates against this emerging pathogen
Matheux, Franck. "Thérapie génique de l'infection à VIH via l'expression constitutive de l'IFN-β : approche expérimentale dans le modèle du macaque infecté par le SIV." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD07.
Full textGretteau, Paul-Antoine. "Identification d’échanges génétiques modulaires entre des populations d’ARN complets ou tronqués en région 5’non codante d’Entérovirus du groupe B dans des cardiomyocytes humains primaires : impact sur la pathogénèse des cardiomyopathies dilatées inexpliquées chez l’Homme." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMM203.
Full textGroup-B Enteroviruses (EV-B) are a common cause of human acute myocarditis, a disease that is a precursor of chronic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the viral molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of acute to chronic myocarditis and subsequently to DCM remain unknown. Using NGS approach, we detected persistent major EV-B populations characterized by 5’ terminal genomic deletions ranging from 17 to 50 nucleotides associated with minor complete viral forms in explanted hearts of DCM cases. To assess their impact on cardiomyocyte functions, we transfected viral RNA clones mimicking the viral genomes found in patients’ tissues into primary human cardiomyocytes (HCM). Our findings demonstrated that the major persistent 5’ deleted viral forms alone or associated with full-length populations of helper RNAs could impair cardiomyocyte functions by viral 2Apro activities in EV-DCM cases. To assess the existence of genomic recombination mechanisms between persistent deleted and full-length viral helper populations, we used a recombination assay based on the rescue of non-replicative EV-B RNAs transfected in HCM. This in vitro approach produced major (75%) non-homologous recombinants that nucleotides sequencing characterized modular exchanges into the spacers 1 & 2 of the 5’NC region. Our findings indicate the existence of genomic recombination events through which, 5’ deleted and complete collaborative EV-B populations could significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of unexplained DCM cases. A better understanding of these viral persistence mechanisms will stimulate new therapeutic strategies research for chronic infections caused by EV-B
Verneuil, Laurence. "L' apoptose caspase-dépendante dans les interactions hôte / virus et en immunopathologie." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077200.
Full textApoptosis is an active physiological process involving a genetically regulated cell suicide process. Two effector cytolytic pathways of apoptosis are involved: one is triggered by the engagement of cell-surface death receptors of the Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, and the other is the mitochondrial pathway, which involves released of pro-apoptotic effectors. These two pathways trigger the effector caspases activation. A deregulation of apoptosis control mechanisms can provide some pathologies. We investigate a possible implication of apoptosis induction and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytomegalovirus infection and in the acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) encodes proteins with antiapoptotic properties but no proapoptotic protein is known. Here we show, in vitro, that the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), US28 encoded by HCMV, constitutively induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis but independent of the mitochondrial pathway activation and of cellular TNF family death receptor activation. In the context of allogeneic bone marrow grafting, the GVHD corresponds to an allogeneic response of donor effector cells against recipient epithelial target cells. In a murine model of acute GVHD, in vivo, our results shown that endothelial cell death precedes the induction of epithelial cell death in the oral mucosa and that FasL expression by allogeneic actived lymphocytes T is required, in the absence of any conditioning treatment
Hammoumi, Saliha. "Etude des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de limiter l'infecton des cellules humaines par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077210.
Full textIn order to evaluate the transmission risk of EMCV, from animal, mainly pig, to human, especially during xenotransplantations, we were interested in factors likely to support or limit this transmission by studying the interaction of EMCV with human cells. Tools allowing the detection of the virus multiplication at the various stages of the infection were developed. In particular, for the follow-up of the proteins synthesis, a recombinant EMCV expressing EGFP was created. The recombinant virus was pathogenic for mouse like the parental virus. EGFP could be detected by autofluorescence in vitro in infected cells and in vivo on prints of mouse brains. The infectious power of various viral strains on human cell lines and primary cells, reflecting the tropism of the virus in animal, was analysed. The results indicated that the infection of the cells depends on the cellular type and the viral strain and that adsorption varies primarily according to the strains. By comparison of the sequences of capsid, amino acids playing a probable part in this adsorption were highlighted. The analysis of the cellular partners implied in the attachment made it possible to show that the adsorption of the strain 1086C is dependent on sialic acid and that lysine 231 of VP1 would play an important part in this connection. In addition, the adsorption of the B279/95 strain is independent of sialic acid but depends on heparanes sulfates. This suggests the probable use of co-receptors carrying heparane sulfates or sialic acids
Rolloy, Caroline. "Altération de la voie du TGF-β par la protéine E6 de papillomavirus humain cutané de type 5." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077045.
Full textHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses of icosahedral symmetry. More than 150 HPVs genotypes have been described so far. Most of them cause benign skin or mucosal hyperproliferative lesions. Infections with certain genotypes of HPVs are associated with malignant transformation such as ano-genital cancer (HPV 16, 18) in the general population or cutaneous carcinoma (HPV 5, 8) in the context of the inherited disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). These HPVs are considered as "high-risk" genotypes because of their tight association with cancer. Their oncogenic potential mainly relies on the activity of the two early viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7. The transforming activity of E6 protein of mucosal high-risk HPVs clearly implicates the tumor suppressor p53 degradation. In contrast, little is known on the functional properties of E6 oncoproteins from oncogenic cutaneous HPVs. Previous studies in the laboratory had shown the interaction between oncogenic HPV5 E6 (5E6) and the SMAD3 protein of the TGF-beta signalling pathway. This pathway is involved in many cellular events as control of cellular prolifération, differentiation, apoptosis and is known to be misregulated in numerous cancers. Our goal in this thesis was to dissect TGF-beta pathway rewired by E6 protein from oncogenic HPV 5. Combining deletion mutagenesis and linker scanning approaches we mapped on E6 N-terminal half the SMAD3 interacting area. Then, interactomic studies showed a redundant targeting of the TGF-beta by 5E6 that not only interact with SMAD3 but also with SnoN and Arkadia, two key regulators. To better understand the consequences of these interactions, we developed a ternary complex detection assay that leads us to show that besides proteosomal degradation of SMAD3/4 complexes, 5E6 also recycles SnoN-mediated repression to rewire the TGF-beta signaling pathway for viral benefit. Our results support the hypothesis that inhibition of this pathway, by eliciting cell proliferation in differenciating layers of epidermis, facilitates the viral cycle and accordingly, contributes to the oncogenic potential of E6 proteins from cutaneous HPVs
Rigaud, Stéphanie. "Identification et caractérisation d'un nouveau syndrome lymphoprolifératif lié à l'X causé par des mutations dans le gènes BIRC4 codant la molécule anti-apoptopique XIAP." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T041.
Full textThe homeostasis of the immune response requires tight regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of activated lymphocytes. In humans, defects in immune homeostasis result in lymphoproliferation disorders. The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency that is characterized by lymphohystiocytosis, hypogammaglobulinaemia and lymphomas, and that usually develops in response to infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Mutations in the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein SAP, a signalling adaptor molecule, underlie 80% of cases of familial XLP. During my PhD, we identify mutations in the gene that encodes the X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis XIAP (also termed BIRC4) in patients with XLP from three families without mutations in SAP. By identifying an XLP immunodeficiency caused by mutations in XIAP, we show that XIAP is a potent regulator of lymphocyte homeostasis in vivo
Jean, Baptiste Elixène. "Amélioration des propriétés antibactériennes et anticoagulantes des prothèses vasculaires en polyester par immobilisation et libération contrôlée de principes actifs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S043/document.
Full textSynthetic vascular prosthesis likewise vascular endoprosthesis are prone to several complications after implantation into the human body. Infections, thromboses and late occlusions are the most challenging and the most common, leading to serious clinical consequences that are sometimes lethal. Management of those complications is still fraught with tremendous difficulties justifying the economic burden and the continuous efforts in research development for improving vascular prosthetic materials. This research investment is, however, yet to yield any great clinical advance. Previous studies conducted in our research laboratory have led to the development of polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. This was achieved in order to increase the loading and eluting capacities of these vascular prostheses towards several antibiotics. In the current works, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for effective controlled release of three antibiotics from those prosthetic platforms. We have also evaluated their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models of vascular infections. This was carried-out against nine different bacteria strains that are among the most common in human vascular infections. Moreover, we have assessed in vivo their safety, their healing properties, their systemic toxicity and their biocompatibility in the prospect of clinical application.The above-mentioned drug delivery system has been proved to be effective in releasing in situ the selected antibacterial agents over a seven-day desorption period in human plasma. Optimal batch concentration and time for prosthetic immersion into the antibiotic solutions were well compatible with current surgical practice standards. A bactericidal activity evidenced by significant reduction of bacterial adhesion, growth and proliferation was revealed when compared to appropriate controls in the various tested vascular infection models. We have also studied antibacterial molecules alone or in combination. In this latter setting, no antagonistic effects were depicted. This provides a unique opportunity to customize local antibiotic treatment delivered in situ from vascular device fabrics and to adapt it to the evolving ecology of both monomicrobial and polymicrobial vascular prosthetic infection. The polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were proved in vivo safe and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, healing properties and tissue integration without any signs of systemic toxicity. [...]
Vessière, Aurélia. "Caractérisation virologique des doubles infections et des formes recombinantes par les VIH-1 du groupe M et du groupe O au Cameroun : conséquences épidémiologiques, diagnostics et thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T062.
Full textHIV-1 is divided into 4 groups: M (major), O (outlier), N (non-M non-O) and P. Among these groups, recombination is an extremely frequent phenomenon, playing a major role in the diversification of the HIV epidemic. Recombination results from strand switching between the two viral RNA molecules during the reverse transcription step. Thus, multiple infections, by generating heterodiploïd virions, are the prerequisite to recombination. In Central Africa and in Cameroon in particular, all HIV-1 groups circulate and M+O dual infections have been reported. Despite the great genetic divergence between the two groups, three cases of M/O recombinants were described in Cameroonian patients with no epidemiological link. For two of them, recombination involved the vpr gene that could represent a preferential site for M/O intergroup recombination. The transmission and circulation capacities of such forms, that appear to be extremely rare, are unknown. The objective of this work was to develop and validate serological and molecular tools for the detection of M/O recombinants in the vpr gene in patients dually infected by HIV-1 group M (HIV-M) and HIV-1 group O (HIV-O) in Cameroon. Dual infections were screened using a serotyping strategy bases on two gp120/V3 antigens representative of groups M and O. For dually reactive samples, a competitive assay (GSEIA) was developed to eliminate non specific cross-reactivities. Presence of HIV-M and O genomes was confirmed with group specific PCRs targeting the pol and env regions. Finally, a group specific PCR flanking the vpr gene was developed to detect recombinants. This algorithm implemented at Centre Pasteur du Cameroun allowed us to identify 5 M/O recombinants, with a vpr breakpoint for 4 of them. Three vpr recombinants were associated with a HIV-M+O dual infection or a HIV-M infection. Some M/O recombinants were detected in the absence of associated dual infections, of which one in a Cameroonian patient living in France, suggesting transmitted cases. This work underlines the complexity of the detection of M/O recombinants that requires the combination of serological and molecular tools targeting different regions of the genome, in particular for transmitted recombinants. Our results confirm the importance of the vpr gene in M/O recombination phenomena. The great genetic variability of HIV-O strains could have consequences on therapeutic management of patients infected with a M/O recombinant. The risk for emergence of M/O circulating recombinant forms has to be evaluated through an epidemiological surveillance in Cameroon but also in countries having a link with this region
Andréoletti, Olivier. "Pathogenèse de la tremblante des ovins : effet du génotype PRP sur la dissémination tissulaire de la PrPsc, la contamination placentaire et les modalités de transmission périnatale." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA114846.
Full textMicol, Romain. "Infections à Cryptococcus neoformans, à cytomégalovirus, au virus de l'hépatite B au sein d'une cohorte (2004-2007) de sujets cambodgiens infectés par le VIH : prévalence, morbidité et mortalité." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T018.
Full textIn order to demonstrate the practical value of early diagnosis of cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during HIV infection in Cambodia, a cohort of 441 Cambodian HIV-infected patients was recruited in 2004 and followed until 2007 in Phnom Penh, in the context of Médecins Sans Frontières and Médecins du Monde antiretroviral drug access programmes. Prevalences, morbidity and mortality were estimated. A high prevalence (59/327; 18. 0%; 95%CI = 13. 9%-22. 2%) of cryptococcosis was observed in patients with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count less than 200/mm3, and the clinical value of systematic screening for cryptococcal antigenemia was demonstrated, as it allows early treatment of infection (28. 8% of cases of cryptococcosis were diagnosed as a result of systematic screening for cryptococcal antigenemia). A cost-effectiveness study (costs in 2009) comparing two cryptococcosis intervention strategies in patients with CD4+ count < 100/mm3 showed that screening for cryptococcal antigenemia and treatment of positive patients presented a better cost-effectiveness ratio (Dollar 180/life year gained) than primary prophylaxis with fluconazole (compared to the absence of intervention). Furthermore, primary prophylaxis presented a reasonable cost effectiveness ratio (Dollar 511/life year gained) compared to the screening. The proportion of patients alive at one year was 71. 9% and 70. 0%, respectively, compared to 60. 7% in the absence of intervention. CMV infection (an opportunistic infection often neglected in poor countries due to the almost complete absence of diagnosis and treatment) was very frequently detected (by real-time PCR) in patients with CD4+ count < 50/mm3 (133/224; 59. 4%; 95%CI = 52. 9%-65. 8%) and was independently associated with excess mortality (highest risk of death for CMV PCR ≥ 4. 2 log10 copies/ml = 3. 6; 95%CI = 2. 0-6. 8). To investigate a pathophysiological basis for these results, HHV-6 replication was studied by quantitative PCR and protein cmvIL-10 screening was performed by quantitative ELISA for C. Neoformans (no association between HHV-6 and cryptococcal infections) and CMV infections (negative correlation between cmvIL-10 level and CD4+ count), respectively. Finally, the proportion of patients presenting active chronic hepatitis B was estimated (45/319; 14. 1%; 95%CI = 10. 3%-17. 9%) and the emergence of lamivudineresistant strains was modelled in the HIV-infected population (7. 8% in co-infected patients) and in the general population
Vaca, Flores Claudia Cecilia. "Substituts osseux hybrides (polymère / bio céramiques) à libération prolongée d'antibiotiques pour le traitement des infections osseuses." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S072.
Full textBone is the most transplanted tissue in the world and bone defects after osteoporosis, cancer and fractures remain problematic with a high level of infections. Systemic drug delivery is not efficient due to a low migration of drug into the bone, a local administration is necessary. The strategy of this thesis is to develop two hybrid substitutes (hydroxyapatite / hydrogel), the first one could be injectable and the other one could be directly implanted for the release of a combination of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin / gentamicin). A dual release system will be developed to treat long term infection with a rapid release (via diffusion into the hydrogel) and a slow release (via microparticles).In the first part, gentamicin (GM)-loaded PLGA microparticles were prepared by double emulsion with evaporation of the solvent. The microparticle preparation method has been optimized to obtain a size of microparticles compatible with the macroporosity of the hydroxyapatite (HA) and a sustained release over 25-30 days. Thus, the time of sonification of the first emulsion was set at 2 minutes in order to obtain a maximal efficacy of encapsulation. The speed of rotation of the second emulsion was fixed at 700 rpm to obtain a 60µm-diameter size of microparticles. The microparticles were analyzed by DSC, TGA and SEM. The antibacterial activity of gentamicin loaded microparticles was demonstrated on S. aureus (CIP224).In the second part we developed a bone substitute where chitosan (CHT) hydrogel was formed in situ in the macroporosity of a tridimensional hydroxyapatite printed piece. This hydrogel was obtained chemically with a crosslinking agent (genipin) to allow injection and a relatively slow gelation. The formation of the CHT hydrogel (2%-wt) was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and rheology to optimize the time (24 hours), the temperature (40°C) and the concentration of genipin (0.05%-wt). The study of the release kinetics of ciprofloxacin (CFX) incorporated into the hydrogel (0.1; 0.5 and 1%) showed rapid release (<5 hours) in dynamic system (30 ml/min). The addition of cyclodextrin (CD) in the formulation did not shown a prolonged release of CFX, itself responsible to an increase of the gelation time due to an inclusion of genipin in the CD. Finally the hydrogel was incorporated in the macroporosity of HA before the gelation. Biological evaluation showed its cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity up to 24 hours on E. coli._x000D_In the last part, we developed an injectable bone substitute where HA particles (90 microns) were incorporated into the hydrogel during the preparation. This hydrogel was obtained by a physical way with an anionic polymer of cyclodextrin (PCD) for a fast gelation time (<10 seconds) avoiding sedimentation of the HA. Further study showed that a proportion of at least 3% of CHT and at least 3% of PCD was required for the formation of the hydrogel. Swelling and rheological properties showed the impact of the ratio PCD / CHT, the soluble and insoluble form of the PCD and the addition of HA on the formation of the hydrogel. After lyophilization, the sponge was hydrated in a solution of CFX (2 mg/ml). Biological studies did not shown cytotoxicity and microbiological evaluation showed a prolonged antibacterial activity up to 72 hours on E. coli.In conclusion, this thesis allowed the development of two hybrid bone substitutes for rapid release of CFX (<72 hours) and slow release of gentamicin-loaded microparticles (25-30 days). The incorporation of gentamicin loaded microparticles was possible in both bone substitutes allowing an antibacterial activity until 3 days against S. aureus and E. coli
Alard, Jeanne. "Sélection in vitro et in vivo de souches probiotiques ayant des propriétés bénéfiques contre l’inflammation, les infections et l’obésité." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S014.
Full textRecent studies have reported that the microbiota is involved in intestinal homeostasis by contributing to the morphological development, the education of the immune system, the mechanisms of defense, and to metabolic regulation. Dysbiosis of this microbiota as well as reduction in bacterial diversity has been observed in various chronic pathologies such as chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD) and obesity. The microbiota thus constitutes a therapeutic target of choice in the management of these chronic diseases. Probiotics, which are beneficial microorganisms for the host represent therefore an interesting alternative, however their selection criteria need to be improved.In a first study, we were able to highlight the beneficial properties of a mixture of two probiotics comprising a bifidobacteria and a lactobacilli, in a murine model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity (Alard et al., 2016). This probiotic mixture significantly reduced weight gain, improved inflammatory and metabolic parameters including insulin resistance, and increased intestinal expression of receptors involved in short-chain fatty acid (AGCC) recognition. It also promoted in an artificial intestinal system the production of butyrate and propionate, the two main AGCCs. The protective effects were associated with the improvement of microbiota dysbiosis, in particular the restoration of the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila.The main objective of this thesis was then to select within a collection of 23 bacterial strains provided by PiLèJe, one or more probiotic strain (s) possessing protective properties against IBD and obesity. Immunomodulatory properties of the strains and their ability to strengthen the intestinal barrier were studied in vitro using human mononuclear blood cells and an in vitro model of epithelial permeability induced by the sensitization of a Caco-2 cells monolayer with hydrogen peroxide. Six strains were selected, five strains inducing high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and capable of restoring the intestinal barrier and a strain capable of strongly reinforcing this barrier. These strains were then evaluated in in vivo models of TNBS (2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid)-induced chronic and acute colitis. Interestingly, strains able to rescue mice from acute colitis did not protect as efficiently in chronic colitis and vice versa.The selection of strains or mixtures was then pursued in the context of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. We used the same criteria as previously (anti-inflammatory capacities and to restore the intestinal barrier) in addition with the capacity of the strains to limit the accumulation of lipids in an in vitro model of adipocyte differentiation based on the use of the 3T3-L1 cell line and to induce the secretion of entero-endocrine peptides, notably involved in satiety, by the use of the murine STC-1 entero-endocrine cell line. Three mixtures and one single strain were selected and evaluated in a mouse model of obesity induced by 45% HFD diet. We demonstrated the positive capacities of a mixture composed of two strains and the single strain to reduce weight gain, as well as adipose tissue inflammation.These results indicate that in vitro screenings based on the immunomodulatory properties, the capacity to restore the gut barrier, to decrease lipid accumulation and to induce gut peptides allow pre-selection of strains or mixtures exhibiting protective effects and demonstrate that the beneficial capacities of probiotics are strain-dependent and specific to the targeted models
Dussaix, Élisabeth. "Interféron-alpha et infections virales du système nerveux central." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114837.
Full textAbou, Kais Rabih. "Nouvelles stratégies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques des pathologies vasculaires intracrâniennes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S034.
Full textThe management of intracranial vascular diseases remains complex and requires a specialized multidisciplinary team. The new diagnostic approaches in biology, imaging and neuro-sonology as well as the improvement of interventional microsurgical and neuroradiological therapeutic techniques and the organization of an adapted monitoring make it possible to optimize the outcome of the patients.The first study demonstrated the benefit of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in adult patients with Moya-Moya syndrome. The results showed an improvement in cerebral perfusion and highlighted the benefit of pre and post-operative evaluation using transcranial Doppler, scintigraphy and MRI. Moreover, a better selection of the graft for performing the anastomosis could certainly improve the long-term results.We then studied the high flow carotido-sylvian bypass in the treatment of giant or complex intracranial aneurysms in collaboration between the Antwerp and Lille university hospitals. Our study reported the potential surgical exclusion of this type of aneurysm, which is often inaccessible to endovascular treatment, and the protective role of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis against cerebral ischemia. The choice of the graft appears to be an important parameter to adapt the flow and restore optimal physiological conditions.Finally, we determined the role of bacterial infection in the pathophysiology of development and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. In contrast to the Finnish study, we did not detect bacterial presence in the wall of intracranial aneurysms in a cohort of patients operated in our institution. These findings may explain the higher incidence of aneurysmal rupture in the Finnish population.Our works demonstrates that the development of multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic strategies improves the management of patients with intracranial vascular malformation. The goal is to better understand the physiopathology and to better choose the neurovascular therapeutic indication to offer the patient an optimal therapeutic efficacy with a minimum level of procedural risk
Martin-Latil, Sandra. "Interaction des rotavirus avec les cellules intestinales : conséquences fonctionnelles." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA114834.
Full textRotaviruses are the leading cause of infantile viral gastroenteritis worldwide. In the first part, we studied the mechanisms of rotavirus entry. We propose that, after infectious rotavirus enters into endosomal vesicles, the progressive decrease of endosomal [Ca2+] favors progressive virion decapsidation and subsequent permeabilization of endosomal membrane. This three-step process would be reiterated until the transcriptionnally active DLP is delivered into the cytoplasm. In the second part, we studied the pathophysiologic mechanisms accounting for osmotic diarrhoea. We show that a cAMP-dependent PKA mechanism impairs sucrase-isomaltase targeting and cytokeratins organisation in Caco-2 cells infected by rotavirus. We also show that rotavirus induces a decrease in activity of brush border-associated lactase and cotransporter SGLT1 in Caco-2 cells. Their alteration, which is not due to a decrease in apical expression, could involve the binding of viral proteins or viral particle
Franrenet, Sandra. "L' information dans les recherches sur la personne doit-elle évoluer ? : Le contexte de deux cohortes de patients infectés par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH)." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T033.
Full textInforming research participants is a fundamental ethical principle. . While information delivered during the inclusion in research has been described in numerous recommendations and guides, initiatives for providing general information during the course of research are more rarely considered whereas it represents a duty to respect the participants. When it exists, post-inclusion information is mainly seen in terms of return of the overall results at the end of the research. In some contexts, such as cohorts and long-term studies, the need to disclose general information during the course of research, in order to keep participants informed of the progress of the research and its developments, begins to emerge. The goal of this study was to explore the viewpoints of patient representatives, research professionals and patient groups affected by the question of information after inclusion, in the context of two cohorts of HIV-infected patients (AQUITAINE and COPILOTE) from the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS). Face to face semi-direct interviews were conducted with 1) members of the TRT-5 group, a coalition of HIV patient associations working close with the ANRS to improve access to research information; 2) professionals of two cohorts (AQUITAINE and COPILOTE) identified with the help of the principal investigators and 3) a representative of the ANRS designated by the head of the agency. The interviews were fully transcribed and citations that may highlight clues to improving the process of information are reported. Patient groups were interviewed by questionnaire. Eleven patient representatives; 16 professionals (principal investigators, clinicians, researchers and the representative of the ANRS) and 134 patients agreed to participate. A qualitative analysis of interviews was conducted and compared to patient’s responses to the questionnaire. The results showed that written information is a relevant tool which: 1) helps to palliate the perceived lack of information; 2) participates in the education of participants; 3) helps to distinguish between the care and the research and 4) motivates professionals to communicate about research. Despite this relevance, written information should not be a substitute for verbal information, but should complete the latter. Oral information helps, indeed, to better address the heterogeneous nature of participants' expectations. This work supports the idea that the development of tools aiming the delivering of general information on ongoing research, even if it does not necessarily correspond to the preferred approach of participants, is essential to show them respect, to stimulate their interest and commitment in research and finally to initiate spoken information from professionals. Although the specific context of the work (the participants are patients followed by professionals in the field of medical care) makes it difficult to generalise the results, it is believed that it is essential to share initiatives and empirical studies such as that carried out here to better understand the content of information that can, or should be issued during the research and its dissemination. This must indeed be balanced with the difficulties of developing such information for professionals
Filipe, Santos Orchidée. "Défauts héréditaires en Cis et en Trans de la production de l'IL-12 et de l'IL-23 chez l'homme." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N19S.
Full textMendelien susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD, MIM 209950) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by severe and recurrent infections to poorly virulent mycobacteria' species, as environmental mycobacteria (EM) and living BCG vaccine. Mutations in 5 autosomic genes were identified in patients with MSMD, genes implicated in the production (fLl2RBl and fLl2B) or response (fFNGRl, fFNGR2 and STATl) to IFN-y. The X-linked recessive (XR) form of the MSMD syndrome was clinically described at the first time in 1994 as a trans defect of IL-I2 production. We identified mutations in NEMO gene
Levert, Maxime. "Compréhension de la diversité génotypique et phénotypique générée chez Escherichia coli lors des infections extraintestinales." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05S002.
Full textThis work consisted to observe and study the mechanisms responsible for the genotypic and phenotypic diversification of clones E. Coli in extraintestinal infections. Several phenotypic polymorphisms are explained by different levels of RpoS protein in the isolates. The detailed study of isolates from one patient failed to detect mutations in the gene RpoS but four of these strains revealed at least six point mutations, a deletion and an insertion of IS element; half of the mutations are linked with the expression of certain proteins differentially expressed. Using a mouse model of extraintestinal infection, we observed that these 8 isolates were divided into 4 groups of significantly different virulence. The results show that it is possible that multiple bacterial genotypes and phenotypes are generated from a clonal population in extraintestinal infections E. Coli
Mazzolini, Julie Emilie. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la phagocytose dans les macrophages et de sa perturbation par le VIH-1." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T001.
Full textPhagocytosis is a mechanism of internalization of microorganisms and debris that leads to the formation of an intracellular vacuole larger than 0. 5 microns. This mechanism is initiated by the activation of receptors on the surface of professional phagocytes such as macrophages and depends on an intense actin polymerization and reorganization of the plasma membrane involving exocytosis from intracellular compartments. Recycling endosomes bearing AP1, VAMPS and TNFa, and a subpopulation of late endosomes bearing VAMP7, participate in the exocytosis. We investigated the respective locations of the polymerized actin and vesicular compartments, by evanescent wave microscopy. We used the "frustrated phagocytosis" system where cells try to "phagocyte to infinity" and spread on the ligands of phagocytic receptors, as well as a new system that we developed to study the step of phagosome closure. According to our observations, F-actin accumulates in the cell periphery and in the tips of pseudopodia while actin depolymerizes in the center of the phagocytic cup, where vesicular trafficking is more active. This model is to be completed to clarify the molecular players involved in the different stages of progression and closure of phagosomes. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects macrophages, which causes a déficience of phagocytosis of thèse cells. One of thé major virulence factors of HIV-1 is thé Nef (négative factor) protein, known to disrupt thé organization of thé actin cytoskeleton and subcellular trafficking. We observed that infection with HIV-1, and expression of Nef in particular, inhibits phagocytosis by différent receptors in macrophages. Nef protein significantly alters thé recruitment at thé phagocytic cup of recycling endosomes bearing AP1, VAMPS and TNFa. In contrast, Nef does not interfère with thé accumulation of VAMP7 nor that of F-actin. To inhibit phagocytosis Nef requires its myristoylation site and thé LL, DD and PXXP motifs. Finally, we found that Nef interacts with thé AP1 motif via thé LL motif, probably leading to thé disruption of membrane reorganization required for efficient phagocytosis, whereas actin is not altered. My thesis work helped bring new éléments on thé cellular and molecular mechanisms of phagocytosis and to better understand thé dysfunctions observed in macrophages of HIV-1-infected patients
Kervella, Michèle. "Identification de protéines externes impliquées dans la fixation de "Campylobacter jejuni", "Campylobacter coli" aux cellules épithéliales humaines." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114855.
Full textKu, Cheng-Lung. "Human IRAK-4 deficiency and invasive pneumococcal disease." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T019.
Full textPerrier, Anabelle. "Etude du trafic intracellulaire de la protéine M du coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV)." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S018.
Full textCoronaviruses are an important family of emerging pathogens, as shown by therecent emergence of pathogenic SARS-CoV (Severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) in the lasttwo decades. There are still some knowledge gaps concerning the biology ofcoronaviruses and we do not have any specific treatment or vaccine.Among the four structural proteins of the virus, the M protein is considered to bethe motor of viral assembly. Expressed alone in cells, M proteins can go beyond theassembly site of the virus (Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment,ERGIC) in the secretory pathway. We confirmed MERS-M localization in the Trans-Golginetwork (TGN) and identified two signals involved in its intracellular trafficking in its Cterminaldomain: a DxE ER export signal, and a KxGxYR TGN retention signal. The DxEsignal was already identified on another viral protein, whereas the KxGxYR signal is anew motif. To confirm the role of KxGxYR signal in TGN retention, we constructedchimeras between MERS-M and the protein M of the Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV),located in the ERGIC. Our results suggest that for both MERS-M and IBV-M the Cterminaldomain is determinant for the specific localization of the proteins.We also initiated a project on the characterization of the antiviral activity ofdigoxigenin against HCoV-229E. Our results demonstrated that it inhibits HCoV-229E ata post-entry step, with an IC50 of 250nM, and that it is not toxic at this concentration.Digoxigenin also inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) and likely has an effect on an early stepof replication of RNA (+) viruses
Pierre-Audigier, Catherine. "Développement et applications de l'amplification génique au diagnostic d'infections à Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA114801.
Full textVitour, Damien. "Interaction de la protéine non structurale NSP3 de Rotavirus avec la protéine cellulaire RoXaN." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA114845.
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