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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Infections à cardiovirus – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet"
Hammoumi, Saliha. "Etude des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de limiter l'infecton des cellules humaines par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077210.
Full textIn order to evaluate the transmission risk of EMCV, from animal, mainly pig, to human, especially during xenotransplantations, we were interested in factors likely to support or limit this transmission by studying the interaction of EMCV with human cells. Tools allowing the detection of the virus multiplication at the various stages of the infection were developed. In particular, for the follow-up of the proteins synthesis, a recombinant EMCV expressing EGFP was created. The recombinant virus was pathogenic for mouse like the parental virus. EGFP could be detected by autofluorescence in vitro in infected cells and in vivo on prints of mouse brains. The infectious power of various viral strains on human cell lines and primary cells, reflecting the tropism of the virus in animal, was analysed. The results indicated that the infection of the cells depends on the cellular type and the viral strain and that adsorption varies primarily according to the strains. By comparison of the sequences of capsid, amino acids playing a probable part in this adsorption were highlighted. The analysis of the cellular partners implied in the attachment made it possible to show that the adsorption of the strain 1086C is dependent on sialic acid and that lysine 231 of VP1 would play an important part in this connection. In addition, the adsorption of the B279/95 strain is independent of sialic acid but depends on heparanes sulfates. This suggests the probable use of co-receptors carrying heparane sulfates or sialic acids
Surdeau, Natacha. "Biofilms et infections nosocomiales : évaluation de l'efficacité d'un nouveau désinfectant OXSIL® 320N." Reims, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REIMO201.
Full text@Nosocomial infections are hospital acquired infections. They are not present or incubating when the patient is admitted to the hospital, and are either endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous ones are caused by organisms present in the patient own flora and exogenous infections are caused by organisms originating from medical devices, hospital staff, or environment. This contamination might be the result of a lack of efficiency in cleaning and disinfection procedures, those deficiencies being often attributed to the state in which these harmful microorganisms are found (biofilms). To reduce the risks of contamination, two parts have been developed in this thesis: at first, predictions of adhesion between stainless steel AISI 304 (major component of equipment in operating room) and four nosocomial strains (E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. Aeruginosa et E. Hirae), and in the second part, we determine, the efficient concentration of a new disinfectant OXSILÒ 320N in order to eliminate biofilms. Physico-schemical studies demonstrated the complexity of interactions involved in the initial phase of adhesion. We suggest that a change of the stainless steel surface properties could theoretically limit bacterial adhesion. However it was nearly impossible to limit adhesion between the four studied bacterial strains and the support AISI 304. It is then necessary to optimise preventive hygienic conditions. The bactericidal concentration of OXSILÒ 320N against planktonic cells, according to AFNOR Norm NF T 72-150, was 3,13%. Furthermore, biofilms were commonly more resistant than their planktonic counterparts due to the presence of known resistance mechanisms. According to the SODIFRA recommendations, the optimal conditions, required to avoid any contamination, were a concentration 12,52% and 10 min contact. These conditions can eliminate infection risks during short or long laps between two interventions in an operating room. These results revealed the necessity to use this disinfectant at appropriate concentration and but also the consequences of using it in infradose, although this concentration is considered as an efficient concentration by AFNOR Norm
Griseri, Thibault. "Rôle immunorégulateur des lymphocytes TNK dans le diabète de type 1 et les infections virales." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N24S.
Full textInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can prevent type 1 diabetes by impairing T cell responses to pancreatic β cells. As iNKT cells can also promote T cell responses to pathogens, and as viruses can trigger autoimmune diabetes, we investigated the effect of iNKT cells on virus-induced diabetes. Mice expressing the lymphochoriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) in their pancreatic β cells develop diabetes after LCMV infection. Here, we show that although iNKT cells promote systemic anti-LCMV CD8 T cell responses, theyn also completely abolish LCMV-induced diabetes. Locally in the pancreas, iNKT cells induced the production of large amount of antiviral cytokines inhibiting LCMV replication
Medjahed, Halima. "Développement d'outils génétiques pour étudier la virulence de Mycobacterium abscessus." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077077.
Full textMycobacterium abscessus is a rapidly growing mycobacterial species that can be involved in pulmonary and disseminated infections in immunosuppressed or young cystic fibrosis patients. It is an emerging pathogen and has attracted recent attention due to the numerous cases of infection; furthermore, genomic tools have been developed for this species. Nevertheless, the study of this species has until now been limited to spontaneous variants. We have compared three different mutagenesis Systems : the ts-sacB, the phage, and the recombineering Systems, and show that there are important differences in their efficiency for the construction of allelic-exchange mutants. We show, using the mmpL4b gene of the glycopeptidolipid pathway as a target, that allelic-exchange mutants can be constructed with a reasonable efficiency ( 7%) using the recombineering System. Studies on this species were limited so far to natural spontaneous variants. These studies have nevertheless showed that the Rough variants of M abscessus which are characterized by a low production of glycopeptidolipids are hypervirulent in human and also in in vivo models. Interestingly, these highly virulent isolates strongly induce TNF-α secretion by macrophages. However, the mechanism of the higher virulence process is currently unknown. The mutant constructed in this study, which is low glycopeptidolipids producer, is unable to slide and it loss the ability to form biofilms. These confirm the role of glycopeptidolipids in the modification of cell surface. Using in vivo model the virulence of this mutant has been tested. This study shows that other factor is involved with the lack glycopeptidolipids in the virulence of M abscessus. The study of the mechanism of the virulence of M abscessus is a pre-requisite to develop new drugs or vaccine candidates against this emerging pathogen
Jacobelli, Simon. "Rôle du système immunitaire dans le contrôle des infections par les papillomavirus humains." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T037.
Full textT cell immunity is involved in the defense against human papillomaviruses (HPV). Incidence and prevalence of HPV-induced clinical lesions are high in immunocompromised patients and concern oncogenic and/or non oncogenic cutaneous and mucosal HPV. In this work, T-cell immunity against HPV was studied in 2 models of HPV infection: - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like eruptions in the setting of HIV infection: clinical, virological et immunologic features were studied in a series of patients. The nadir of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the intensity and the length of T CD4+ deficiency were related on the development of clinical lesions induced by both bêta HPV or alpha HPV. The inefficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HPV-induced clinical lesions suggests that anti-HPV T-cell responses were ineffective. - Couples with women presenting with HPV16-induced classic vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and their healthy male partners, who were longitudinally followed for 18 months. Anti-E2 protein T-cell responses are a marker of efficient control of HPV infection, either after treatment in women, or spontaneously in men. Since E2 protein is absent from viral particles, the presence of anti-E2 T-cell responses in healthy male partners indirectly proves that they have been infected by replicative HPV16. These results provide a strong argument in favor of prophylactic HPV vaccination of young men to decrease the spread of mucosal HPV diseases
Verneuil, Laurence. "L' apoptose caspase-dépendante dans les interactions hôte / virus et en immunopathologie." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077200.
Full textApoptosis is an active physiological process involving a genetically regulated cell suicide process. Two effector cytolytic pathways of apoptosis are involved: one is triggered by the engagement of cell-surface death receptors of the Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, and the other is the mitochondrial pathway, which involves released of pro-apoptotic effectors. These two pathways trigger the effector caspases activation. A deregulation of apoptosis control mechanisms can provide some pathologies. We investigate a possible implication of apoptosis induction and the molecular mechanisms involved in the cytomegalovirus infection and in the acute graft versus host disease (GVHD). HCMV (human cytomegalovirus) encodes proteins with antiapoptotic properties but no proapoptotic protein is known. Here we show, in vitro, that the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), US28 encoded by HCMV, constitutively induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis but independent of the mitochondrial pathway activation and of cellular TNF family death receptor activation. In the context of allogeneic bone marrow grafting, the GVHD corresponds to an allogeneic response of donor effector cells against recipient epithelial target cells. In a murine model of acute GVHD, in vivo, our results shown that endothelial cell death precedes the induction of epithelial cell death in the oral mucosa and that FasL expression by allogeneic actived lymphocytes T is required, in the absence of any conditioning treatment
Chasseigneaux, Stéphanie. "Analyse moléculaire des interactions hôte-prions en systèmes cellulaires." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N20S.
Full textCGH array analysis of uninfected N2a sublines, susceptible or resistant to 22L prion strain, revealed chromosomal imbalances but did not demonstrate any characteristic profile of genomic alterations linked to phenotype. Likewise, sublines phenotype did not depend on the expression of Prnp nor PrPC. Analysis expression of a set of 29 genes revealed distinct transcriptional profiles in the N2a sublines. Transcriptional analysis of N2a5822L cells using microarrays demonstrated differential expression of genes implicated in transcription efficiency and cytoplasmic dynamics. Expression levels of a set of 38 genes in N2a5822L, in three susceptible sublines and in a resistant subline revealed diversity in transcriptional response to prion infection. Finally, study of PrPSc in a CJD patient harbouring the p. V180I mutation revealed the absence of the diglycosylated isoform supporting the evidence of the conversion of mono- and un-glycosylated mutated forms into the pathogenic mutant PrPSc180I
Aubron, Cécile. "Diversité métabolique au sein de l'espèce Escherichia coli : implications dans les capacités d'adaptation et la virulence." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T041.
Full textWe carry out a study of the metabolic diversity for some strains of E. Coli, in order to (i) point out a link between metabolism and virulence and, (ii) improve our understanding of urinary tract infections (UTI). The specific activity of some enzymes from the central metabolism was measured for 5 strains yielded in 4 mediums. We highlight a metabolic diversity, which could be linked to strain's habitats or pathovars. The uropathogenic strain, E. Coli CFT073, favours acetate metabolism and neoglucogenesis during growth in urine. The study of redox homeostasis for 8 E. Coli strains shows an unbalance during exponential phase by comparison with stationary phase. A systemic stress, such as a polytraumatism, is responsible for changes in urine composition, which could be a risk factor of UTI occurrence in unwell intensive care patients
Matheux, Franck. "Thérapie génique de l'infection à VIH via l'expression constitutive de l'IFN-β : approche expérimentale dans le modèle du macaque infecté par le SIV". Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD07.
Full textRolloy, Caroline. "Altération de la voie du TGF-β par la protéine E6 de papillomavirus humain cutané de type 5". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077045.
Full textHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses of icosahedral symmetry. More than 150 HPVs genotypes have been described so far. Most of them cause benign skin or mucosal hyperproliferative lesions. Infections with certain genotypes of HPVs are associated with malignant transformation such as ano-genital cancer (HPV 16, 18) in the general population or cutaneous carcinoma (HPV 5, 8) in the context of the inherited disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). These HPVs are considered as "high-risk" genotypes because of their tight association with cancer. Their oncogenic potential mainly relies on the activity of the two early viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7. The transforming activity of E6 protein of mucosal high-risk HPVs clearly implicates the tumor suppressor p53 degradation. In contrast, little is known on the functional properties of E6 oncoproteins from oncogenic cutaneous HPVs. Previous studies in the laboratory had shown the interaction between oncogenic HPV5 E6 (5E6) and the SMAD3 protein of the TGF-beta signalling pathway. This pathway is involved in many cellular events as control of cellular prolifération, differentiation, apoptosis and is known to be misregulated in numerous cancers. Our goal in this thesis was to dissect TGF-beta pathway rewired by E6 protein from oncogenic HPV 5. Combining deletion mutagenesis and linker scanning approaches we mapped on E6 N-terminal half the SMAD3 interacting area. Then, interactomic studies showed a redundant targeting of the TGF-beta by 5E6 that not only interact with SMAD3 but also with SnoN and Arkadia, two key regulators. To better understand the consequences of these interactions, we developed a ternary complex detection assay that leads us to show that besides proteosomal degradation of SMAD3/4 complexes, 5E6 also recycles SnoN-mediated repression to rewire the TGF-beta signaling pathway for viral benefit. Our results support the hypothesis that inhibition of this pathway, by eliciting cell proliferation in differenciating layers of epidermis, facilitates the viral cycle and accordingly, contributes to the oncogenic potential of E6 proteins from cutaneous HPVs