Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections à germes opportunistes'
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Hivert, Sylvie. "Comparaison de la virémie CMV, de l'antigénémie pp65 et du bDNA CMV 1. 0 pour évaluer la charge virale CMV chez 24 patients VIH+ dont 7 patients traités par Foscarnet." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2P088.
Full textGrondin, Marie-Ange. "Angiomatose bacillaire, à propos de deux observations." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M188.
Full textDepont, Cécile. "Infections nosocomiales bactériennes dans un service de médecine interne - maladies infectieuses : analyse sur six mois." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M089.
Full textAzanza, Pierre Jean Marie. "Mycobactéries et mucoviscidose : étude d'un cas, revue de la littérature." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M020.
Full textJacoupy, Brunet Sylvie. "Les infections disséminées à mycobactéries atypiques non aviaires au cours du sida :revue de la littérature : à propos de dix observations." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M202.
Full textAssada, Odile-Hélène. "Leucoencéphalopathie multifocale progressive et syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise : à propos de 25 cas observés en Aquitaine." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M056.
Full textChêne, Geneviève. "Essais thérapeutiques de prévention d'infections opportunistes au cours de l'infection par le VIH : à propos d'un essai de prévention primaire de la toxoplasmose." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR28408.
Full textSulak, Ondrej. "Études structure-fonction de lectines de bactéries opportunistes." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10324.
Full textLectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins of non-immune origin that bind specifically to complex carbohydrates. The presented Ph. D. Thesis is approaching the study of molecular mechanisms of interactions between lectins produced by pathogenic bacteria Burkholderia cenocepacia and Ralstonia solanacearum and their carbohydrate ligands. Cristallography, surface plasmon resonance, titration microcalorimetry and other tools were used for the characterisation of two lectins. The plant bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum produces three soluble lectins RSL, RS-IIL and RS20L. All of them have been previously studied but the characterisation of RS20L was not complete. During this thesis, the production of the RS20L lectin was optimised and its physicochemical behaviour analysed by 2D SDS-PAGE / MALDI-MS analysis and DSC. However, different assays for determining carbohydrate specificity and affinity were not successful and different strategies have to be designed. The second part of the thesis is devoted to a lectin from the human opportunistic pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia, responsible of high mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous diseases. The BC2L-C lectin is a 28 kDa protein composed of two distinct domains that were separately cloned and produced in E. Coli and characterised. The C-terminal domain shows sequence and structure similarity to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectin (PA-IIL) and recognises with high affinity D-mannosylated glycans. The N-terminal domain also displays sugar-binding ability with a strong preference for L-fucosylated oligosaccharides such as H-type and Lewis histo-blood group determinants. The N-terminal domain complexed with selenio-methyl-fucoside crystallises as a trimeric assembly that has not been observed for lectins earlier but that is highly similar to the TNF- α or C1q complement structures. The BC2L-C lectin is therefore a new superlectin with two different carbohydrate-biding domains and specificities
Gninafon, Dossa Daniel. "Association virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et pneumopathies en médecine interne au CNHU de Cotonou - Bénin : à propos de 87 cas recensés du 1er janvier 1990 au 30 avril 1995." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2M015.
Full textDutronc, Hervé. "Latence et multiplication du virus JC, responsable de la leucoencéphalopathie multifocale progressive (LEMP), dans différents compartiments de l'organisme chez 50 patients infectés par le VIH." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23047.
Full textMichon, Anne-Laure. "Les témoins de l'adaptation des bactéries pathogènes opportunistes associées à la mucoviscidose : des opérons ribosomiques aux implications thérapeutiques." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON13501/document.
Full textBacterial microbiotae and human beings developed mutualist interactions. All disrupting factors impacting this equilibrium can modify relationships among microbiota members with diverse consequences. In such an unstable context, opportunistic bacterial pathogens (OBPs) of endogenous or environmental origin showing great adaptability may find favorable conditions leading to ecological niche extension or to new niche colonization. This is illustrated by the diversity of atypical bacteria as well as by genetic and genomic evolution of members of the cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory tract (CFRT) microbiota. The deficit in local innate immunity allowed colonization by endogenous and exogenous bacteria that will further develop adaptation processes to this particular ecological niche. The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic, genetic and genomic potential adaptation markers in different models of OBPs, particularly in CF. For this purpose, we described the variability in the multiple rrs gene copies using PCR and temperature-based denaturing electrophoresis (PCR-TTGE) on large collections of Veillonella (n=149) and Achromobacter xylosoxidans (n=164), as well as on isolates of six other species involved in the CFRT colonization (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae). Genome dynamics of 90 isolates from 12 patients chronically colonized by A. xylosoxidans was studied by PCR-TTGE, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and PCR on repetitive sequences. Finally, the effect of environmental stress was evaluated on part of the growing CF microbiota and a thorough study of NaCl effect on 85 CF P. aeruginosa isolates was performed.These different approaches highlight: i) the intragenomic heterogeneity of the rrs gene copies in Veillonella (74% of isolates), H. influenzae (61%), S. maltophilia (38%), A. xylosoxidans (28%), and S. aureus (17%), ii) a clonal chronic colonization with A. xylosoxidans in 12 CF patients associated with rrs genetic and/or genomic intra-clonal evolution, iii) the effect of environmental stress such as salinity, pH and temperature on the CFRT microbiota, iv) the antimicrobial effect of NaCl on CF P. aeruginosa isolates, a 6% NaCl concentration inhibiting the growth of all the isolates and a bactericidal action being observed for 90% of the isolates with 10% NaCl, v) multiple effects of NaCl on growth, biofilm and mobility of P. aeruginosa. This study shows that rrs genes and genome dynamics witness for bacterial adaptability within microbiota according to environmental constraints and underlines the diversity and importance of adaptation processes in the long-term pathological adapted microbial communities of the CFRT. Modification of environmental factors such as salinity or pH of the CFRT niche may impact the microbiota and should be considered as targets for CF therapeutics
Loudhaief, Rihab. "Effets des bioinsecticides à base de Bacillus thuringiensis sur la physiologie intestinale de la Drosophile." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4054/document.
Full textThe digestive tract is continuously subjected to multiple aggressions through virus, bacteria, toxins and chemicals mixed in the feed. Therefore the gut lining has established a mechanism of replenishment in order to maintain the physiological function of the organ called the gut homeostasis. Although the deleterious impact of acute poisoning can be overcome by the defense capacity and regeneration of the gut mucosa, prolonged or repeated intoxication can impair its homeostasis. Among the aggressors hidden in the feed, there is the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt is worldwide used as bioinsecticide. Indeed the multitude of Bt strains produces a broad range of crystalline toxins, named Cry toxins, which certain have been selected in organic farming owing to their lethal properties against specific pests. Because of incentive programs for sustainable development, the use of Bt bioinsecticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides will further increase in the next decades. Although the specificity of the acute toxicity of Cry toxins has been proved since many years, data are scarce on adverse effects that could result from chronic exposure. The question now is how far non-target organisms will be potentially impacted by the resulting augmentation of the Bt bacterium and its Cry toxins in the environment. To answer this challenge, I used Drosophila (a non-target organism) to study the impacts of Bt bioinsecticides on the gut physiology because 1/ the digestive tract is the main entrance for feed contaminated by Bt bioinsecticides and 2/ Bt and its toxins are known to impair the gut epithelium of sensitive pests
Yazdanpanah, Yazdan. "Evaluation médico-économique en santé : Prophylaxie des infections opportunistes chez les patients infectés par le virus d'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) : coût-efficacité des statégies préconisées par les recommandations françaises." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20922.
Full textLapeyre, Catherine. "Evaluation des techniques d'étude de la sensibilité de mycobactérium avium complex à la Clarithromycine et à la Rifabutine." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23041.
Full textBernardin, Claire. "Effet d’un bassin de rétention des eaux pluviales en milieu urbain sur la diversité et la dangerosité de bactéries pathogènes opportunistes." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1029.
Full textWater management has been associated during a long time with health concerns to prevent the spread of waterborne disease. Over time, the health aspect was replaced by environmental concerns. Nowadays, questions about the potential health risks due to water management structures are recurrent. In this work, we studied the behavior of a dry retention basin at the eastern part of Lyon, in particular the links between the presence of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, the hydraulic behaviour and the trapping capacity of pollutants in the basin. For that purpose, we carried out 6 sampling campaigns during a year and a half. The samples were characterized at a physicochemical and microbiological level (A. caviae, P. aeruginosa, Nocardia, E. coli, coliforms, enterococci). The physicochemical characteristics found are comparable to those obtained in similar basins. The entire basin is regularly contaminated by bacteria followed (0 to 1.92E +07 CFU/g dm). Higher concentrations in summer and during rain periods were observed. Pearson correlation analysis revealed some rare links between the presence of bacteria and chemical pollutants, such as between P. aeruginosa and PAHs. A correlation between Nocardia and sedimentary characteristics (volatile organic content and mass density) was also observed. For the first time in France, further study on the genus Nocardia has permitted: to isolate N. cyriacigeorgica in the environment, to develop a qPCR (specific of this species) used in complex environments and to develop a quick test on nematode in order to identify the virulence of bacterial isolates in the NSC
Aujoulat, Fabien. "Adaptation et spécialisation des bactéries environnementales à l'infection humaine : étude des genres Ochrobactrum et Agrobacterium." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13501/document.
Full textThe opportunistic bacterial pathogens (OBP) cause the main part of bacterial infectious diseases. Environmental-borne OBP should encounter dramatic changes in lifestyle in order to colonize human beings. The conditions of this adaptation should precise concepts about OBP and emerging pathogens.The genera Ochrobactrum and Agrobacterium groups bacteria with versatile lifestyles that establish diverse relationships with the eukaryotic cells. These environmental-borne OBP caused diverse infectious diseases in immune-compromised patients. In this study, we undertook an approach of multilocus genetic on large population of environmental and clinical strains of Ochrobactrum and Agrobacterium. The population structures were compared to phenotypic traits related to adaptation and virulence in man, such as growth temperature, biofilm formation and virulence tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and human macrophages models.Ochrobactrum anthropi and Ochrobactrum intermedium are the two main Ochrobactrum species to be involved in human diseases. O. anthropi displays an epidemic population structure organized in two large clonal complexes (CCs). CC4 groups only human associated strains whereas CC1 contain environmental and clinical strains. Population genetics suggested that CC4 is a human-associated clone although phenotypic, genomic and virulence traits do not differ between CC1 and CC4 strains.As O. anthropi, O. intermedium displays a high genetic diversity without correlation between the genetic structure and the origin of strains. The level of genetic diversity among clinical strains appears as high as observed in the whole population. Several data such as a low level of genomic diversity suggested that O. intermedium is associated to a narrow ecological niche. The low number of environmental strains described for this species as well as an optimal growth at 37°C suggested that human beings could be the main niche for O. intermedium. Virulence in macrophage and C. elegans models showed diverse behaviour whereas some strains are able to survive and multiply in macrophages model.Multilocus genetics in a population of Agrobacterium spp. that displays diverse lifestyles, revealed a human associated population as observed for O. anthropi. The clinical genovar A7 groups 80% of the clinical strains included in the study, this strains growing at 42°C. Data obtained in this study will be confronted to the knowledge about other environmental-borne OBP such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and bacteria belonging to the species complex Burkholderia cepacia. All these bacteria displayed sub-populations associated to man or to a particular human disease. These sub-populations suggest a specialization process that will be described in the context of the speciation of bacterial pathogen in order to revisite the concept of « opportunisme infectieux »
Kassi, Kondo. "Diversité génétique et sensibilité aux antifongiques d’isolats cliniques et environnementaux de Cryptococcus à Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONT3521/document.
Full textCryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the second opportunistic infection in HIV infected patients. It is the fourth cause of death due to infectious diseases in Africa with an annual mortality of 600,000. The yeasts responsible belong to the C. neoformans / Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Our study describes epidemiology and resistance to antifungal of environmental and clinical strains of Cryptococcus in Ivory Coast. The isolates are from an active list of 1,750 patients VIH positive and 667 samples taken in the living environment of patients. We demonstrate a high genotypic diversity within our cohort and the presence of several species of Cryptococcus in one sample from the same patient as well as in samples from patients follow up, which had never been shown in West Africa. We found that the recurrent cryptococcosis is caused by multiple infections by different strains over time. Our results describe also, for the first time, the isolation of Cryptococcus from pigeon droppings from Abidjan. And we notice that, as the genotypes of environmental and clinical isolates are very different, that excludes contamination of patients by pigeon droppings. Finally, most of the isolates were susceptible to reference antifungal but a patient might be contaminated by isolates with different susceptibility
Ngouana, Kammalac Thierry. "Diversité génétique d'isolats de Cryptococcus et Candida issus des patients VIH positifs à Yaoundé et étude de leur sensibilité aux antifongiques et aux extraits de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13512/document.
Full textCryptococcus neoformans and Candida species are the main causative agents of yeast opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. However, information on molecular their epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility are scarce in Cameroon. The main objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity and the antifungal susceptibility against antifungal drugs and plant extracts of C. neoformans and Candida isolates from Yaoundé HIV patients. C. neoformans (25) and Candida (317 among which 113 C. albicans) Isolates were obtained, from 171 and 402 HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital respectively. They were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characters, by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR. The genetic diversity of 150 C. neoformans isolates (25 initial isolates and 125 colonies) was carried out by serotyping, microsatellite length polymorphism and PCR-RFLP. The genetic diversity of the 113 C. albicans isolates was performed by genotyping and microsatellite length polymorphism. The identification of C. albicans complex species was achieved by PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene. The antifungal susceptibility testing of C. neoformans against posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was carried out by the broth microdilution test using the « Sensititre YeastOne® » kit. The CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used for the determination of the C. albicans isolate's susceptibility against amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole which are frequently used in Cameroon. The antifungal activity of extracts from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa and Monodora tenuifolia was performed by a preliminary screening with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts. Selected extracts were therefore submitted to the bio-guided fractionation. Selected subfractions were submitted to combination assays. C. neoformans var grubii was the lonely Cryptococcus species isolated in cerebrospinal fluids. Fifteen Candida species were isolates from mucosae with C. albicans remaining the most frequent. C. africana has been isolated for the first time in Cameroon. C. neoformans and C. albicans provided 14 and 65 major molecular types respectively. It was also found that a patient can be infected by 2 different molecular types of C. neoformans. C. albicans genotype A was the most frequent. The PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene allowed the identification of a novel molecular profile among the C. albicans complex and named H (H1-H6). C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the tested drugs. However, one isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and one another to 5-fluorocytosine. C. albicans isolates expressed various susceptibility profiles similar to what described in the literature. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the H-typing and the antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against itraconazole (p-value<0.05). T. mantaly, T. catappa and M. tenuifolia extracts exhibited antifungal activity against tested yeasts. Bioguided fractionation allowed improves of the antifungal activity from crude extracts to subfractions. Synergism was observed, and the most active combination from T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia was also fungicidal on tested yeasts. Conclusively, the present work brings new tools for the comprehension and the better management of C. neoformans and Candida infections among Yaoundé HIV positive patients. The antifungal resistance emergence of yeasts isolates could be compensated by the development of a new antifungal medicine from subfractions combinations of T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia
Kabore, Dieudonne Odilon. "Diagnostic de laboratoire des infections opportunistes à Gemmata spp. (Planctomycetes)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/190704_KABORE_487ny481qti434jszgs949im_TH.pdf.
Full textBacteria of the genus Gemmata are Planctomycetes suspected to be responsible for opportunistic infections in two aplastic patients. Gemmata obscuriglobus and Gemmata massiliana are the only cultivable species of this genus; the rest being refractory to culture. During our Thesis work, 34 blood samples collected from aplastic patients and 392 bronchoalveolar washes were collected to search for Gemmata using qPCR and culture. In an aplastic patient, a positive PCR was obtained from the blood and the standard PCR performed for sequencing was defective; and no isolate was obtained in culture. In order to design new isolation tools, both strains were co-cultured with phagocytes, which were shown to be bactericidal for these bacteria. Then, we compared a medium A, incorporating sponge tissues of Spongia sp. in the middle standard; and medium B incorporating the aqueous Spongia filtrate into medium A. The three media (standard, A and B) were inoculated with both strains and after 3 days of incubation, colonies counted from media A and B increased to more than one log compared to standard medium. Also, genome analysis of the two species showed that none of them encoded for the essential components of iron metabolism. We therefore forced Escherichia coli to produce these components in order to enrich the standard medium with the filtrate, which allowed us to observe a faster growth, p <0.001. Finally, the impact of radiotherapy, which would have induced dysbiosis and then a translocation of Gemmata from the digestive microbiota to the blood of patients undergoing this therapy, was explored after in vitro stool irradiation. A strong disturbance of faecal flora was observed
Lefrant, Annabelle. "Résistance des ombles (Salvelinus fontinalis et Salvelinus alpinus) aux infections bactériennes opportunistes en milieu marin." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Find full textTitre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 26 avril 2007). Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de maîtrise en océanographie. Comprend un résumé. CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 57-64. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Cornu, Thierry. "Le profil protéique inflammatoire, nutritionnel et immunitaire lors des infections opportunistes au cours du SIDA." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P190.
Full textHube, Jean-Pierre. "Infections à germes du complexe nocardia asteroïdes : Étude générale à propos de quatre cas." Strasbourg 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR1M022.
Full textBoutin, Sébastien. "Développement de nouvelles stratégies de prévention et de résistance aux infections opportunistes chez l'Omble de fontaine (Salvelinus fontinalis)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29753/29753.pdf.
Full textBacteria can colonize every ecological niche including multicellular organisms, due to their fast growth and their biochemical abilities,. Host-bacteria relationships are complex and range from parasitism to mutualism. Under this framework, my theoretical objective is to study the relationship complexity between brook charr and its microbial partners. This fish species is targeted by opportunistic infections from bacterial pathogens belonging to the Flavobacterium genus. My applied objective focuse on the development of alternative strategies to prevent and treat these infections without antibiotics. The first result of this project highlight that hypoxic stress induce a diminution of the potentially beneficial bacteria leading to a dysbiosis, which in turn triggers opportunistic infections. Then, we isolated bacteria from the microbiome to test their antagonistic effects on two pathogens Flavobacterium columnare and F. psychrophilum. We identify seven potential candidates in vitro, one tested in vivo and being effective to prevent cold-water disease via interference competition. The last objective is to test the existence of host genetic regions associated with the recruitment capacity of beneficial genera in the microbiome. To this end, we analyze the skin microbiome of 86 progenies issued from a dihybrid cross. A strong inter-individual variability is observed and we identify three genetic regions involved in the recruitment of three bacterial genera including Methylobacterium, which is very important to maintain microbiome homeostasis. Overall, the results demonstrate the role of skin microbiota in brook charr resistance against opportunistic infections.
MARCOMBES, VERONIQUE. "Les infections opportunistes au cours du sida : a propos de 37 cas observes au chru de clermont-ferrand." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CLF13005.
Full textYouenou, Benjamin. "Les sols anthropisés, incubateurs d'agents bactériens pathogènes de l'homme : typage génétique, métabolique et antibio-résistance d'agents opportunistes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10150.
Full textOpportunistic bacterial pathogens (obp) of Man are found in hospital setting where they are responsible for nosocomial infections as well as in terrestrial and aquatic natural environments. Obp often show high intrinsic antibiotic resistance level. Moreover, the intensive use of antibiotics in clinical settings can lead to the emergence of "Multi Drug Resistant" strains. The anthropisation of the natural environment leads to modifications in bacterial diversity of these environments and can affect the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance properties of obp. My research focused on the impact of organic amendments on the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance properties of obp. A study on the species Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the “Burkholderia cepacia complex" (Bcc) was conducted on sites in Burkina Faso amended or not with raw urban wastes. This study showed differences in antibiotic resistance properties between the 3 models. S. maltophila frequently showed MDR phenotypes unlike P. aeruginosa and Bcc. A comparative genomics study between S. maltophilia strains from environmental or clinical origin showing sensitive or MDR phenotypes was performed to elucidate the genetic origins of heterogeneity in the resistance phenotypes. A variation in the efflux pumps content was observed between strains. The expression of an efflux pump specific to an environmental MDR strain was then evaluated and confirmed its likely involvement in antibiotic resistance and adaptation to environmental parameters such as temperature
Maubon, Danièle Aznar Christine. "Le diagnostic de l'histoplasmose à Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum par la méthode de PCR mise au point, applications et perspectives en Guyane française /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2006. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0237656.pdf.
Full textMalaison, Diane. "Interactions complexes entre le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 et le Trypanosoma cruzi dans un modèle de cellules microgliales humaines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26552/26552.pdf.
Full textBaranovsky, Sophie. "Circulation et persistance de pathogènes nosocomiaux multirésistants et hautement résistants émergents dans l’environnement hospitalier : complexité des unités de transmission." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG002.
Full textHealthcare-associated infections (HAI) are a major concern of Public Health because of their involvement in the global threat of antibiotic resistance, predicted to become the first cause of mortality in 2050 with about 10 million deaths a year. The high antibiotic consumption associated with both patients’ promiscuity and vulnerability make hospital an ideal place for cross-transmission of bacteria, especially drug-resistant bacteria, and for outbreak occurrence. Surfaces within hospital environment play an important role in these phenomena, serving as reservoir or relay for bacteria responsible of HAI. Better understand the diffusion of bacteria responsible of HAI onto hospital surfaces appears as a major axe of research.In order to observe the circulation and persistence of gram-negative bacteria (GNB) involved in HAI onto hospital surfaces, and to identify the reasons of diffusion and outbreak successes of certain bacterial species and sub-species, we performed intensive samplings of hospital environment, with a total of 5329 surfaces sampled. Two sources of contamination were considered: the hydric origin with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in leading position, and the human origin with carbapenemase-producing bacteria (CPB).During this work, we collected 567 strains by sampling the hospital environment. For every strain, both clinical, ecological and epidemiological data were gathered. The strains collection isolated in real conditions of hospital activities is the foundation of this thesis and constitutes its originality. It permitted to retrace, as close as possible to real-life conditions, the routes of transmission of bacteria responsible of HAI on hospital surfaces. This allowed us to identify environmental reservoirs of GNB and analyze the circulation of hydric bacteria between water and water point-of-use, surfaces and patients, as well as the circulation of human bacteria between patients and hospital surfaces. These analyses integrated the different levels of complexity of bacteria through the diversity of bacterial population and sub-populations. Considering this complexity as a whole seems to be the key to better understand the involvement of hospital environment in the transmission of bacteria responsible of HAI. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the close environment of patients reflected the bacteria colonizing/infecting patients, while providing further information on its diversity. Thus, the patient within its healthcare environment must be considered as a unique entity of transmission in order to better anticipating the diffusion of bacteria in hospital environment and the occurrence of outbreaks
Lê-Bury, Gabrielle. "Infection des macrophages par le VIH-1 : facteurs moléculaires impliqués dans la production virale et dans le développement de bactéries opportunistes The HIV-1 protein Vpr impairs phagosome maturation by controlling microtubule-dependent trafficking Pronounced stealth phenotype and differential pyroptosis induction by invasive Salmonella Typhimurium revealed by coinfection of human macrophages with HIV Role of Solute Carriers in efficient HIV-1 production by human macrophages." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB094.
Full textHuman Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects macrophages. In contrast to CD4+ T cells, macrophages are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the virus and represent a reservoir for the pathogen. In these cells, the new virions are produced and stored in a specific intracellular compartment called Virus-Containing Compartment (VCC). This non-acidic compartment, transiently connected to the plasma membrane, remains poorly characterized. In addition, HIV-1 induces an alteration of macrophage function, allowing the development of opportunistic bacteria, such as specific strains of Salmonella Typhimurium. In particular, we studied invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium (iNTS) strains that developed in HIV-positive patients. The aims of my thesis have been to identify the molecular factors involved in the production of HIV-1 in primary human macrophages and to study the development of the invasive strains of Salmonella Typhimurium. First, I participed in studying the effects of HIV-1 infection on macrophage function. Their main role is phagocytosis, which is a defense mechanism enabling internalization and degradation of pathogens. It has previously been shown in the host laboratory that in HIV-1 infected macrophages, the internalization step is partially inhibited by the virulence factor Nef. In this work, we have shown that the infection of these cells by HIV-1 also inhibits the maturation of phagosomes, in this case, via the viral protein Vpr. Further, we have demonstrated that HIV-1 leads to a pre-activation state of the macrophage, while preventing the cell from responding to subsequent stimuli, such as bacterial superinfection. Secondly, I studied the coinfections between HIV-1 and an invasive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium that was compared to reference strains. This work demonstrated that bacteria do not hijack the viral compartment for their survival in co-infected macrophages. Additionally, the invasive strain of Salmonella Typhimurium was observed to induce less cell death by pyroptosis than a reference strain. The signaling pathways upstream of this cell death were determined to be associated with an inflammatory mechanism. Hence, it was demonstrated that the invasive strain of Salmonella hijacks the mechanism of pyroptosis to survive in macrophages. This may explain the dissemination observed in patients. Finally, a study of new cellular factors involved in viral production in macrophages was conducted. Following a transcriptomic analysis of human primary macrophages infected, or not, with HIV-1, we identified a large number of membrane transporters called SLC (Solute Carrier) whose expression was modulated by the infection. After selecting some of the candidates for further study, I have demonstrated that some of these SLCs are important for viral production in macrophages. In conclusion, this work contributes to defining how HIV-1 infects macrophages and disturbs their activation and clearance functions, and how opportunistic pathogenic bacteria develop