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Journal articles on the topic 'Infections à Orthopoxvirus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 September 2022

Last updated: 28 September 2022

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1

Shchelkunov, S. N., and G. A. Shchelkunova. "We should be prepared to smallpox re-emergence." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 64, no. 5 (2019): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-206-214.

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The review contains a brief analysis of the results of investigations conducted during 40 years after smallpox eradication and directed to study genomic organization and evolution of variola virus (VARV) and development of modern diagnostics, vaccines and chemotherapies of smallpox and other zoonotic orthopoxviral infections of humans. Taking into account that smallpox vaccination in several cases had adverse side effects, WHO recommended ceasing this vaccination after 1980 in all countries of the world. The result of this decision is that the mankind lost the collective immunity not only to s

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Douglas, Kirk Osmond, Claire Cayol, Kristian Michael Forbes, et al. "Serological Evidence of Multiple Zoonotic Viral Infections among Wild Rodents in Barbados." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (2021): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060663.

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Background: Rodents are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens that can cause human infectious diseases, including orthohantaviruses, mammarenaviruses and orthopoxviruses. Evidence exists for these viruses circulating among rodents and causing human infections in the Americas, but much less evidence exists for their presence in wild rodents in the Caribbean. Methods: Here, we conducted serological and molecular investigations of wild rodents in Barbados to determine the prevalence of orthohantavirus, mammarenavirus and orthopoxvirus infections, and the possible role of these rodent species

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Shchelkunova, G. A., and S. N. Shchelkunov. "40 Years without Smallpox." Acta Naturae 9, no. 4 (2017): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2017-9-4-4-12.

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The last case of natural smallpox was recorded in October, 1977. It took humanity almost 20 years to achieve that feat after the World Health Organization had approved the global smallpox eradication program. Vaccination against smallpox was abolished, and, during the past 40 years, the human population has managed to lose immunity not only to smallpox, but to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections as well. As a result, multiple outbreaks of orthopoxvirus infections in humans in several continents have been reported over the past decades. The threat of smallpox reemergence as a result of evol

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Tregubchak, T. V., T. V. Bauer, R. A. Maksyutov, and E. V. Gavrilova. "Cases of Orthopoxviral Infections around the World over a Period of 2008–2018." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2021-3-33-39.

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The eradication of smallpox has become one of the greatest successes of modern health science. This great achievement was made possible thanks to the widespread vaccination of the population. The last case of human infection with smallpox virus occurred in 1977. In 1980, at the 33rd session of the World Health Assembly, routine vaccination against that infection was recommended to be discontinued due to severe post-vaccination complications. However, humanity remains vulnerable to other orthopoxvirus infections closely related to smallpox virus. Recently, the cases of human infection with orto

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Khlusevich, Ya A., A. L. Matveev, E. P. Goncharova, I. K. Baykov, and N. V. Tikunova. "Immunogenicity of recombinant fragment of orthopoxvirus p35 protein in mice." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, no. 4 (2019): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.508.

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Despite the elimination of smallpox, orthopoxviruses continue to be a source of biological danger for humans, as cowpox and monkey pox viruses circulate in nature and the last virus can cause both sporadic cases of human diseases and outbreaks of smallpox-like infection. In addition, periodic vaccination is necessary for representatives of some professions (scientists studying pathogenic orthopoxviruses, medical personnel, etc.). Vaccination against smallpox virus with live vaccinia virus, which was widely used during the elimination of smallpox, induces the formation of long-term immunity in

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Scaramozzino, Natale, Audrey Ferrier-Rembert, Anne-laure Favier, et al. "Real-Time PCR to Identify Variola Virus or Other Human Pathogenic Orthopox Viruses." Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 4 (2007): 606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.068635.

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Abstract Background: Variola virus (family Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus) and the closely related cowpox, vaccinia, and monkeypox viruses can infect humans. Efforts are mounting to replenish the smallpox vaccine stocks, optimize diagnostic methods for poxviruses, and develop new antivirals against smallpox, because it is feared that variola virus might be used as a weapon of bioterrorism. Methods: We developed an assay for the detection of variola virus DNA. The assay is based on TaqMan chemistry targeting the 14-kD protein gene. For the 1st stage of the assay we used genus consensus primers

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Smith, Scott K., Victoria A. Olson, Kevin L. Karem, Robert Jordan, Dennis E. Hruby, and Inger K. Damon. "In Vitro Efficacy of ST246 against Smallpox and Monkeypox." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 3 (2008): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01044-08.

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ABSTRACT Since the eradication of smallpox and the cessation of routine childhood vaccination for smallpox, the proportion of the world's population susceptible to infection with orthopoxviruses, such as variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) and monkeypox virus, has grown substantially. In the United States, the only vaccines for smallpox licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have been live virus vaccines. Unfortunately, a substantial number of people cannot receive live virus vaccines due to contraindications. Furthermore, no antiviral drugs have been fully approved by

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Prichard, Mark N., Kathy A. Keith, Debra C. Quenelle, and Earl R. Kern. "Activity and Mechanism of Action of N-Methanocarbathymidine against Herpesvirus and Orthopoxvirus Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 4 (2006): 1336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1336-1341.2006.

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ABSTRACT N-Methanocarbathymidine [(N)-MCT] is a conformationally locked nucleoside analog that is active against some herpesviruses and orthopoxviruses in vitro. The antiviral activity of this molecule is dependent on the type I thymidine kinase (TK) in herpes simplex virus and also appears to be dependent on the type II TK expressed by cowpox and vaccinia viruses, suggesting that it is a substrate for both of these divergent forms of the enzyme. The drug is also a good inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis in both viruses and is consistent with inhibition of the viral DNA polymerase once it is act

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Shchelkunov, S. N., T. V. Bauer, S. N. Yakubitskiy, A. A. Sergeev, A. S. Kabanov, and S. A. Pyankov. "Mutations in the A34R gene increase the immunogenicity of vaccinia virus." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 2 (2021): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.017.

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Vaccination is the most simple and reliable approach of protection to virus infections. The most effective agents are live vaccines, usually low-virulence organisms for humans and closely related to pathogenic viruses or attenuated as a result of mutations/deletions in the genome of pathogenic virus. Smallpox vaccination with live vaccinia virus (VACV) closely related to smallpox virus played a key role in the success of the global smallpox eradication program carried out under the World Health Organization auspices. As a result of the WHO decision as of 1980 to stop smallpox vaccination, huma

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Maksyutov, R. A., S. N. Yakubitskyi, I. V. Kolosova, and S. N. Shchelkunov. "Comparing New-Generation Candidate Vaccines against Human Orthopoxvirus Infections." Acta Naturae 9, no. 2 (2017): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2017-9-2-88-93.

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The lack of immunity to the variola virus in the population, increasingly more frequent cases of human orthopoxvirus infection, and increased risk of the use of the variola virus (VARV) as a bioterrorism agent call for the development of modern, safe vaccines against orthopoxvirus infections. We previously developed a polyvalent DNA vaccine based on five VARV antigens and an attenuated variant of the vaccinia virus (VACV) with targeted deletion of six genes (VAC6). Independent experiments demonstrated that triple immunization with a DNA vaccine and double immunization with VAC6 provide protect

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Shchelkunov, Sergei N. "An Increasing Danger of Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus Infections." PLoS Pathogens 9, no. 12 (2013): e1003756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003756.

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Schmitt, Anne, Kerstin Mätz-Rensing, and Franz-Josef Kaup. "Non-Human Primate Models of Orthopoxvirus Infections." Veterinary Sciences 1, no. 1 (2014): 40–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci1010040.

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Kern, Earl R., Mark N. Prichard, Debra C. Quenelle, et al. "Activities of Certain 5-Substituted 4′-Thiopyrimidine Nucleosides against Orthopoxvirus Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 2 (2008): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01257-08.

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ABSTRACT As part of a program to identify new compounds that have activity against orthopoxviruses, a number of 4′-thionucleosides were synthesized and evaluated for their efficacies against vaccinia and cowpox viruses. Seven compounds that were active at about 1 μM against both viruses in human cells but that did not have significant toxicity were identified. The 5-iodo analog, 1-(2-deoxy-4-thio-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (4′-thioIDU), was selected as a representative molecule; and this compound also inhibited viral DNA synthesis at less than 1 μM but only partially inhibited the replica

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Shchelkunov, S. N., A. A. Sergeev, K. A. Titova, S. A. Pyankov, and S. N. Yakubitskiy. "Increasing protectivity of the smallpox vaccine." Medical Immunology (Russia) 24, no. 1 (2022): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-ipo-2203.

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At the present time, vast majority of human population lacks immunity against orthopoxvirus infections caused by variola (smallpox), monkeypox, cowpox, or buffalopox viruses. More and more mass outbreaks of orthopoxvirus infections are yearly registered among humans on different continents. To prevent transition of these outbreaks to widespread epidemics, we should develop appropriate immunoprophylaxis strategies. Currently, massive usage of the classic live vaccine based on vaccinia virus is not acceptable, due to its high reactogenicity. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the variants of

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Jordan, Robert, Deborah Tien, Tove' C. Bolken, et al. "Single-Dose Safety and Pharmacokinetics of ST-246, a Novel Orthopoxvirus Egress Inhibitor." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 5 (2008): 1721–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01303-07.

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ABSTRACT ST-246 is a novel, potent orthopoxvirus egress inhibitor that is being developed to treat pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections of humans. This phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study (first time with humans) was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ST-246 in healthy human volunteers. ST-246 was administered in single oral doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg to fasting healthy volunteers and 1,000 mg to nonfasting healthy volunteers. ST-246 was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events, and no subj

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Shchelkunov, S. N., A. A. Sergeev, S. N. Yakubitskyi, K. A. Titova, and S. A. Pyankov. "Assessing immunogenicity and protectiveness of the vaccinia virus LIVP-GFP in three laboratory animal models." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 11, no. 6 (2021): 1167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-aia-1668.

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Smallpox eradication and lack of adequate animal model for smallpox infection underlies a necessity to assess immunogenic and protective properties of genetic engineering-created live attenuated smallpox vaccines in several animal models of orthopoxviral infections. Here we compared immunogenic and protective properties of the recombinant vaccinia virus (VACV) LIVP-GFP intradermally (i.d.) inoculated to mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. LIVP-GFP immunization in all animal species was applied at dose of 2 × 104 or 2 × 106 PFU. Control animals were injected with saline. Blood sampling was performed

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Parker, Scott, Lauren Handley, and R. Mark Buller. "Therapeutic and prophylactic drugs to treat orthopoxvirus infections." Future Virology 3, no. 6 (2008): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17460794.3.6.595.

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Shchelkunov, Sergei N., Stanislav N. Yakubitskiy, Kseniya A. Titova, Stepan A. Pyankov, and Alexander A. Sergeev. "Enhancing the Protective Immune Response to Administration of a LIVP-GFP Live Attenuated Vaccinia Virus to Mice." Pathogens 10, no. 3 (2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030377.

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Following the WHO announcement of smallpox eradication, discontinuation of smallpox vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) was recommended. However, interest in VACV was soon renewed due to the opportunity of genetic engineering of the viral genome by directed insertion of foreign genes or introduction of mutations or deletions into selected viral genes. This genomic technology enabled production of stable attenuated VACV strains producing antigens of various infectious agents. Due to an increasing threat of human orthopoxvirus re-emergence, the development of safe highly immunogenic live orth

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Kaminsky, Lauren W., Janet J. Sei, Nikhil J. Parekh, et al. "Redundant Function of Plasmacytoid and Conventional Dendritic Cells Is Required To Survive a Natural Virus Infection." Journal of Virology 89, no. 19 (2015): 9974–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01024-15.

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ABSTRACTViruses that spread systemically from a peripheral site of infection cause morbidity and mortality in the human population. Innate myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DC), and dendritic cells (DC), respond early during viral infection to control viral replication, reducing virus spread from the peripheral site. Ectromelia virus (ECTV), an orthopoxvirus that naturally infects the mouse, spreads systemically from the peripheral site of infection and results in death of susceptible mice. While phagocytic cells have a requisite role in the

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Golden, Joseph W., and Jay W. Hooper. "Evaluating the Orthopoxvirus Type I Interferon-Binding Molecule as a Vaccine Target in the Vaccinia Virus Intranasal Murine Challenge Model." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 11 (2010): 1656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00235-10.

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ABSTRACT The biological threat imposed by orthopoxviruses warrants the development of safe and effective vaccines. We developed a candidate orthopoxvirus DNA-based vaccine, termed 4pox, which targets four viral structural components, A33, B5, A27, and L1. While this vaccine protects mice and nonhuman primates from lethal infections, we are interested in further enhancing its potency. One approach to enhance potency is to include additional orthopoxvirus immunogens. Here, we investigated whether vaccination with the vaccinia virus (VACV) interferon (IFN)-binding molecule (IBM) could protect BAL

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Smith, Alvin L., Marisa St Claire, Srikanth Yellayi, et al. "Intrabronchial inoculation of cynomolgus macaques with cowpox virus." Journal of General Virology 93, no. 1 (2012): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.036905-0.

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The public health threat of orthopoxviruses from bioterrorist attacks has prompted researchers to develop suitable animal models for increasing our understanding of viral pathogenesis and evaluation of medical countermeasures (MCMs) in compliance with the FDA Animal Efficacy Rule. We present an accessible intrabronchial cowpox virus (CPXV) model that can be evaluated under biosafety level-2 laboratory conditions. In this dose-ranging study, utilizing cynomolgus macaques, signs of typical orthopoxvirus disease were observed with the lymphoid organs, liver, skin (generally mild) and respiratory

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Gavrilova, E. V., R. A. Maksyutov, and S. N. Shchelkunov. "Orthopoxvirus Infections: Epidemiology, Clinical Picture, and Diagnostics (Scientific Review)." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4 (December 20, 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2013-4-82-88.

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Xiao, Yuhong, and Stuart N. Isaacs. "Therapeutic Vaccines and Antibodies for Treatment of Orthopoxvirus Infections." Viruses 2, no. 10 (2010): 2381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v2102381.

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Ferraris, O., A. Ferrier-Rembert, I. Drouet, F. Jarjaval, F. Iseni, and C. Peyrefitte. "Surveillance des infections à orthopoxvirus en France en 2014." Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 142, no. 12 (2015): S437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2015.10.036.

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Jordan, Robert, Arthur Goff, Annie Frimm, et al. "ST-246 Antiviral Efficacy in a Nonhuman Primate Monkeypox Model: Determination of the Minimal Effective Dose and Human Dose Justification." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 5 (2009): 1817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01596-08.

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ABSTRACT Therapeutics for the treatment of pathogenic orthopoxvirus infections are being sought. In the absence of patients with disease, animal models of orthopoxvirus disease are essential for evaluation of the efficacies of antiviral drugs and establishment of the appropriate dose and duration of human therapy. Infection of nonhuman primates (NHP) by the intravenous injection of monkeypox virus has been used to evaluate a promising therapeutic drug candidate, ST-246. ST-246 administered at 3 days postinfection (which corresponds to the secondary viremia stage of disease) at four different d

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Karem, Kevin L., Mary Reynolds, Zach Braden, et al. "Characterization of Acute-Phase Humoral Immunity to Monkeypox: Use of Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Monkeypox Infection during the 2003 North American Outbreak." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 7 (2005): 867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.7.867-872.2005.

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ABSTRACT A monkeypox outbreak occurred in the United States in 2003. Patient's sera were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a part of outbreak response measures. Clinical and epidemiologic information was abstracted from the case investigation forms. Serum samples from patients were tested by using an immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture and an IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA against Orthopoxvirus antigen. The detection of antiviral IgG and IgM antibodies and the kinetics of the antiviral IgG and IgM antibody responses were evaluated. Patients were classified as co

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Schatzmayr, Hermann G., Bruno R. Simonetti, Danielle C. Abreu, et al. "Animal infections by vaccinia-like viruses in the state of Rio de Janeiro: an expanding disease." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29, no. 7 (2009): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2009000700004.

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In the present study we investigated the presence of infections by vaccinia-like viruses in dairy cattle from 12 counties in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the last 9 years. Clinical specimens were collected from adult animals with vesicular/pustular lesions mainly in the udder and teats, and from calves with lesions around the nose and mouth. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was applied to search for antibodies to Orthopoxvirus; the vesicular/pustular fluids and scabs were examined by PCR, electron microscopy (EM) and by inoculation in VERO cells for virus isolation. Antibodies t

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Baker, Robert O., Mike Bray, and John W. Huggins. "Potential antiviral therapeutics for smallpox, monkeypox and other orthopoxvirus infections." Antiviral Research 57, no. 1-2 (2003): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00196-1.

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Smee, Donald F., Mike Bray, and John W. Huggins. "Antiviral Activity and Mode of Action Studies of Ribavirin and Mycophenolic Acid against Orthopoxviruses in Vitro." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 12, no. 6 (2001): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632020101200602.

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Two inhibitors of cellular inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, mycophenolic acid (MPA) and ribavirin, were evaluated for inhibitory activity against orthopoxviruses. Unrelated antipoxvirus agents tested for comparison included 6-azauridine, cidofovir (HPMPC) and cyclic HPMPC. MPA inhibited camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox and vaccinia viruses by 50% in plaque reduction assays at 0.2–3 μM in African green monkey kidney (Vero 76) and mouse 3T3 cells. Ribavirin was considerably more active in 3T3 cells (50% inhibition at 2-l2 μM) than in Vero 76 cells (inhibitory at 30–250 μM) against these viruses.

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Almehmadi, Mazen, Mamdouh Allahyani, Ahad Amer Alsaiari, et al. "A Glance at the Development and Patent Literature of Tecovirimat: The First-in-Class Therapy for Emerging Monkeypox Outbreak." Viruses 14, no. 9 (2022): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091870.

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Monkeypox disease (MPX) is currently considered a global threat after COVID-19. European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved Tecovirimat in capsule dosage form (200 mg) as the first treatment for MPX in January 2022. This article highlights Tecovirimat’s development and patent literature review and is believed to benefit the scientists working on developing MPX treatments. The literature for Tecovirimat was gathered from the website of SIGA Technologies (developer of Tecovirimat), regulatory agencies (EMA, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), and Health Canada), PubMed, and freely a

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Suslov, Evgenii V., Evgenii S. Mozhaytsev, Dina V. Korchagina, et al. "New chemical agents based on adamantane–monoterpene conjugates against orthopoxvirus infections." RSC Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 10 (2020): 1185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0md00108b.

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Yakubitskiy, S. N., I. V. Kolosova, R. A. Maksyutov, and S. N. Shchelkunov. "Attenuation of Vaccinia Virus." Acta Naturae 7, no. 4 (2015): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2015-7-4-113-121.

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Since 1980, in the post-smallpox vaccination era the human population has become increasingly susceptible compared to a generation ago to not only the variola (smallpox) virus, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. The need for safer vaccines against orthopoxviruses is even greater now. The Lister vaccine strain (LIVP) of vaccinia virus was used as a parental virus for generating a recombinant 1421ABJCN clone defective in five virulence genes encoding hemagglutinin (A56R), the IFN--binding protein (B8R), thymidine kinase (J2R), the complement-binding protein (C3L), and the Bcl-2-like inhibi

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da Fonseca, Flávio Guimarães, and Luis Adan Flores. "Immune responses to acute orthopoxvirus infections: what lessons can be learned?" Future Virology 9, no. 8 (2014): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.14.49.

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Rosone, Francesca, Marcello Giovanni Sala, Giusy Cardeti, et al. "Sero-Epidemiological Survey of Orthopoxvirus in Stray Cats and in Different Domestic, Wild and Exotic Animal Species of Central Italy." Viruses 13, no. 10 (2021): 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102105.

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Orthpoxvirus infection can spread more easily in a population with a waning immunity with the subsequent emergence/re-emergence of the viruses pertaining to this genus. In the last two decades, several cases of Orthopoxvirus, and in particular Cowpoxvirus infections in humans were reported in different parts of the world, possibly due to the suspension of smallpox vaccinations. To date, in Italy, few investigations were conducted on the presence of these infections, and because of this a serosurvey was carried out to evaluate Cowpoxvirus infection in feline colonies situated in the province of

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MacNeill, Amy L. "Comparative Pathology of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (2022): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080892.

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This review provides a brief history of the impacts that a human-specific Orthopoxvirus (OPXV), Variola virus, had on mankind, recalls how critical vaccination was for the eradication of this disease, and discusses the consequences of discontinuing vaccination against OPXV. One of these consequences is the emergence of zoonotic OPXV diseases, including Monkeypox virus (MPXV). The focus of this manuscript is to compare pathology associated with zoonotic OPXV infection in veterinary species and in humans. Efficient recognition of poxvirus lesions and other, more subtle signs of disease in multip

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Neyts, Johan, Erik Verbeken, and Erik De Clercq. "Effect of 5-Iodo-2′-Deoxyuridine on Vaccinia Virus (Orthopoxvirus) Infections in Mice." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 9 (2002): 2842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.9.2842-2847.2002.

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ABSTRACT There is a concern that there may be unregistered stocks of smallpox that can be used for bioterrorism or biological warfare. According to the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Research, there is a need to develop strategies to treat smallpox infections should they reappear. It would also be important to have an effective drug at hand for the treatment of monkeypox disease in humans. We show here that 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IDU) is a potent inhibitor of vaccinia virus (VV) replication and that IDU inhibits VV DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent way. The in vivo protective effect of IDU

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Kania, Konrad, Maria Kalicka, Tomasz Korzec, Przemyslaw Raczkiewicz, and Monika Kuc. "Skin lesions caused by Orthopoxvirus, cowpox - case report from Poland." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 11, no. 9 (2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2021.11.09.006.

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Background:Despite the elimination of smallpox, other orthopoxviruses, including cowpox virus, still infect humans. Wild rodents are its natural reservoir. Infections in humans are commonly reported from contact with sick domestic cats, rarely directly from rats. Cow pox in humans is a rare zoonotic disease, the diagnosis of which is problematic due to its rarity and thus the lack of clinical experience.Case report:Presented with a summary of the available clinical data on a 15-year-old boy who became infected with cowpox by a domestic cat.The patient developed cutaneous macular changes in the

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Mätz-Rensing, K., A. Schmitt, H. Ellerbrok, M. Kramski, C. Stahl-Hennig, and F. J. Kaup. "Calpox Virus Marmoset Model: A New Primate Animal Model for Orthopoxvirus Infections." Journal of Comparative Pathology 152, no. 1 (2015): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.10.058.

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Kern, Earl, Mark Prichard, Debra Quenelle, et al. "Activity of Certain 5-Substituted-4′-Thio Pyrimindine Nucleosides against Orthopoxvirus Infections." Antiviral Research 82, no. 2 (2009): A72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.178.

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Gruber, Cesare, Emanuela Giombini, Marina Selleri, et al. "Whole Genome Characterization of Orthopoxvirus (OPV) Abatino, a Zoonotic Virus Representing a Putative Novel Clade of Old World Orthopoxviruses." Viruses 10, no. 10 (2018): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10100546.

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Orthopoxviruses (OPVs) are diffused over the complete Eurasian continent, but previously described strains are mostly from northern Europe, and few infections have been reported from Italy. Here we present the extended genomic characterization of OPV Abatino, a novel OPV isolated in Italy from an infected Tonkean macaque, with zoonotic potential. Phylogenetic analysis based on 102 conserved OPV genes (core gene set) showed that OPV Abatino is most closely related to the Ectromelia virus species (ECTV), although placed on a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree, bringing substantial support

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Lustig, Shlomo, Christiana Fogg, J. Charles Whitbeck, Roselyn J. Eisenberg, Gary H. Cohen, and Bernard Moss. "Combinations of Polyclonal or Monoclonal Antibodies to Proteins of the Outer Membranes of the Two Infectious Forms of Vaccinia Virus Protect Mice against a Lethal Respiratory Challenge." Journal of Virology 79, no. 21 (2005): 13454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.21.13454-13462.2005.

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ABSTRACT Previous studies demonstrated that antibodies to live vaccinia virus infection are needed for optimal protection against orthopoxvirus infection. The present report is the first to compare the protective abilities of individual and combinations of specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that target proteins of the intracellular (IMV) and extracellular (EV) forms of vaccinia virus. The antibodies were directed to one IMV membrane protein, L1, and to two outer EV membrane proteins, A33 and B5. In vitro studies showed that the antibodies to L1 neutralized IMV and that the antibodie

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Shchelkunov, S. N., S. N. Yakubitskiy, T. V. Bauer, et al. "The Influence of an Elevated Production of Extracellular Enveloped Virions of the Vaccinia Virus on Its Properties in Infected Mice." Acta Naturae 12, no. 4 (2020): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.10972.

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The modern approach to developing attenuated smallpox vaccines usually consists in targeted inactivation of vaccinia virus (VACV) virulence genes. In this work, we studied how an elevated production of extracellular enveloped virions (EEVs) and the route of mouse infection can influence the virulence and immunogenicity of VACV. The research subject was the LIVP strain, which is used in Russia for smallpox vaccination. Two point mutations causing an elevated production of EEVs compared with the parental LIVP strain were inserted into the sequence of the VACV A34R gene. The created mutant LIVP-A

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Babkin, Igor V., Irina N. Babkina, and Nina V. Tikunova. "An Update of Orthopoxvirus Molecular Evolution." Viruses 14, no. 2 (2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020388.

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Although variola virus (VARV) has been eradicated through widespread vaccination, other orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans circulate in nature. Recently, new orthopoxviruses, including some able to infect humans, have been found and their complete genomes have been sequenced. Questions about the orthopoxvirus mutation rate and the emergence of new threats to humankind as a result of the evolution of circulating orthopoxviruses remain open. Based on contemporary data on ancient VARV DNA and DNA of new orthopoxvirus species, an analysis of the molecular evolution of orthopoxviruses was carrie

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Lapa, Daniele, Anna Beltrame, Alessandra Arzese, et al. "Orthopoxvirus Seroprevalence in Cats and Veterinary Personnel in North-Eastern Italy in 2011." Viruses 11, no. 2 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020101.

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Orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging zoonotic pathogens, and an increasing number of human infections is currently reported in Europe and in other continents, warranting heightened attention on this topic. Following two OPV infections reported in veterinarians scratched by sick cats in 2005 and 2007 in North-Eastern-Italy, involving a previously undescribed OPV, a similar strain was isolated by a sick cat from the same territory in 2011, i.e., 6 years later, raising attention on OPV circulation in this region. A surveillance program was launched to assess the OPV seroprevalence among the veterin

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Chaudhri, Geeta, Vikas Tahiliani, Preethi Eldi, and Gunasegaran Karupiah. "Vaccine-Induced Protection against Orthopoxvirus Infection Is Mediated through the Combined Functions of CD4 T Cell-Dependent Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses." Journal of Virology 89, no. 3 (2014): 1889–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02572-14.

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ABSTRACTAntibody production by B cells in the absence of CD4 T cell help has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for protection against secondary orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections. This conclusion is based on short-term depletion of leukocyte subsets in vaccinated animals, in addition to passive transfer of immune serum to naive hosts that are subsequently protected from lethal orthopoxvirus infection. Here, we show that CD4 T cell help is necessary for neutralizing antibody production and virus control during a secondary ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection. A crucial role for CD4 T cells was

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Gigante, Gao, Tang, et al. "Genome of Alaskapox Virus, A Novel Orthopoxvirus Isolated from Alaska." Viruses 11, no. 8 (2019): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080708.

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Since the eradication of smallpox, there have been increases in poxvirus infections and the emergence of several novel poxviruses that can infect humans and domestic animals. In 2015, a novel poxvirus was isolated from a resident of Alaska. Diagnostic testing and limited sequence analysis suggested this isolate was a member of the Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus but was highly diverged from currently known species, including Akhmeta virus. Here, we present the complete 210,797 bp genome sequence of the Alaska poxvirus isolate, containing 206 predicted open reading frames. Phylogenetic analysis of t

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Karem, Kevin L., Mary Reynolds, Christine Hughes, et al. "Monkeypox-Induced Immunity and Failure of Childhood Smallpox Vaccination To Provide Complete Protection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 14, no. 10 (2007): 1318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00148-07.

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ABSTRACT Following the U.S. monkeypox outbreak of 2003, blood specimens and clinical and epidemiologic data were collected from cases, defined by standard definition, and household contacts of cases to evaluate the role of preexisting (smallpox vaccine-derived) and acquired immunity in susceptibility to monkeypox disease and clinical outcomes. Orthopoxvirus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, CD4, CD8, and B-cell responses were measured at ∼7 to 14 weeks and 1 year postexposure. Associations between immune responses, smallpox vaccination, and epidemiologic and clinical data were assessed. Pa

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Yu, Joyce, and Suresh Mahendra Raj. "Efficacy of three key antiviral drugs used to treat orthopoxvirus infections: a systematic review." Global Biosecurity 1, no. 1 (2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31646/gbio.12.

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Putkuri, Niina, Heli Piiparinen, Antti Vaheri, and Olli Vapalahti. "Detection of human orthopoxvirus infections and differentiation of smallpox virus with real-time PCR." Journal of Medical Virology 81, no. 1 (2008): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21385.

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Vigne, Solenne, Raphaële Germi, Sophie Duraffour, et al. "Specific Inhibition of Orthopoxvirus Replication by a Small Interfering RNA Targeting the D5R Gene." Antiviral Therapy 13, no. 3 (2008): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350801300307.

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Background Concerns about the potential use of smallpox in bioterrorism have stimulated interest in the development of novel antiviral treatments. Currently, there are no effective therapies against smallpox and new treatment strategies are greatly needed. Methods In this study, specifically designed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), targeting five proteins essential for orthopoxvirus replication, were investigated for their ability to inhibit vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve (VACVWR) replication. Results Among these siRNAs, 100 nM siD5R-2, an siRNA targeting the D5 protein, decreased VACV

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