Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections à VIH – Anthropologie – Cameroun'
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Djetcha, Sophie. "Hommes et femmes dans le traitement social de l'infection à VIH au Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32075/document.
Full textThe HIV epidemic has brought the issue of risk and disease into relations between women and men. Among the strategies set up from the individual to the collective level, varied in different situations and shaped by culturally framed representations, those relating to people living with HIV are crucial. This "social treatment" is marked by differences and similarities between men and women, which induce some reconstructions of the relationships between men and women. This research, which belongs simultaneously to the fields of medical anthropology and anthropology of gender, describes and analyzes the gender dimension of the social treatment of HIV infection in the health care system in Cameroon. The analysis of disease representations through health messages from 1980 to 2000 reveals the gender stereotypes prevalent in the Cameroonian society and their use in prevention. The experience of men and women living with HIV in the health care system then shows the differences between their perceptions and behavior, whether patients or health professionals, from announcement of HIV status by health professionnals to disclosure to partner. Then men and women’s experience of antiretroviral therapy reveal gender dimensions in the health care system. Finally, the study of the management of sexuality, pregnancy and infant feeding shows how the social roles of men and women are built in a special way for people living with HIV, as a window an aspect of gender in Cameroonian society
Ngangue, Patrice, and Patrice Ngangue. "Le retour pour les résultats et le conseil post-test après un dépistage volontaire du VIH dans la ville de Douala, Cameroun : étude des déterminants individuels, interpersonnels, organisationnels et structurels." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27724.
Full textIntroduction: Le conseil et le dépistage représentent l’une des principales stratégies de prévention du VIH. Il s’agit de la porte d’accès aux services de prise en charge thérapeutique et psychosociale et d’une opportunité de modifier les comportements à risque. Toutefois, les taux de dépistage du VIH demeurent bas dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne. Au Cameroun, les résultats de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé à Indicateurs Multiples réalisée en 2011 ont montré que 4,3 % des individus âgés de 15 à 49 ans étaient séropositifs. Selon cette même enquête, une proportion importante de femmes (30 %) et d’hommes infectés (36 %) n’ont jamais effectué de test du VIH ou encore, ont effectué un test, mais n’en connaissent pas le résultat. En vue d’accroitre l’efficacité des stratégies de conseil et dépistage, cette recherche vise à identifier les facteurs qui motivent et empêchent les personnes qui se font dépister volontairement pour le VIH à revenir prendre connaissance de leurs résultats. Méthodes: Afin de répondre à cet objectif, nous avons eu recours à une étude de cas unique combinant des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives et dans laquelle nous avons réalisé: (1) une recension systématique des écrits sur les barrières et les facteurs qui facilitent le retour pour les résultats; (2) une étude rétrospective, sur 5 ans, des données de routine des personnes ayant fait un test de dépistage dans six hôpitaux de district de la ville de Douala; (3) une étude qualitative visant à identifier les attitudes, les perceptions et les croyances sur le retour pour les résultats des personnes venues se faire dépister pour le VIH; et enfin, (4) une étude qualitative des défis dans la délivrance du conseil et dépistage du VIH et leur implication sur la qualité des services de conseil et de dépistage du VIH selon la perspective du personnel en charge du conseil et dépistage dans les hôpitaux de district de la ville de Douala au Cameroun. La collecte de données a consisté en un recueil des données à partir des registres de conseil et de dépistage, des entretiens semi-dirigés et des observations non participantes. Résultats: Les résultats principaux montrent que les facteurs qui expliquent le retour ou non pour les résultats et le conseil post-test sont à la fois: (1) individuels (âge, profession, la raison du test, le résultat du test, l'état de santé, le besoin de changer de comportement); (2) interpersonnels (l'influence des parents, des enfants et du conjoint); (3) organisationnels (le temps d'attente pour les résultats, l'absence de confidentialité et d'intimité lors du conseil, la formation, la rémunération et la reconnaissance des conseillers) et (4) structurels (la disponibilité de la prise en charge, la peur de la discrimination et de la stigmatisation). Conclusion: Les résultats de ce travail prouvent que le problème du retour pour les résultats après un dépistage volontaire est une réalité et qu’au-delà de la responsabilité individuelle, il existe des problèmes organisationnels et structurels qui y contribuent. Il est donc nécessaire et urgent que les autorités sanitaires de la ville de Douala réorganisent la procédure du conseil et de dépistage afin de la rendre plus efficiente. Mots clés : VIH/SIDA, dépistage, connaissance des résultats, connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en santé, étude de cas, Cameroun
Introduction: HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is a cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. HTC offers the opportunity to benefit of counselling and changing of behaviours. HTC is also seen as the gateway to various other forms of treatment and psychosocial support. However, HIV testing rates remains low especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cameroon, data from the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) show that 4.3 % of people between 15 and 49 are HIV-positive. In addition, it is estimated that a significant proportion of infected women (30 %) and infected men (36 %) had never tested for HIV or had undergone testing, but ignore the results. In order to increase the effectiveness of HTC procedures in Cameroon, this research aimed to identify factors that motivate and prevent people who are voluntarily tested for HIV to return for their results. Methods: The methodology was a unique case study combining qualitative and quantitative methods. We realized: (1) a systematic literature review of barriers and facilitators associated to the return for HIV test results; (2) a retrospective analysis of HTC records over 5 years; (3) a qualitative study based on theory of planned behaviour to identify the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs that may influence the return for HIV test results; (4) a qualitative study based on Donabedian’s framework to identify the factors influencing the quality of HTC services in six Douala’s district hospitals. Data collection consisted of HTC records, semi-structured interviews with individuals who underwent a voluntary HIV test, nurses and counsellors, and non-participant observation of the physical environment. Results: The main results show that the factors influencing the return for HIV results and post-test counselling are multi-level: (1) individual level (age, occupation and reason for the test, the test result, the health status, the need to behaviour change); (2) interpersonal (the influence of parents, children and spouse); (3) organizational (the waiting time for results, lack of confidentiality and privacy during counselling, training, compensation and recognition of counsellors) and (4) structural (availability of the treatment, fear of discrimination and stigma). Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that the problem of the return for results after a voluntary testing is a reality and goes beyond individual responsibility. There are organizational and structural problems, which play a major role. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent for the health authorities of the city of Douala to reorganize the procedure of counselling and testing to make it more efficient. Key words: HIV/AIDS, screening, case study, knowledge of results, Health knowledge; Attitudes; Practices, Cameroon
Introduction: HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is a cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. HTC offers the opportunity to benefit of counselling and changing of behaviours. HTC is also seen as the gateway to various other forms of treatment and psychosocial support. However, HIV testing rates remains low especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cameroon, data from the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) show that 4.3 % of people between 15 and 49 are HIV-positive. In addition, it is estimated that a significant proportion of infected women (30 %) and infected men (36 %) had never tested for HIV or had undergone testing, but ignore the results. In order to increase the effectiveness of HTC procedures in Cameroon, this research aimed to identify factors that motivate and prevent people who are voluntarily tested for HIV to return for their results. Methods: The methodology was a unique case study combining qualitative and quantitative methods. We realized: (1) a systematic literature review of barriers and facilitators associated to the return for HIV test results; (2) a retrospective analysis of HTC records over 5 years; (3) a qualitative study based on theory of planned behaviour to identify the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs that may influence the return for HIV test results; (4) a qualitative study based on Donabedian’s framework to identify the factors influencing the quality of HTC services in six Douala’s district hospitals. Data collection consisted of HTC records, semi-structured interviews with individuals who underwent a voluntary HIV test, nurses and counsellors, and non-participant observation of the physical environment. Results: The main results show that the factors influencing the return for HIV results and post-test counselling are multi-level: (1) individual level (age, occupation and reason for the test, the test result, the health status, the need to behaviour change); (2) interpersonal (the influence of parents, children and spouse); (3) organizational (the waiting time for results, lack of confidentiality and privacy during counselling, training, compensation and recognition of counsellors) and (4) structural (availability of the treatment, fear of discrimination and stigma). Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that the problem of the return for results after a voluntary testing is a reality and goes beyond individual responsibility. There are organizational and structural problems, which play a major role. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent for the health authorities of the city of Douala to reorganize the procedure of counselling and testing to make it more efficient. Key words: HIV/AIDS, screening, case study, knowledge of results, Health knowledge; Attitudes; Practices, Cameroon
Tagnouokam, Ngoupo Paul Alain. "Fréquence et profil génétique des doubles infections VIH-1/M+O et formes recombinantes VIH-1/MO au Cameroun." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUENR11.
Full textFrequency and genetic profile of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/1V10 recombinant forms circulating in Cameroon Despite the great genetic divergence between the pandemic HIV-1/M and non pandemic HIV-1/0, four HIV-1/MO intergroup recombinants have been reported in 1999 and 2010. In Cameroon, the co-circulation of two groups (M and 0) provides an ideal environment for HIV-1/MO recombination to occur. In a previous work, we reported new dual infections and six HIV-LIMO putative recombinant forms, associated to or not to dual infections. However, this study had some epidemiological and technical limitations. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the frequency and to characterize genetic profiles of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections, as well as HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon. From March 2013 to June 2015, 275 HIV infected patients from Centre Pasteur of Cameroon were included in the study, based on serotyping test, enabling to distinguish HIV serotypes M, 0 and M+0. HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0 specific PCR were further performed in the pol and env genes, in order to confirm serological reactivities, and to detect pollenv discordance, characteristic of putative recombinants. In the likelihood of M+0 dual infections and/or presence of MO recombinant, a breakpoint in the vpr gene, considered a hotspot of recombination was investigated. Finally, full length genomes of recombinants were characterized and genetic link with previous recombinants was investigated by phylogenetic analyses. Among the 275 patients, 199 (72. 4%) were HIV-1/M mono-reactive, 47(17. 1%) HIV-1/0 mono-reactive, and 29 (10. 5%) were M+0 dual reactive. HIV-1/M+0 dual infections were identified in 4 patients (1. 4%), and the presence of recombinants forms in 3 patients (1. 1%). The first recombinant form was detected in a husband and his wife, and was not associated to dual infection, and the second recombinant form was associated to a parental HIV-1/M virus. Full length genomes characterization identified recombinant breakpoints in the vpr gene and the LTR region for the first recombinant form, and in the vpu gene and the LTR region for the second form. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found. HIV-1/M subtypes and HIV-1/0 sub-groups were concordant with the present molecular epidemiology of HIV infection in Cameroon, that is, the predominance of CRF02_AG and HIV-1/0 sub-group H. Geographical origins of patients with HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/M0 recombinants showed that they were from five administrative regions of Cameroon. In this study, we described seven new cases of HIV-1/M+0 dual infections and HIV-1/MO recombinants, thus confirming the co-circulation of these forms in Cameroon. Even though their frequency remains low, these forms are found in different geographical regions of Cameroon, pointing out their diffusion potential. We also characterized full length genomes of two new HIV-1/MO recombinants, and identified breakpoints in vpr and vpu genes as well as LTR regions. No link between these recombinants and previous recombinants was found, showing the circulation of multiple URFs, and the great dynamic evolution between HIV-1/M and HIV-1/0. It is therefore, necessary to improve the surveillance of HIV-11M0 recombinant forms in Cameroon, in order to detect potential emergence of a CRF_MO, and to further study their virological and phenotypic properties
Lydié, Nathalie. "Les chemins du sida : migrations, mouvements de population et infection à VIH au Cameroun." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010559.
Full textAghokeng, Fobang Avelin. "Diversite génétique des lentivirus humains et simiens au Cameroun : implication pour la santé publique." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20008.
Full textLaborde-Balen, Gabrièle. "Au-delà du traitement du sida : une anthropologie de l’échec thérapeutique au Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3116/document.
Full textWhen antiretroviral treatment becomes widespread in countries in the Global South, the emergence of viral resistance related to treatment failures is a threat for individuals and the general public. In Cameroon, various constraints hinder the prevention, detection and case management of treatment failures. Through an anthropological approach, this dissertation explores the context and determinants of treatment failures. Nonadherence is the main cause of their onset. Medical and psychosocial teams must face a lack of suitable guidelines and procedures. Also, notification of the failure is often associated with placing blame on patients, on whom caregivers assign sole responsibility for the failure. Adaptation in facilities is limited. Medical and psychosocial care is focused on starting treatment and making changes in treatment, but long-term follow-up does not exist. Patients’ perceptions of antiretrovirals are hampered by failures. The failure redefines power relationships and trust between caregivers and patients. Caregivers’ attitudes vacillate between compassion and condemnation, while the failure reinforces the patients’ dependence. This dissertation aims to contribute to the anthropological discussion on medicines, the health system and the caregiver-patient relationship as well as to improve care for patients with treatment failure to ensure the continued effectiveness of antiretroviral therapies that underlie any hopes of one day eradicating the epidemic
Mauclere, Philippe. "Séroépidémiologie, diversité génétique et transmissions interespèces des infections rétrovirales HTLV/STLV et VIH/SIV au Cameroun." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N098.
Full textThe sub region of Central Africa is currently considered as the cradle of the retroviral genetic diversity for primates. In Cameroon in the year 1991, the awareness of the HTLV-1 endemic was based on preliminary seroprevalences, and no case of HTLV-2 was still identified. As HIV/AIDS epidemics started out its starling growth, the major variants of HIV-1 were not known as circulating strains in the country, and no research on SIV were conducted on primates. The aim of the study, which was carried out in Cameroon between 1991 and 1997, and in Pasteur Institut in Paris in 1997 and 1998, is to introduce a technical process for the genetic diversity human retroviruses exploration, to characterize retroviral human and simian variant strains
Tchendjou, tankam Patrice Yves. "Conseil prénatal du VIH orienté vers le couple : faisabilité et effets sur la prévention du VIH au Cameroun." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0334/document.
Full textIt is a little above 30 years that the first cases of AIDS resulting from HIV infection were described in the United States of America. This disease remains a public health problem worldwide, with a great social and economic impact. In 2012, it was reported that the disease had already caused over 25 million deaths, and yet every year, more than 70% of the 2.3 million new HIV infections occurred in Africa, where there are only 12% of the world’s population. In Africa, there is a peculiar evolution of this infection overtime. After nearly two decades of promoting the ABC programs (abstinence, be faithful, condoms); promotion of counseling and testing; or more recently, introduction of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, usage of antiretroviral therapy as treatment and prevention, the prevalence of HIV remained stable or decreased in the most at-risk populations but increased dramatically in the formerly low-risk populations. Recent data from South Africa, Botswana an Cameroon showed that the prevalence of HIV is twice as much in women as in men and was higher in the population age range of 30 to 45 years, which constitute the economic livelihood of the continent. Furthermore, in some countries like in Cameroon, HIV prevalence was reported to be higher in stable couples (married, prolonged cohabitation etc.). It therefore seems necessary to revise the actual strategies of HIV prevention to deal with the new facet of the HIV epidemic in the African context. This thesis, which is a reported experience from an operational research, presents the results of the evaluation of a new intervention so called couple-oriented HIV counseling (COC), built by using the health belief model. It is an enhanced HIV post-test counseling offered during prenatal HIV testing, in replacement of the classical HIV post-test counseling. The originality of this study was the quality of our study design with a good level of proof and the public health perspective of the new strategy. To realize the study, we adopted two methodological approaches. The first one, acting as a proof of concept, was a randomized trial, conducted in a reference structure in an urban area (ANRS 12127-Prenahtest trial), to evaluate the efficiency of the new COC intervention to improve prenatal HIV testing of male partners, couple counseling for HIV and spousal communication about. Besides the effects of the COC, we documented other conditions for the improvement of previously mentioned indicators. After the proof of concept phase, we realized a second stage which consisted of scaling-up of the new intervention, with implementation conditions very close to the field conditions to take into account the future needs of transferability in practical standard care conditions. The study design used for this phase was the before/ after study (SIMECAM – FGSK project). This type of study was chosen to take into account the organization of the health system with three categories of health facilities at the peripheral level (district hospitals, divisional medical centers and integrated health centers). It also took into account the ethical component resulting from the superiority of the new intervention of COC described in an urban area
Kojoué, Kamga Larissa. "Enfants et VIH/sida au Cameroun. Construction et implications de l'agenda politique." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958156.
Full textMbiaga, Cyrille. "Contributions méthodologiques à une analyse de la dynamique socio-spatiale des infections à VIH en Afrique centrale : régions de Batouri (Cameroun), Berberati (Centrafrique)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30088.
Full textNgouana, Kammalac Thierry. "Diversité génétique d'isolats de Cryptococcus et Candida issus des patients VIH positifs à Yaoundé et étude de leur sensibilité aux antifongiques et aux extraits de plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13512/document.
Full textCryptococcus neoformans and Candida species are the main causative agents of yeast opportunistic infections among HIV infected persons. However, information on molecular their epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility are scarce in Cameroon. The main objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity and the antifungal susceptibility against antifungal drugs and plant extracts of C. neoformans and Candida isolates from Yaoundé HIV patients. C. neoformans (25) and Candida (317 among which 113 C. albicans) Isolates were obtained, from 171 and 402 HIV patients at the Yaoundé Central Hospital respectively. They were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characters, by mass spectrometry and quantitative PCR. The genetic diversity of 150 C. neoformans isolates (25 initial isolates and 125 colonies) was carried out by serotyping, microsatellite length polymorphism and PCR-RFLP. The genetic diversity of the 113 C. albicans isolates was performed by genotyping and microsatellite length polymorphism. The identification of C. albicans complex species was achieved by PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene. The antifungal susceptibility testing of C. neoformans against posaconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was carried out by the broth microdilution test using the « Sensititre YeastOne® » kit. The CLSI M27-A3 protocol was used for the determination of the C. albicans isolate's susceptibility against amphotericin B, ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole which are frequently used in Cameroon. The antifungal activity of extracts from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa and Monodora tenuifolia was performed by a preliminary screening with the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts. Selected extracts were therefore submitted to the bio-guided fractionation. Selected subfractions were submitted to combination assays. C. neoformans var grubii was the lonely Cryptococcus species isolated in cerebrospinal fluids. Fifteen Candida species were isolates from mucosae with C. albicans remaining the most frequent. C. africana has been isolated for the first time in Cameroon. C. neoformans and C. albicans provided 14 and 65 major molecular types respectively. It was also found that a patient can be infected by 2 different molecular types of C. neoformans. C. albicans genotype A was the most frequent. The PCR amplification of the Hwp1 gene allowed the identification of a novel molecular profile among the C. albicans complex and named H (H1-H6). C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the tested drugs. However, one isolate exhibited reduced susceptibility to fluconazole and one another to 5-fluorocytosine. C. albicans isolates expressed various susceptibility profiles similar to what described in the literature. Furthermore, there was a relationship between the H-typing and the antifungal susceptibility of C. albicans isolates against itraconazole (p-value<0.05). T. mantaly, T. catappa and M. tenuifolia extracts exhibited antifungal activity against tested yeasts. Bioguided fractionation allowed improves of the antifungal activity from crude extracts to subfractions. Synergism was observed, and the most active combination from T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia was also fungicidal on tested yeasts. Conclusively, the present work brings new tools for the comprehension and the better management of C. neoformans and Candida infections among Yaoundé HIV positive patients. The antifungal resistance emergence of yeasts isolates could be compensated by the development of a new antifungal medicine from subfractions combinations of T. mantaly and M. tenuifolia
Vessière, Aurélia. "Caractérisation virologique des doubles infections et des formes recombinantes par les VIH-1 du groupe M et du groupe O au Cameroun : conséquences épidémiologiques, diagnostics et thérapeutiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T062.
Full textHIV-1 is divided into 4 groups: M (major), O (outlier), N (non-M non-O) and P. Among these groups, recombination is an extremely frequent phenomenon, playing a major role in the diversification of the HIV epidemic. Recombination results from strand switching between the two viral RNA molecules during the reverse transcription step. Thus, multiple infections, by generating heterodiploïd virions, are the prerequisite to recombination. In Central Africa and in Cameroon in particular, all HIV-1 groups circulate and M+O dual infections have been reported. Despite the great genetic divergence between the two groups, three cases of M/O recombinants were described in Cameroonian patients with no epidemiological link. For two of them, recombination involved the vpr gene that could represent a preferential site for M/O intergroup recombination. The transmission and circulation capacities of such forms, that appear to be extremely rare, are unknown. The objective of this work was to develop and validate serological and molecular tools for the detection of M/O recombinants in the vpr gene in patients dually infected by HIV-1 group M (HIV-M) and HIV-1 group O (HIV-O) in Cameroon. Dual infections were screened using a serotyping strategy bases on two gp120/V3 antigens representative of groups M and O. For dually reactive samples, a competitive assay (GSEIA) was developed to eliminate non specific cross-reactivities. Presence of HIV-M and O genomes was confirmed with group specific PCRs targeting the pol and env regions. Finally, a group specific PCR flanking the vpr gene was developed to detect recombinants. This algorithm implemented at Centre Pasteur du Cameroun allowed us to identify 5 M/O recombinants, with a vpr breakpoint for 4 of them. Three vpr recombinants were associated with a HIV-M+O dual infection or a HIV-M infection. Some M/O recombinants were detected in the absence of associated dual infections, of which one in a Cameroonian patient living in France, suggesting transmitted cases. This work underlines the complexity of the detection of M/O recombinants that requires the combination of serological and molecular tools targeting different regions of the genome, in particular for transmitted recombinants. Our results confirm the importance of the vpr gene in M/O recombination phenomena. The great genetic variability of HIV-O strains could have consequences on therapeutic management of patients infected with a M/O recombinant. The risk for emergence of M/O circulating recombinant forms has to be evaluated through an epidemiological surveillance in Cameroon but also in countries having a link with this region
Ndawinz, Jacques Deval Armstrong. "Estimation de l'Incidence de l'Infection par le VIH et autres Indicateurs de Surveillance de l'Épidémie du VIH : le cas de la France et du Cameroun." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066179/document.
Full textA possible solution to eliminate the spread of the HIV epidemic is that people living with HIV (PLHIV) unaware of their HIV status (the hidden epidemic) are diagnosed and that all PLHIV have timely access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). That is why it is now recommended to put in place interventions combining early diagnosis of HIV and early initiation of ART. The objective of this thesis is to develop statistical methods to estimate indicators to identify, monitor and evaluate these interventions in different epidemic settings. Thus, a first back-calculation model combining HIV diagnosis data and changes in access to HIV screening is developed - with an application in France -to estimate the incidence of HIV infection, the duration between infection and HIV diagnosis and the size of the hidden epidemic. A multilevel analysis is implemented to identify risk factors associated with late ART initiation in Cameroon. A method based on multilevel models is proposed - with an application to Cameroon - to estimate two new indicators, the time between seroconversion and ART initiation and the delay between the theoretical time of ART eligibility and the effective time of ART initiation. A second back-calculation model more adapted to Africa countries is developed from data on PLHIV initiating ART - with an application in Cameroon - to estimate the incidence of HIV infection. This thesis proposes original methods to estimate the incidence of HIV infection and the time to HIV diagnosis or ART initiation
Sow, Khoudia. "De l'exception à la "normalisation" : Anthropologie de la santé reproductive confrontée au VIH au Sénégal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3048.
Full textSince the last decade has seen a transition from treating childbearing in the context of HIV as an “exception” to a discourse of “normalization,” this dissertation aims to understand the conditions and effects of this change. This ethnographic survey was conducted over a period of ten years among people living with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy, women living with HIV who experienced childbearing and healthcare professionals working in PMTCT in two reproductive health facilities in Senegal. This study sheds lights on a “moral system” for HIV prevention, contradictory in some respects, that provides women few socially acceptable means to protect themselves from the risk of HIV. Childbearing may be perceived as a strategy to reaffirm female identity, test the capacity of a body made “normal” by ARVs to give birth without transmitting HIV, strengthening strained marital bonds, and reducing the risk of social stigmatization. Men living with HIV appear isolated, fragile, unsupported, and even “forgotten” relative to childbearing while they themselves are suffering or are affected by the situations of their wives or families. Health professionals now integrate HIV counseling and testing in their practices but continue to project attitudes of “exception” about treating PLHIV and pregnant HIV-Positive women. This study shows the various social uses of childbearing : a subject leading to emulation, resistance, suffering, and rivalry for women living with HIV and their spouses. Alongside the normalization “decreed” by public health officials, women living with HIV have reclaimed the possibility to procreate
Boyer, Sylvie. "Décentralisation et performance des services de prise en charge des personnes vivant avec le VIH/SIDA dans les pays à faibles ressources : l'expérience du Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX24011/document.
Full textIn order to reach the largest population throughout the whole territory of a country, scaling-up access to ART requires both the decentralization of HIV care from central to more local services at the district level, together with care and antiretroviral treatment being economically accessible for households affected by HIV/AIDS. The recent issues raised by ART scaling-up policies in low income countries have led to a revival of interest in operational research and provide the opportunity for an in-depth assessment of decentralization policies from a point of view hitherto unexplored in applied economics.The present thesis work, which forms part of a large programme of operational research conducted in Cameroon, aimed to assess the performance of the decentralization policy in the field of HIV, particularly in terms of services’ effectiveness and economic accessibility for households.The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the assessment of the relationships between decentralization of the healthcare delivery for HIV care and the effectiveness of the services provided. Using multilevel regression models, the analysis showed that decentralized services at the district level not only achieved outcomes as good as those in centralized services, but performed even better for certain outcomes such as adherence to ART and mental health related quality of life. The results also highlighted that healthcare supply characteristics, including in particular the availability of qualified human resources and the workload of health professionals, played a significant role in explaining the differences observed inservices performance.The second part of the thesis dealt with the economic accessibility of care and treatment for HIV infection. The analysis of the determinants of access to ART highlighted inequalities in access related both to socio-economic and structural factors. Results also showed that the direct costs of the illness are considerable compared to households’ resources, that their distribution in terms of income is regressive and that numerous socio-economic factors limited HIV care effectiveness.With respect to the objectives of the global fight against HIV/AIDS, the Cameroonian experience shows the feasibility and pertinence of implementing an ART scaling-up strategy based on the decentralization of the health care supply. However this can only be fully effective if the health system as a whole is strengthened, especially in terms of human resources, and if strong financing reforms are implemented in order to substantially reduce out-of-pocket payments for affected households
Hermann-Mesfen, Judith. "L'implication du christianisme éthiopien dans la lutte contre le sida: une socio-anthropologie de la "guérison"." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00762029.
Full textBureau, Eve. "Anthropologie d’une norme globalisée : la participation profane dans les programmes de lutte contre le sida au Cambodge." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21722/document.
Full textSince the arrival of an enormous amount of international aid in the 1990s, Cambodia has evolved into a globalised society constituted by a vast network of socio-culturally diverse actors. Heterogeneous value systems and ways of acting and thinking cohabit and become entangled. This thesis offers a study of the operation of a globally established norm within Cambodia, in order to contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interconnection between the global and the local. Today, almost all HIV/AIDS programmes involve users in the implementation of activities that concern them and in discussions on community choices. Lay participation has become a global norm, promoted by all institutions combating AIDS. The first part of the thesis defines the generally agreed rules of this norm ; this is followed by a description of its uses and its local meaning in Cambodia. Participation is based on the principles of knowledge-sharing, distribution of authority, valuation of lay status and democratization of the process of decision-making, which are difficult to achieve in Cambodia. Since the spread of this norm, lay actors have been introduced at all levels of the care structure in most parts of the country, although in the main these actors assume executive roles. Where there are opportunities to exercise influence over decisions within the public domain this norm is undermined in two ways. On the one hand, lay actors hesitate to show that they have any authority, even to debate openly in public; on the other hand, most members of the elite who decide on and set up development activities retain control over participation and ‘silt up’ lay voices. For many actors, the principles of hierarchy and non-confrontation, which are characteristic of Cambodian society, contrast with the principles and values of participation. The globalised norm is thus reinterpreted in accordance with the Cambodian structural and socio-historical context. It takes a completely different form, which is sometimes contrary to its initial goal
Ndziessi, Gilbert. "Impact des traitements antirétroviraux sur le risque de transmission sexuelle du VIH en Afrique Subsaharienne : le cas du Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5016/document.
Full textTo evaluate the evolution and factors associated with sexual behavior among PLWHA exposed to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. Data collected as part of a randomized trial conducted in nine rural district hospitals in Cameroon. 459 PLWHA eligible for treatment included and followed for 24 months. Mixed effects logistic regression used to analyze factors associated with different response variables studied. Proportion of patients sexually active increased from 32% at baseline to 56% after 24 months of treatment. An additional 6 months increase of the time since initiation of treatment increase in 30% the probability of reporting sexual activity. Proportion of patients with sexual risk behavior (SRB) decreased significantly from 76% at baseline to 66% at 24 months and patient obervants to treatment were less likely to report CSR. Proportion of patients likely to transmit HIV through sexual intercourse (STVIH) decrease from 76% at baseline to 27% after 24 months of HAART. Analyses shown that increasing in 6 months of time since initiation of treatment reduced STVIH by 66%. My dissertation show a positive impact of ART on sexual activity, CSR and STVIH among PLWHA, suggesting a positive effect of exposure to HAART on the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV. However, the potential risk of transmission of HIV persists requiring strengthening risk reduction interventions in HAART access programs
Hermann-Mesfen, Judith. "L’implication du christianisme éthiopien dans la lutte contre le sida : une socio-anthropologie de la « guérison »." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3040.
Full textAt the end of the 1980's, while the first HIV/AIDS cases appeared, together with the Ethiopian Government the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwahedo Church (EOTC) committed officially itself to the fight against HIV/AIDS. In the 1990s, followers of the Ethiopian Church on their side started to dedicate themselves to holy water ritual hoping to be cured miraculously of HIV/AIDS. In 2004, the EOTC started to receive American subventions in order to promote abstinence and faithfulness among its followers. Two years later, antiretroviral treatments began to be largely and freely distributed entering in conflict with the spiritual values of the holy water cure, which excludes any other kind of therapy. This study, combining health and religion socio-anthropology approaches focuses on the way the Ethiopian Christianity in its two components – both institutional (EOTC) and ritual (Ethiopian Church) – involved itself in the fight against the epidemic. Furthermore, it addresses the way americans' grants and antiretroviral treatments became factors of change in this particular ancient Church. The analysis shows that traditionally, the Ethiopian Christianity is not a body in charge of regulating its followers' sexual behaviour. It is significant that followers infected by HIV seek healing through holy water cure for it reveals that in this religion, the emphasis is being put on forgiveness and redemption. Within the sociology of religious facts, this approach brings to light the fact that the Ethiopian Christianity is a religion of forgiveness, and thus that it will focus more on healing than prevention
Hamel, Christelle. "L'intrication des rapports sociaux de sexe, de race, d'âge et de classe : ses effets sur la gestion des risques d'infection par le VIH chez les français descendant de migrants du Maghreb." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0150.
Full textAteba, ndongo Francis. "Traitement antirétroviral précoce des nourrissons infectés par le VIH-1 : évaluation de la réponse virologique à court et moyen termes dans un pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne (Cameroun) Could caregiver reporting adherence help detect virological failure in Cameroonian early treated HIV-infected infants Virological response to early combined antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected infants: evaluation after 2 years of treatment in the PEDIACAM study, Cameroon Low Birth Weight in Perinatally HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants: Observations in Urban Settings in Cameroon Feasibility of Routinely Offering Early Combined Antiretroviral Therapy to HIV-infected Infants in a Resource-limited Country: The ANRS-PediaCAM Study in Cameroon Different factors associated with loss to follow-up of infants born to HIV-infected or uninfected mothers: observations from the ANRS12140-PEDIACAM study in Cameroon Cytomegalovirus infection in HIV-infected versus non-infected infants and HIV disease progression in Cytomegalovirus infected versus non-infected infants early treated with cART in the ANRS 12140—Pediacam study in Cameroon." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS322.
Full textIntroduction: Since 2015, the WHO recommends to start antiretroviral treatment promptly in all HIV-infected children in order to reduce HIV related mortality. Despite increasing availability of screening tests and antiretroviral drugs, early initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) remains challenging in resource-limited countries. The ANRS 12140-Pediacam study assesses feasibility, effectiveness and tolerability in routine practice of early treatment of HIV-infected children in Cameroon. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are to study mortality and virologic response at 2 and 4 years of early initiation of ART in HIV-infected infants and identify factors associated with virologic success. Methods: The analysis concerned the 190 HIV-infected infants who have initiated ART no later than 1 year (median=4 months) and were enrolled in the 3 Cameroon clinical sites involved in the PEDIACAM prospective cohort study since 2007. The first study evaluated adherence criterium based on the number of missed doses as reported through an adherence questionnaire in oerder to detect virologic failure in infants. The second study concerned the evaluation of the frequency and the factors associated with virologic success and mortality at 2 years of ART initiation, using competing risk regression. The third study concerned the evolution of virologic response between 2 and 4 years of QRT initiation depending on virologic status achieved at 2 years of ART initiation. Results: The performances of adherence questionnaire administered to the infant's caregiver are limited; the positive predictive value is low for detecting virologic failure in the absence of viral load exam. The mortality is high at 1 year after early ART initiation (18.0% [95% CI: 13.0 – 24.0]). The mortality is 3.3% [95%CI: 0.4 – 6.2] between 2 and 4 years of ART initiation. The probability of achieving at least once virologic success within the first 2 years of ART is around 80.0% but the probability of maintaining virologic success for at least 6 months was 67% for threshold=1000 copies/mL and 60% for threshold=400 copies/mL. At 4 years of ART initiation, the proportion of virologic success (viral load<400 copies/mL) is 75.2% [68.3-82.1]) in the 144 children still alive among whom viral load exam was not performed. The only factor associated with virologic success at 2 years of ART initiation is good adherence as reported by the caregiver. Et seuls un succès virologique obtenu à 2 ans et l’initiation plus récente du traitement antirétroviral sont associés à un charge virale contrôlée à 4 ans.Conclusion: Although the interest of early ART in HIV-infected infants is demonstrated, the mid and long term virologic success pass through strategies enhancing supporting steady and daily administration of drugs and regular monitoring of virologic response. The steady evaluation of adherence as reported by questionnaire has a very low performance for early detecting virologic failure. It is urgent to widely get access to routine viral load exam in resource-limited countries for quickly detecting virologic failures in children receiving antiretroviral treatment