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1
Marais, Ophélie. "Les infections dans la pathogenèse des BPCO." Actualités Pharmaceutiques Hospitalières 5, no. 17 (2009): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1769-7344(09)70128-3.
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Marais, Ophélie. "Les infections dans la pathogenèse des BPCO." Option/Bio 20, no. 413 (2009): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0992-5945(09)70034-0.
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Theze, Jacques. "Les lymphocytes CD4 cibles et acteurs dans la pathogenèse de l’infection à VIH — Conséquences thérapeutiques." Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine 192, no. 7 (2008): 1453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-4079(19)32693-7.
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Mascitti, H. "Infections de l’immunodéprimé (hors VIH)." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 50, no. 8 (2020): 8S6–8S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(20)30777-0.
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Mercié, Patrick. "Antiprotéases, infections opportunistes et infections par le VIH." La Revue de Médecine Interne 19, no. 12 (1998): 950–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-8663(99)80078-2.
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Roper, Philip M., Christine Shao, and Deborah J. Veis. "Multitasking by the OC Lineage during Bone Infection: Bone Resorption, Immune Modulation, and Microbial Niche." Cells 9, no. 10 (2020): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9102157.
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Bone infections, also known as infectious osteomyelitis, are accompanied by significant inflammation, osteolysis, and necrosis. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the bone-resorbing cells that work in concert with osteoblasts and osteocytes to properly maintain skeletal health and are well known to respond to inflammation by increasing their resorptive activity. OCs have typically been viewed merely as effectors of pathologic bone resorption, but recent evidence suggests they may play an active role in the progression of infections through direct effects on pathogens and via the immune system. This review discusses the host- and pathogen-derived factors involved in the in generation of OCs during infection, the crosstalk between OCs and immune cells, and the role of OC lineage cells in the growth and survival of pathogens, and highlights unanswered questions in the field.
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Le Guenno, B., J. L. Sarthou, and P. Barabe. "Infections par VIH 1 et a VIH 2 a Dakar (Sénégal)." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 18 (December 1988): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(88)80372-x.
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Delogu, Lucia Gemma, Silvia Deidda, Giuseppe Delitala, and Roberto Manetti. "Infectious diseases and autoimmunity." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 10 (2011): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.2061.
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Introduction: Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system recognizes and attacks host tissue. In addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers (in particular viruses, bacteria and other infectious pathogens) are thought to play a major role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Methodology: We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus without time limits for relevant articles. Results: In this review, we (i) describe the ways in which an infectious agent can initiate or exacerbate autoimmunity; (ii) discuss the evidence linking certain infectious agents to autoimmune diseases in humans; and (iii) describe the animal models used to study the link between infection and autoimmunity. Conclusions: Besides genetic predisposition to autoimmunity, viral and bacterial infections are known to be involved in the initiation and promotion of autoimmune diseases. These studies suggest that pathogens can trigger autoimmunity through molecular mimicry and their adjuvant effects during initiation of disease, and can promote autoimmune responses through bystander activation or epitope spreading via inflammation and/or superantigens.
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Garbom, Sara, Åke Forsberg, Hans Wolf-Watz, and Britt-Marie Kihlberg. "Identification of Novel Virulence-Associated Genes via Genome Analysis of Hypothetical Genes." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 3 (2004): 1333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.3.1333-1340.2004.
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ABSTRACT The sequencing of bacterial genomes has opened new perspectives for identification of targets for treatment of infectious diseases. We have identified a set of novel virulence-associated genes (vag genes) by comparing the genome sequences of six human pathogens that are known to cause persistent or chronic infections in humans: Yersinia pestis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Treponema pallidum. This comparison was limited to genes annotated as hypothetical in the T. pallidum genome project. Seventeen genes with unknown functions were found to be conserved among these pathogens. Insertional inactivation of 14 of these genes generated nine mutants that were attenuated for virulence in a mouse infection model. Out of these nine genes, five were found to be specifically associated with virulence in mice as demonstrated by infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in-frame deletion mutants. In addition, these five vag genes were essential only in vivo, since all the mutants were able to grow in vitro. These genes are broadly conserved among bacteria. Therefore, we propose that the corresponding vag gene products may constitute novel targets for antimicrobial therapy and that some vag mutants could serve as carrier strains for live vaccines.
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Le Guillou-Guillemette, H., P. Calès, and F. Lunel. "Actualités sur les co-infections VIH–VHC." Antibiotiques 10, no. 4 (2008): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antib.2008.08.004.
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McLay, Lisa, Yuying Liang, and Hinh Ly. "Comparative analysis of disease pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of New World and Old World arenavirus infections." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 1 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.057000-0.
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Arenaviruses can cause fatal human haemorrhagic fever (HF) diseases for which vaccines and therapies are extremely limited. Both the New World (NW) and Old World (OW) groups of arenaviruses contain HF-causing pathogens. Although these two groups share many similarities, important differences with regard to pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of virus infection exist. These closely related pathogens share many characteristics, including genome structure, viral assembly, natural host selection and the ability to interfere with innate immune signalling. However, members of the NW and OW viruses appear to use different receptors for cellular entry, as well as different mechanisms of virus internalization. General differences in disease signs and symptoms and pathological lesions in patients infected with either NW or OW arenaviruses are also noted and discussed herein. Whilst both the OW Lassa virus (LASV) and the NW Junin virus (JUNV) can cause disruption of the vascular endothelium, which is an important pathological feature of HF, the immune responses to these related pathogens seem to be quite distinct. Whereas LASV infection results in an overall generalized immune suppression, patients infected with JUNV seem to develop a cytokine storm. Additionally, the type of immune response required for recovery and clearance of the virus is different between NW and OW infections. These differences may be important to allow the viruses to evade host immune detection. Understanding these differences will aid the development of new vaccines and treatment strategies against deadly HF viral infections.
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Souquière, Sandrine, Richard Onanga, Maria Makuwa, et al. "Simian immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (SIV mnd 1 and 2) have different pathogenic potentials in rhesus macaques upon experimental cross-species transmission." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 2 (2009): 488–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.005181-0.
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The mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) is naturally infected by two types of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): SIVmnd types 1 and 2. Both of these viruses cause long-term, non-progressive infections in their natural host despite high plasma viral loads. This study assessed the susceptibility of rhesus macaques to infection by these two types of SIVmnd and compared the virological and basic immunological characteristics of the resulting infections with those observed in natural infection in mandrills. Whilst both SIVmnd types induced similar levels of virus replication during acute infection in both mandrills and macaques, they produced a more pronounced CD4+ T-cell depletion in rhesus macaques that persisted longer during the initial stage of infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were also induced at higher levels in rhesus macaques early in the infection. During the chronic phase of infection in mandrills, which in this case was followed for up to 2 years after infection, high levels of chronic virus replication did not induce significant changes in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell counts. In rhesus macaques, the overall chronic virus replication level was lower than in mandrills. At the end of the follow-up period, although the viral loads of SIVmnd-1 and SIVmnd-2 were relatively similar in rhesus macaques, only SIVmnd-1-infected rhesus macaques showed significant CD4+ T-cell depletion, in the context of higher levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation, compared with SIVmnd-infected mandrills. The demonstration of the ability of both SIVmnd types to induce persistent infections in rhesus macaques calls for a careful assessment of the potential of these two viruses to emerge as new human pathogens.
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Gustafsdottir, Sigrun M., Ann Nordengrahn, Simon Fredriksson, et al. "Detection of Individual Microbial Pathogens by Proximity Ligation." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 6 (2006): 1152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2005.065847.
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Abstract Background: Nucleic acid amplification allows the detection of single infectious agents. Protein-based assays, although they provide information on ongoing infections, have substantially less detection sensitivity. Methods: We used proximity ligation reactions to detect proteins on bacteria and virus particles via nucleic acid amplification. Antibodies recognizing viral or bacterial surface proteins were equipped with DNA strands that could be joined by ligation when several antibodies were bound in proximity to surface proteins of individual infectious agents. Results: Detection sensitivities similar to those of nucleic acid-based detection reactions were achieved directly in infected samples for a parvovirus and an intracellular bacterium. Conclusions: This method enables detection of ligated DNA strands with good sensitivity by real-time PCR and could be of value for early diagnosis of infectious disease and in biodefense.
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Weber, David J., and William A. Rutala. "The Emerging Nosocomial PathogensCryptosporidium, Escherichia coli0157: H7,Helicobacter pylori, and Hepatitis C: Epidemiology, Environmental Survival, Efficacy of Disinfection, and Control Measures." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 22, no. 5 (2001): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501907.
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AbstractNew and emerging infectious diseases pose a threat to public health and may be responsible for nosocomial outbreaks.Cryptosporidium parvumandEscherichia coliare gastrointestina pathogens that have caused nosocomial infections via person-to-person transmission, environmental contamination, or contaminated water or food.Helicobacter pylorihas been transmitted via inadequately disinfected endoscopes. Finally, hepatitis C may be acquired by healthcare personnel by percutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to blood or between patients by use of contaminated blood products or via environmental contamination. Rigorous adherence to Standard Precautions, Contact Precautions for patients with infectious diarrhea, disinfection of environmental surfaces, and appropriate disinfection of endoscopes are adequate to prevent nosocomial acquisition of these pathogens.
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Brasileiro, Ana, Sara Campos, and Eugénio Teófilo. "Lesões Linguais em Doente VIH Positivo." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 4 (2015): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5593.
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Karlsson, Roger, Annika Thorsell, Margarita Gomila, et al. "Discovery of Species-unique Peptide Biomarkers of Bacterial Pathogens by Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Proteotyping." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 19, no. 3 (2020): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.ra119.001667.
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Mass spectrometry (MS) and proteomics offer comprehensive characterization and identification of microorganisms and discovery of protein biomarkers that are applicable for diagnostics of infectious diseases. The use of biomarkers for diagnostics is widely applied in the clinic and the use of peptide biomarkers is increasingly being investigated for applications in the clinical laboratory. Respiratory-tract infections are a predominant cause for medical treatment, although, clinical assessments and standard clinical laboratory protocols are time-consuming and often inadequate for reliable diagnoses. Novel methods, preferably applied directly to clinical samples, excluding cultivation steps, are needed to improve diagnostics of infectious diseases, provide adequate treatment and reduce the use of antibiotics and associated development of antibiotic resistance. This study applied nano-liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem MS, with a bioinformatics pipeline and an in-house database of curated high-quality reference genome sequences to identify species-unique peptides as potential biomarkers for four bacterial pathogens commonly found in respiratory tract infections (RTIs): Staphylococcus aureus; Moraxella catarrhalis; Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The species-unique peptides were initially identified in pure cultures of bacterial reference strains, reflecting the genomic variation in the four species and, furthermore, in clinical respiratory tract samples, without prior cultivation, elucidating proteins expressed in clinical conditions of infection. For each of the four bacterial pathogens, the peptide biomarker candidates most predominantly found in clinical samples, are presented. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD014522. As proof-of-principle, the most promising species-unique peptides were applied in targeted tandem MS-analyses of clinical samples and their relevance for identifications of the pathogens, i.e. proteotyping, was validated, thus demonstrating their potential as peptide biomarker candidates for diagnostics of infectious diseases.
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Zainulabdeen, Shaimaa M. S., and Adian A. Dakl. ""Review Article Pathogenicity and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus." Muthanna Journal of Pure Science 8, no. 1 (2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/2/08.01.2021/109-119.
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"Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that resides in the skin and nasal membranes and can cause a broad spectrum of hospital-acquired infections. These diseases are becoming more common, and treating them has become much more complicated. The pathogen’s capacity to secret a variety of host-damaging virulence factors contributes to its pathogenicity. S. aureus destroys and supersedes immune cells throughout infection via toxins and virulence proteins, yielding non-neutralizing infective antibodies which already impede adaptive immunity. S. aureus has different biofilm-forming mechanisms on devices, necrotic bone tissue, bone marrow, and finally within the osteocyte lacuno-canicular networks of living bone (OLCN).This review focuses on gaining a better understanding of S. aureus toxin-based pathogenesis and its effects on infectious diseases.
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Cardoso, Telma Abdalla de Oliveira, and Duarte Nuno Vieira. "Study of mortality from infectious diseases in Brazil from 2005 to 2010: risks involved in handling corpses." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 21, no. 2 (2016): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015212.12652014.
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Abstract In the wake of disasters, the lack of information on how to handle and dispose of corpses leads the professionals involved in emergency operations to uncertainty about associated risks and safety precautions. The article seeks to establish the risks of the etiologic agents involved in Brazilian mortality due to infectious diseases and identify and discuss the main protection measures for professionals involved in handling of corpses in disaster situations. It involved a survey of deaths by infectious diseases in Brazil between 2005 and 2010, using data from the Mortality Information System. Of the 171,223 deaths analyzed, the pathogens leading to the greatest number of deaths were: HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Trypanosoma cruzi. 59% belonged to risk class 3 and 40.6% to risk class 2. Eight deaths were caused by risk class 4 pathogens, which represent high risk. The professionals involved in the handling of corpses may be exposed to chronic risks, such as viruses transmitted via blood, gastrointestinal infections and tuberculosis. These findings indicate the importance of investment in the preparation of measures to reduce the risk of infection associated with the handling of corpses.
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Perron, H. "La voie des rétrovirus humain endogènes, un espoir thérapeutique dans la schizophrénie." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (2015): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.077.
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Les psychoses majeures telles la schizophrénie sont des troubles complexes qui peuvent impliquer des interactions multiparamétriques comprenant des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux comme des infections. Des études successives ont montré une association entre la schizophrénie et les rétrovirus endogènes humains (HERV). Les HERVs sont des composants du génome humain qui représentent 8 % de l’ADN chromosomique. Depuis plus d’une décennie, une famille spécifique de HERV, HERV-W, a été associée à la schizophrénie. Or, une fois activée, l’expression HERV-W peut être à l’origine de la production d’une protéine d’enveloppe (HERV-W Env) aux propriétés pro-inflammatoires et cytopathogènes via une très haute affinité pour le toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Ainsi la sécrétion de cette « toxine endogène » ou sa présentation à la surface des cellules productrices, induit une forte activation des voies de signalisation TLR4 dans les cellules du système immunitaire ou du tissu cérébral (microglie, en particulier). Une transcription élevée des gènes HERV-W a été rapportée dans des études effectuées sur différentes populations de patients schizophrènes en Europe, en Amérique du Nord et en Chine. Les antigènes de capside et d’enveloppe des protéines HERV-W ont été mis en évidence dans des échantillons de sang de patients schizophrène corrélant avec le dosage de CRP (marqueur d’inflammation), ceci, dans la sous-population des patients ayant une CRP positive. Par ailleurs, on a montré que certains Herpesviridae (CMV, HSV…), le virus influenza ou le parasite Toxoplasma gondii, qui sont des facteurs positivement associés à un risque plus élevé de développer une schizophrénie, avaient la capacité d’activer des éléments de la famille HERV-W dans certaines cellules. Les études expérimentales ainsi effectuées, démontrent que des facteurs environnementaux peuvent induire une modification de l’expression de ces éléments génétiques et, ainsi, induire une production auto-entretenue de protéine pathogène codée par certaines copies HERV-W. Différentes études ont aussi montré un effet potentiel de HERV-W Env sur le développement et le fonctionnement neuronal, via la dérégulation de neurorécepteurs (NMDA/DRD3) ou de facteurs comme le BDNF. D’autres paramètres de ces interactions complexes ont aussi été mis en évidence, comme certains profils immunogénétiques (HLA/génotype TLR4 susceptibles aux infections), un faible contrôle épigénétique (infections périnatales), des toxiques (cannabis ?) ou des stress particuliers. La résultante de ces interactions multiples, peuvent permettre de relayer les effets des facteurs environnementaux au niveau d’une expression génique HERV-W anormale codant pour une protéine immuno- et neurotoxique. Ainsi, HERV-W pourrait constituer un élément pivot dans la pathogenèse de la maladie, une fois activé au niveau du génome de certaines cellules. Par conséquent, notre hypothèse est qu’un événement infectieux ou inflammatoire majeur au cours de la grossesse, peut déclencher l’activation des éléments de HERV-W dans l’embryon ou le nouveau-né. L’activation de ces HERVs qui peuvent rétrotransposer dans le génome affecté, pourrait provoquer des modifications de l’ADN telles qu’observées ultérieurement chez les malades atteints de schizophrénie (CNV, microdélétions ou réarrangements génétiques, etc.). Un remaniement du génome HERV-W et d’éléments « génétique mobiles » associés, pourrait causer une expression aberrante HERV-W et conduire à un développement neurologique anormal, dans un contexte général de neurotoxicité inflammatoire. Des conditions de stress particulières et/ou des infections secondaires avec des agents neurotropes tels que, par exemple, le cytomegalovirus (CMV) ou le virus de l’herpès simplex de type 1 (HSV-1), pourraient alors venir augmenter ou réactiver l’expression des éléments modifiés de HERV-W modifiés ou dérégulés. Ceci conduirait à atteindre un seuil d’expression qui déclencherait des épisodes neuro-inflammatoires et/ou neurotoxiques à l’origine d’une symptomatologie psychotique aiguë. L’existence d’anticorps neutralisant cette toxine endogène, dont une IgG4 humanisée est actuellement développée en phase II d’essais cliniques pour d’autres pathologies neuro-inflammatoires, suggère que des études précliniques sont nécessaires pour étayer des stratégies de traitement spécifiques analogues. Une telle approche innovante ciblant une protéine endogène qui agirait en amont de la cascade pathogénique responsable de l’évolution de la maladie schizophrénique, pourrait la neutraliser et, potentiellement, réduire puis prévenir la survenue d’épisodes psychotiques ainsi que les conséquences neuropathologiques induites.
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D, Y. M. "Bilan 2013 des infections à VIH et des IST." Option/Bio 25, no. 507 (2014): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0992-5945(14)71738-6.
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Alfandari, S., and Ch Chidiac. "Infections nosocomiales chez les patients infectés par le VIH*." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 28, no. 5 (1998): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(98)71001-7.
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Ann Campbell, Lee, and Michael Rosenfeld. "Pathogens and atherosclerosis: Update on the potential contribution of multiple infectious organisms to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 106, no. 11 (2011): 858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th11-06-0392.
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SummaryIt is currently unclear what causes the chronic inflammation within atherosclerotic plaques. One emerging paradigm suggests that infection with bacteria and/or viruses can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis either via direct infection of vascular cells or via the indirect effects of cytokines or acute phase proteins induced by infection at non-vascular sites. This paradigm has been supported by multiple epidemiological studies that have established positive associations between the risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality and markers of infection. It has also been supported by experimental studies showing an acceleration of the development of atherosclerosis following infection of hyperlipidaemic animal models. There are now a large number of different infectious agents that have been linked with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. These include: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Helicobacter pylori, influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus. However, there are significant differences in the strength of the data supporting their association with cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. In some cases, the infectious agents are found within the plaques and viable organisms can be isolated suggesting a direct effect. In other cases, the association is entirely based on biomarkers. In the following review, we evaluate the strength of the data for individual or groups of pathogens with regard to atherosclerosis pathogenesis and their potential contribution by direct or indirect mechanisms and discuss whether the established associations are supportive of the infectious disease paradigm. We also discuss the failure of antibiotic trials and the question of persistent infection.
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Larabi, Anaïs, Nicolas Barnich, and Hang Thi Thu Nguyen. "Emerging Role of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases." Cells 9, no. 5 (2020): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9051111.
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To communicate with each other, cells release exosomes that transfer their composition, including lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, to neighboring cells, thus playing a role in various pathophysiological processes. During an infection with pathogenic bacteria, such as adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) associated with Crohn disease, exosomes secreted by infected cells can have an impact on the innate immune responses of surrounding cells to infection. Furthermore, inflammation can be amplified via the exosomal shuttle during infection with pathogenic bacteria, which could contribute to the development of the associated disease. Since these vesicles can be released in various biological fluids, changes in exosomal content may provide a means for the identification of non-invasive biomarkers for infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, evidence suggests that exosomes could be used as vaccines to prime the immune system to recognize and kill invading pathogens, and as therapeutic components relieving intestinal inflammation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomes in bacterial infections and highlight their potential use as biomarkers, vaccines and conveyers of therapeutic molecules in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Müller, Franz, Michael Galler, Christina Roll, and Bernd Füchtmeier. "Infection Versus Hematoma Following Surgical Treatment of Proximal Femoral Fractures in Geriatric Patients." Geriatric Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation 9 (January 1, 2018): 215145851775051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2151458517750515.
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Introduction: The surgical treatment of proximal femoral fractures predominantly involves geriatric patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, analyses on postoperative infections or hematoma are rare. Methods: Patients requiring surgical revision due to infection (n = 90) or hematoma (n = 77) in the postoperative phase were identified from an electronic database of 2000 consecutive patients surgically treated for proximal femoral fractures between 2006 and 2014. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved, including information on the pathogens in patients with infection. A follow-up on morbidity and mortality was conducted via telephone for at least 2 years postsurgery. Results: The follow-up rate was 100%, and the mean age was 81.9 years. The incidence rate of infection was 4.1% (90/2000), and women were commonly affected. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly detected pathogens (35.5% and 25.5%, respectively). Mixed infections were observed in 15 patients, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections were observed in only 4 patients. A total of 77 (85.6%) infections occurred within 30 days postsurgery. The implant was preserved in 76 (84.4%) patients, and resection arthroplasty was required in 14 patients. Dementia and pertrochanteric fractures were significantly more common in the infection than in the hematoma group. Although infections were associated with high mortality rates for up to 2 years postsurgery, the rates did not significantly differ from those in the hematoma control group. Conclusion: One of every 2 patients who developed an infection following the surgical treatment of a proximal femoral fracture died within 2 years postsurgery. In addition, infections were significantly associated with dementia. Avoiding postoperative infection should be a high priority in the surgical treatment of proximal femoral fractures.
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Golda, Anna, Natalia Malek, Bartosz Dudek, et al. "Infection with human coronavirus NL63 enhances streptococcal adherence to epithelial cells." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 6 (2011): 1358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.028381-0.
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Understanding the mechanisms of augmented bacterial pathogenicity in post-viral infections is the first step in the development of an effective therapy. This study assessed the effect of human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) on the adherence of bacterial pathogens associated with respiratory tract illnesses. It was shown that HCoV-NL63 infection resulted in an increased adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to virus-infected cell lines and fully differentiated primary human airway epithelium cultures. The enhanced binding of bacteria correlated with an increased expression level of the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R), but detailed evaluation of the bacterium–PAF-R interaction revealed a limited relevance of this process.
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de Jong, Marein A. W. P., Lot de Witte, Anders Bolmstedt, Yvette van Kooyk, and Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek. "Dendritic cells mediate herpes simplex virus infection and transmission through the C-type lectin DC-SIGN." Journal of General Virology 89, no. 10 (2008): 2398–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/003129-0.
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Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the induction of specific immune responses against invading pathogens. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen that causes painful but mild infections of the skin and mucosa, and which results in latency and recurrent infections. Of the two HSV subtypes described, HSV-1 causes mainly oral–facial lesions, whilst HSV-2 is associated with genital herpes. DCs are involved in HSV-induced immune suppression, but little is known about the molecular interactions between DCs and HSV. This study demonstrated that HSV-1 and -2 both interact with the DC-specific C-type lectin DC-SIGN. Further analyses demonstrated that DC-SIGN interacts with the HSV glycoproteins gB and gC. Binding of HSV-1 to immature DCs depended on both DC-SIGN and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Strikingly, HSV-1 infection of DCs was almost completely inhibited by blocking antibodies against DC-SIGN. Thus, DC-SIGN is an important attachment receptor for HSV-1 on immature DCs and enhances infection of DCs in cis. In addition, DC-SIGN captures HSV-1 for transmission to permissive target cells. These data strongly suggest that DC-SIGN is a potential target to prevent HSV infection and virus dissemination. Further studies will show whether these interactions are involved in HSV-induced immune suppression.
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Berges, Bradford K., and Anne Tanner. "Modelling of human herpesvirus infections in humanized mice." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 10 (2014): 2106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.067793-0.
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The human herpesviruses (HHVs) are remarkably successful human pathogens, with some members of the family successfully establishing infection in the vast majority of humans worldwide. Although many HHV infections result in asymptomatic infection or mild disease, there are rare cases of severe disease and death found with nearly every HHV. Many of the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses are poorly understood, and in many cases, effective antiviral drugs are lacking. Only a single vaccine exists for the HHVs and researchers have been unable to develop treatments to cure the persistent infections associated with HHVs. A major hindrance to HHV research has been the lack of suitable animal models, with the notable exception of the herpes simplex viruses. One promising area for HHV research is the use of humanized mouse models, in which human cells or tissues are transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Current humanized mouse models mostly transplant human haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), resulting in the production of a variety of human immune cells. Although all HHVs are thought to infect human immune cells, the beta- and gammaherpesviruses extensively infect and establish latency in these cells. Thus, mice humanized with HSCs hold great promise to study these herpesviruses. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the use of both older and newer humanized mouse models to study HHV infections. The focus is on current developments in using humanized mice to study mechanisms of HHV-induced pathogenesis, human immune responses to HHVs and effectiveness of antiviral drugs.
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Hatta, Muhammad Nur Adam, Ezanee Azlina Mohamad Hanif, Siok-Fong Chin, and Hui-min Neoh. "Pathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review." Biology 10, no. 6 (2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060533.
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Cancer is a global health problem associated with genetics and unhealthy lifestyles. Increasingly, pathogenic infections have also been identified as contributors to human cancer initiation and progression. Most pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) associated with human cancers are categorized as Group I human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC. These pathogens cause carcinogenesis via three known mechanisms: persistent infection that cause inflammation and DNA damage, initiation of oncogene expression, and immunosuppression activity of the host. In this review, we discuss the carcinogenesis mechanism of ten pathogens, their implications, and some future considerations for better management of the disease. The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haematobium (bladder cancer); Human Papillomavirus (cervical cancer), and Kaposi’s Sarcoma Herpes Virus (Kaposi’s sarcoma).
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Kozlov, V. A. "T cell thymic selection and peripheral homeostatic proliferation in infectious diseases." Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity 9, no. 5-6 (2020): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-2019-5-6-629-638.
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There is no doubt that infectious agents and host undergo multilayered yet not fully understood interactions. This is primarily due to at least mechanisms resulting in chronic course of infectious process. Acute infection proceeds in parallel with primary immune response and its typical phases, each of which manifests as certain stage in clinical picture featured with disease onset and subsequent recovery. A whole process of immune response developing against infectious agent occurs in peripheral lymphoid organs and immune tissues. With regard to the role of immune system in infectious process, process, two main outstanding issues still remain unanswered: 1) what are the mechanisms of host death in the case of acute infectious process? 2) what is a “fault” of immune system in it? In its inferiority or in abruptly suppressed functions induced by infectious agent, when it “does not have time” to mount an immune response of sufficient power? So far, no answer is still found yet. The second question concerns mechanisms of converting to chronic course of infectious process. The obtained available in publications evidence about an intimately involved thymus as the central immune organ in infectious process of, the main function of which is to ensure developing central immune tolerance to self-antigens accomplished via T-cell positive and negative selection. It turned out that in case of some examined infections due to pathogens, which entered the thymus, such intimate events such as partial tolerance to pathogens and autoimmune reactivity are altered. Moreover, these processes are further aggravated by homeostatic proliferation, which is also induced by an infectious agent. In both cases, it accounts for decreased magnitude of immune response against a certain pathogen, burdened by emergence of autoimmune reactions.
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Zhu, Jiangjiang, Heather D. Bean, Jaime Jiménez-Díaz, and Jane E. Hill. "Secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) breathprinting of multiple bacterial lung pathogens, a mouse model study." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 11 (2013): 1544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00099.2013.
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Bacterial pneumonia is one of the leading causes of disease-related morbidity and mortality in the world, in part because the diagnostic tools for pneumonia are slow and ineffective. To improve the diagnosis success rates and treatment outcomes for bacterial lung infections, we are exploring the use of secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) breath analysis as a rapid, noninvasive method for determining the etiology of lung infections in situ. Using a murine lung infection model, we demonstrate that SESI-MS breathprints can be used to distinguish mice that are infected with one of seven lung pathogens: Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, representing the primary causes of bacterial pneumonia worldwide. After applying principal components analysis, we observed that with the first three principal components (primarily comprised of data from 14 peaks), all infections were separable via SESI-MS breathprinting ( P < 0.0001). Therefore, we have shown the potential of this SESI-MS approach for rapidly detecting and identifying acute bacterial lung infections in situ via breath analysis.
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Tellier, Philippe. "Infections par le VIH: de l’intérêt d’un traitement antirétroviral précoce." Option/Bio 22, no. 462 (2011): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0992-5945(11)70895-9.
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Denis, B., and O. Lortholary. "Infections fongiques pulmonaires chez les patients séropositifs pour le VIH." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 30, no. 8 (2013): 682–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2013.02.005.
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Emile, Carole. "Dépistage et confirmation des infections par le VIH en France." Option/Bio 24, no. 484 (2013): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0992-5945(13)71182-6.
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Pesce, A. "Prévention des infections opportunistes au cours de l'infection à VIH." La Revue de Médecine Interne 16 (December 1995): 315s—319s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0248-8663(96)80869-1.
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BOLTON, DECLAN J., and LUCY J. ROBERTSON. "Mental Health Disorders Associated with Foodborne Pathogens." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 11 (2016): 2005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-587.
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ABSTRACT Human infections with foodborne pathogenic organisms are relatively well described in terms of their overt physical symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, fever, and associated sequelae. Indeed, some of these are key for diagnosis and treatment, although it should be noted that, for some foodborne pathogens, the physical symptoms might be more diffuse, particularly those associated with some of the foodborne parasites. In contrast, the impact of these pathogens on mental health is less well described, and symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and general malaise are usually ignored when foodborne infections are recorded. Despite this, it is generally accepted that there are several psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology that may be associated with microbial pathogens. Depression, autism, hypochondriasis and anxiety, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome probably have multiple contributing causes, among which foodborne pathogens may play a decisive or contributory role, possibly sharing pathophysiological pathways with other environmental triggers. This review focuses on foodborne parasites and bacterial pathogens. Some foodborne parasites, such as metacestodes of Taenia solium and tissue cysts (bradyzoites) of Toxoplasma gondii, may affect mental health by directly infecting the brain. In contrast, bacterial infections and other parasitic infections may contribute to mental illness via the immune system and/or by influencing neurotransmission pathways. Thus, cytokines, for example, have been associated with depression and schizophrenia. However, infectious disease models for psychiatry require a more complete understanding of the relationship between psychiatric disorders and microbial triggers. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the role of foodborne parasitic and bacterial pathogens in mental illness and identifies some of the gaps that should be addressed to improve diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues that are not solely related to psychiatric factors.
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Wißmann, Jan Erik, Lisa Kirchhoff, Yannick Brüggemann, Daniel Todt, Joerg Steinmann, and Eike Steinmann. "Persistence of Pathogens on Inanimate Surfaces: A Narrative Review." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020343.
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For the prevention of infectious diseases, knowledge about transmission routes is essential. In addition to respiratory, fecal–oral, and sexual transmission, the transfer of pathogens via surfaces plays a vital role for human pathogenic infections—especially nosocomial pathogens. Therefore, information about the survival of pathogens on surfaces can have direct implications on clinical measures, including hygiene guidelines and disinfection strategies. In this review, we reviewed the existing literature regarding viral, bacterial, and fungal persistence on inanimate surfaces. In particular, the current knowledge of the survival time and conditions of clinically relevant pathogens is summarized. While many pathogens persist only for hours, common nosocomial pathogens can survive for days to weeks under laboratory conditions and thereby potentially form a continuous source of transmission if no adequate inactivation procedures are performed.
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Bowick, Gavin C., Heidi M. Spratt, Alison E. Hogg, et al. "Analysis of the Differential Host Cell Nuclear Proteome Induced by Attenuated and Virulent Hemorrhagic Arenavirus Infection." Journal of Virology 83, no. 2 (2008): 687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01281-08.
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ABSTRACT Arenaviruses are important emerging pathogens and include a number of hemorrhagic fever viruses classified as NIAID category A priority pathogens and CDC potential biothreat agents. Infection of guinea pigs with the New World arenavirus Pichindé virus (PICV) has been used as a biosafety level 2 model for the Lassa virus. Despite continuing research, little is known about the molecular basis of pathogenesis, and this has hindered the design of novel antiviral therapeutics. Modulation of the host response is a potential strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases. We have previously investigated the global host response to attenuated and lethal arenavirus infections by using high-throughput immunoblotting and kinomics approaches. In this report, we describe the differential nuclear proteomes of a murine cell line induced by mock infection and infection with attenuated and lethal variants of PICV, investigated by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Spot identification using tandem mass spectrometry revealed the involvement of a number of proteins that regulate inflammation via potential modulation of NF-κB activity and of several heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear proteins. Pathway analysis revealed a potential role for transcription factor XBP-1, a transcription factor involved in major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) expression; differential DNA-binding activity was revealed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and differences in surface MHC-II expression were seen following PICV infection. These data are consistent with the results of several previous studies and highlight potential differences between transcriptional and translational regulation. This study provides a number of differentially expressed targets for further research and suggests that key events in pathogenesis may be established early in infection.
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Fijan, Sabina, Anita Frauwallner, Tomaž Langerholc, et al. "Efficacy of Using Probiotics with Antagonistic Activity against Pathogens of Wound Infections: An Integrative Review of Literature." BioMed Research International 2019 (December 12, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7585486.
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The skin and its microbiota serve as physical barriers to prevent invasion of pathogens. Skin damage can be a consequence of illness, surgery, and burns. The most effective wound management strategy is to prevent infections, promote healing, and prevent excess scarring. It is well established that probiotics can aid in skin healing by stimulating the production of immune cells, and they also exhibit antagonistic effects against pathogens via competitive exclusion of pathogens. Our aim was to conduct a review of recent literature on the efficacy of using probiotics against pathogens that cause wound infections. In this integrative review, we searched through the literature published in the international following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus using the search terms “probiotic” AND “wound infection.” During a comprehensive review and critique of the selected research, fourteen in vitro studies, 8 animal studies, and 19 clinical studies were found. Two of these in vitro studies also included animal studies, yielding a total of 39 articles for inclusion in the review. The most commonly used probiotics for all studies were well-known strains of the species Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. All in vitro studies showed successful inhibition of chosen skin or wound pathogens by the selected probiotics. Within the animal studies on mice, rats, and rabbits, probiotics showed strong opportunities for counteracting wound infections. Most clinical studies showed slight or statistically significant lower incidence of surgical site infections, foot ulcer infection, or burn infections for patients using probiotics. Several of these studies also indicated a statistically significant wound healing effect for the probiotic groups. This review indicates that exogenous and oral application of probiotics has shown reduction in wound infections, especially when used as an adjuvant to antibiotic therapy, and therefore the potential use of probiotics in this field remains worthy of further studies, perhaps focused more on typical skin inhabitants as next-generation probiotics with high potential.
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Okwuraiwe, A. P., R. A. Audu, F. A. Ige, O. B. Salu, C. K. Onwuamah, and A. Z. Musa. "Long term outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected Nigerians and those co-infected with hepatitis B and C viruses." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22, no. 1 (2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i1.9.
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Background: HIV co-infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common, largely due to shared routes of transmission, but paucity of data exists for long term treatment outcomes of HIV infected patients, and those co-infected with HBV and HCV despite the high burden in Nigeria. The aim of study was to describe the longterm treatment outcomes in HIV infected Nigerians and to assess the effect of HBV and HCV co-infections on longterm response to antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methodology: This was a retrospective study of HIV infected adults (> 18 years old) consecutively initiating ART between July 2004 and December 2007, who were followed up for 7 years (2011 and 2014). HBV and HCV infections were diagnosed by detection of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HCV antibody (HCVAb) respectively. HIV viral load and CD4 count were monitored 3-monthly after initiating ART, and treatment outcomes based on these were compared between patients with HIV mono-infection, HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV/HCV co-infections. Clinical and laboratory data of the patients were abstracted from the medical databases, FileMaker Pro, v 10, entered into Microsoft Excel, and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.Results: A total of 2,800 adults were evaluated (median age of 35.5 years; 64.2% female), of whom 197 (7.0%) were co-infected with HBV, 53 (1.9%) with HCV, and 15 (0.5%) with HBV and HCV. During the 7-year period, 369 (13.2%) patients were lost to follow up. Immune reconstitution, measured by CD4 recovery, was lower in both HBV and HCV co-infections compared to HIV mono-infection, but this was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Median baseline HIV viral load was 4.63 log copies/ml for all groups, which decreased to undetectable level at a median time of 6 months and remained so for the study duration.Conclusion: This study revealed a higher virologic failure among HIV/HCV co-infected group compared to other groups. No immunological difference in ART treatment outcomes between HIV mono-infected and those co-infected with HBV and HCV after 7-year follow-up. Gradual rise in CD4 was found to be an immunological evidence of the body’s recovery from HIV, buttressed by the drop in viral load over the 7-year period.
 Keywords: ART, HIV, HBV, HCV co-infection, long term outcomes
 
 English title: Résultats à long terme du traitement antirétroviral hautement actif chez les Nigérians infectés par le VIH et ceux co-infectés par les virus des hépatites B et C
 Contexte: La co-infection par le VIH avec l'hépatite B (VHB) et/ou le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est courante, engrande partie en raison des voies de transmission partagées, mais il existe peu de données sur les résultats dutraitement à long terme des patients infectés par le VIH, et ceux co -infectés par le VHB et le VHC malgré le fardeau élevé au Nigéria. Le but de l'étude était de décrire les résultats du traitement à long terme chez les Nigérians infectés par le VIH et d'évaluer l'effet des co-infections par le VHB et le VHC sur la réponse à long terme au traitement antirétroviral (TAR).Méthodologie: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective sur des adultes infectés par le VIH (>18 ans) ayant commencé un traitement antirétroviral consécutivement entre juillet 2004 et décembre 2007, suivis pendant 7 ans (2011 et 2014). Les infections par le VHB et le VHC ont été diagnostiquées par détection de l'antigène de surface sérique de l'hépatite B (AgHBs) et des anticorps anti-VHC (HCVAb) respectivement. La charge virale du VIH et la numération des CD4 ont été surveillées tous les trois mois après le début du TAR, et les résultats du traitement basés sur ceuxci ont été comparés entre les patients atteints de mono-infection VIH, VIH/VHB, VIH/VHC et VIH/VHB/VHC. Les données cliniques et de laboratoire des patients ont été extraites des bases de données médicales, FileMaker Pro, v 10, saisies dans Microsoft Excel et analysées à l'aide de SPSS version 20.0.Résultats: Un total de 2800 adultes ont été évalués (âge médian de 35,5 ans; 64,2% de femmes), dont 197 (7,0%) étaient co-infectés par le VHB, 53 (1,9%) par le VHC et 15 (0,5%) par le VHB et VHC. Au cours de la période de 7 ans, 369 (13,2%) patients ont été perdus de vue. La reconstitution immunitaire, mesurée par la récupération des CD4, était plus faible dans les co-infections par le VHB et le VHC que dans la mono-infection par le VIH, mais cela n'était pas statistiquement significatif (p>0,05). La charge virale VIH de base médiane était de 4,63 log copies / ml pour tous les groupes, ce qui a diminué à un niveau indétectable à une période médiane de 6 mois et le reste pendant toute la durée de l'étude.Conclusion: Cette étude a révélé un échec virologique plus élevé parmi le groupe co-infecté par le VIH / VHC par rapport aux autres groupes. Aucune différence immunologique dans les résultats du traitement TAR entre le VIH mono-infecté et ceux co-infectés par le VHB et le VHC après un suivi de 7 ans. L’augmentation progressive des CD4 s’est avérée être une preuve immunologique de la guérison du corps du VIH, étayée par la baisse de la charge virale au cours de la période de 7 ans.
 Mots clés: TAR, VIH, VHB, co-infection par le VHC, résultats à long terme
 
 
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Rosenblum, Jeremy M., Nadav Traeger, John Welter, et al. "A Pilot Study of RNA Sequencing to Improve the Diagnostic Yield of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Specimens in Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients." Respiration 100, no. 4 (2021): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513250.
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<b><i>Background:</i></b> Pulmonary complications often cause morbidity and mortality in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. While detection of infection and initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy improves survival, present techniques oftentimes do not detect infections in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples because of pretreatment with antimicrobial therapies and the need for a priori knowledge of likely viral pathogens, decreasing the yield of BAL. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> We evaluated whether RNA-based massively parallel sequencing (MPS) would improve detection of infections in BAL fluid in pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Nine patients underwent 10 BAL (1 patient underwent 2 BAL) and had sufficient BAL fluid for inclusion in this study. Clinical microbiological testing identified infections in 7 patients, and MPS identified infections in 5 patients, although some of these detected organisms were not detected by clinical testing. Results were fully concordant in 5 patients, fully discordant in 3 patients, and partially discordant in 2 patients. Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections were detected via both techniques. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> This suggests that MPS in conjunction with routine clinical testing increases the yield of detection of infectious organisms in the BAL fluid.
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Phan, Tung Gia, Vivian Luchsinger, Luis F. Avendaño, Xutao Deng, and Eric Delwart. "Cyclovirus in nasopharyngeal aspirates of Chilean children with respiratory infections." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 4 (2014): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.061143-0.
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Some respiratory tract infections remain unexplained despite extensive testing for common pathogens. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from 120 Chilean infants from Santiago with acute lower respiratory tract infections were analysed by viral metagenomics, revealing the presence of nucleic acids from anelloviruses, adenovirus-associated virus and 12 known respiratory viral pathogens. A single sequence read showed translated protein similarity to cycloviruses. We used inverse PCR to amplify the complete circular ssDNA genome of a novel cyclovirus we named CyCV-ChileNPA1. Closely related variants were detected using PCR in the NPAs of three other affected children that also contained anelloviruses. This report increases the current knowledge of the genetic diversity of cycloviruses whose detection in multiple NPAs may reflect a tropism for human respiratory tissues.
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Olgun, Nicole S. "Viral Infections in Pregnancy: A Focus on Ebola Virus." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 9 (2018): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180130121946.
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During gestation, the immune response of the placenta to viruses and other pathogens plays an important role in determining a pregnant woman’s vulnerability toward infectious diseases. Located at the maternalfetal interface, trophoblast cells serve to minimize the spread of viruses between the host and developing fetus through an intricate system of innate antiviral immune signaling. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, ranging from learning disabilities to preterm birth and fetal death, are all documented results of a viral breach in the placental barrier. Viral infections during pregnancy can also be spread through blood and vaginal secretions, and during the post-natal period, via breast milk. Thus, even in the absence of vertical transmission of viral infection to the fetus, maternal health can still be compromised and threaten the pregnancy. The most common viral DNA isolates found in gestation are adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, and enterovirus. However, with the recent pandemic of Ebola virus, and the first documented case of a neonate to survive due to experimental therapies in 2017, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the changing roles and impacts of viral infection during pregnancy needs to be better understood, while strategies to minimize adverse pregnancy outcomes need to be identified. This review focuses on the adverse impacts of viral infection during gestation, with an emphasis on Ebola virus.
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Hegde, Nagendra R., Pavuluri Panduranga Rao, Jagadeesh Bayry, and Srinivas V. Kaveri. "Immunotherapy of viral infections." Immunotherapy 1, no. 4 (2009): 691–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt.09.26.
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Among the microorganisms that cause diseases of medical or veterinary importance, the only group that is entirely dependent on the host, and hence not easily amenable to therapy via pharmaceuticals, is the viruses. Since viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens, and therefore depend a great deal on cellular processes, direct therapy of viral infections is difficult. Thus, modifying or targeting nonspecific or specific immune responses is an important aspect of intervention of ongoing viral infections. However, as a result of the unavailability of effective vaccines and the extended duration of manifestation, chronic viral infections are the most suitable for immunotherapies. We present an overview of various immunological strategies that have been applied for treating viral infections after exposure to the infectious agent.
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Achari, Yannis, Francesca Ali, Amel Boudache, et al. "L’actualité immunologique sous l’oeil critique des étudiants de Master 2." médecine/sciences 35, no. 4 (2019): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019070.
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Dans le cadre de leur module « Analyse scientifique », les étudiants du Master 2 « Immunothérapies et Bio-ingénierie » de Sorbonne Université, ont pris la plume pour partager avec les lecteurs de m/s quelques uns des faits marquants de la littérature 2018 dans le domaine de l’immunologie. Les travaux présentés ici nous rappellent l’importance des études mécanistiques portant sur les grandes fonctions des composants du système immunitaire (lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques, lymphocytes T auxiliaires, lymphocytes T régulateurs, etc.) pour mieux comprendre la pathogenèse de certaines maladies et pour optimiser les stratégies thérapeutiques existantes. Cette année, deux brèves s’intéressent aux immunothérapies fondées sur l’utilisation d’anticorps dirigés contre des points de contrôle immunitaire : comment prédire la réponse clinique des patients à ces traitements grâce à des techniques de bioinformatique et de modélisation ? Comment améliorer leur efficacité en ciblant des facteurs de régulation épigénétique ? Une troisième brève apporte un éclairage sur les raisons expliquant pourquoi certains patients infectés par le virus du VIH et traités avec des anti-viraux ne parviennent pas à récupérer un taux normal de lymphocytes T CD4+. Enfin, une dernière brève s’intéresse, dans un modèle de diabète de type I, à une population particulière de lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques qui régulent d’autres lymphocytes T autoréactifs et limitent ainsi la réaction inflammatoire dans les organes. Bonne lecture !
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Etoughe, FN, M. Raiteb, YB Komba, F. Ihhibane, R. Moutai, and N. Tassi. "Les infections à Cryptococcus neoformans chez les patients infectés par le VIH : à propos de 27 cas." Revue Malienne d'Infectiologie et de Microbiologie 15, no. 1 (2020): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53597/remim.v15i1.1560.
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But du travail : Décrire les profils épidémiologiques, clinico-paracliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutifs des patients infectés par le VIH qui ont présenté une infection à Cryptococcus neoformans.
 Matériel et méthode : Étude rétrospective portant sur les dossiers de 27 patients infectés par le VIH suivis au Service des Maladies Infectieuses du CHU Mohamed VI et hospitalisés pour une infection à Cryptococcus neoformans entre janvier 2007 et juillet 2018.
 Résultats : La prévalence était de 3,37 %. L'âge moyen des patients était de 39,22 ans [19-64] avec une prédominance masculine (21 hommes, 77,7 %). La cryptococcose était révélatrice de l'infection à VIH chez 16 patients (60%). La localisation neuroméningée était présente chez 25 patients (92,6%). Les céphalées dominaient le tableau clinique chez 23 patients (85 %). L'examen à l'encre de chine a permis d'isoler le Cryptococcus neoformans que dans le LCR chez 21 patients (78%) et la culture chez 22 patients (81,5%). Le bilan d'extension montrait des hémocultures positives à Cryptococcus neoformans chez 7 patients (26%). Le taux moyen des lymphocytes CD4 était 56 cellules /mm3. Onze patients (41%) ont été traités par l'association Amphotéricine B + Fluconazole et 16 patients (59%) par Fluconazole en monothérapie. L'évolution était favorable chez 22 patients (81,5%)
 Conclusion : La fréquence et la gravité de l'infection à Cryptococcus neoformans chez les patients infectés par le VIH implique un dépistage même en absence de signes cliniques en cas d'immunodépression profonde.
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HARRISON, A., W. I. MONTGOMERY, and K. J. BOWN. "Investigating the persistence of tick-borne pathogens via the R0model." Parasitology 138, no. 7 (2011): 896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000400.
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SUMMARYIn the epidemiology of infectious diseases, the basic reproduction number, R0, has a number of important applications, most notably it can be used to predict whether a pathogen is likely to become established, or persist, in a given area. We used the R0model to investigate the persistence of 3 tick-borne pathogens;Babesia microti, Anaplasma phagocytophilumandBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato in anApodemus sylvaticus-Ixodes ricinussystem. The persistence of these pathogens was also determined empirically by screening questing ticks and wood mice by PCR. All 3 pathogens behaved differently in response to changes in the proportion of transmission hosts on whichI. ricinusfed, the efficiency of transmission between the host and ticks and the abundance of larval and nymphal ticks found on small mammals. Empirical data supported theoretical predictions of the R0model. The transmission pathway employed and the duration of systemic infection were also identified as important factors responsible for establishment or persistence of tick-borne pathogens in a given tick-host system. The current study demonstrates how the R0model can be put to practical use to investigate factors affecting tick-borne pathogen persistence, which has important implications for animal and human health worldwide.
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Katlama, Ch, and M. Jouan. "Prophylaxie des infections opportunistes au cours de l'infection par le VIH." Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses 26, no. 8-9 (1996): 742–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0399-077x(96)80028-x.
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Nadaud, J., T. Villevieille, P. Boulland, et al. "Méningite bactérienne chez le patient VIH positif: pensez aux co-infections!" Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 26, no. 1 (2007): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annfar.2006.06.024.
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Danchinova, G. A., M. A. Khasnatinov, V. I. Zlobin, et al. "Ixodid ticks in Southern part of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia and their spontaneous infectiveness by infectious agents." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 5 (December 30, 2006): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2006--137-143.
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The goal of the study is to reveal the species of Ixodid ticks in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, having epidemiological value and pathogens that transmit to humans via their bites. The tasks is to determine ecologo-epidemiologial characteristics of the main vectors and genetic characteristics of the agents of tick-borne infections. Characterization of the materials. There are materials of the study of more than 200 000 Ixodid ticks of 4 species and their rate of infection by different pathogens with zooparasitological, epidemiological, virological, microbiological, molecular-biological standard and modified to the goals and tasks of the study. Most abundance and dangerous species is Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. ticks, that is widespread in region investigated. The agents of known vector-borne infections in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia are tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afze- lii, Rickettsia sibirica, R. sp. DnS14 group.
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Kiseleva, E. P., K. I. Mikhailopulo, G. I. Novik, and N. F. Soroka. "Molecular mechanisms of induction and acceleration of autoimmunity by microorganisms." Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Immunopathology 20, no. 1 (2021): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24287/1726-1708-2021-20-1-99-113.
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Infectious agents are well-known ecological factors inducing/accelerating human autoimmune diseases. Host infection by a pathogen can lead to autoimmunity via multiple mechanisms: molecular mimicry; epitope spreading and presentation of cryptic epitopes of self-antigen owing to lysis of self-tissue by persisting pathogen or immune cells; bystander activation, adjuvant effect of pathogens as a result of non-specific activation of immune system; polyclonal activation of B-cells by chronic infection; activation of T-cells by bacterial superantigens. Infectious agents and nonpathogenic microorganisms can also protect from autoimmune diseases via activation of regulatory T-cells and displacement of balance between two classes of T helper cells in favor of Th2. This study is supported by the Independent Ethics Committee and approved by the Academic Council of the Institute of Bioorganic Сhemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.