Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections bactériennes à Gram négatif'
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Ferrandez, Yann. "Caractérisation du second système de sécrétion de type II chez la bactérie phytopathogène Erwinia chrysanthemi." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0109/these.pdf.
Full textIn Gram negative bacteria, ali the proteins destined for the outer membrane arc synthesized with a sequence signal which is cleaved during their routing. This cleavage is perfonned during the passage of the inner membrane, by LepB for outer membrane proteins (OMPs) or by LspA for lipoproteins. The sequencing of the genome of Dickeya dadamii allowed to bring to Light a second type II secretion machinery named Stt (for Second Type Two). Downstream to this system is a gene called pnlH, the product of which has homology with pectin lyases. The study of this protein showed that it is a substrate of the Stt machinery which allows its passage from the inner face to the outer face of outer membrane. In absence of Stt or in Escherichia coli, PnlH is localized in the inner face of the outer membrane. This anchoring is due to the terminal extremity of the protein which is not cleaved during the crossing of the inner membrane and contains all the information for the addressing of the protein. Indeed, the fusion of the first 41 amino acids of PnlH with proteins of various cellular compartments allows the addressing of these hybrids to the outer membrane. A more detailed analysis of this N-tenninal part shows characteristies of a Tat-dependant sequence signal, allowing the passage of the inner membrane by the Tat system. Analysis of mutants of the sequence signal or of the machinery Tat confirmed that this one is necessary for the passage of PnlH through the inner membrane. So, the analysis of the addressing of PnlH to the outer membrane allowed the identification a new way of routing of proteins to the outer membrane of bacteria. This new mechanism of targeting of proteins in the outer membrane is probably widespread because PnlH is also localized in the outer membrane when it is expressed in E. Coli. Since PnlH is not detected as a substrate of the Tat machinery by the prediction programs this suggests that other Tat targeted outer membrane proteins remain to be identified
Matta, Roula. "Infections nosocomiales et résistance aux antibiotiques chez les bacilles à GRAM négatifs : étude de cohorte multicentrique dans les hôpitaux libanais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0485.
Full textHospital-acquired infections and bacterial resistance to antibiotics are widespread worldwide, with a higher prevalence in developing countries with limited resources, including Lebanon. In Lebanon, epidemiological data on resistance among Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics of last resort in hospitals and on nosocomial infections are scarce. Aims: We conducted three studies to meet the following objectives: a first study to identify and compare the different bacteria identified in communityacquired infections and nosocomial infections, focusing on associated co-morbidities and sociodemographic factors. This was followed by two studies targeting resistance to last-resort antibiotics in Gram-negative bacilli, in order to describe the epidemiology and identify patient characteristics associated with this resistance. Mortality in patients with Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems was analyzed. Methods. The first study was a retrospective, multicenter cohort study conducted in five hospitals. Data were collected using a standardized form (demographic data: gender and age, underlying diseases and type of acquired infection). The other two studies were based on a prospective cohort study using a database compiled in nine Lebanese hospitals between 2016 and 2017 (patient characteristics, variables related to hospitalization and variables related to the characteristics of the infection). Data were collected and processed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS version 24. Logistic regressions were used to define the profile of patients for each type of resistance (3rd generation cephalosporins-3GC, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenem) observed in Gram-negative bacilli (Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii). A sensitivity analysis based on the extreme results of the missing values for bacterial sensitivity was used to take account of the missing data and provide robust results. Results. The first study showed the importance of Gram-negative bacilli resistant to antibiotics in both hospital and community-acquired infections, with two independent factors in the acquisition of a nosocomial infection: advanced age and immunosuppression. The other two studies showed high percentages of resistance in the targeted Gram-negative bacilli and established different patient profiles for each type of resistance. For example, in Escherichia coli, resistance to 3GC was associated with previous hospital admission and the presence of a urinary catheter. Similarly, resistance to carbapenems in Gram-negative bacilli was associated with surgical patients, the presence of a urinary catheter, and pulmonary or surgical site infection. In terms of overall mortality, the Cox proportional model showed that carbapenem resistance was associated with a significant difference in hospital survival in patients with nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli compared with susceptible bacteria. Conclusions. We report on resistance to antibiotics of last resort in enterobacteria (E. coli and Non-E. coli enterobacterales) and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli identified in Lebanese hospitals, where epidemiological data are scarce. Describing the profiles of patients carrying these resistant bacterial strains will enable clinicians to prescribe appropriate probabilistic antibiotic therapy
Compagne, Nina. "Développement d'inhibiteurs des pompes d'efflux des bactéries Gram négatives pour lutter contre la résistance aux antibiotiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS032.
Full textThe discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century allowed to treat a number of previously fatal bacterial infectious diseases. However, this therapeutic progress was followed by a massive, repeated and inappropriate use of antibiotics, leading to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. This phenomenon is alarming, with an estimated 4.95 million deaths associated with antibiotic resistance in 2019. One of the resistance mechanisms developed by Enterobacterales and overall Gram-negative bacteria is the (over)expression of efflux pumps. These bacterial pumps are able to extrude several classes of antibiotics, thereby reducing their intrabacterial concentration and rendering them ineffective. One strategy being considered to circumvent this phenomenon is the development of efflux pump inhibitors which, in combination with an antibiotic, could offer a new therapeutic alternative to treat resistant bacterial infections.AcrAB-TolC is an efflux pump of the RND superfamily found in Enterobacterales such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In order to identify inhibitors of this pump, a chemical library of 1280 fragments was screened on E. coli in combination with a model antibiotic substrate of this pump, leading to the selection of a hit compound belonging to the pyridylpiperazine family. This hit has no intrinsic antibacterial activity, but is able to potentiate the activity of a range of antibiotics by direct inhibition of the AcrB protein. Initial studies of structure-activity relationships have allowed the identification of two chemical series, the quinoline/quinoxaline series and the pyridine series. Structural modifications around these three cores were carried out using a rational design based on the co-crystallographic structures obtained with AcrB. 80 compounds were therefore synthesised in order to identify more potent analogues and establish new structure-activity relationships. In particular, the introduction of different substituents with an amine function allowed to create new interactions with acidic residues in the AcrB binding pocket. The physicochemical and in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters of the most promising compounds were then measured, leading to the selection of one compound for a pharmacokinetic study in mice. In order to enrich the chemical diversity of substituents introduced on the quinoline and pyridine rings, a chemical library of 672 triazoles was synthesised via a copper-catalysed cycloaddition reaction. The aim was to increase the potency of the compounds by creating new interactions with AcrB while reducing the cytotoxicity and intrinsic antibacterial activity of the compounds. This led to the identification of new compounds with promising activities, which will soon be resynthesised in order to characterise their biological effect and measure their ADME properties
Okdah, Liliane. "Gestion patrimoniale des anciens agents antimicrobiens en les criblant contre des bactéries multi-résistantes modernes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0593.
Full textThe emergence of beta-lactam and carbapenem resistant bacteria, resulted in the reintroduction of colistin as an agent of last resort to treat infections caused by these bacteria. However, chromosomal resistances and more recently plasmidic to colistin appeared. This problem of multidrug-resistant bacteria subsequently triggered the publication of alarming articles on the dangers of these germs. To answer the media dramatization related to this problem, my thesis project aims to propose therapeutic strategies to treat infections due to multiresistant bacteria.Initially, we tested the activity of a large panel including old antibiotics against carbapenem resistant bacteria and others resistant to colistin. Several families of antibiotics have been effective against these two types of resistant bacteria.In a second step, we evaluated the activity of combined antibiotics in order to detect a synergistic action. Two synergistic combinations were retained: colistin + sulfadiazine and colistin + fusidic acid. These combinations of antibiotics have shown a bactericidal effect on a collection of Gram-negative colistin-resistant bacteria, independent of the resistance mechanism
Vidal, Stéphanie. "Modélisation des interactions b-lactamine / porine : description d'un mécanisme de résistance des bactéries Gram négatif aux antibiotiques par défaut de perméation de la paroi." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22952.
Full textMathlouthi, Najla. "Déterminisme du support moléculaire et de l'épidémiologie de la résistance aux β-lactamines chez des bacilles à Gram négatif isolés dans des hôpitaux tunisiens et libyens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0079/document.
Full textThe increase and spread of β-lactam resistance in gram negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led to an increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. The frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination of antibiotics resistance. Front of this worldwide concern, and various recommendations, several epidemiological and molecular studies have been reported in order to control the spread and the dissemination of these MDR. Unlike many parts of the world, there is little information concerning the molecular characterization of the β-lactam resistance genes of Gram-negative bacilli isolated in Tunisia and especially in Libya. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with essential objectives: (i) highlight the prevalence of multi-resistant Gram negative bacilli isolated in Tunisian and Libyan hospitals (ii) identify the genetic support of resistance to β-lactams of these clinical strains (iii) study the clonal diversity of the multi-resistant strains by molecular typing (iii) study the molecular epidemiology of these BMRs in these countries in order to control the decision-making process of the treatment and the rapid identification of epidemics by implementing appropriate control measures for the spread of infections and especially developing new tools and software for the diagnosis and monitoring of potential MDR bacteria in Mediterranean countries
Herblot, Sabine. "Bioglées thermales et bacilles gram négatif hétérotrophes." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2PE98.
Full textEvrin, Cécile. "Structure et mécanisme de régulation des uridine monophosphate kinases bactériennes." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077203.
Full textBacterial ump kinases are a particular class of nucleoside monophosphate kinases and show similarities to proteins of carbamate kinases family. They are hexameric and subject to a complex regulation by gtp and utp. They are localized near the membranes suggesting another biological function. Kinetics studies showed significant differences in the activity regulation by nucleotides between enzymes from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Atp binding is cooperative for ump kinases from gram-positive bacteria. Both effectors bind to the same allosteric site and act independently of magnesium. They show opposite effects, le. Decrease of atp affinity for utp and increase of atp affinity for gtp. Dependence of activity of ump kinases from gram-negative bacteria is hyperbolic in function of atp and exhibits a biphasic behaviour in function of ump where ump in excess is strongly inhibitory. Gtp and utp have two distinct binding sites. Gtp reverses inhibition by excess of ump with only slight changes in substrate affinities for enzymes from gram-negative bacteria. Utp acts only in mg-free form by increasing the km for both substrate and its binding site overlaps the active site of ump kinases from gram-negative bacteria via a mechanism named competitive and cooperative inhibition. Despite the diversity in responses to nucleotides as substrates or effectors, ump kinases from gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria share overall fold and quaternary structure as shown by the three-dimensional structures resolved during the last two years. In addition, these studies pointed at amino agios responsible for catalysis, oligomerization or cross-talk between subunits of the hexamer
Nawfal, Dagher Tania. "Etude épidémiologique de la résistance aux antibiotiques d'isolats cliniques au Liban." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0661/document.
Full textInfections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria especially the resistance to carbapenems, have become a major public health problem. This increase in resistance to antibiotics has led to the resuscitation of colistin, as a last-resort treatment option. Our PhD work focused on the epidemiological study of the antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates in Lebanon. This thesis is divided into 5 chapters with three main objectives; (1) the investigation of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in Lebanese hospitals. (2) the Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of colistin-resistant bacteria in Lebanese patients, and (3) the emergence of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria in Lebanon. At the start of this thesis, we have prepared a literature review on the epidemiology and the risk factors associated with bacterial infection in conflict wounded and natural disaster in Asia and the Middle East. The second chapter aimed to see the effect of the shift of treatment from colistin-carbapenem combination to colistin monotherapy on the prevalence and resistance of A. baumannii, in addition to the detection of the plasmid-encoded blaVIM-2 gene. In the third chapter, we have detected the spread of colistin-resistant gram-negative bacteria due to mutation of the two-component systems (pmrA /pmrB, phoP/phoQ), or mgrB. We detect the emergence of vanA of Enterococcus faecium resistant to vancomycin. This observation confirms that colistin resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is indeed increasing. In conclusion, it appears necessary and urgent to set up surveys to monitor the use of antibiotics to prevent the spread of resistant strains in Lebanon
Cassir, Nadim. "Culturomique : un nouvel outil d'analyse de microbiotes impliqués dans la pathogenèse ou la transmission de maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5038/document.
Full textHe human gut microbiota plays an important and beneficial role in its host but it is also involved in a growing number of diseases. Knowledge of the composition of this ecosystem have recently been revolutionized by the use of molecular techniques. However, these techniques have significant limitations. Thus, the concept of "culturomics" has been introduced; it consists of the multiplication of culture conditions and the rapid identification of bacterial colonies by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) or by PCR 16S RNA gene sequencing. In the first part of this work, we have demonstrated an association between the presence of Clostridium butyricum in the stool and the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis whether by pyrosequencing methods and Culture or by quantitative PCR specific real time C. butyricum; identified after sequencing the complete genome of all our strains of C. butyricum, the presence of the gene of β-hemolysin (toxin). In the second part of this work, we showed by cuturomics that Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) were frequently spread out over the transitional skin microbiota of patients hospitalized in intensive care; the reservoir would essentially digestive. In conclusion, the gut microbiota is an underestimated reservoir of pathogenic bacteria. Modern microbiology including new culture-based methods is currently extending exponentially our knowledge on gut microbiota giving rise to new insights into the pathogenesis or the transmission of infectious diseases
Meksem, Ahmed. "Études structurales et fonctionnelles des récepteurs TonB-dépendants de bactéries à Gram-négatif." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00558531.
Full textBozdogan, Bülent. "Mécanismes de résistance aux lincosamides et aux streptogramines chez les bactéries à Gram positif." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05N132.
Full textCimmino, Teresa. "Whole genome sequencing to decipher the resistome of clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5068/document.
Full textTheuse of WG Sallows to analyze and to decipherthe study of resistome of Multi Drug Resistant bacteria (MDR), understanding the different resistance mechanisms, genetic directories and their dissemination mechanisms at global level. During them y thesis I have achieved: 1. A literature review on the use of new contemporary diagnostic tools and capabilities in detecting out breaksin infectious diseases caused by MDR. 2: The identification and the analysis of resistome of multidrug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates suchasShewanellaalgae, normally marine environmental, in our case clinical strain isolated from the broncho alveolar lavage of a hospitalized patient with pneumonia and Chryseobacteriumin dologenes, isolated from a patient cysticfibrosis. In this analysis, we can show that environment albacteria suchas S.algae can be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. The exhaustive analysis of these bacteria showed their ability to a dapttotheirecosystemsincludingtheacquisitionofnewgeneticelementsbylateralgenetransfer. The detection of genes in volved in the synthesis of nonribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthases may have a role in their ability to survive in hostile environments suchas therespiratorytractofCFpatients or their presence inpatients having suffered multipleofantibiotic. 3:In this work,through theuse of the NTS onnew bacterial species isolated from human microbiome,we have a chieveda standardized analysis"insilico"to determine there sistome of these bacteria and the presence of secondary metabolites associated bacteriocins and the NRPS/PKS. The application of the NTS for sequenc in go bacterial genome of new bacterial species isolated in the human microbiome, allowe dus to develop a platform capable of analyzing the senew species within 48
Al, Bayssari Charbel. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires de la résistance aux antibiotiques dans le bassin méditerranéen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5028.
Full textThe detection, monitoring and dissemination of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are a major issue worldwide since the discovery and spread of multi-resistant bacteria, in particular resistance to carbapenems, specifically among Enterobacteriaceae and bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is a significant contributor to patient morbidity and mortality. Despite radical efforts in infection control and improvements in molecular diagnostics, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli remain a formidable threat as few antimicrobial agents are reliably active and very little is expected to be available in the near future.The origin and source of resistance genes in the world are not well known and recent works suggest that domestic and wild animals, the environment (soil, water, rivers ..) but also the digestive tract of mammals and humans could represent a reservoir and an important source of resistance genes that may be transmissible to humans.It is in this context that this thesis project articulates with the following objectives: (i) The achievement of molecular epidemiological studies on carbapenem-resistant clinical and animal isolates collected from countries in the Mediterranean basin (Lebanon, Libya, France) and the characterization of the genetic determinants of this resistance; (ii) the description of new resistance mechanisms to imipenem; and finally (iii) The genome sequencing of clinical isolates resistant to carbapenems, the analysis of these genomes and the identification of mechanisms and genetic supports of the resistance to carbapenems and other antibiotics
Jacobs, Matthieu. "Développement de modèles pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques pour l'optimisation du traitement des infections à bactéries à gram négatif multi-résistantes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT1801/document.
Full textAntibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs, however optimal dosages are not yet well defined. The aim of this thesis was to develop pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) models that characterize the course of antimicrobial drug concentrations and effects over time, with an emphasis on the development of resistance. These models were applied to optimize dosing regimens of antimicrobial therapies.A population PK model for colistin and its prodrug, colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) was developed in critically ill patients receiving colistin by nebulization and/or undergoing an intermittent hemodialysis (HD). Results predicted clear benefits of using aerosol delivery of 2MIU CMS dose for the treatment of pulmonary infections. For patients with HD session dosing regimen of CMS should be 1.5 MIU twice daily with an additional dose of 1.5 MIU after each HD session.An assessment of the performances of different PK-PD models by using a simulation approach have shown the importance of longer study designs and of complementary microbiological data to predict accurately bacterial resistance development. A semi-mechanistic PK/PD model that incorporates mutation rate and adaptive resistance development of a bioluminescent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa against colistin was developed based on in-vitro data. A high, quick and partially reversible resistance was described. These results confirm that the first 24 h of treatment are critical in the management of infections, that colistin alone cannot eradicate completely the mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were selected during the experiments and that combination therapies seem necessary
Lair, Marie-Isabelle. "Distribution du gène de la carbapénèmase NmcA de "Enterobacter cloacae" NOR-1 parmi 490 souches hospitalières de bacilles à gram négatif." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P178.
Full textFadli, Mariam. "Effet synergique d'antibiotiques et d'extraits de certaines plantes médicinales marocaines sur des bactéries d'intérêt sanitaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5077.
Full textWe evaluated different aspects of the synergy between conventional antibiotics and essential oils of some Moroccan endemic plants, on resistant bacteria involved in nosocomial infections. These plants were: Thymus maroccanus, T. broussonetii, T. pallidus, T. riataraum and Rosmarinus officinalis. Out of 80 combinations tested between these two essential oils and antibiotics, 71% showed total synergism, 20% had partial synergistic interaction and 9% showed no effect. Combination with carvacrol, the major constituent of T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii, showed also an interesting synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin. Moreover, T. maroccanus and T. broussonetii essential oils increased chloramphenicol susceptibility of several resistant isolates. they could restore sensitivity to chloramphenicol producing a competition to its extrusion by blocking the efflux pumps expressed in the isolates and involved in its efflux. Furthermore, T. maroccanus essential oil increased permeability of studied bacteria membrane, and favoured intracellular proteins release into the external medium. Thymus maroccanus essential oil permeabilized both outer and inner membranes of tested bacteria, but without causing detectable degradation of cellular constituents. Protein alterations have been associated with prolonged exposure to natural compounds tested, an increased efflux associated with a lower level of porins that may be involved in the passive diffusion of these natural antimicrobials, conferring a native protection to bacteria towards these natural compounds
Martin, Marie-Françoise. "Bactéries à gram négatif aérobies strictes non fermentantes : étude épidémiologique et sensibilité aux antibiotiques." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P081.
Full textChambonnier, Gaël. "Etude de la transition entre les infections aiguës et chroniques chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa : le système Rsm." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0073.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium and a human opportunistic pathogen responsible for acute and chronic infections. Acute infections are characterized by a planktonic lifestyle of the bacteria, the production of the type III secretion system that targets the host cells and a low concentration of the two small non-coding RNAs RsmY and RsmZ. In contrast, chronic infections are characterized by a sessile lifestyle into a biofilm, the production of the type VI secretion system Hsi1 involve in bacterial dueling and a high concentration of RsmY and RsmZ. The control of these states of infection depends on a complex regulatory network that mainly implies the GacS/GacA two-component system and the RetS and LadS histidine kinases which control the expression of the two small RNAs. These two RNAs act by titrating the post-transcriptional repressor RsmA (and RsmF) thus allowing the translation of the virulence factors’ mRNAs. While the overall mechanisms of these three pathways and the functioning of RsmY and RsmZ have been studied, gray areas remain to be lighten on one hand with regard to the connection of LadS with GacS/GacA and/or RetS and on the other hand concerning the transition between the two infectious modes in response to the two small RNAs. During my Ph.D, I demonstrated that LadS acts through the GacS/GacA pathway and I showed that the transition between the acute and chronic infections depends on the concentration of the small RNAs Rsm. I also pointed out that the transition is progressive what leads to the existence of intermediate states where a bacterium present both acute and chronic markers
Moreau-Klein, Anne. "Valeur prédictive du taux d'endotoxine dans les lavages bronchoalvéolaires pour le diagnostic d'infections pulmonaires nosocomiales à bactéries Gram négatif." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P060.
Full textAbat, Cédric. "Développement de nouveaux outils informatiques de surveillance en temps réel des phénomènes anormaux basés sur les données de microbiologie clinique du laboratoire de la Timone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5029/document.
Full textAlthough considered under control in the second half of the 20th century with the discovery of antimicrobials, infectious diseases remain a serious threat to humanity. Regardless of the state of knowledge we possess on these diseases, all remained unpredictable. To fight this phenomenon, many monitoring strategies have been developed leading to the implementation of various epidemiological surveillance computer programs to detect and identify, as soon as possible, abnormal events including epidemic phenomena. The initial objective of our work was to implement, within the Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection and based on the Microsoft Excel software, two new automated computer-based programs for the weekly automated epidemiological surveillance of abnormal epidemic events using clinical microbiological data from the Timone teaching hospital of of Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM). Once completed, we then worked to develop a comprehensive monitoring structure incorporating the investigation and the validation of alarms emitted by the established surveillance systems, the transmission of alerts to the Regional Health Agency (ARS) of the Provence-Alpes Côte d'Azur (PACA), the public dissemination of confirmed abnormal events by publishing scientific articles, and the implementation of feedback and weekly epidemiological bulletins to inform local infectious diseases epidemiological surveillance actors
Madi, Moussa Désiré. "Caractérisation de l’activité contre les bactéries à Gram-négatif, expression hétérologue et étude de la relation structure activité des bactériocines produites par Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CNCM I-5369." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR060.
Full textThe excessive use of antibiotics has exacerbated the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance throughout the world. Today, the fight against antibiotic resistance has become a global public health priority. Indeed, every year, it is responsible for more than 700,000 deaths in the world and by 2050, it will cause more than 10 million deaths per year, if concrete actions are not implemented to curb the development of this phenomenon. In addition to the human losses, the financial cost of antibiotic resistance-related care could reach 100,000 billion dollars worldwide. To face this crisis, several innovative strategies, including the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have been proposed. In this perspective, bacteriocins, which are ribosomally APMs, could contribute to the therapeutic solution. Recently, the Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CNCM I-5369 strain has been particularly distinguished for its activity against Gram-negative pathogens. This activity is due to 5 new bacteriocins encoded by chromosomal genes orf010, orf012, orf023, orf030 and orf038. However, the activity is pH-dependent, i.e., it is exerted, only at a pH value ≤ 5. In the framework of this thesis, we first verified the expression of these genes during the growth of the bacteria, using the qPCR technique. Thus, we observed that these 5 genes were expressed after 24 h of growth, concomitantly with the appearance of antimicrobial activity indicating a possible link between gene expression and the production of the five bacteriocins. These 5 bacteriocins were expressed in a heterologous system in Escherichia coli Rosetta. It should be noted that only the bacteriocin encoded by orf030, called lacticaseicin 30, could be produced in large quantities, in contrast to the other bacteriocins which were produced but remain trapped in the insoluble fraction. In a second step, we investigated the relationship between the structure of lacticaseicin 30 and its activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Structural predictions suggested a 5-helix organization of lacticaseicin 30. The proportion of helix-α was greater at pH 5 than at pH 7. To identify the regions involved in the activity against Gram-negative bacteria, we produced lacticaseicin 30-derived peptides by a molecular biology approach. These derived peptides are obtained by reducing their sizes, or by inserting targeted mutations in different regions. Thus, we generated shorter forms of lacticaseicin 30, containing either its N-terminal region (amino acids 1 to 39), or the central and C-terminal regions (amino acids 40 to 111). Similarly, a derivative peptide containing only the first helix of the N-terminal region was also produced. Mutations introducing amino acid substitutions were introduced within the α-helices. With regard to their activities, these derived peptides localized antibacterial activity mainly in the N-terminal region, and requires at least two helix-αs. Furthermore, the activity of these peptide variants E32G, T33P, T52P, and D57G remained essentially the same, unlike to those of the variants E6G, T7P, D57G T52P, A74P, Y78S, Y93S, and A97P, which were significantly impaired. In the last part, we tested the activity of lacticaseicin 30 against a panel of Gram-negative clinical strains with colistin resistance. The results obtained highlighted a synergy between lacticase 30 and colistin and a significant reduction of the expression of the mcr-1 and mcr-9 genes, responsible for colistin resistance
Hoffmann, Jonathan. "Etude translationnelle sur les interactions hôte-pathogène : étiologie des infections respiratoires aigües et impact des co-infections sur la modulation de la réponse immunitaire innée." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1022.
Full textRespiratory infections, especially pneumonia are the leading cause of death among children under 5 years-old worldwide. Advances in molecular diagnostic have highlighted heterogeneous etiologies of respiratory infections with a high proportion of viral and bacterial co-infections whose clinical impact remain difficult to assess. The translational research conducted during this thesis aimed to describe the etiology of respiratory infections and the impact of viral and bacterial co-infections on the innate immunity.We have developed an in-vitro study model of sequential infection of antigen presenting cells (APC) by the human influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and studied the modulation of the inflammatory response. The results show that APC co-infection by those two major pathogens of pneumonia strongly impacts cells viability and induces a significant deregulation of the inflammatory response. During co-infection, pro-inflammatory chemokine IP-10 is synergistically expressed suggesting a role so far undescribed for this chemokine in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. We also demonstrated that micro-RNAs (including miR-200a-3p) actively participate in the regulation of the inflammatory response by targeting the signaling pathway regulators JAK-STAT (SOCS-6) and indirectly IP-10 signalling pathway.Recently, we evaluated the inflammatory response of children aged under 5 hospitalized for pneumonia, in partnership with medical and scientific teams of Paraguay involved in the GABRIEL network. This study confirmed 1) a varied etiology of childhood pneumonia and 2) a significant elevated IP-10 serum level among children with very severe pneumonia caused by mixed viral and bacterial co-infections
Borselli, Diane. "Adjuvants pour limiter la consommation d'antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0093/document.
Full textThe constant increase of multidrug resistant bacteria is leaving clinicians and veterinarians with very limited options to treat bacterial infections. The main goal of my work was find a chemical solution to reduce the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially in swines, without affecting the health of the livestock. To achieve this goal, we have developed a drug combination approach based on the association of antibiotics with chemosensitizers, herein called adjuvants, some of which were polyamines derivatives from natural sources. To provide the proof of concept, combination of several derivatives from different chemical sources (marine sponges and plants) have been tested ex vivo on « ESKAPE » pathogens, which are among the most urgent bacterial threats. Results from these studies allowed us to develop procedures for screening antibacterial activities and methodologies for understanding the impact of the selected adjuvants on bacterial physiology.Florfenicol is a widely used antibiotic to treat respiratory infections in swine. Therefore, derivatives were further assessed in combination with florfenicol, and florfenicol adjuvants were identified. The mode of action of one chosen adjuvant on bacterial membranes was further investigated by using fluorescence and bioluminescence methods. Data showed that this molecule was able to potentiate the antibiotic activity by increasing its intracellular concentration (membranotrope activity and inhibition of efflux) but also causes inner membrane depolarization. Flagellar motility represents an important virulence factor which use PMF, and we showed a diminution of the motility's halo with our compound
Bzdrenga, Janek. "De la promiscuité des enzymes : cas des PLLs et de leur implication dans l'anti virulence bactérienne et la décontamination des organophosphorés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5018.
Full textPhosphotriesterase-Like Lactonases (PLLs) are a family of enzyme displaying a dual catalytic activity. Lactonase activity allows for, among others, the destruction of Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHLs). These molecules mediate the communication in Gram negative bacteria, allowing them to synchronize group behavior like virulence factor secretion or biofilm formation. Beside their ability to hydrolyze molecules with a lactones moiety, PLL also show substrate promiscuity for hydrolyzing highly toxic organophosphate compounds (OPs), such as pesticides (i.e. Paraoxon) or Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents (CWNAs) (e.g. Sarin & VX). The work described here consisted in evaluating the efficacy of the PLL SsoPox, originating from the extremophile Archaea Sulfolobus solfataricus, to prevent virulence and biofilm formation on the model strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. This evaluation was performed both in vitro and in vivo, by using a rat pulmonary infection model. A study has been performed on a strain collection of 73 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from diabetic foot, to assess the enzyme effects on pyocyanin secretion and protease activity. Finally, a prospective phase to identify new PLLs allowed for the enzymatic and structural characterization of two new enzymes, SacPox and VmoLac, thus contributing to refine the knowledge about this enzyme family and their engineering potential. In conclusion, PLLs are of prime biotechnological interest and could lead to developments in human health, but also for OPs bioremediation with a non aggressive decontamination solution
Dumas, Emilie. "Listeria monocytogenes : Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un mutant ferritine. Etude de la biodiversité par une approche protéomique." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21758.
Full textUm, Nlend Ingrid. "New insights into small molecules inhibitors and protein-protein interactions of VirB8 : a critical conserved component of the type IV secretion system." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13799.
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