Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections – Modèles animaux'
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Kukavica-Ibrulj, Iréna, and Iréna Kukavica-Ibrulj. "Génomique fonctionnelle du régulateur transcriptionnel PYCR de Pseudomonas aeruginosa essentiel in vivo et comparaison des cinétiques d'infection pulmonaire chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19688.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa est une bactérie pathogène opportuniste, hautement résistant à une multitude d’antibiotiques qui infecte principalement les patients immunosupprimés. Il représente la cause principale de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients atteints de fibrose kystique (mucoviscidose). Le but principal de ce projet consistait à identifier et à caractériser des gènes essentiels à l’infection et au maintien de P. aeruginosa dans un modèle animal d’infection pulmonaire chronique. À partir d’une banque de mutants transpositionnels, nous avons identifié 148 mutants de P. aeruginosa déficients à causer l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Suite à des analyses bioinformatiques, le mutant inactivant le gène PA5437 a été sélectionné. L’opéron adjacent code pour les sous unités du pyruvate carboxylase (pycA et pycB) et est régulé par le gène PA5437, d’où l’appellation pycR pour pyruvate carboxylase regulator. Le pycR a été identifié comme étant un régulateur transcriptionnel de type LysR ayant une région typique de liaison à l’ADN. Le codon d’initiation de la transcription des gènes pycR et pycA a été identifié par élongation d’amorce. La capacité de liaison de la protéine PycR à l’ADN a été confirmée à l’aide du gel à retardement. L’implication de PycR dans la virulence bactérienne in vivo a été confirmée par indice de compétition et après 7 jours d’infection le mutant déficient ΔpycR est complètement éliminé du poumon du rat. L’importance de PycR a aussi été confirmée in vitro à l’aide des tests phénotypiques et enzymatiques démontrant la déficience dans la production de la lipase, de l’estérase et du biofilm. Finalement, l’analyse des résultats métaboliques et transcriptomiques a confirmé l’importance de PycR dans la régulation du métabolisme de lipides, de l’activité lipolytique, de la respiration anaérobique, de la formation du biofilm et des gènes régulés par le quorum sensing. Dans un second volet, une étude comparative entre souches prototypes (PAO1 et PA14) de P. aeruginosa et un isolat clinique (LESB58) de la fibrose kystique a été réalisée dans un modèle de l’infection pulmonaire chronique chez le rat. Cette étude a permis d’identifier des différences significatives au niveau de la localisation bactérienne dans les tissus pulmonaires de l’isolat clinique LESB58. D’importantes différences ont également été notées au niveau des facteurs de virulence comme la mobilité et la formation du biofilm. À long terme, les nouvelles connaissances acquises en génomique fonctionnelle devraient permettre d’identifier et de développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques permettant de combattre et mieux comprendre les infections causées par cette bactérie.
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and causes a wide variety of infections in compromised hosts. In addition, it represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The principal goal of the present research project was to identify and to characterise P. aeruginosa genes essential for causing a chronic lung infection. Using a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a P. aeruginosa STM5437 mutant having an insertion into the PA5437 gene; its inactivation causes attenuation of virulence in vivo. The PA5437 gene, now called pycR, regulates the adjacent operon encoding the pyruvate carboxylase subunits (pyruvate carboxylase regulator). PycR has the signature of a putative transcriptional regulator with a predicted helix-turn-helix motif binding to a typical LysR DNA-binding motif identified in the PA5436 (pycA)-PA5437 (pycA) intercistronic region. Transcriptional start sites of pycA and pycR were identified by primer extension and the DNA binding capacity of PycR was confirmed by a DNA mobility gel shift assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that the genes whose control were differentially expressed by PycR implicated genes responsible for lipid metabolism, lipolytic activity, anaerobic respiration, biofilm formation and a number of quorum sensing regulated genes. This study defines PycR as a major regulator in virulence and where mutations in pycR have pleiotropic effects on the expression of multiple virulence factors such as lipase, esterase and biofilm formation. The expressions of several of these genes are associated with chronic lung persistence. In the second part of the study, P. aeruginosa prototype strains PAO1 and PA14 were compared with the CF isolate LESB58 in the rat model of chronic lung infection. This comparative study identified major differences for LESB58; in vivo in bacterial localisation in the rat lung and in vitro for motility and biofilm production. Functional genomics of P. aeruginosa will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Genomic biodiversity may explain the variation in severity of the P. aeruginosa infections in CF disease.
The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly resistant to most classes of antibiotics and causes a wide variety of infections in compromised hosts. In addition, it represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The principal goal of the present research project was to identify and to characterise P. aeruginosa genes essential for causing a chronic lung infection. Using a PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a P. aeruginosa STM5437 mutant having an insertion into the PA5437 gene; its inactivation causes attenuation of virulence in vivo. The PA5437 gene, now called pycR, regulates the adjacent operon encoding the pyruvate carboxylase subunits (pyruvate carboxylase regulator). PycR has the signature of a putative transcriptional regulator with a predicted helix-turn-helix motif binding to a typical LysR DNA-binding motif identified in the PA5436 (pycA)-PA5437 (pycA) intercistronic region. Transcriptional start sites of pycA and pycR were identified by primer extension and the DNA binding capacity of PycR was confirmed by a DNA mobility gel shift assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that the genes whose control were differentially expressed by PycR implicated genes responsible for lipid metabolism, lipolytic activity, anaerobic respiration, biofilm formation and a number of quorum sensing regulated genes. This study defines PycR as a major regulator in virulence and where mutations in pycR have pleiotropic effects on the expression of multiple virulence factors such as lipase, esterase and biofilm formation. The expressions of several of these genes are associated with chronic lung persistence. In the second part of the study, P. aeruginosa prototype strains PAO1 and PA14 were compared with the CF isolate LESB58 in the rat model of chronic lung infection. This comparative study identified major differences for LESB58; in vivo in bacterial localisation in the rat lung and in vitro for motility and biofilm production. Functional genomics of P. aeruginosa will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic targets. Genomic biodiversity may explain the variation in severity of the P. aeruginosa infections in CF disease.
Champagne, Marie-Eve. "Ré-infections avec Streptococcus pneumoniae : effet sur les réponses immunes innée et acquise lors d'une pneumonie à pneumocoque." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19368.
Full textCorbière, Fabien. "Modèles de mélange en analyse de survie en présence de donnée groupées : application à la tremblante du mouton." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21465.
Full textAlthough they are of major interest in the understanding of the classical scrapie dynamic in infested flocks, the factors influencing the contamination by the infectious agent and incubation period remain poorly known. The absence of antemortem diagnostic tools and the confounding effects of long incubation periods and flock management practices yield a partial knowledge of the infectious status of animals. Moreover, we must take into account that only an unknown fraction of animals become infected, even in heavily affected flocks. To deal with issues, we use a class of particular survival models, which take account for the presence of long term survivors. We propose a penalized likelihood, allowing for the estimation of a smooth risk function. We also develop some parametric models with shared frailties to deal with the presence of grouped data. These different models are evaluated through simulations studies. These statistical approaches are then applied to the analysis of real data collected during the following-up of infected flocks in Pyrénées Atlantiques. The key influence of the PRP genotype on the contamination risk and incubation periods is confirmed. Our results also suggest that, at the individual level, the infection mainly takes place around birth. Finally, the strong heterogeneity in the contamination risk and incubation periods observed between flocks could be partially explained by their PRP genetic structure and the number of incubating animals
Ibrahim, Fera. "Apport sur les modèles expérimentaux du rétrovirus HTLV-I chez le rat et isolement et caractérisation moléculaire d'un nouveau STLV-I chez Macaca tonkeana." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T024.
Full textHamel, Antoine. "Contributions cliniques et expérimentales à l'étude des infections ostéo-articulaires de l'enfant." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=3b6abf04-b34c-4bc1-9331-23a7116d32df.
Full textBone and joint infection is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for pædiatric surgeon as it may be source of major functional sequellæ. Animal experimentation has contributed to evaluate new molecules active against community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains and against emerging vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus strains. Development of new animal models has led to evaluate different modes of antbiotics administration and to assess surgical pratices used for managment of bone infections, with or without orthopædic device. Animal experimentation and a clinical study have also contributed to clarify the role of immobilization in the treatment of septic arthritis in children
Lambert, Véronique. "Le virus de l'hépatite B du canard : modèle expérimental pour l'étude de la biologie des infections par les hépadnavirus." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1T255.
Full textGatin, Laure. "Infections péri prothétiques et bactéries multi résistantes : un challenge médico-chirurgical." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV053/document.
Full textThe occurrence of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is the main complication of joint prosthetic surgery since its invention by Robert and Jean Judet in 1947. Since the number of articular prostheses placed each year increases significantly, these infections are more and more frequent and the optimization of their management is an important medical and economic stake.The animal models of PJI make it possible to understand the ethiopathogenic mechanisms and to test new therapeutics. A critical analysis of the literature was carried out by evaluating each model according to its type of inoculation which influences the rates and the severity of the experimental infection obtained.An experimental model of PJI in rabbits obtained by partial replacement of the knee and local inoculation was used to test the efficacy of new therapeutics during infections with two multi-resistant bacteria which pose problems in human therapeutics.In a first step we evaluated the efficacy of ceftaroline (CPT) cephalosporin bactericidal in vivo against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by comparing it with vancomycin (VAN) in combination with or without rifampin (RIF). 5.107UFC MRSA (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 0.38, 0.006, and 1 mg/l for CPT, RIF, and VAN, respectively) was injected into the knee. Infected animals were randomized to receive no treatment (control), CPT (60 mg/kg im), VAN (60 mg/kg im), CPT plus RIF (10 mg/kg im) or VAN plus RIF, 7 days after inoculation and for 7 days. The efficacy of treatments was evaluated on the amount of persistent bacteria in the bone (proximal tibia) after treatment. This work has shown that CPT and VAN were effective as monotherapy, but only the combination with RIF allowed the sterilization of almost all animals. CPT appears to be a potentially effective treatment in this infection.In a second step we studied the efficacy of colistin (COL) in cement, alone or in combination with intramuscular (im) injections of COL and/or meropenem (MRP) in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections (KPC). A model close to that used for MRSA was used. The strain KPC99YC is a clinical strain, resistant to gentamicin (MIC 8mg/L) intermediate to imipenem (MIC 4mg/l), and sensitive to COL (MIC 0,25mg/l). The inoculum was 1,109UFC. Seven days after the infection, the prosthesis were replaced by antibiotic-free spacer (control), or by COL-impregnated spacer (3 MIU of COL/40g of cement), or by antibiotic-free spacer and COL injections (12 mg/kg im), or the combination of the two, or COL injections with COL-impregnated cement spacer associated or not with MRP injections (80 mg/kg im). The treatment lasted 7 days. All control rabbits were infected at D15, with median and interquartile range (IQR) bone bacterial count of 6.17 [5.69, 7.04] CFU/g of bones. In contrast to local COL, systemic COL alone or combined with MRP was more effective than control on bacterial counts in bone at the end of treatment. The combination of COL local + systemic was significantly more effective than control group on bacterial counts. Interestingly it was the only effective regimen on the number of rabbits with sterile bone and at the limit of significance vs systemic treatment alone. One COL-resistant strain was detected in the COL local treatment alone but not with the combination of local and systemic COL.Direct inoculation modes are most effective in reproducing an acute PJI. The experimental studies allow testing innovative treatments in particular for the infections with multi-resistant bacteria
Hraiech, Sami. "Evaluation de stratégies thérapeutiques dans des modèles murins de pneumonie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5076/document.
Full textThe emergence multi-drug resistant bacteria hardens the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Our objective was to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and pathophysiological hypotheses in murine models of pneumonia.In a first model of acute lethal pneumonia with A. baumannii in rats, we compared the virulence of two hospital strains, one susceptible (ABCS) and the other resistant (ABCR) to colistin. We showed a reduction in mortality, pulmonary bacterial count, incidence of bacteremia and pulmonary histological lesions in animals infected with ABCR. This confirms the impaired virulence associated with the acquisition of resistance to colistin. In a second study, we developed a model of chronic pneumonia with P. aeruginosa in rats and showed thataerosols of squalamine permitted a reduction in pulmonary bacterial load and the number of histological lesions of pneumonia. In a third study, we evaluated the quorum quenching effects of a lactonase in vitro and in a model of acute lethal P. aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. We found a decrease in virulence gene activation and bacterial biofilm synthesis in vitro. This was associated with a decreased mortality from 75 to 20% in the treated animals.ConclusionsIn this work, we described the therapeutic potential of 2 molecules in P. aeruginosa pneumonia and illustratesd the loss of virulence associated with resistance to colistin in a clinical strain of A. baumannii
Hamelin, Marie-Ève. "Caractérisation de la pathogenèse associée à l'infection par le métapneumovirus humain (HMPV) et évaluation de modalités prophylactiques et thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24378/24378.pdf.
Full textThe human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly-described viral pathogen first reported in the Netherlands in 2001. HMPV is associated with acute respiratory tract infections in all age groups with more severe diseases such as bronchiolitis/bronchitis and pneumonia occurring in young children, elderly individuals and immunocompromised hosts. Before we started this project, no experimental models had been developed, the pathogenesis was not exhaustively described and no vaccines, chemotherapeutic agents, or antibody preparations had been approved for the prevention or treatment of hMPV infections in humans or even studied in vivo. The aim of this project was to develop an experimental animal model for hMPV infection to : 1-characterize the pathogenesis associated with this viral infection and 2-evaluate novel therapeutic or prophylactic modalities. The Balb/c mice and cotton rat are both permissive to hMPV infection. They support efficient viral replication in the lower respiratory tract and the infection is associated with significant lung inflammation. However, Balb/c mice are more susceptible to the infection, as we observe clinical symptoms such as weight loss and breathing difficulties characterized by significant airways obstruction and hyperresponsiveness only in this animal model. Ribavirin has shown antiviral properties against hMPV and significantly reduced viral replication and pulmonary inflammation. Immunizations with inactivated hMPV mixed with adjuvant induced a severe pulmonary disease following intra-nasal infection, as it has already been observed with other paramyxoviruses. Subunit vaccines seem safer preparations to pursue the development of hMPV vaccines. The Balb/c mice and cotton rat experimental models are great tools to better understand hMPV pathogenesis and also to evaluate different therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.
Thévenot, Sarah. "Variations génétiques chez Helicobacter pylori au cours d'une infection expérimentale murine : rôle de la polyphosphate kinase dans la colonisation." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT1802.
Full textPotvin, Eric. "Génomique fonctionnelle de Pseudomonas aeruginosa et analyse moléculaire fine d'un facteur sigma-anti-sigma." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19067.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients (CF). To overcome innate self defense, P. aeruginosa possesses a wide arsenal of virulence factors. These include degradation enzymes such as proteases, lipases and phospholipases and the production of three specific toxins: exotoxin A and exoenzymes S and T. Sequencing of the complete P. aeruginosa chromosome (strain PAO1) of 6.3 Mb revealed a highly regulated and complex genomic organization. In order to better understand host-pathogen molecular interactions, we developped a new signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) approach based on PCR screening. The PCR-based STM technology lead to the identification of 214 mutants deficient in their ability to maintain a chronic pulmonary infection in the rat lung. In that pool of STM mutants, STM2895, which contains a transposon insertion in functional PA2895, was the most frequently drafted during the whole mutant library screening. Phenotypic analyses of the STM2895 strain allowed us to identify an exoprotease production defect as compared with wild type strain PAO1. The biochemical characterization of that proteolytic default using specific degradation assays combined with western blotting revealed that at least two (LasA and LasB) of the four major exoproteases from P. aeruginosa STM2895 strain are inactive. In fact, LasA and LasB elastases were shown to be present in the STM2895 culture supernatant, correctly processed but inactive due to a probable misfolding of proteins. The PA2895 gene (unknown function) encodes a protein with a predicted transmembrane domain. Basic genomic context analyses strongly suggest a cotranscription unit with the downstream gene PA2896, a putative sigma 70 factor from ECF (extracytoplasmic function) type. Microarray experiments on the STM2895 strain and an insertional mutant of the PA2896 gene were performed to establish a link between the putative PA2895-PA2896 operon and the metabolism of iron. Transcriptome analysis also demonstrated a repressive action of PA2895 on the transcription of PA2896 putative sigma factor. Finally, in vivo studies in the rat lung chronic infection model clearly showed a ten-fold decrease in survival capacity of the mutant strain when compared to the PAO1 wild-type strain.
Robert-Briand, Aurélie. "Infections intramammaires de la vache laitière en l'absence de traitement antibiotique systématique au tarissement." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S116.
Full textBelliard, Guillaume. "Rôle de la réponse humorale contre la protéine Tat dans le contrôle de l'infection par le VIH-1." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STR13083.
Full textParseval, Aymeric de. "La glycoprotéine CD4 féline : structure et rôle possible dans l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience féline." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P203.
Full textCaron, François. "Contribution d'un modèle d'endocardite expérimentale à la recherche de thérapeutiques actives vis-a-vis de bactéries nosocomiales multirésistantes." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUE02NR.
Full textAlard, Jeanne. "Sélection in vitro et in vivo de souches probiotiques ayant des propriétés bénéfiques contre l’inflammation, les infections et l’obésité." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S014.
Full textRecent studies have reported that the microbiota is involved in intestinal homeostasis by contributing to the morphological development, the education of the immune system, the mechanisms of defense, and to metabolic regulation. Dysbiosis of this microbiota as well as reduction in bacterial diversity has been observed in various chronic pathologies such as chronic inflammatory diseases (IBD) and obesity. The microbiota thus constitutes a therapeutic target of choice in the management of these chronic diseases. Probiotics, which are beneficial microorganisms for the host represent therefore an interesting alternative, however their selection criteria need to be improved.In a first study, we were able to highlight the beneficial properties of a mixture of two probiotics comprising a bifidobacteria and a lactobacilli, in a murine model of high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity (Alard et al., 2016). This probiotic mixture significantly reduced weight gain, improved inflammatory and metabolic parameters including insulin resistance, and increased intestinal expression of receptors involved in short-chain fatty acid (AGCC) recognition. It also promoted in an artificial intestinal system the production of butyrate and propionate, the two main AGCCs. The protective effects were associated with the improvement of microbiota dysbiosis, in particular the restoration of the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila.The main objective of this thesis was then to select within a collection of 23 bacterial strains provided by PiLèJe, one or more probiotic strain (s) possessing protective properties against IBD and obesity. Immunomodulatory properties of the strains and their ability to strengthen the intestinal barrier were studied in vitro using human mononuclear blood cells and an in vitro model of epithelial permeability induced by the sensitization of a Caco-2 cells monolayer with hydrogen peroxide. Six strains were selected, five strains inducing high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and capable of restoring the intestinal barrier and a strain capable of strongly reinforcing this barrier. These strains were then evaluated in in vivo models of TNBS (2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid)-induced chronic and acute colitis. Interestingly, strains able to rescue mice from acute colitis did not protect as efficiently in chronic colitis and vice versa.The selection of strains or mixtures was then pursued in the context of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. We used the same criteria as previously (anti-inflammatory capacities and to restore the intestinal barrier) in addition with the capacity of the strains to limit the accumulation of lipids in an in vitro model of adipocyte differentiation based on the use of the 3T3-L1 cell line and to induce the secretion of entero-endocrine peptides, notably involved in satiety, by the use of the murine STC-1 entero-endocrine cell line. Three mixtures and one single strain were selected and evaluated in a mouse model of obesity induced by 45% HFD diet. We demonstrated the positive capacities of a mixture composed of two strains and the single strain to reduce weight gain, as well as adipose tissue inflammation.These results indicate that in vitro screenings based on the immunomodulatory properties, the capacity to restore the gut barrier, to decrease lipid accumulation and to induce gut peptides allow pre-selection of strains or mixtures exhibiting protective effects and demonstrate that the beneficial capacities of probiotics are strain-dependent and specific to the targeted models
Jean, Baptiste Elixène. "Amélioration des propriétés antibactériennes et anticoagulantes des prothèses vasculaires en polyester par immobilisation et libération contrôlée de principes actifs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S043/document.
Full textSynthetic vascular prosthesis likewise vascular endoprosthesis are prone to several complications after implantation into the human body. Infections, thromboses and late occlusions are the most challenging and the most common, leading to serious clinical consequences that are sometimes lethal. Management of those complications is still fraught with tremendous difficulties justifying the economic burden and the continuous efforts in research development for improving vascular prosthetic materials. This research investment is, however, yet to yield any great clinical advance. Previous studies conducted in our research laboratory have led to the development of polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. This was achieved in order to increase the loading and eluting capacities of these vascular prostheses towards several antibiotics. In the current works, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for effective controlled release of three antibiotics from those prosthetic platforms. We have also evaluated their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models of vascular infections. This was carried-out against nine different bacteria strains that are among the most common in human vascular infections. Moreover, we have assessed in vivo their safety, their healing properties, their systemic toxicity and their biocompatibility in the prospect of clinical application.The above-mentioned drug delivery system has been proved to be effective in releasing in situ the selected antibacterial agents over a seven-day desorption period in human plasma. Optimal batch concentration and time for prosthetic immersion into the antibiotic solutions were well compatible with current surgical practice standards. A bactericidal activity evidenced by significant reduction of bacterial adhesion, growth and proliferation was revealed when compared to appropriate controls in the various tested vascular infection models. We have also studied antibacterial molecules alone or in combination. In this latter setting, no antagonistic effects were depicted. This provides a unique opportunity to customize local antibiotic treatment delivered in situ from vascular device fabrics and to adapt it to the evolving ecology of both monomicrobial and polymicrobial vascular prosthetic infection. The polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were proved in vivo safe and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, healing properties and tissue integration without any signs of systemic toxicity. [...]
Gary, Charlotte. "Experimental Transmission of Alzheimer's Disease Endophenotypes to Murine and Primate Models." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS412/document.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded β-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau proteins. There has been longstanding interest as to whether AD might be transmissible similarly to prion diseases. Our objective was to study the transmissibility of AD endophenotypes after AD brain intracerebral inoculation in mice and primates.First, we showed that AD experimental transmission accelerated Aβ pathology in two rodent models of early or late genetic β-amyloidosis. Then, we focused on a primate model of sporadic AD, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). AD-inoculated adult lemurs progressively developed cognitive impairments, neuronal activity alterations and cerebral atrophy. AD-inoculated mouse lemurs also developed subtle β-amyloidosis in the absence of Tau pathology, 18 months after inoculation. The transmission of an AD-like pathology in the absence of severe neuropathological lesions is striking. Such observations have already been reported for prion diseases but never in the context of AD. Our results suggest that agents leading to AD-like alterations may be not immunohistopathological-detectable forms of Aβ or Tau proteins and transmitted experimentally.In conclusion, our results support the “prion-like” hypothesis of AD and provide further arguments for a dichotomy between the toxicity of deposited and soluble assemblies of Aβ or Tau proteins. Finally, they complement recent evidence supporting iatrogenic β-amyloidosis in humans and provide strong arguments to evaluate functional outcomes in potentially contaminated individuals
Ringot-Destrez, Bélinda. "Le porc européen CF : un modèle unique pour décrypter les altérations de glycosylation des mucines pulmonaires." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1S111.
Full textCystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasian populations caused by mutations in the gene coding for the CFTR protein. It is characterized by inflammation, hypersecretion of respiratory mucins and colonization of the lungs by a variety of bacteria such as P. aeruginosa. The objectives of this thesis were to characterize the biochemical alterations of mucins at birth; to identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for these alterations; to evaluate the impact of these alterations on P. aeruginosa lung colonization. We have shown that the respiratory mucins of CFTR-/- piglets were more sialylated before any previous infection or inflammation. These alterations in mucin glycosylation were not correlated with changes in the expression or localization of the secreted mucins, nor with changes in the gene and protein expression of sialyltransferases. We demonstrated a direct effect of the CFTR channel activity on mucin sialylation, which could be explained by endoplasmic reticulum stress. We have shown that mucociliary transport was unable to eliminate bacteria. The changes in mucin sialylation promoted adhesion of P. aeruginosa to the secreted mucins and created a favorable environment for its growth. The same profiles of hypersialylated glycans, as those observed constitutively in CFTR-/- neonates, were detected after infection by P. aeruginosa. Our results prove that sialylation provides a favorable ecological niche for P. aeruginosa. Data gleaned from these study provide new leads for the design of sialylated glycomimetics and the development of therapeutic strategies for treating infections
Grayo, Solène. "Mécanismes moléculaires de la traversée de la barrière placentaire par Listeria monocytogenes." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077159.
Full textListeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen responsible for serious materno-fetal listeriosis (stillbirth, abortion, premature delivery or neonatal infection). In vitro, InlA and InlB are virulence factors implicated in Listeria entry into non-phagocytic cells as epithelial cells of the placental barrier. Both interactions InlA/E-cadherin and InlB/Met are specific of the host species. The molecular mechanisms of the crossing of the placenta barrier by Listeria were still unknown. The aim of my thesis was tto determine the respective contribution of InlA and InlB for the crossing of the placental barrier. First, we have characterized a host species, the gerbil, naturally permissive to InlA and InlB, and generated a new knock-in mice model which expresses a humanized E-cadherin instead of the murine E-cadherin. With these two animal models, we have been able to reproduce human materno-fetal listeriosis. We have also showed the ipterdependently contribution of InlA and InlB for the crossing of the placental barrier in contrast to the intestinal invasion where InlA is only implicated. After, an in vitro approach to reproduce the placental and the intestinal barriers have been developed in the aim of studying each step of the cellular internalisation: the adhesion and the invasion. InlA and InlB proteins have distinct function: InlA plays the role of "an adhesine" and InlB stimulates pathways needed to the placental internalisation. The results of our study have shown the first mechanism of the placental tropism for a human pathogen. We have also determined particularises between the molecular mechanisms of the feto-placental invasion and those of intestinal invasion
Benkahla, Mehdi Ayech. "Infection à entérovirus in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S053/document.
Full textEnterovirus genus encompasses a number of non-enveloped RNA viruses grouped into 12 species, EV-A-J and Rhinovirus A-C. Group B coxsackieviruses (CV-B) belong to the EV-B species. CV-B and particularly CV-B4 is thought to be involved in the development of chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D). A strain of CV-B4 (CV-B4 E2) was isolated from the pancreas of a patient with T1D, and was able to induce a hyperglycemia in mouse. The mechanisms of the enteroviral pathogenesis of T1D are not well known yet. It has been observed that the infection of human monocytes with CV-B4 E2 in vitro can be enhanced by anti-VP4 antibodies bound to the virus, and human macrophages are also infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The in vitro studies are rich with information but in vivo infection models are needed to better understand the mechanisms of enterovirus infections. Despite the effect of enterovirus on health, the means in the fight against these viruses are limited.Our main objectives were i) to investigate CV-B4 E2-infection in mice and to determine whether monocytes / macrophages are targets of the virus in vivo ii) to implement a CV-B4 E2-induced diabetes model in mice iii) to study the anti-CV-B4 activity of various molecules in vitro iiii) To highlight the natural occurrence of enterovirus infections in animals.Viral RNA was found in vivo in monocytes (CD14+) and macrophages (F4/80+) of the spleen and in bone marrow cells of ICR-CD1 mice inoculated with CV-B4 E2. In vitro, CV-B4 E2 infected the CD14+ and the F4/80+ cells of the spleen. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected by CV-B4 in vitro. The serum of CV-B4 E2- infected mice enhanced in vitro the infection of spleen cells by CV-B4 E2 but not the infection of BMDM. ICR-CD1 mice, treated with a sub-diabetogenic dose of Streptozotocin β (STZ), and afterwards inoculated with CV-B4 E2 developped hyperglycaemia and hypoinsulinemia. The viral load of pancreas assessed by quantitative RT-PCR was not different in diabetic animals (STZ/CV-B4 E2) compared to non-diabetic animals inoculated with CV-B4 E2. Histological analysis of diabetic animals highlighted an inflammation of pancreas isletsPirodavir-derived molecules, which bind to the enteroviruses capsid, inhibited the infection with echovirus 7 and 11 but not the infection with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. On the other hand, it was displayed that an anti-CV-B4 E2 effect of fluoxetine in cultures of mouse pancreas fragments and mouse beta cells. The detection of anti-VP4 antibodies in serum by ELISA using a 50 amino acids peptide of VP4 from EV-G1 (a porcine enterovirus) was applied to piglets to highlight enterovirus infections. A strong sequence homology (88%) between the VP4 of EV-G1 and of other EV-G suggests that antibodies directed against viruses other than EV-G1 can be detected.In conclusion, CV-B4 E2 can infect monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo in a murine system, and the virus can cause diabetes in mice previously exposed to low doses of STZ. Fluoxetine inhibits the infection of pancreatic cells with CV-B4 E2 in vitro. The detection of anti-EV-G1-VP4 antibodies highlighted natural enterovirus infections in young pigs. This porcine model could be used to study the pathophysiology of enterovirus infections and to evaluate approaches aimed to fight these viruses
Jaberi, Bouraki Majid. "Behaviors and global dynamics of population models living in periodically fluctuating environments." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20967.
Full textValade, Eric. "Evolution chez le rat de greffes de cellules humaines, murines, normales ou infectées par un cytomégalovirus." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M047.
Full textBernard, Henry. "Modulations nutritionnelles de la réponse à l'infection pulmonaire à P. aeruginosa dans différents fonds génétiques murins." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683559.
Full textSolassol, Jérôme. "Développement de modèles cellulaires humain et bovin des maladies à prion, approches thérapeutiques expérimentales et étude d'un nouvel agent de décontamination." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T027.
Full textMichel, Grégory. "Leishmaniose à Leishmania infantum : portage asymptomatique, vaccination par voie endonasale et apport de la bioluminescence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20723.
Full textVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by L. infantum is a zoonotic disease present in the Mediterranean basin (LVM). Dogs represent the reservoir and the main victim of the disease. In man, besides a limited number of cases of patent VL, a great number of infection remains asymptomatic. In this report, three different aspects of VL have been studied.First, the prevalence and the consequences of asymptomatic carriers of L. infantum was evaluated worldwide. The prevalence of asymptomatic carriers depends on the selected detection tests and the studied population and can reach 70% in some endemic zones. Our study also shows that the role of asymptomatic carriers as reservoirs remains to be established. However, in immunocompromised asymptomatic carriers such as HIV positive individuals, infection can be reactivated.Second, we developed vaccine trials against L. infantum in the BALB/c mouse model using the nasal route. Nasal immunization with Leishmania antigens induces cellular and humoral systemic immunity. Protection depends on various parameters including the nature of antigens, the dose and the presence of adjuvants such as CNF or MPL. Protection was improved when mice were challenged by ID route.Third, we set up experimental models of infection based on the use of recombinant parasites expressing the luciferase gene. These tools allow us to trace the infection in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo and therefore are useful to evaluate the efficiency of drugs and potentially to assess vaccine preparations. Bioluminescence imaging was also useful to evidence a new potential site of parasite proliferation
Jung, Sophie. "Agents infectieux et rupture de tolérance lymphocytaire B : étude des processus de maturation d'affinité et de différenciation plasmocytaire au cours d'une infection bactérienne dans un nouveau modèle knock-in autoréactif." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ067.
Full textAutoimmune diseases, affecting more than 5% of the population, reflect a loss of tolerance to selfantigens. These multifactorial diseases result from the combined effect of several susceptibility alleles and different environmental factors. Infectious agents have been particularly incriminated but there is no clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. B lymphocytes, that appear central to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, may be activated by several mechanisms during infectious processes and this activation can encompass autoreactive cells. Whether or not the lattercan induce the production of high-affinity pathogenic IgG isotype auto-antibodies from the naturally present low-affinity self-reactive B cells is still unknown. To gain further insight into this question, we created a new intermediate affinity autoreactive mouse model called SWHEL X HEL2X. In these mice, knock-in B cells express a B cell receptor highly specific for Hen-Egg Lysozyme (HEL) that recognizes HEL2X mutated auto-antigen with intermediate affinity. This model, generated on a non-autoimmune-prone genetic background, allows the following of anti-HEL B cells affinity maturation process in presence of their auto-antigen during Borrelia burgdorferi chronic bacterial infection. The infection leads to lymph nodes lymphoproliferation and B cell activation including anergic cells. Some autoreactive clones are able to form germinal centers, toswitch their immunoglobulin heavy chain and to introduce somatic mutations in the heavy chain variable regions on amino-acids forming direct contacts with HEL2X, suggesting an auto-antigen-driven selection process. Despite increased levels of IgM autoantibodies, infected mice are unable to generate IgG autoantibody secreting plasma-cells. These observations suggest the existence of intrinsic peripheral tolerance mechanisms operating mainly at the level of germinal centers. The first checkpoint eliminates switched autoreactive B cells with increasing affinity mutations while a secondcheckpoint avoids IgG+ plasma-cell differentiation. Thus, in genetically non predisposed individuals, tolerance mechanisms may be set-up to prevent the development of pathogenic autoimmunity during the course of an infection
Aerts, Laetitia. "Investigation of viral and host factors contributing to the pathogenesis of human metapneumovirus infection and development of a subunit vaccine." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25942.
Full textHuman metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection in both children and adults. In high-risk populations, such as infants, elderly individuals and immunocompromised patients, HMPV causes significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of HMPV infection remains largely unknown, but animal models of HMPV infection have been developed that allow for the study of such pathogenesis. Indeed, the BALB/c mouse model of HMPV infection was previously developed in Dr Boivin’s laboratory. Using this murine model, we showed that the HMPV fusion (F) protein contributes to, but is not solely responsible for the replicative capacity and virulence of the virus and we demonstrated that the cellular protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) significantly contributes to HMPV pathogenesis. To date, no HMPV-specific vaccines or therapeutic modalities are available. Three major factors have haltered the development of a safe and effective HMPV vaccine; 1) the precedent of vaccine-enhanced disease associated with the use of HRSV and measles vaccines and the demonstration of vaccine-enhanced disease upon inactivated HMPV vaccination in animal models. 2) The lack of long-term protection induced by HMPV vaccines in animals. 3) Our limited understanding of the individual contributions of HMPV proteins to host immunity. By developing a subunit vaccine consisting of the HMPV F and matrix (M) protein, we demonstrate that the HMPV M protein significantly contributes to vaccine-induced protection in mice.
Cosseddu, Gian Mario. "Bases génétiques des neuropathologies à prions : le modèle ovin." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0046.
Full textThe objective of this research project was to identify gènes affecting thé genetic sensibility/resistance to scrapie in sheep, outside thé PRNI gène. We dealt with this scientific problem following two complementary ways. First, we carried out a classical approach of positional clonin for Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). We could thus identify a QTL on sheep chromosome 18 (OAR18), linked to thé TGLA122 and BM7243 markers. Subsequently, by thé targeted production of new microsatellites, we could confirm thé genetic association with thé QTL and significantly refine ils localisation into a ~7 Mb interval. In parallel with thé progresses of this genetic study, we developed a research program aiming at analysing thé modifications of gènes expression profiles caused by thé disease in thé brain, using thé Subtractive Suppressive Hybridization (SSH) technique. This way we identified six gènes influenced by thé development of thé disease, 5 of them are stimulated (CHN1, LRFN5, PPP2AC, CaMK2 and COX1 ) and another one is down-regulated (Rab9p40). In mice CHN1 is located at 74 M on chromosome 2 (MMU2), exactly in thé center of a QTL interval identified by Manolakou el al in 2001. LRFN5 is located at 40 Mb on HSA14, a position corresponding to thé interval previously identified on OAR18. Concerning CHN1, we could demonstrate thé existence ( an alternative splicing, responsible for two isoforms, one of which is specifically présent in affected brain
Bechah, Yassina. "Typhus épidémique : mise au point d'un modèle murin." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20672.
Full textJaidane, Hela. "Etudes des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de l'infection à coxsackievirus B4 dans un modèle animal." Lille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LIL2S010.
Full textMartin, Bruno André Gilbert. "Modèles expérimentaux de l'infection par des souches virales Herpes simplex chez le singe." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11757.
Full textTilly, Delphine. "Etude de la réponse immunitaire vis-à-vis d'une infection chez la souris à Bartonella birtlesii." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13157.
Full textDhondt, Kévin. "Etude des mécanismes de haute pathogénicité des Henipavirus." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0954/document.
Full textHenipaviruses are highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses. They can infect a broad spectrum of mammals including flying foxes (Pteropus fruit bats), its reservoir, pigs and humans. As there are neither therapeutic drugs nor efficient prophylactic treatment towards these highly lethal viruses, they have to be manipulated in biosafety level-4 laboratories. In the first part of this thesis, we study the role of glyco-amino-glycans on Henipavirus infection and their potential use as treatment. In the second part, we describe the interaction between the host immune system and the pathogen. To investigate these interactions, we took advantage of different transgenic mouse models deficient for some immune pathways. Indeed, although mice possess the viral entry receptor for Henipaviruses, they do not succumbed to intraperitoneal infection. We analyzed the susceptibility to Nipah virus (NiV) infection of mice deleted for different components of innate and adaptive immune systems. Obtained results showed that some of these mice can be used as new models for NiV immunopathogenesis study. This study also suggests that type I interferon system plays a major role in limitation of viral spreading to the brain and that T cells are necessary for full viral clearance. Macrophages act at the crossroad of immunity, between innate and adaptive system. Finally, we deal with the preliminary phases of a project which aims to identify the differences, at a molecular level, of interaction between non-structural viral proteins and innate immunity proteins in mice and human. Such differences could explain the different clinical patterns that are observed in these species. In conclusion, this thesis allowed to identify new animal models and to better characterize host-pathogen interactions, from molecular to whole organism level. However, the precise mecanisms of these interactions remain to be elucidated and would probably help to understand the great diversity of pathogeny of Henipaviruses
Liu, Xuanli. "Rôle de la leucocidine de Panton-Valentine dans l'infection oculaire staphylococcique : étude des cibles cellulaires et des conséquences inflammatoires tissulaires rétiniennes sur des modèles d'endophtalmie in vivo et ex vivo chez le lapin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ076/document.
Full textStaphylococcus aureus is responsible for many infections. It secretes various virulence factors aggravating the staphylococcal infections. Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) is a virulent leukotoxin from S. aureus and presents active effects towards leukocytes and neuronal cells via the C5a receptor (C5aR). The effects of PVL on retina is little known. We explored PVL retinal cell target and early retinal inflammation and tried to find the processes of bacterial toxins aggravating bacterial endophthalmitis. We employed two different rabbit models to study the PVL effects on retina: intravitreal injection in vivo and retinal explant ex vivo. In the two models, retinal ganglion cells were the only retinal neurons which express C5aR and the major cell targets of PVL in retina. PVL induced retinal Müller and microglial cell activation. The retinal explants were easily manipulated and showed obvious cellular targets of PVL and glial cell activations, they can contribute to research the effects of PVL on retina in future. PVL alone without S. aureus could induce great retinal inflammation after targeting specifically retinal neurons
Mabboux, Bruno. "Infection grippale chez la souris par différentes souches prototypes : contribution à la mise au point d'un modèle pour études de protection." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P093.
Full textSane, Famara. "Infection à Coxsackievirus B4 et prévention." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793386.
Full textSabuncu, Elifsu. "Etude de la susceptibilité génétique à l'agent de la tremblante du mouton dans un modèle cellulaire permissif aux prions." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0020.
Full textTransmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders of animais and humans, characterized by the conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP) to an abnormal isoform. Ln several species, including sheep and human, polymorphisms in the gene encoding the PrP protein tightly control susceptibility of individuals towards this disease. The link between alleles of PrP and susceptibility has been extensively illustrated in the past years and long-term programs of breeding for genetic resistance to sheep scrapie have been recently launched. However, the mechanisms by which such polymorphisms operate are still poorly characterized. The purpose of this work was to test if our recently developed cell culture model (Rov) for sheep prion replication could be used to clarify this issue. Rov cells are permissive to sheep prions upon expression of ovine PrP (Vi lette et al. , 2001). We showed that Rov cells expressing an ovine PrP allele (VRQ-PrP), associated to high susceptibility of sheep to scrapie, were very sensitive and replicated the agent to high titres. Ln contrast, we did not find any evidence of infection when Rov cells expressed similar levels of a PrP variant (ARR¬PrP) linked to resistance in sheep (Sabuncu et al. , 2003). This is the first direct evidence that natural PrP polymorphisms may affect prion susceptibility by controlling prion replication at the ceillevei. Our study of the cell biology of PrP variants in Rov cells with different techniques show differences in the biological properties of the two PrP variants. These differences cou Id be related with the difference in permissiveness of Rov cells to prion infection
Martinet, Jérémie. "Cellules dendritiques plasmocytoïdes et infections virales : rôle physiopathologique et potentiel vaccinal." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843008.
Full textHéraud, Jean-Michel. "Détermination des paramètres immunologiques et virologiques au cours de l'infection expérimentale du singe écureuil (Saimiri sciureus) par l'oncorétrovirus humain HTLV-I." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077097.
Full textShen, Hong. "Hepatitis C infection models." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T016.
Full textHepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major causes of liver disease all over the world which has a high risk to progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the licensed standard treatment of HCV infection is Pegylated-interferon (peg-IFN) and ribavirin. Although the sustained viral response (SVR) rate of treatment has improved during these years, this therapy is not effective in all patients. In addition, several toxic side effects, complication and high cost limit the patient compliance and the efficacy of the treatment. There is no easy model of HCV infection and it is necessary to develop useful in vitro and in vivo models to study the pathobiology of HCV infection, including early events of acute infection (viral entry, immunological mechanisms, and genetic predictors) as well as the evaluation of the potency of the HCV antiviral drugs. We report here in our efforts in developing suitable models of HCV infection. In a first step, we preliminary established a small animal model to study HCV infection. Tupaia is a small, closed related to primate and cost-effective animal. In our work, we investigated the susceptibly of tupaia to HCV infection. Twelve adult tupaias were inoculated with native HCV from patient serum and full-length HCV RNA (Genotype 1a). Three young tupaias were artificially breeded for a month and then inoculated by native HCV from patient serum. HCV RNA, anti-HCV and HCV quasi species evolution were determined in the animal before and after inoculation. Transient and intermittent infection occurred in two among 3 young tupaias and HCV chronic infection occurred in four among 12 adult tupaias. Tupaia should represent a useful model for study HCV chronic infection. In a second step, an in vitro culture system of primary tupaia hepatocytes has been established in which HCV infection could be blocked neither by the soluble CD81 nor by antibodies against CD81. To understand these results, we cloned, sequenced the large extracellular loop (LEL) of tupaia CD81 and analyzed the interaction of HCV E2 with the tupaia CD81 LEL by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA). We found that in the tupaia the amino acids sequence of HCV CD81 LEL presented in 6 different amino acid residues compared with human CD81 LEL sequence and the CD81 LEL ability to bind to HCV E2 was also decreased. The different structure of CD81 between human and tupaia could explain the alteration of the interaction between HCV E2 and CD81. This result demonstrated an important role of CD81 LEL for HCV entry. In a third step, we developed an ex vivo model of human liver slices culture and their infection with HCV. The development of human cultured HCV-replication-permissive hepatocarcinoma cell lines has provided important new virological tools to study the mechanisms of HCV infection; however this experimental model remains distantly related to physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we report the development of a new ex vivo model using human adult liver slices culture, demonstrating, for the first time, the ability of primary isolates to undergo de novo viral replication with the production of high titer infectious virus, as well as JFH-1, H77/C3, Con1/C3 (HCVcc). This experimental model was validated by demonstrating the HCV neutralization or HCV inhibition, in a dose-dependent manner, either by CD81 or E2 specific antibodies or convalescent serum from a recovered HCV patient, or by anti-viral drugs. This new ex vivo model represents a powerful tool for studying the viral life cycle, dynamics of virus spread in the liver and also for evaluating the efficacy of the new antiviral drugs. In the last step, we evaluated the efficacy of the new antiviral drugs with our ex vivo model of human adult liver slices. HCV NS3/4A protease is essential for viral replication and has been one of the most important target for developing specific antiviral drug
Matheux, Franck. "Thérapie génique de l'infection à VIH via l'expression constitutive de l'IFN-β : approche expérimentale dans le modèle du macaque infecté par le SIV." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05CD07.
Full textAlexandre, Youenn. "Développement d'une application oropharyngée de lactobacilles pour lutter contre les infections respiratoires à Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0046/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia and which is involved in themortality of mechanically-ventilated or cystic fibrosis patients.These infections are difficult to treat because of the existence of many antibiotic resistances in P. aeruginosa and therapeutic alternatives are needed. Our hypothesis was that the use of probiotics could be an alternative to antibiotic therapy in order to reduce P. aeruginosa infections and its injurious and pro-inflammatory effects in lungs.The main goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of lactobacilli in a murine model of P. aeruginosa pneumonia.The first step of this work was to screen lactobacilli isolated from oral cavities of healthy volunteers against biofilmformation and elastolytic activity of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The effects of selected lactobacilli were then evaluated in amodel of infection of lung epithelial cells by P. aeruginosa PAO1 and in a murine model of P. aeruginosa PAO1pneumonia. Eighty-seven lactobacilli were tested in vitro, leading to the selection of 3 and 5 strains respectively active against biofilm formation and elastolytic activity. The most active strains (L. fermentum K.C6.3.1E, L. paracasei ES.D.88and L. zeae Od.76) toward biofilm formation and elastolytic activity were chosen to be tested in vitro, in a cell model of P. aeruginosa PAO1 infection. This mix showed cytoprotective effect against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Finally, the prophylactic intratracheal administration of the mix of lactobacilli in mice allowed to reduce the pulmonary loads in P.aeruginosa PAO1. In the same time, the pro-inflammatory effects(IL-6 and TNF- α) of the infection were reduced. These promising results suggest the possibility of new therapeutic applications for probiotics
Floch, Pauline. "Apport des modèles murins dans la compréhension de la lymphomagénèse gastrique induite par l'infection à Helicobacter pylori." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0210/document.
Full textThe development of gastric MALT lymphoma (GML) originates from a chronic inflammatory process initiated by Helicobacter pylori.The gastric inflammatory response was investigated in a mouse model of GML previously described by the laboratory using BALB/c mice thymectomized at day 3 post-birth and infected by H. pylori. A deregulation of numerous cytokines and chemokines at GML stage was identified which explained the recruitment, proliferation and emergence of lymphoid infiltrates. The susceptibility of thymectomized mice to develop lymphoma was not linked to a deficiency in regulatory T cells. A deregulation of 5 microRNAs was observed at lymphoma stage. These microRNAs may be involved in cell survival and lymphocyte proliferation and act in synergy to promote the development of GML. Finally, we described an original model of GML based on infection by Helicobacter species of transgenic C57BL6 mice expressing the human form of the cytokine APRIL in T cells. This model is promising for a better understanding of gastric lymphomagenesis
Gut, Jean-Pierre. "L'hépatite murine aigue induite par le frog virus 3 : un modèle d'étude du rôle des cellules de Kupffer dans la pathogénie des hépatites." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13122.
Full textLemaitre, Julien. "Heterogeneity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in HIV-1 infection. Study of SIV-infected cynomolgus macaque model." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS267.
Full textEven under combinational antiretroviral treatments (cART), HIV-1 persistence is associated with chronic inflammation in infected patients, leading to an increased risk of non-AIDS-related comorbidities. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), have been less studied in HIV infection whereas they were associated with chronic inflammation diseases. To evaluate PMN heterogeneity in SIVmac251 nonhuman primate infection model, we first performed multiparameter single-cell phenotyping by mass cytometry giving a global vision of the immune system. This analysis demonstrated circulation of immature PMN with impaired during chronic infection. Then, we characterized neutrophils heterogeneity in the course of SIV infection. In primary infection, there was an increased frequency of CD10- immature and CD62L-low primed PMNs in peripheral blood. In chronic phase, CD10- immature PMNs were significantly higher in bone marrow and blood, maintaining a primed profile. During SIV infection, PMNs demonstrated variable immunomodulatory function against T cells proliferation and cytokine production. Early cART allowed to restore PMN phenotype. In this study, we provide unprecedented insight into PMN heterogeneity in the course of SIV infection. Since PMN represent 40-70% of circulating leukocytes and primed PMN are more potent to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and to transmigrate, they should be considered as a new player in HIV-1 chronic inflammation
Suphaphiphat, Karunasinee. "Anti-viral immune response in the semen of cynomolgus macaques and inhibition of cell to cell transmission by broadly neutralizing antibodies in an SIV/SHIV model of infection SHIV162P3 transmission by semen 1 leukocytes is efficiently 2 inhibited by broadly neutralizing antibodies." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS599.
Full textHIV-1 sexual transmission occurs mostly through contaminated semen, which contains both free virions and infected leukocytes. Moreover, factors in seminal plasma (SP) can influence both semen infectivity and host’s response. Therefore, we used the experimental model of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection of macaques, to investigate semen cells infectivity and the antiviral immune responses and to evaluate the potency of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to block cell-to-cell virus transmission.In SIVmac251 infected cynomolgus macaques, we investigated SIV-specific innate and adaptive responses in semen, including CD8+ T cell response, humoral response and levels of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. SIV infection induced pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in semen and a concomitant upregulation of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells and CCR5+ CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells. Neither SIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses nor humoral responses controlled seminal viral shedding. Failure to control viral replication in SIV-infected semen is related to a general inflammation and immune activation, which possibly mirrors what happen in the male genital tract and which could lead to enhanced HIV/SIV transmission.Moreover, we developed cell-to-cell transmission assays, using either TZM-bl or human PBMC as target cells and SHIV162P3-infected splenocytes and CD45+ semen leukocytes as donor cells, and evaluated bNAbs-mediated inhibition. The bNAb panel included four 1st generation bNAbs and eight 2nd generation bNAbs. A combination of 1st generation bNAbs (2F5+2G12+4E10) was able to efficiently inhibit CAV transmission, while double combination or single bNAbs showed reduced potency. Of note, individual 2nd generation bNAbs inhibited transmission as efficiently as bNAbs combinations. An anti-V3 bNAb has been selected to evaluate its potential to block cell-to-cell transmission in vivo
Valdano, Eugenio. "Analyse quantitative de la vulnérabilité des réseaux temporels aux maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066211/document.
Full textInfectious disease modeling represents a powerful tool for assessing the vulnerability of a population to the introduction of a new infectious pathogen. The increased availability of highly resolved data tracking host interactions is making epidemic models potentially increasingly accurate. Integrating into them all the features emerging from these data, however, still represents a challenge. In particular, the interaction between disease dynamics and the time evolution of contact structures has been shown to impact the way pathogens spread, changing the conditions that lead to the wide-spreading regime, as encoded in epidemic threshold. Up to now researchers have characterized the epidemic threshold on time evolving contact structures only in specific settings. Using a multilayer formalism, we analytically compute the epidemic threshold on a generic temporal network, accounting for several different disease features. We use this methodology to assess the impact of time resolution and network duration on the estimation of the threshold. Then, thanks to it, we assess the global vulnerability of different systems to pathogen introduction, and in particular we analyze the networks of cattle trade movements Data collection strategies often inform us only about past network configurations, and that limits our prediction capabilities. We face this by developing a data-driven methodology for predicting targeted epidemic that relies only past contact data. Our work provides new methodologies for assessing and predicting the risk associated to an emerging pathogen, both at the population scale and targeting specific hosts