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Journal articles on the topic 'Infectious and noninfectious diseases'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Cagatay, A. Atahan, Fatih Tufan, Fehmi Hindilerden, et al. "The Causes of Acute Fever Requiring Hospitalization in Geriatric Patients: Comparison of Infectious and NoninfectiousEtiology." Journal of Aging Research 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/380892.

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Introduction. Infectious diseases may present with atypical presentations in the geriatric patients. While fever is an important finding of infections, it may also be a sign of noninfectious etiology.Methods. Geriatric patients who were hospitalized for acute fever in our infectious diseases unit were included. Acute fever was defined as presentation within the first week of fever above .Results. 185 patients were included (82 males and 103 females). Mean age was years. The cause of fever was an infectious disease in 135 and noninfectious disease in 32 and unknown in 18 of the patients. The most common infectious etiologies were respiratory tract infections (), urinary tract infections (), and skin and soft tissue infections (). Noninfectious causes of fever were rheumatic diseases (), solid tumors (), hematological diseases (), and vasculitis (). A noninfectious cause of fever was present in one patient with no underlying diseases and in 31 of 130 patients with underlying diseases.Conclusion. Geriatric patients with no underlying diseases generally had infectious causes of fever while noninfectious causes were responsible from fever in an important proportion of patients with underlying diseases.

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Kim, Seong Eun, Uh Jin Kim, Mi Ok Jang, et al. "Diagnostic Use of Serum Ferritin Levels to Differentiate Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases in Patients with Fever of Unknown Origin." Disease Markers 34, no. 3 (2013): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/915389.

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INTRODUCTION: In this study, we determined whether serum ferritin levels could be used to differentiate between fever of unknown origin (FUO) caused by infectious and noninfectious diseases.METHODS: FUO patients were hospitalized at Chonnam National University Hospital between January, 2005 and December, 2011. According to the final diagnoses, five causes were identified, including infectious diseases, hematologic diseases, noninfectious inflammatory diseases, miscellaneous and undiagnosed.RESULTS: Of the 77 patients, 11 were caused by infectious diseases, 13 by hematologic diseases, 20 by noninfectious inflammatory diseases, 8 by miscellaneous diseases, and 25 were undiagnosed. The median serum ferritin levels in infectious diseases was lower than those in hematologic diseases and (median (interquartile range) of 282.4 (149.0–951.8) ng/mL for the infectious disease group, 1818.2 (485.4–4789.5) ng/mL for the hematologic disease group, and 563.7 (399.6–1927.2) ng/mL for the noninfectious inflammatory disease group,p= 0.048, Kruskal–Wallis test). By comparison using the Mann–Whitney test, statistically significant differences were found only between the infectious disease and hematologic disease groups (p= 0.049) and between the infectious disease and groups (p= 0.04).CONCLUSION: An optimal cutoff value of serum ferritin levels to predict FUO caused by a noninfectious disease (hematologic diseases, noninfectious inflammatory diseases) was established as 561 ng/mL.

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Pirog, A. V., L. P. Kolomiets, and S. V. Derevyanko. "THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF LUPINE YELLOW." Agriciltural microbiology 13 (August 19, 2011): 148–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.13.148-163.

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The paper provides the analyses of the wide spread infectious diseases of the lupine yellow. The particularities of the diseases (noninfectious and infectious, caused by viruses, fungi and bacteria) were defined. The patogenesis at plants infection with Bean yellow mosaic virus is followed by the development of typical symptoms which considerablydifferfromsymptomscausedbyotherdiseases.Thatenables the differential diagnostics of this disease and the efficient record of virus infections spreading on the area under lupine crops at phytosanitary surveys, as well as at studying of the influence of different factors on the growth and development of plants infected with the virus.

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Fitzpatrick, Meghan E., Sanjay Sethi, Charles L. Daley, Prabir Ray, James M. Beck, and Matthew R. Gingo. "Infections in “Noninfectious” Lung Diseases." Annals of the American Thoracic Society 11, Supplement 4 (2014): S221—S226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/annalsats.201401-041pl.

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Cheung, Chloe Kwong Yee, Mandy Oi Man Wong, Carmen Kar Mun Chan, and Ho Yin Chung. "Uveitis and Rheumatological Diseases." Journal of Clinical Rheumatology and Immunology 21, no. 02 (2021): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661341721300068.

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Uveitis is the most common ophthalmological disorder in the field of rheumatology, accounting for a significant proportion of visual morbidity, both locally and internationally. Causative factors can be divided into infectious and noninfectious etiologies. The diagnosis of uveitis is a major challenge due to heterogeneity in presentation. The disease course may be acute monophasic, recurrent, or chronic relapsing. Complications include posterior synechiae, secondary cataract, ocular hypertension or glaucoma, macular edema, retinal vascular occlusion, epiretinal membrane, and so on, and ultimately visual loss. Antimicrobial therapy is indicated for infection, whereas noninfectious uveitis warrants a combination of steroids, immunosuppressives, and anti-inflammatory agents. With the advancement of biologics, treatment strategies in chronic, noninfectious uveitis have had multiple breakthroughs, particularly in treatment-resistant cases. This article provides a review of the diagnostic approach to uveitis based on symptomatology and ophthalmological findings, and discussion of relevant treatment modalities and strategies.

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Lamps, Laura W. "Hepatic Granulomas: A Review With Emphasis on Infectious Causes." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, no. 7 (2015): 867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2014-0123-ra.

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Context Many diseases that cause granulomas or granulomatous inflammation involve the liver. Some of these disease processes are intrinsic hepatic diseases, whereas others are disseminated systemic diseases that involve the liver as well as other organs. Objective To review the evaluation of granulomas in the liver with an emphasis on infectious causes, as well as the use of special stains, serologic studies, and molecular diagnostic techniques. Pertinent noninfectious causes of hepatic granulomas that are in the differential diagnosis are also discussed. Data Sources Literature review and cases acquired during years of practice. Conclusions A wide variety of infectious and noninfectious entities cause hepatic granulomas.

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Lai, Ying-Ta, Yuan-Hung Wang, Yu-Chun Yen, et al. "The Epidemiology of Benign Voice Disorders in Taiwan: A Nationwide Population-Based Study." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 128, no. 5 (2019): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489419826136.

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Objective: Because there are few population-based studies regarding the epidemiology of benign voice diseases, the present study used a nationwide population-based claims database (the National Health Insurance Research Database) to investigate the epidemiology of benign voice diseases among the general adult population in Taiwan. Methods: Study participants were retrieved for those patients who were 20 to 90 years old with a diagnosis of benign voice diseases that were defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes from 2006 to 2014. Patient visits were grouped into infectious (ICD-9-CM: 012.3, 032.3, 034.0, 090.5, 095.8,101, 464.0, 464.20, 464.21, 465.x, 476.0, 476.1) and noninfectious (ICD-9-CM: 306.1, 478.3x, 478.4, 478.5, 748.3, 784.4x) dysphonia groups. Results: Benign voice disorders have a prevalence of approximately 3.6% in Taiwan as of 2014. The year-to-year prevalence decreased gradually in the query period. Infectious dysphonia diagnoses were higher than noninfectious ones. Dysphonia caused by noninfectious diagnoses was most prevalent in the 60 to 79 years age group. Dysphonia caused by infectious diagnoses was highest in 20 to 39 years group. Noninfectious dysphonia diagnoses were more common in women. Conclusion: The prevalence of voice disorders among the adult population in Taiwan was 3.6% in 2014. Voice disorders are more common in women and occur primarily in the 20 to 39 years age group. Infectious dysphonia is more common than noninfectious dysphonia. The results may be underestimated due to limitation of the database. This is the first population-based epidemiology study of adult voice disorders.

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Boyanova, Lyudmila, Rumyana Markovska, Daniel Yordanov, Raina Gergova, and Petyo Hadzhiyski. "Anaerobes in specific infectious and noninfectious diseases: new developments." Anaerobe 81 (June 2023): 102714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102714.

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Murray, Thomas S., M. Elizabeth Groth, Carol Weitzman, and Michael Cappello. "Epidemiology and Management of Infectious Diseases in International Adoptees." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 3 (2005): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.3.510-520.2005.

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SUMMARY International adoptees represent a group of children with unique health care needs. Data from published studies, along with the recent experience of the Yale International Adoption Clinic, suggest that the risk of serious infections in adoptees is low, although infections associated with institutionalization still occur commonly. Interpretation of these data must be undertaken with caution, however, since many, if not most, international adoptees are not evaluated in specialty clinics. Thus, prospective studies designed to minimize selection and referral bias are needed in order to accurately define the risk of infectious and noninfectious diseases in all international adoptees.

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Shakya, Sunil, Anurag Adhikari, Ayusha Poudel, et al. "Pattern of Diseases Presenting in Dermatology OPD of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 18, no. 1 (2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v18i1.20531.

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Introduction: Dermatological conditions make up a significant burden of hospital visits. This study aims to calculate the prevalence of different dermatological conditions among OPD visits in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, and describe the variation of those conditions with demographic variables and seasons. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively using the data collected in the OPD register of a tertiary level hospital from 14th April 2017 to 13th April 2018. Analysis was conducted using MS Excel 2016 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v25. Results: A total number of 24,332 OPD visits were recorded in the year. 54.3% of the visits were made by males and 45.7% by females and most common age group seeking dermatological consultation was 25 to 34 years. Noninfectious dermatoses were more common than infections. The most common noninfectious dermatoses were dermatitis/eczema, urticaria, angioedema and hypersensitivity, and pigmentary disorders in descending order of frequency. The common infectious dermatoses in decreasing order of frequency were fungal, viral, and parasitic/protozoal conditions. The infectious dermatoses were found to be significantly higher in males (p<0.05) while pigmentary disorders, urticaria and angioedema, autoimmune cutaneous disorders, disorders of pilosebaceous units and xerosis were significantly higher in females (p<0.05). Bacterial, fungal and viral infections, eczemas, urticarial/angioedema, papulosquamous disorders, xerosis, neoplasms and vasculitis showed significant seasonal variation. Conclusions: Eczemas and fungal infections are the most common dermatoses. Infectious dermatoses and several non-infectious dermatoses vary significantly with seasons.

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Ljungberg, Karl, and Maria Isaguliants. "DNA Vaccine Development at Pre- and Post-Operation Warp Speed." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (2020): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040737.

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Jason, Janine M. "Infectious Disease-Related Deaths of Low Birth Weight Infants, United States, 1968 to 1982." Pediatrics 84, no. 2 (1989): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.84.2.296.

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Infant mortality rates in the United States are higher than in any other developed country. Low birth weight (LBW) is the primary determinant of infant mortality. Despite city, state, and federal programs to prevent LBW, decreases in infant mortality in the 1980s appear to be largely secondary to improved survival of LBW infants rather than to a decline in the rate of LBW births. Because prevention of mortality due to infectious disease is feasible, it was of interest to examine the role of infectious diseases in LBW infant mortality. US vital statistics mortality data for 1968 through 1982 were analyzed in terms of LBW infant mortality associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases. These analyses indicated that the rates of infectious disease-associated early neonatal and postneonatal LBW mortality increased during this time; late neonatal rates did not decline appreciably. Infectious diseases were associated with 4% of all LBW infant deaths in 1968; this had increased to 10% by 1982. Although LBW infant mortality rates associated with noninfectious diseases did not differ for white and black populations, infectious disease-associated mortality rates were consistently higher for blacks than whites in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Chorioamnionitis was involved in 28% of infectious disease-associated early neonatal LBW deaths. Sepsis was an increasingly listed cause of death in all infant age periods, whereas respiratory tract infections were decreasingly listed. Necrotizing enterocolitis increased as a cause of late neonatal mortality. These data suggest that infectious diseases are an increasing cause of LBW infant mortality and these deaths occur more frequently in the black population targeted by prevention programs. More research concerning specific causes and prevention of infections in the LBW infant may help reduce US infant mortality.

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Chianca, Vito, Majid Chalian, Dorothee Harder, and Filippo Del Grande. "Imaging of Spine Infections." Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology 26, no. 04 (2022): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1749619.

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AbstractThe incidence of spondylodiskitis has increased over the last 20 years worldwide, especially in the immunodepressed population, and it remains a complex pathology, both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Because clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and blood culture negative, imaging plays an essential role in the diagnostic process. Magnetic resonance imaging, in particular, is the gold standard technique because it can show essential findings such as vertebral bone marrow, disk signal alteration, a paravertebral or epidural abscess, and, in the advanced stage of disease, fusion or collapse of the vertebral elements. However, many noninfectious spine diseases can simulate spinal infection. In this article, we present imaging features of specific infectious spine diseases that help radiologists make the distinction between infectious and noninfectious processes.

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Sauer, Robert M., and Harry C. Fegley. "THE ROLES OF INFECTIOUS AND NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES IN MONKEY HEALTH." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 85, no. 3 (2006): 866–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb50009.x.

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Molteni, Monica, Sabrina Gemma, and Carlo Rossetti. "The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6978936.

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Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to the family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They are highly conserved receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), thus representing the first line of defense against infections. TLR4 has been long recognized as the sensing receptor for gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, it also binds endogenous molecules produced as a result of tissue injury. Hence, TLR4 represents a key receptor on which both infectious and noninfectious stimuli converge to induce a proinflammatory response. TLR4-mediated inflammation, triggered by exogenous or endogenous ligands, is also involved in several acute and chronic diseases, having a pivotal role as amplifier of the inflammatory response. This review focuses on the research progress about the role of TLR4 activation in infectious and noninfectious (e.g., sterile) inflammation and the effects of TLR4 signaling in some pathological conditions.

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Botkin, Douglas J., April N. Abbott, Philip E. Stewart, et al. "Identification of Potential Virulence Determinants by Himar1 Transposition of Infectious Borrelia burgdorferi B31." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 12 (2006): 6690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00993-06.

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ABSTRACT Lyme disease Borrelia organisms are highly invasive spirochetes that alternate between vertebrate and arthropod hosts and that establish chronic infections and elicit inflammatory reactions in mammals. Although progress has been made in the targeted mutagenesis of individual genes in infectious Borrelia burgdorferi, the roles of the vast majority of gene products in pathogenesis remain unresolved. In this study, we examined the feasibility of using transposon mutagenesis to identify infectivity-related factors in B. burgdorferi. The transformable, infectious strain 5A18 NP1 was transformed with the spirochete-adapted Himar1 transposon delivery vector pMarGent to create a small library of 33 insertion mutants. Single mouse inoculations followed by culture of four tissue sites and serology were used to screen the mutants for infectivity phenotypes. Mutants that appeared attenuated (culture positive at some sites) or noninfectious (negative at all sites) and contained the virulence-associated plasmids lp25 and lp28-1 were examined in more extensive animal studies. Three of these mutants (including those with insertions in the putative fliG-1-encoded flagellar motor switch protein and the guaB-encoded IMP dehydrogenase) were noninfectious, whereas four clones appeared to exhibit reduced infectivity. Serological reactivity in VlsE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays correlated with the assignment of mutants to the noninfectious or attenuated-infectivity groups. The results of this study indicate that random transposon mutagenesis of infectious B. burgdorferi is feasible and will be of value in studying the pathogenesis of Lyme disease Borrelia.

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Bao MD, Yi, Jiayu Chen MD, Tiannan Zhou MD, et al. "Adjacent Segment Infection After Posterior Lumbar Fusion Surgery." World Neurosurgery Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.52338/wnsr.2025.4306.

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Study Design: Retrospective study. Objectives: Adjacent segment infection after posterior lumbar fusion for noninfectious spinal surgery is rare. The incidence, etiology, and treatment of adjacent segment infections are rarely reported, and the objective of this study was to investigate the incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of adjacent segment infection(ASI) in patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgery for noninfectious spinal surgery. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent lumbar decompression fusion surgery for the treatment of noninfectious lumbar spine diseases between 2008–2020. Clinical data collected from the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province included sex, age, comorbidities, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores, and adjacent segment infections (ASIs). Results: A total of 6,325 patients undergoing posterior lumbar fusion surgery for noninfectious spinal surgery met the inclusion criteria. Seven patients (0.11%) developed ASIs. Five patients underwent posterior debridement, autologous iliac bone grafting, and prolonged internal fixation. Two patients were cured with combined anti-infectious therapy. Before the operation, the VAS score was 8.57 ± 0.98, the ODI score was 42.86 ± 3.85, the last follow-up VAS score was 2.0 ± 0.82, and the ODI score was 13.29 ± 2.92. At the last followup, all patients had an ASI segment that achieved bony fusion, and posterior lumbar fusion surgery for noninfectious lumbar spine diseases was associated with a 0.11% risk of ASI. Conclusions: Surgeons should be aware of the risk factors for site infection to be able to avoid its occurrence. Early diagnosis is based on the patient’s symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, MRI examination.Timely application of sensitive antibiotics, intervertebral space debridement, autologous iliac bone graft fusion, and prolonged internal fixationare effective treatment measures.

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Parija, SubhashChandra. "Microbial links to noninfectious diseases: The way forward." Tropical Parasitology 9, no. 2 (2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_57_19.

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Berger, S. A. "The Use of Antimicrobial Agents for Noninfectious Diseases." Clinical Infectious Diseases 7, no. 3 (1985): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/7.3.357.

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Theodoridis, Alexandros, Athanasios Ragkos, Sotiria Vouraki, et al. "Novel Resilient and Sustainable Farm Profiles in Small Ruminant Production Systems Using Mathematical Programming Model." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (2023): 11499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511499.

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In this study, a farm-scale mathematical programming model for sheep and goat farms is proposed to simulate economic performance, including new resilience sheep traits that allow animals to counteract the presence of infectious and noninfectious diseases. The model was developed in the Small Ruminants Breeding for Efficiency and Resilience (SMARTER) Horizon 2020 project. The SMARTER model is a comprehensive and adaptable linear programming model that enables the assessment of hypothetical scenarios/challenges related to animal traits that prevent infectious and noninfectious diseases. The optimal performance and the structure of the farm are modeled under the presence of infectious and noninfectious diseases (disease plan) and under conditions where no diseases occur (future plan). A comparison of the model solutions, between presence and absence of diseases, provides suggested adjustments to the farming system and insights into the potential shape of new sustainable farm system profiles for the sheep and goat sector. Technical and economic data from five different sheep farms and one goat farm in Greece and France were used in this empirical application to assess different scenarios in the presence of mastitis, parasitism, and lameness in the flocks. The results showed that the profitability and sustainability of the farms are significantly improved when the resilience of animals reduces the impact of the diseases (the highest increase in gross margin was 23.5%). However, although there is substantial improvement in the economic performance of the farms that rear healthy animals, this does not affect the production and management plan of the farmer and does not alter the farm’s structure.

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Opitz, Bastian, Vincent van Laak, Julia Eitel, and Norbert Suttorp. "Innate Immune Recognition in Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases of the Lung." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 181, no. 12 (2010): 1294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200909-1427so.

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Turdieva, Sh T., D. K. Ganiyeva, and Kh B. Abdurashidova. "Variability of the intestinal microbiota in children with of noninfectious diseases." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 11 (August 12, 2024): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-203.

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The review article is devoted to the problem of the variability of the intestinal microbiota in children with various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of non-infectious origin, which is one of the current areas of modern pediatric gastroenterology. More often, in practical pediatrics, during the treatment of non-infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, doctors often do not prescribe medications for the intestinal microbiota. In connection with this, complications subsequently develop in functional activity in this system, which is most often classified as a separate, unrelated pathology. The scientific articles by Russian and foreign authors devoted to the study of intestinal microbiota variability in children with non-infectious diseases of various origins were analyzed. According to the results of the study, it was noted that in non-infectious inflammatory processes, as a result of endogenous and exogenous factors, there is a decrease in the quantity and quality of microorganisms, mainly producing SCFA, which affects the course of the underlying disease. At the same time, the question of rational prescription of biotechnological and gene therapeutic drugs, together with traditional drugs containing live bacteria and substances that provide the necessary conditions for the growth and development of normal intestinal microbiota (pro-, pre-, syn- and symbiotics), also remains open. Analysis of scientific and literary data has shown that in children with non-infectious gastrointestinal diseases of various origins, there is a decrease in the quantitative composition of the intestinal microbiota due to microorganisms producing SCFA, such as Clostridium spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, against the background of a decrease in probiotic bacteria. These changes lead to disproportions in the qualitative composition of the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, these patients should be treated with biologics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Bifidobacteria.

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Khopkar, Uday, Sushil Pande, and Rahul Nagar. "Intradermal tests in dermatology-II: Tests for noninfectious diseases." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 73, no. 1 (2007): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.30660.

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Santamaria–Bouvier, Ariane. "Medical Conditions of Wild Virginia Opossums (Didelphis virginiana)." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 30, no. 1 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v30.56.

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While the Virginia opossum is a frequent admission for wildlife caretakers, there is limited published information on diseases of this animal. A review of noninfectious and infectious diseases of the Virginia opossum and reported treatment options highlights what is known and the need for further data on this North American marsupial species.

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Pechkurov, D. V., T. V. Turti, I. A. Belyaeva, and A. A. Tjazheva. "Intestinal Microflora in Children: from Formation Disturbances Prophylaxis to Preventing Non-Infectious Diseases." Pediatric pharmacology 13, no. 4 (2016): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/pf.v13i4.1611.

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The article presents an overview of modern Russian and foreign scientific literature, which summarizes data on the value of normal intestinal microflora formation, and on the formation of normal microbiocenosis in ontogeny features. The causes of microbiota formation lesions and their impact on child health are described. Relevant data on the effectiveness of pre- and probiotics in the prophylaxis of noninfectious diseases is given.

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Marchiori, Edson, Rosana Souza Rodrigues, and Miriam Menna Barreto. "The Reversed Halo Sign: Criteria for Differentiation of Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases." American Journal of Roentgenology 213, no. 6 (2019): W295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.19.21846.

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Okazaki, Masafumi, Miho Nakamura, Akiko Imai, Tadashi Asagiri, and Seisho Takeuchi. "Sequential occurrence of Graves’ disease and immune thrombocytopenic purpura as manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-infected patient." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 8 (2018): 834–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462417752824.

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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in HIV-infected patients after initiating antiretroviral therapy usually involves worsening manifestations of overt infectious disease. Here, we describe a sporadic case of a late-diagnosed HIV-positive man who developed Graves’ disease as the first noninfectious IRIS followed by immune thrombocytopenic purpura as the second noninfectious IRIS.

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Law, Royal Kai Yee, Hannah Kisselburgh, Douglas Roblin, et al. "Noninfectious Foodborne Exposures Reported to 2 National Reporting Systems, United States, 2000-2010." Public Health Reports 134, no. 5 (2019): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919862690.

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Objectives: Foodborne disease is a pervasive problem caused by consuming food or drink contaminated by infectious or noninfectious agents. The 55 US poison centers receive telephone calls for advice on foodborne disease cases that may be related to a foodborne disease outbreak (FBDO). Our objective was to assess whether poison center call records uploaded to the National Poison Data System (NPDS) can be used for surveillance of noninfectious FBDOs in the United States. Methods: We matched NPDS records on noninfectious FBDO agents in the United States with records in the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) for 2000-2010. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis comparing NPDS matched and unmatched records to assess features of NPDS records that may indicate a confirmed noninfectious FBDO. Results: During 2000-2010, FDOSS recorded 491 noninfectious FBDOs of known etiology and NPDS recorded 8773 calls for noninfectious foodborne disease exposures. Of 8773 NPDS calls, 469 (5.3%) were matched to a noninfectious FBDO reported to FDOSS. Multivariable logistic regression indicated severity of medical outcome, whether the call was made by a health care professional, and etiology as significant predictors of NPDS records matching an FDOSS noninfectious FBDO. Conclusions: NPDS may complement existing surveillance systems and response activities by providing timely information about single cases of foodborne diseases or about a known or emerging FBDO. Prioritizing NPDS records by certain call features could help guide public health departments in the types of noninfectious foodborne records that most warrant public health follow-up.

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Garcia-Jardon, Mirta, Vivek G. Bhat, E. Blanco-Blanco, and Andrez Stepian. "Postmortem findings in HIV/AIDS patients in a tertiary care hospital in rural South Africa." Tropical Doctor 40, no. 2 (2010): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2010.090465.

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South Africa has the largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS, and various associated infectious and noninfectious conditions contribute towards mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the important post-mortem findings in HIV-infected individuals in a high HIV burden rural area in South Africa. The patient population included HIV patients who died at the tertiary care hospital, from 2000–2008. Autopsies were performed according to standard protocols and diagnoses were made with additional laboratory investigations wherever required. A total of 86 patients were autopsied (30 males, 56 females). The major postmortem findings were related to infections, with 38% of the patients having had some form of tuberculosis, followed by pyogenic infections – pneumonias (21.5%), meningitis (10.1%) and septicemias (5.1%). Other important infections included opportunistic fungi like cryptococcosis (7.6%) and pneumocystis pneumonia (8.9%). Among the noninfectious conditions, the findings seen were predominantly related to liver (10.1%) and cardiac involvement (10.1%).

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Sanguinetti, Maurizio. "The importance of rapid diagnosis for multidrug-resistant Candida: an interview with Maurizio Sanguinetti." Future Microbiology 14, no. 12 (2019): 1011–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0198.

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In this exclusive interview, Maurizio Sanguinetti discusses current issues with Candida fungal infection diagnoses, in light of its rising resistance to antifungal drugs. This interview was conducted by Ellen Colvin, Editor of Future Microbiology. Maurizio Sanguinetti, MD, is full Professor of Microbiology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Rome, Italy, and Director of the Institute of Microbiology and Chief of the Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases Sciences at the Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS of Rome, Italy. For several years, the research activity of Maurizio Sanguinetti has mainly focused on the development of molecular methods for the rapid diagnosis of bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal infections; the elucidation of virulence and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in clinically relevant bacterial and fungal pathogens; the characterization of the human microbiota in relationship to infectious and noninfectious diseases and implementation of new diagnostic strategies for the personalized care of patients with infectious diseases.

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Andrade-Sierra, Jorge, Hernesto Hernández-Reyes, Enrique Rojas-Campos, et al. "Clinical impact using low-dose mycophenolate mofetil with tacrolimus on infectious, noninfectious complications and acute rejection, in renal transplant: A single hospital experience in Mexico." Medicine 102, no. 46 (2023): e35841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000035841.

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Evidence supporting a starting dose of 2 g/day of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in combination with tacrolimus (TAC) for renal transplantation (RT) is still limited, but maintaining a dose of <2 g could result in worse clinical outcomes in terms of acute rejection (AR). This study aimed to determine the association between AR and infectious and noninfectious complications after RT with a dose of 1.5 g vs 2 g of MMF. A prospective cohort study was performed with a 12-month follow-up of recipients of RT from living donors with low (1.5 g/day) or standard (2 g/day) doses of MMF. The association between adverse effects and complications and doses of MMF was examined using Cox proportional hazard models, and survival free of AR, infectious diseases, and noninfectious complications was evaluated using the Kaplan–Meier test. At the end of the follow-up, the incidence of infectious diseases was 52% versus 50% (P = .71) and AR was 5% versus 5% (P = .86), respectively. The survival rate free of gastrointestinal (GI) complications requiring medical attention was higher in the low-dose group than in the standard-dose dose (88% vs 45%, respectively; P < .001). The use of 1.5 g/day of MMF confers a reduction in GI complications without an increase in infectious diseases or the risk of AR.

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Rahima, Farzana Fiza, Md Abdul Jalil, Md Reshad Hossain, Md Abu Sayeed, and Amith Kumar Das. "Epidemiological Investigation of Different Diseases of Pet Animals at Dhaka City, Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 9, no. 3 (2023): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v9i3.63966.

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A cross sectional prospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of demographic status associated with pet owners and animals, and pattern of drugs used in prescription during study period from February 2019 to April 2019 at Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 493 clinical cases were analyzed and found that educated and illiterate calculated as 64.2% and 13.8% of dog owners, and 89.4% and 10.6% of cat owners. Among the pet animals, males were higher (dogs 64.3%, cats 52.1%) compared to females (dogs 35.7%, cats 47.9%). In relation to breed of pet animals, local breed was higher in both cases of dogs (33.4%) and cats (55.9%). Tendency of pet owners for deworming (36.4% in dogs, 23.9% in cat) and vaccination (45.3% in dogs, 37.8% in cats) were not satisfactory. The prevalence of noninfectious diseases was 40.7% in dogs and 59.6% in cats followed by infectious diseases (26.6% in dogs, 14.9% in cats). Overall prescribed antimicrobials were higher (49.5% in dogs, 62.2% in cat) than others. Among them, most frequently used antimicrobials in dogs were fluroquinolone with metronidazole/beta lactams (93.7%) in infectious case followed by Cephalosporin (56.3%) due to non-infectious case. On the contrary, metronidazole was used (100%) due to noninfectious case followed by cephalosporin (28.3%) in infectious case in cats. These results indicate the level of awareness of vaccination and deworming practice, management styles of their pets in Dhaka and socio economic condition of owners. Vol. 9, No. 3, December 2022: 299-306

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Shahid, Zainab, and David J. Epstein. "Noninfectious causes of fever in hematologic malignancies. Are antibiotics still indicated?" Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 36, no. 4 (2023): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0000000000000940.

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Purpose of review Fever is a common manifestation of both infectious and noninfectious processes in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy. Understanding the diverse causes of fever in these settings allows for accurate diagnosis and optimal use of antibiotics. Recent findings Herein we review common noninfectious syndromes seen in HCT and CAR-T recipients and discuss best practices in the management of these complex clinical scenarios regarding diagnosis and antibiotic use. In recent years, adverse effects of antimicrobials have highlighted the importance of antimicrobial stewardship in HCT and CAR-T patients, and an antibiotic de-escalation strategy is a safe and important tool in mitigating these adverse events, even in patients with ongoing neutropenia who become afebrile without a known infection. Common adverse events associated with antibiotics include an increased risk of Clostridiodes difficile infection (CDI), a higher incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), and microbiome dysbiosis. Summary Clinicians should be aware of noninfectious causes of fever in these immunocompromised patients and utilize best antibiotic practices while managing these patients.

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Savilov, E. D., S. I. Kolesnikov, and N. I. Briko. "THE COMORBIDITY IN EPIDEMIOLOGY - NEW TREND IN PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH." Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2016): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2016-4-66-75.

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Comorbidity epidemiological aspects discussed in the article. At the present time most common on the population level are research of the impact of infectious diseases on the macroorganism at the population level, or investigations of dynamics of noninfectious diseases under influence of several risk factors. The problem of coexistence (comorbidity) of infectious diseases with other nosologic forms usually are not considered. Some examples of simultaneous effect (comorbidity) of infectious and somatic diseases on the macroorganism under the influence of anthropogenic pollution are shown in the article. Environmental pollution is usually not taking into consideration third force which affects the development of comorbidity. Proposed new approach allowed differently interpret previously obtained materials and introduce additional variable risk factors in the chain of causal relationships between infectious disease and environmental pollution

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Singh, Neha, Suravi Mohanty, and Rajalakshmi Tirumalae. "Utility of pattern-based approach to skin biopsies in pediatric non-infectious inflammatory diseases: a review of 140 cases." Journal of the Egyptian Women's Dermatologic Society 22, no. 1 (2025): 52–61. https://doi.org/10.4103/jewd.jewd_33_24.

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Background Skin diseases constitute a significant burden in the pediatric age group and demand a separate evaluation from adult dermatoses as both vary in mode of presentation, prognosis, and line of treatment. Objective To evaluate the histopathologic spectrum of skin biopsies in pediatric noninfectious inflammatory diseases pediatric inflammatory diseases and its correlation with clinical findings. Patients and methods This was a retrospective study that included a total of 140 skin biopsies of noninfectious inflammatory dermatoses in children aged up to 18 years. The clinical differential diagnoses were compared with histopathologic diagnoses; concordance and discordance were calculated. Results Of the 140 patients, histopathologic diagnoses of 109 (77.9%) patients were concordant with the clinical diagnoses, whereas 23 (16.4%) showed discordance, among which 18 (78.3%) showed major discordance, while the remaining five (21.7%) cases had minor discordance. The remaining eight (5.7%) cases were inconclusive. Conclusion Histopathology is still the best tool for diagnosis in the majority of pediatric inflammatory dermatoses. Effective communication between the clinician and the pathologist and thorough clinical correlation enhances the value of the skin biopsies

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Fishman, Jay A., John I. Hogan, and Marcela V. Maus. "Inflammatory and Infectious Syndromes Associated With Cancer Immunotherapies." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 6 (2018): 909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1025.

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AbstractImmunotherapy using antibodies to immune checkpoint molecules or targeted chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T cells) represent dramatic advances in cancer treatment. These therapies mediate immune-related adverse events that may mimic or amplify infectious presentations. Checkpoint inhibitor therapy may be associated with diverse irAEs including mild skin, endocrine, and autoimmune manifestations or severe inflammatory processes including colitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and shock. CAR-T-cell therapies may induce toxicities including cytokine-release syndrome with fevers and multiorgan dysfunction, CAR-T-cell–related encephalopathy syndrome with altered mental status and neurologic dysfunction, or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-macrophage-activation syndrome. Infectious risks may relate to prior cancer therapies or to treatments of inflammatory dysregulation, including corticosteroids and inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Immune activation may unmask subclinical infections. Clinical approaches must attempt to identify infections in the face of immunotherapy-associated inflammatory processes. Empirical antimicrobial therapies should not be delayed based on the presumption of noninfectious syndromes.

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PR, Kumar. "Quantum Dots in Diagnostics of Infectious and Non- Infectious Diseases: Current Scenario and Future Prospectus." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000258.

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Infectious and non-infectious diseases pose a tremendous challenge to global public health. Existing technologies for detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases are mostly tedious, expensive, and do not meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ASSURED (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable to end user) criteria. Early diagnosis of diseases can lead to effective control and early intervention of the patient's condition. Conventional approach for diseases diagnosis are including culture and microscopy, immunology (ELISA, fluorescent immunoassays, magnetic immunoassays, RIA, lateral flow immunoassays) and PCR have drawbacks like these are expensive, inaccurate, and require skilled technicians and time consuming process, especially for the earlier and rapid detection of infectious diseases. Over the past few decades, quantum dot have attracted widespread attention due to its immense potential in the area of diagnostic medicine for early detection of disease without relying on visible symptoms. This is largely due to their unique optical properties such as high brightness, narrow emission band, and resistance to photo bleaching, multiplexing capacity, and high surface-to-volume ratio and this will make them excellent candidates for intracellular tracking, diagnostics, in vivo imaging, and therapeutic delivery. In this mini review, we examine recent advances in the diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious diseases, which has based on quantum dot nanomaterial. The current state-of-the-art and most promising quantum dot based technologies, including, QD based Lateral Flow Immunoassay, Quantum dot-based paper strip devices, QD based biomarkers, QD based biosensor devices etc. Quantum dot based techniques, devices are promising accessories in modern biomedical applications, and these techniques will go to become the future of next-generation diagnostics.

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Dembry, Louise M., and Walter J. Hierholzer. "Educational Needs and Opportunities for the Hospital Epidemiologist." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 3 (1996): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700006597.

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AbstractThe role of the hospital epidemiologist has changed substantially over the last 30 years as medical care has become more complex. The hospital epidemiologist needs training in methods for sur veillance, prevention, and control of nosocomial infections. The hospital epidemiologist also must know how to apply these methods to other areas, including the epidemiology of noninfectious adverse out-comes of medical care. Training in hospital epidemiology should be a defined part of every infectious disease fellowship training program. Ancillary and additional training is available from several sources.

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Alasadi, Fatima Karim Khudair, Hadeel Mohammed Thabit, and Safa Amer. "Effect of Bacterial Diseases on the Physiological Functions of the Plant: A Review." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 1056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).84.

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Physiological plant diseases are illnesses that affect plants and are classified as Infectious Plant Diseases and Noninfectious Plant Diseases. They are brought on by disturbance and imbalance in the physiological processes of the plant. The study of the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of these damages becomes connected to the defect incident physiology. In the context of this review, environmental physiology refers to the study of how plants react to their surroundings and change as a result of disease infection.

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Viner, Molly, Melissa Mazan, Daniela Bedenice, Samantha Mapes, and Nicola Pusterla. "Comparison of Serum Amyloid A in Horses With Infectious and Noninfectious Respiratory Diseases." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 49 (February 2017): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.09.005.

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Ake, Julie A., Christina S. Polyak, Trevor A. Crowell, et al. "Noninfectious Comorbidity in the African Cohort Study." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 4 (2018): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy981.

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Abstract Background Noninfectious comorbid diseases (NCDs) contribute to morbidity and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected populations in resource-rich countries. With antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up in Africa, understanding burden NCD informs public health strategy. Methods At enrollment, participants at 11 HIV clinics in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Nigeria underwent medical history, physical, laboratory, and neuropsychological assessments to identify elevated blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, dysglycemia, renal insufficiency, and cognitive impairment. Poisson regression models estimated adjusted relative risks (ARRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the number of NCDs associated with factors of interest. Logistic regression was used to evaluate each NCD separately among HIV-infected participants. Results Among 2720 participants with complete NCD data, 2159 (79.4%) were HIV-infected. Of those, 1426 (66.0%) were taking ART and 813 (37.7%) had at least 1 NCD. HIV infection was associated with more NCDs, especially with ART (ARR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.22–1.66). In addition to age, body mass index, and program site, ART usage was associated with more NCDs (ARR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.27–1.78 for virologically suppressed and ARR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13–1.68 for viremic) among HIV-infected participants. In participants taking ART, CD4 nadir below 200 cells/mm3 was associated with more NCDs (ARR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.06–1.93). ART use was independently associated with hypercholesterolemia and dysglycemia. Program site was significantly associated with all comorbidities except renal insufficiency. Conclusions HIV infection was a risk for NCDs, which were common in HIV-infected participants, geographically variable, and largely consistent with metabolic complications of first-line ART.

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Barman, Srutee, Arun Achar, Nilanjan Sengupta, Joyeeta Chowdhury, and Abhijit Bhakta. "Cutaneous Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India: A Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery 28, no. 1 (2024): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jdds.jdds_47_23.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder and is a major public health problem worldwide. Skin diseases can appear as the first sign of diabetes or can develop at any time in the course of the illness. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the pattern and prevalence of skin manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was done on 80 Type 1 and Type 2 diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients and with informed consent, they were thoroughly examined for their respective skin disorders. Results: Among 80 patients, 35% of patients had infectious skin lesions, whereas 20% had noninfectious dermatosis only. More than one type of dermatosis was seen in 45% of patients. Candidal balanoposthitis was the most common fungal infection. Limitation: Limited sample in a single center. Conclusion: Infections were more prevalent compared to noninfectious disease in a population with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Pruritus was the most common disorder among the other diabetic complications.

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Kim, So Young, Dae Myoung Yoo, Ji Hee Kim, et al. "Changes in Otorhinolaryngologic Disease Incidences before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (2022): 13083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013083.

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This study aimed to investigate the change in the incidence and variance of otorhinolaryngologic diseases during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The entire Korean population (~50 million) was evaluated for the monthly incidence of 11 common otorhinolaryngologic diseases of upper respiratory infection (URI), influenza, acute tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess, acute laryngitis and bronchitis, stomatitis and related lesions, acute sinusitis, rhinitis, otitis media, and dizziness from January 2018 through March 2021 using the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 codes with the data of the Korea National Health Insurance Service. The differences in the mean incidence of 11 common otorhinolaryngologic diseases before and during COVID-19 were compared using the Mann—Whitney U test. The differences in the variance of incidence before and during COVID-19 were compared using Levene’s test. The incidence of all 11 otorhinolaryngologic diseases was lower during COVID-19 than before COVID-19 (all p < 0.05). The variations in disease incidence by season were lower during COVID-19 than before COVID-19 for infectious diseases, including URI, influenza, acute tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess, acute laryngitis and bronchitis, acute sinusitis, and otitis media (all p < 0.05), while it was not in noninfectious diseases, including stomatitis, rhinitis, and dizziness. As expected, the incidences of all otorhinolalryngolgic diseases were decreased. Additionally, we found that seasonal variations in infectious diseases disappeared during the COVID-19 pandemic, while noninfectious diseases did not.

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Sadeghi, E. "Spectrum of paediatric diseases in south Islamic Republic of Iran." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 3, no. 3 (1997): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1997.3.3.519.

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Theresults of an inpatient and outpatient review of paediatric diseases in the south of the Islamic Republic of Iran are presented. Male patients outnumbered females for both outpatients and inpatients [1.3:1 and 1.4:1 respectively]. More sick infants than preschoolers or school-aged children visited the paediatrician’s office, especially in spring and summer. Infectious diseases outnumbered noninfectious diseases, particularly in autumn and winter and consisted mostly of viral illnesses. Respiratory illnesses comprised more than half of all outpatient childhood diseases. About 45% of children admitted to hospital were infants. Half of the children admitted had failure to thrive and 3.5% were severely malnourished. Infectious diseases were the most prevalent paediatric disease in hospital, followed by neoplastic and blood diseases respectively

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Maharramov, P. M. "Prevalence rate of cornea diseases according materials of outpatient facilities in Baku city." Russian Ophthalmological Journal 14, no. 2 (2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21516/2072-0076-2021-14-2-23-26.

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Purpose: to assess the prevalence of corneal diseases using the data on the incidence of visits to outpatient facilities in the city of Baku. Material and methods. The data, presented by outpatient facilities for the year 2017, were statistically analyzed. Results. It was revealed that, for every 100 000 people, there were 266.1±3.4 cases of corneal diseases of which 97.9 ± 2.1 were infectious and 166.9 ± 2.7 were noninfectious diseases. Corneal neoplasms were detected in 1.3 ± 0.2 cases. The ratio of non-infectious and infectious diseases ofthe cornea was ca. 1.7. The lowest prevalence rate of both infectious and non-infectious diseases of the cornea was detected in children aged 0 to 9 years. In older age groups, the change of prevalence of corneal diseases was found to be chaotic. The trends of age-related prevalenceof infectious vs. non-infectious diseases of the cornea were basically similar; the highest rate was detected among patients aged 60–69. Conclusion.According to the appealability data, the prevalence rate of corneal diseases is rather high and age-dependent with a prevailing share of non-infectious corneal pathologies. In male population, this rate is notably lower than in female population.

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Fatima, Karim Khudair Alasadi, Mohammed Thabit Hadeel, and Amer Safa. "Effect of Bacterial Diseases on the Physiological Functions of the Plant: A Review." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 1056–61. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).84.

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Amarnath, Shivantha, Liliane Deeb, Jobin Philipose, Xiaomin Zheng, and Vivek Gumaste. "A Comprehensive Review of Infectious Granulomatous Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2021 (February 6, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8167149.

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A granuloma is defined as a localized inflammatory reaction or a hypersensitive response to a nondegradable product leading to an organized collection of epithelioid histiocytes. Etiologies of granulomatous disorders can be divided into two broad categories: infectious and noninfectious (autoimmune conditions, toxins, etc.) causes. The endless list of causalities may prove challenging for gastroenterologists and pathologists to formulate a list of clearly defined differentials. This is true when distinguishing these etiologies based on various clinical presentations and endoscopic and histological findings. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of some of the frequent and rare infectious granulomatous diseases of the gastrointestinal tract documented in the literature to date. We provide an overview of each infectious pathology with an emphasis on epidemiology, clinical presentation, and endoscopic and histologic findings, in addition to treatment.

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Gadkowski, L. Beth, and Jason E. Stout. "Cavitary Pulmonary Disease." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21, no. 2 (2008): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00060-07.

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SUMMARY A pulmonary cavity is a gas-filled area of the lung in the center of a nodule or area of consolidation and may be clinically observed by use of plain chest radiography or computed tomography. Cavities are present in a wide variety of infectious and noninfectious processes. This review discusses the differential diagnosis of pathological processes associated with lung cavities, focusing on infections associated with lung cavities. The goal is to provide the clinician and clinical microbiologist with an overview of the diseases most commonly associated with lung cavities, with attention to the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the host.

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Advani, Sonali D., and Mohamad G. Fakih. "The evolution of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI): Is it time for more inclusive metrics?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 40, no. 6 (2019): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.43.

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AbstractCatheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) has long been considered a preventable healthcare-associated infection. Many federal agencies, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and public and private healthcare organizations have implemented strategies aimed at preventing CAUTIs. To monitor progress in CAUTI prevention, the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) CAUTI metric has been adopted nationally as the primary outcome measure and has been refined over the past decades. However, this surveillance metric may underestimate infectious and noninfectious catheter harm. We suggest evolving to more inclusive performance metrics to better reflect quality improvement efforts underway in hospitals. The standardized device utilization ratio (SUR) provides a good surrogate for preventable catheter harm. On the other hand, a population-based metric that combines both standardized infection ratio (SIR) and SUR would address both infectious and noninfectious harm, while adjusting for population risk. Finally, electronically captured catheter-associated bacteriuria may contribute essential information on local testing stewardship.

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Savilov, Evgeny D., Svetlana N. Shugaeva, Nikolaj I. Briko, and Sergey I. Kolesnikov. "Risk ― A Basic Concept of Epidemiology." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 74, no. 1 (2019): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn1006.

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This article presents the analysis of current scientific understanding of the term «risk» along with theoretical justification of its use in epidemiological studies. Epidemiology commonly uses definitions such as «risk factor», «group of risk», «risk area», and «risk period». However, these definitions were useful only for specific groups or nosoligical infectious diseases. In Noninfectious Pathology the terms had been used exclusively in the applied studies. There is a lack of publications which compile theoretical basics of such fundamental term category. The authors suggest a definition of epidemiologic «risk» which can be used in the epidemiology of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is a probability of negative influence on illness (and/or its impact) of specific groups of general population which is defined by external and/or internal factors in specific times and territories. The authors differentiate types of risk and their evaluation measures into categories for used in applied studies of epidemiology. The relationships and the unity of the basic categories of the epidemiologic risk are discussed. The authors conclude that riskology is the main branch of epidemiology and the category of «risk» is the basic paradigm of this science.

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