Journal articles on the topic 'Inferential references'

This paper reviews recent research on dependent functional data. After providing an introduction to functional data analysis, we focus on two types of dependent functional data structures: time series of curves and spatially distributed curves. We review statistical models, inferential methodology, and possible extensions. The paper is intended to provide a concise introduction to the subject with plentiful references.

This paper explores national governments’ prioritization of environmental matters within their e-government websites, in order to provide empirical evidence related to the way “green” issues are articulated in different countries’ policymaking agendas. Through a multi-pronged methodological approach combining frame analysis, factor analysis, inferential statistics, and qualitative interpretation, explicit and visual allusions related to environmental policies, initiatives, challenges, and agencies in the home page or main portal of the national governments for 189 UN members were coded. Results show that only 39.1% of the analyzed e-government sites included environmental references, and no strong pattern characterized the framing of environmental concerns by governments. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that GDP per capita and contribution to global CO2 emissions have more weight than other variables in a nation’s propensity to highlight environmental issues within their e-government websites. Findings are discussed in light of framing theory, as well as in light of implications for governments’ public image and for actual environmental advocacy.

Abstract Online participatory environments have become saturated spaces in terms of the opportunities that they offer for the display of different viewpoints and ideologies. YouTube, as a popular video-sharing and networking site, constitutes a new media space that invites both individual and collaborative stance-taking by participants who gather, virtually, to address a particular topic, issue or event depicted visually and discussed textually through the comments that are posted on the site. This interactional dynamics triggers a dialogic sequence of follow-ups through which stances are formulated following up on previous stances or counterstances. Against this background, this paper reports on a case study of individual and collaborative, and interdiscursive and intradiscursive stance-taking in participants’ comments to an online review focusing on the strategic use of direct (tactile) and indirect (inferential) references to evidentiality and their co-occurrence with argumentative markers. In this multilayered context stance-taking does not only contribute to evaluation but also to the construction of collective identities.

The phenomenon of misunderstanding is a recurrent feature of everyday life – sometimes a source of frustration, sometimes a site of blame. But misunderstandings can also be seen as getting interactants out of (as well as into) trouble. For example, misunderstandings may be produced to deal with disaffiliative implications of ‘not being on the same page,’ and as such they may be deployed as a resource for avoiding trouble. This paper examines misunderstanding as a pragmatic accomplishment, focusing on the uses to which it is put in interactions as a practice for dealing with threats to intersubjectivity: the extent to which persons are aligned in terms of a current referent, activity, assessment, etc. A multimodal discourse analysis of audio and video recordings of naturally-occurring talk inspects moments in which misunderstandings are purported or displayed (rather than overtly invoked) as well as how such misunderstandings are oriented to as simply-repairable references, versus inferential matters more misaligned and potentially fraught. Rather than being a straightforward reflection of an experience of trouble with understanding, misunderstanding may also be collaboratively produced to manage practical challenges to intersubjectivity.

Lack of student interest in writing essays, this happens because teachers in learning do not use innovative learning models, and learning media that interest students. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the use of Think Talk Write (TTW) learning models assisted by monopolistic media on simple essay writing skills of third-grade elementary school students. This type of research is quasi-experimental (quasi-experimental) with a non-equivalent post-test only control group design. The study population was all grade III in elementary school. The research sample was taken using a random sampling technique, with a total of 59 people. Data collection instruments used in this study were simple essay writing skills instruments, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (t-test). Based on the results of the t-test analysis, the t-count was 11.457. While the table with db = 57 and a significance level of 5% is 2.002. This shows that t-count is greater than t-table (t-count> t-table) with the conclusion that the Think Talk Write (TTW) learning model assisted by monopoly media has a positive effect on writing skills in simple essays. The existence of this research helps teachers to enrich references to models and instructional media that can be used.

Evidential markers encode the source of information that an individual (the evidential Origo) has for a proposition. In root declaratives, the Origo is always the speaker (see Korotkova 2016 and references therein). Instead, questions often display interrogative flip: the Origo shifts to the hearer (Garrett 2001; Speas & Tenny 2003, a.o.). While interrogative flip is widely attested across languages, some evidentials have been reported not to flip in questions (see, e.g., San Roque, Floyd & Norcliffe 2017; Bhadra 2017). What determines whether evidentials flip or not? Recent work (Korotkova 2016; Bhadra 2017) has proposed that there is a correlation between lack of flip and bias in questions. This paper contributes to our understanding of the interaction of evidentials and bias by investigating the behaviour of questions with the Italian non-predictive future. We characterize the non-predictive future as an inferential evidential marker (see also Mari 2009; Eckardt & Beltrama forthcoming), and show that lack of flip for the future correlates only with a particular type of bias: a reversal of the default bias associated with negative polar questions (Frana & Rawlins forthcoming). We trace back this pattern to an interaction between the evidential component of the future and the operator that triggers bias reversal.

This study investigates university English learners’ motivational and emotional responses to a performance-based assessment project before and after the project. Data were collected from 25 students learning English as a foreign language using two motivation questionnaires while they were working individually on a project called “Identity Poem”. A quantitative analysis of the data using descriptive and inferential statistics revealed that participants were highly motivated before and after the project. This increase in the level of motivation at both stages could be explained by the supportive behavior of the teacher and by the topic of the project that aroused curiosity and interest. Their emotional state was also positive at both stages due to their perception of the feasibility of the project and a high level of confidence resulting from outstanding performance. Regarding the qualitative data, an analysis based on the number of references to a pattern was utilized. The findings corroborated the high level of motivation observed with the quantitative results before and after the project. They additionally supported the quantitative findings indicating that the participants’ emotional state was relatively positive. However, a few learners were anxious, but their anxiety did not prevent them from completing the project. Regarding the pedagogical implications, project work can be used as an alternative in assessment so that learners can stay motivated during the assessment process. To achieve this aim, language teachers need to ensure that a project is within the learners’ reach and provide them with quality feedback at every stage.

I Guess Korean Has Some More Mirative Markers: -Napo- and -Nmoyang- The aim of this paper is to shed light on the semantics of some newly discovered Korean evidential markers -napo- and -n moyang- and to discuss their underlying cognitive mechanism by investigating their functional similarities and differences. 1. PHENOMENA IN FOCUS. The markers, to begin with, are inferential evidential markers; as shown in (2)-(3), they indicate that the speaker infers that the event referred to occurs based on her own observation: (1) cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-e [an utterance without the markers] house-Loc cat-Nom be-Ending “There is a cat in the house.” (2) [After finding a cat’s footprints around the door,] a. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-napo-a Lit. See whether there is a cat house-Nom cat-Nom be-napo-Ending in the house. b. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-nu-n moyang-i-a Lit. It is a shape (=situation) that house-Nom cat-Nom be-Pres-n moyang-cop-Ending there is a cat in the house. “(I can infer that) It seems that there is a cat in the house.” (3) [Seeing that the addressee’s pants is wet,] a. pakk-ey pi-ka o-napo -a Lit. See whether it rains outside outside-Loc rain-Nom come-napo-Ending b. pakk-ey pi-ka o-nu-n moyang-i-a Lit. It is a shape (=situation) that outside-Loc rain-Nom come-Pres-n moyang-cop-Ending it rains outside.” “(I can infer that) It seems that it rains outside.” The evidential markers, however, are intriguing in that they can function as a mirative evidential (DeLancey 1997): (2) and (3) sometimes indicate unexpected information, even when the speaker has direct visual access to the information. For instance, (2a-b) should be used in a context where the speaker does not have a cat in her house, whereas the cat in (1) can be specific; (3a-b) can be used in a context where the interlocutors have not known that it was raining and where the speaker who discovered it first let the addressee know. Notice that the marker’s unique semantics is also employed as a politeness strategy to hedge the speaker’s assertiveness for politeness: In (4), even though she knows that the event referred to is a fact, the speaker pretends not to know it in front of her senior: (4) [A student explaining what happened the previous night to her advisor, who was too drunk to remember anything,] ecey sensayingnim-kkeyse manhi chwiha-si-ess-*(napo-/-te-n moyang-i)e-yo. yesterday teacher-Nom [Hon] much be.drunk-Hon-Past-napo-/retro-n moyang-cop)Ending-Hon “(I can infer that) It seems that you were drunk too much.” 2. BACKGROUNDS. Most Korean linguists apparently regard the category of evidentiality as a redundant category due to its functional overlapping with mood, since there are more than a few cases where each of evidentiality and epistemic modality induces inferences about the other and since Korean has an elaborate mood system that can cover some of the territory of evidentiality (hinted by Y.-K. Ko 2007; inter alia), on the one hand. On the other hand, there are a number of linguists, (Kwon 2009, J.-M. Song, 2002, K.-S. Chung 2005, inter alia) who assume that the category of evidentiality definitely exists in Korean and focus on some of the evidential markers case by case. This paper will not treat this controversy any further, but it seems clear that the category of evidentiality is conceptually salient, and cross-linguistically pervasive. Meanwhile, it is surprising that most of studies on evidentials in Korean only concentrate on an individual item and that there has not been a comprehensive work outlining the overall picture of the overall system of evidentiality in Korean (cf. K.-S. Chung 2005). My long-term goal is to figure out the overall system of evidentiality in Korean and to characterize the semantic/pragmatic properties of the markers thoroughly. This paper focuses on the two inferential evidential markers -napo and –nmoyang among them. These markers have not been thoroughly discussed in previous literature. To explore their semantic and pragmatic properties would be of particular interest, since their extended properties are inherited from their original constructions (to be discussed in section 3) where elaborate pragmatic inferences are involved. 3. ANALYSES. This paper argues that the semantics of the markers converges from two different origins (-na ‘whether’ and po- ‘see’ > -napo-; -n relativizer and -moyang- ‘shape’> -nmoyang-), because the speaker employs different intersubjective pragmatic tactics that converge into a single function: to draw the addressee’s attention to what the speaker inferred. The original constructions can be shown as follows: (7)a. Chelswu-ka (o-na po-a /b. o-n moyang-i-a) Chelswu-Nom come-whether see-Decl come-Relativizer shape-Cop-Decl. “See whether Chelswu is coming.” The pragmatics underlying the original structure of the -napo construction is that he speaker urges the addressee to confirm what the speaker conjectures, on the one hand. On the other hand, -nmoyang is originally used in contexts where the speaker intends to describe a situation from a certain epistemic distance, which implies that the speaker has some level of knowledge of the focal event. The difference in their original constructions results in subtle functional difference of their grammaticalized forms. SUBJECT CONSTRAINTS. Other than by showing their functions, there is another supporting evidence that the markers are evidentials: they show an intriguing asymmetry in subject usages in utterances that employ either of the markers, as Aikhenvald and Dixon (2003: 16) noted that “[E]videntiality systems often interact with the grammatical person of the subject or experience.” If the markers show limitations on first person subject usages, then their evidential function requires that the speaker’s inference be based on her objectified observation, which yields asymmetry between usages involving first person subjects and those with non-first person subjects: (8) a. ku (?nay)-ka hakkyo-ey ka-ess-napo-a He(?I)-Nom school-Loc go-Past-napo-Decl b. ku (?nay)-ka hakkyo-ey ka-nmoyang-i-a He(?I)-Nom school-Loc go-nmoyang-Cop-Decl “(I can infer that) It seems that he (I?) went to school” The markers presuppose that the event referred to in the utterance is based on the speaker’s inference. It is also implicated that the speaker is not certain about the information. But, people are normally aware of their own conscious, volitional actions such as going to school. In this context, if the speaker mentioned what she had done with either of the inferential markers, it would be contradictory: Since the mode of access that the indirect evidential encodes is not direct, the inferential evidential conflicts with the direct access that a first person subject usually has with respect to her own past actions. This is a typical characteristic of evidentials. MIRATIVITY. The inferential evidential markers -napo and -nmoyang are also licensed in context where the speaker intends to express the unexpectedness of the focal event. As Delancey (1997, 1999) noted, there is a kind of evidential that encodes/implicates the ‘unprepared mind’ of the speaker, which is a mirative evidential, and this paper argues that the two inferential markers are extended to be used as such function: (9) cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-e house-Loc cat-Nom be-Decl “There is a cat in the house.” [an unidentified cat or a pet cat] (10)a. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-napo-a house-Loc cat-Nom be-napo-Decl b. cip-ey koyangi-ka iss-nu-nmoyang-a house-Loc cat-Nom be-Imperf-nmoyang-Decl “(Oh) Wow, there is a cat in the house.” [an unidentified cat] We can see that in (10), the cat should not be a pet cat that is already identifiable to the speaker, whereas (9) could refer to either a specific or a non-specific cat. In sum, considering the given examples above that are not prototypical examples that show inferential semantics, we can learn that markers -napo and -nmoyang can encode mirativity as well as inferential evidential semantics. POLITENESS TACTIC. The markers can be used in a politeness strategy neutralizing the speaker’s assertiveness: (11) [When a bartender politely tells a drunken customer, who is demanding more drinks, to stop drinking and to go home] a. cip-ey ka-si-e-yacyo. manhi chwiha-si-ess-#(napo-)e-yo. home-Loc go-Hon-Decl-Hon.end much be.drunk-Hon-Past-napo-Decl-Hon b. cip-ey ka-si-e-yacyo. manhi chwiha-si-#(nmoyang-i)e-yo. home-Loc go-Hon-Decl-Hon.end much be.drunk-Hon-nmoyang-Cop-Decl-Hon “You should get yourself going home. (It seems that) You’re very drunk.” [Koreterm #3643] The utterances would have been rude, without the markers -napo and -nmoyang. The utterances involve the speaker’s pragmatic tactic of flouting: although the bartender has perceived the customer’s obvious drunken state, he pretends not to have directly perceived what is referred to and also pretends to indirectly infer it from some other evidence. It is noted that again, this usage of the marker is not prototypical inferential marking: The speaker has observed it, she has certainty about the information, and thus, its inferential marking function is not needed, logically speaking. Part of the pragmatic tactics involved is related to the markers’ inferential function and the other part of it is related to the markers’ mirative function. That is, in case of (11), the speaker should not assert directly that her customer is drunk, since otherwise, the utterance will threaten her customer’s face. Thus, the speaker employs either of the inferential markers in order to distance herself from the focal event, i.e., in order to pretend not to know what she observed, as if she had not perceived the scene directly. Also, the speaker employs it as if she had just recognized that her customer is drunk. The shorter the period of time during which the customer has been “obviously” drunk, the less face threat is involved in telling the customer about it. 4. DISCUSSION. So far, it has been shown that inferential evidential markers -napo- and -nmoyang- are distributed in a similar way and that even their extended functions, such as implicating mirativity and giving a rise to politeness reading, are similar to each other. SUBTLE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE. Nevertheless, the markers carry subtly different degrees of the speaker’s attitude towards novelty of the information that is talked about. For instance, -napo can encode the speaker’s urgency towards the focal event, whereas -nmoyang encodes the speaker’s controlled and calm emotional state towards the focal event: (12) [While sleeping, hearing that someone has come in, the speaker is scared and says to her husband] a. totwuk-i tul-ess-napo-a thief-Nom come.in-Past-napo-Decl b.?? totwuk-i tul-unmoyang-i-a thief-Nom come.in-nmoyang-Cop-Decl “(I can infer that) It seems that a thief broke into our place.” In brief, in order for -nmoyang to be licensed, the speaker will keep a relatively farther cognitive distance toward the focal event, as if the speaker had observed the event very objectively as a third party. In contrast, -napo is likely to encode the speaker’s urgent attitude toward the target event. DISTANCING STRATEGY. In a number of cases, it is not easy to choose exactly one of these functions as the relevant one in context. This might implicate that the three functions in context are compatible with each other and thus, entangled conceptually. Here is an example show the entangled functions of the markers: (13) [The speaker is scheduled to meet her friend, but she feels sick. She feels sorry about not being able to keep the promise and tries to apologize to her friend, saying,] nay-ka aphu-{n-kapo/nmoyang-i}-a I-Nom be.sick-{Conn-napo/nmoyang-Cop}-Decl “(I can infer that) It seems that I’m sick.” Literally, the speaker expresses a guess about her own internal state. Notice that first person subject is used with either of the markers. This is possible, first, because she does not want to take responsibility for the consequence of her illness—canceling the appointment. If no evidential marker is used, the transfer of the information is direct and the fact that the speaker is sick will be directly vouched for by the speaker, which might yield an assertive reading. In (13), the speaker is less assertive and thus, avoids direct responsibility. Second, the markers allow the speaker to express the unexpectedness of the information. And obviously an unexpected problem is a better excuse for inability to keep a promise. In brief, (13) includes all the functions mentioned above: The speaker employs an inferential evidential construction in a context where it is not only a prototypical inferential statement, but also a mirative statement, which is further used as a politeness strategy. The cognitive mechanisms underlying the multiple usages of the markers stem from the speaker’s effort to distance herself from the event in question, exploiting the indirective semantics of the markers. 5. CONCLUSION. This paper argues that the markers -napo and -nmoyang are to be regarded as evidentials, by looking into their basic properties and extended properties. Specifically, they are inferential markers, which encode the speaker’s inference based on observed entities, properties, or relations. It was also shown that the markers can encode a mirative function that marks unexpectedness or unpreparedness to the speaker’s mind. Moreover, the markers are intentionally employed in a politeness strategy. This strategic indirectness derives from their inferential and mirative characteristics. Based on these observations, this paper provides a unified account for the semantic functions of these two markers, following DeLancey’s assumption that inferentials, evidentials, and miratives are semantically related, and argues that the relationship is based on pragmatic tactics of exploiting inferential and mirative senses for indirectness and politeness. It is also discussed that even though the two markers are distributed very similarly, they are subtly different in that -napo encodes immediacy, whereas -nmoyang encodes the speaker’s non-immediacy and even the speaker’s controlled and calm state of mind toward an event. Based on the similarities and differences between the two markers’ (extended) functions, this paper argued that the cognitive mechanism underlying the two markers’ functions is a distancing strategy for interactive meaning negotiation. SELECTED REFERENCES Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and R.M.W. Dixon (eds.). 2003. Studies in Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chung, Kyung-Sook. 2005. Spaces in Tense: The Interactionof Tense, Aspect, Evidentiality and Speech Act in Korean. Ph. D. Dissertation. Simon Fraser University. DeLancey, Scott. 1997. Mirativity: The Grammatical Marking of Unexpected Information. Linguistic Typology 1. 33-52. DeLancey, Scott. 1999. The Mirative and Evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics 33, 369-382. Ko, Yeong-Keun. 2007. Hankwukeuy Sicey, Sepep, Tongcaksang [Tense, Mood, and Aspect in Korean]. Kyeonggi-do, Korea: Taehaksa. Kwon, Iksoo. 2009. The Korean Evidential Marker -te- Revisited: Its Semantic Constraints and Distancing Effects in Mental Spaces Theory. Paper presented at Fillmore Fest 2009: Frames and Constructions, University of California, Berkeley, July 31-August 2, 2009. Song, Jae-Mog. 2002. A Typoloical Analysis of the Korean Evidential Marker ‘-Te-.’ Enehak [The Linguisitic Society of Korea] 32, 147-164.

In Making It Explicit (1994) Robert Brandom claims that we may distinguish those linguistic expressions with object-representational purport — the singular terms — from others merely by the structure of their inferential relations. A good part of his inferentialist program rests on this claim. At first blush it can seem implausible: linguistic expressions stand in inferential relations to each other, so how could we appeal to those relations to decide on the obtaining of what seems to be relation between linguistic expressions and objects in general (viz., x purports to represent y)? It is perhaps not surprising then that Brandom's proposal fails. But it definitely is surprising how it fails. The problem is that in order to specify the sort of generality there is to an expression's inferential role, one must appeal to some version of the traditional distinction between extensional and nonextensional occurrences of expressions, and there appears to be no way to draw anything like that distinction in inferentialist terms. For the inferential proprieties governing the different occurrences an expression can have are so varied that they do not determine a binary partition of those occurrences.

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to comprehensively understand the effect of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on Organizational Commitments of SMAN in Palangka Raya. This research uses quantitative methods. The sample of this study was 389 teachers who served at SMAN in Palangka Raya City. Data collection techniques with survey techniques through questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is descriptive and inferential analysis (hypothesis testing). Inferential analysis (hypothesis testing is used to test research hypotheses through path analysis). Based on the results of the analysis of research data it can be concluded that the POS has a direct positive effect on organizational commitment, so it can be interpreted POS accuracy perceived by teachers has an impact on increasing the commitment of teacher organizations Public High Schools in the City of Palangka Raya. Keywords: Perceived Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment, SMAN Palangka Raya Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui secara komprehensif pengaruh dari Perceived Organizational Support (POS) terhadap Komitmen Organisasi SMAN di Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 389 orang guru yang bertugas di SMAN di Kota Palangka Raya. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan teknik survey melalui penyebaran angket. Teknis analisis data yang digunakan adalah secara deskriptif dan analisis inferensial (uji hipotesis). Analisis inferensial (uji hipotesis digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis penelitian melalui jalur analisis alur (Path Analysis). Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penelitian dapat disimpulkan disimpulkan bahwa POS berpengaruh langsung positif terhadap komitmen organisasi; sehingga dapat diartikan ketepatan POS yang dirasakan guru berdampak pada peningkatan komitmen organisasi guru SMA Negeri se-Kota Palangka Raya. Kata Kunci: Perceived Organizational Support, Komitmen Organisasi, SMAN Palangka Raya References: Colquitt, J., Lepine, J., & Wesson, M. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Improving Performance and Commitment in the Worplace. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Eisenberger, R., & Huntington, R. (1986). Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, (71)3. Giraldi, N. V. N. (2017). Pengaruh Perceived Organizational Support terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dengan Komitmen Organisasional sebagai Variabel Intervening pada Karyawan Bidang Transmisi Distribusi PDAM Delta Tirta Sidoarjo. Skripsi, tidak dipublikasikan, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Airlangga Surabaya. LaMastro. V. (1999). Commitmen and Perceived Organizational Support”.National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal, (12)2. Newstrom, J. W., & Davis, K. (2012). Organizational Behavior(New York: International Edition, Inc. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 41 Tahun 2009 tentang Tunjangan Profesi Guru dan Dosen, Tunjangan Khusus Guru dan Dosen, serta Tunjangan Kehormatan Profesor. Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2012). Management. United States: Pearson Education, Inc. Slocum. J. W., & Hellriegel, D. (2011). Principles ofOrganizational Behavior. South-Western: Cengage Learning. Soleh, A. R. (2018). Hubungan Persepsi Dukungan Perceived Organizational Support dengan Komitmen Organisasi pada Pegawai BLU UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Skripsi, tidak dipublikasikan, Fakultas Psikologi dan Kesehatan Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Uc?ar, D., & O?tken, A. B. (2010). Perceived Organizational Support and oOganizational Commitment: The Mediating Role of Organization Based Self-Esteem. Dokuz Eylu?l U?niversitesi I?ktisadi ve I?dari Bilimler Faku?ltesi Dergisi,(5)85-105. www.dergi.iibf.deu.edu.tr. Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2005 tentang Guru dan Dosen.

The effect of popular music on the behavior and emotions of youth is of significant concern to policy makers in government and the general public. Lyrics have become more explicit in their references to drugs, sex, and violence over the years. Notably, rap music is characterized by sexually explicit language in its lyrics as well as messages of violence, racism, drugs, homophobia, and hatred toward women. These depictions of violence and deviance are likely to have negative influence on the behavior and moral values of the youth who listen to such music with far reaching impact of risky behavior in future. Therefore, this study was interested in uncovering the type of the popular music that Kenyan youth listen to; the type of violent and deviant information contained in such popular music and the subsequent effect of these violent and deviant messages on their attitude and behavior. The study targeted male and female undergraduate students from the University of Nairobi. A sample of 200 undergraduate students (100 male and 100 female) was drawn using multistage sampling procedures and systematic random sampling. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire with both structured and open-ended questions.Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics where frequency, percentages and measures of central tendency were used. Inferential statistics (chi-test) were used to test the effect of popular music on attitude and behavior of youth in Kenya.The study confirmed gender difference in the attitude towards popular music among the youth with female students having negative attitude while their male counterparts had a more favorable attitude towards popular music. It was also established that increasing exposure to popular music had detrimental effects including; increased vulnerability to drug and substance abuse, violence, crime, illicit sexual behavior, disease burden and loss of moral values. The study concludes that popular music was likely to have profound immediate and long term negative effects to the attitude and behavior of youth in Kenya. Their lyrical content was found to be offensive to both male and female but with bias against women and therefore likely to promote aggressive and violent behaviors towards women.

In the globalization era, the world is developed without the boundary, the development of the sciences and technologies have been needed by people in the nation, to increase the quality of education. In the biology (sciences) has been needed to adapt student-centered learning paradigm than the teacher-centered. The purposes of the study are to apply the Reciprocal Teaching (RT), Think Pair Share (TPS), Reciprocal Teaching Plus Think Pair Share (RT+TPS) learning strategic to increase the metacognitive ability in learning biology for the senior high school students in Sidoarjo with different academic capability. The study is a quasi experiment. The research design is pre-post test non-equivalent control group design with the 4x2 factorial pattern. The total sample is 240 students. Data are subjected to the ANACOVA statistic and followed by the LSD test with 0.05 significance degree. The result of inferential analysis indicates that the learning strategy and academic capability influenced the metacognitive ability students. The average score metacognitive ability remarks in the RT+TPS with remarks 77.73 and the higher 1.65% than TPS with remarks 76.44, but the really different and the higher 2.92% than RT with remarks 75.45, 4.33% than the Conventional with remarks 74.36. The average score met cognitive ability remarks Up students academic capability performs is 76.53 is the really different and the higher 1.39% than the Down student academic capability performs is 75.46. The average score RT+TPS strategy learning in the Up academic capability with the remarks 78.93 and the higher 1.42% than TPS-Up academic with remarks 77.82, but the really different and the higher 4.86% than RT-Up academic with remarks 75.10, 5,91% than the Conventional-Up academic with remarks 74.27. The average score metacognitive ability strategy learning RT+TPS-Up academic is really different and higher 3.05% than RT+TPS-Down academic with remarks 76.53. The RT+TPS strategy learning application have the best result to increase the metacognitive ability in learning biology if it is compared with the RT, TPS, or Conventional strategy learning on the Up or Down students academic capability performs. This strategy can be used for the largest biology learning and as the alternative to manage the instruction learning in the class, the factor fundamental to make decision for the stake holders, and the first research for the references continuous research.

Abstract Introduction A recent systematic review by Talkhan et al demonstrated the need for theoretically based behaviour change interventions in this area. [1] For development of such complex interventions, emphasis should be placed on using theory to systematically identify behavioural determinants of antimicrobial prescribing. Aim To identify and quantify clinicians’ behavioural determinants of antimicrobial prescribing in Qatar. Methods This cross-sectional survey is part of a multi-phase explanatory, sequential mixed methods PhD project in Qatar. Questionnaires were distributed (online and paper based) to all doctors (~4,000) and pharmacists (~400) within Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC, the main healthcare provider). The questionnaire was developed with reference to the Determinants of Implementation Behaviour Questionnaire (a generic questionnaire derived from the 14 theoretical domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework, TDF). [2] Each item was presented as a 5-point Likert scale (scored 5=Strongly agree to 1=Strongly disagree). Personal and practice demographics were also collected for data contextualisation. The draft questionnaire was reviewed for face/content validity by an expert panel of six researchers in Qatar and the UK with experience in the use of the TDF, followed by ‘Think aloud’ testing and piloting. Analysis investigated the behavioural determinants and influential factors through descriptive, principal component analysis (PCA) and inferential analysis. Ethics approval was granted from a UK university and HMC. Results In total, 535 responses were received, 339 (63.4%) from doctors and 196 (36.6%) from pharmacists. Respondents were predominantly male, 346 (64.7%). Just over half (n=285, 53.3%) had ≤ 5 years’ experience as health professionals. PCA showed a three component (C) solution with components incorporating a number of questionnaire items labelled: ‘Guidelines compliance’ (C1 with 8 items), ‘Influences on prescribing’ (C2 with 7 items) and ‘Self-efficacy’ (C3 with 5 items) in prescribing/recommendation activity. A scale score for each respondent was calculated through summation of Likert scores for the relevant questionnaire items within each component. These scales had high internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha all >0.7) showing consistency in response between component items indicating statistical appropriateness for developing scales. The median score (possible scale range, midpoint) for each scale was C1, 32 (8 to 40, 24), C2, 26 (7 to 35, 21) and C3, 20, (5 to 25, 15). By way of example Table 1 shows levels of agreement for items in C2. This shows lower levels of agreement than C1 scale with the median scale score (26) closer to the midpoint (21) indicating that respondents had less positive views. Inferential analysis using these scale scores and free text analysis is in progress. Conclusion A theoretical basis was used throughout providing insights to behavioural determinants for the development of a theory-based behaviour change intervention. Preliminary results suggest that social influences, staff development and quality monitoring may be useful targets for behaviour change interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing practice. Limitations include potential social desirability bias and focus on one healthcare organisation/country in the Middle East which may limit generalisability of findings. More in-depth exploration is required to select and test appropriate linked theory-based behaviour change techniques. References 1. Talkhan H, Stewart D, McIntosh T, Ziglam H Palli Valapila, A; Moza Sulaiman H, Diab M, Cunningham S. The use of theory in the development and evalu​ation of behaviour change interventions to improve antimicrobial prescribing: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(9):2394–2410, Available from https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa154 [Accessed 12 Oct 2020]. 2. Huijg JM, Gebhardt WA, Dusseldorp E, Verheijden MW, van der Zouwe N, Middelkoop BJ, Crone MR. Measuring determinants of implementation behaviour: psychometric properties of a questionnaire based on the Theoretical Domains Framework. Implement. Sci. 2014;9(1):33.

Chemical immobilisation is an integral component for the conservation of wild animals and can be stressful if proper protocols are not administered. References on the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) are scarce. The current study was designed to evaluate the physiological and clinical responses of Arabian striped hyaena, immobilised with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) and ketamine-xylazine (KX); and to compare immobilisation effectiveness of the two combinations in a cross-sectional clinical study. A total of 15 (six males, nine females) (semi-) captive and adult Arabian striped hyaena with an average weight of 31.39 ± 0.36 kg were immobilised 50 times for annual vaccination and translocation purposes from January 2014 till March 2018 on Sir Bani Yas Island, United Arab Emirates. A total of 34 immobilisations were executed with (Mean ± SE) 2.27 ± 0.044 mg/kg ketamine and 0.04 ± 0.001 mg/kg medetomidine; while 16 with 4.95 ± 0.115 mg/kg ketamine and 0.99 ± 0.023 mg/kg xylazine. The drugs were remotely delivered intramuscular. The evaluation of physiological and clinical parameters included monitoring of vital signs through pulse oximetry, blood gas analysis of arterial blood through Istat blood gas analyser, and blood biochemistry and haematology. The quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery was also assessed. Atipamezole (0.21 ± 0.003 mg/kg) was used to antagonise the effects of KM and 0.09 ± 0.003 mg/kg atipamezole or by 0.23 ± 0.006 mg/kg yohimbine for KX. Data were analysed using the general linear model and inferential statistics. KM was more effective in induction (scores; KM = 1.41 ± 0.10; KX = 1.31 ± 0.12), anaesthesia (KM = 1.00 ± 0.00; KX = 2.0 ± 0.0) and recovery (KM = 1.76 ± 0.15; KX = 2.69 ± 0.12) phases as compared to KX. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) amongst the two combinations for anaesthesia time (KM = 59.5 ± 2.41; KX = 49.25 ± 1.31 min.), time to stand after reversal (KM = 4.91 ± 0.60; KX = 10.38 ± 1.48 min.) and full loss of the signs of anaesthetics (KM = 12.32 ± 1.37; KX = 21.25 ± 2.16 min.) along with rectal temperature (KM = 37.58 ± 0.29; KX = 36.00 ± 0.68 °C), pulse rate (KM = 50.46 ± 1.90; KX = 61.14 ± 2.79 beats/min), respiration rate (KM = 29.44 ± 0.99; KX = 23.80 ± 1.57 breaths/min.) and partial pressure of oxygen (KM = 89.59 ± 1.34; KX = 82.06 ± 3.92%). The blood oxygen saturation by oximeter indicated hypoxaemia in KX (82.06 ± 3.92), supported by the data from blood gas analyser. KM combination was more suitable for the immobilisation of Arabian striped hyaena, providing a better quality of induction, anaesthesia and recovery compared to KX. However, we strongly suggest further investigation to see the effects of oxygen supplementation for the compensation of hypoxaemia.

Purpose Educators often use results from static norm-referenced vocabulary assessments to aid in the diagnosis of school-age children with a language disorder. However, research has indicated that many of these vocabulary assessments yield inaccurate, biased results, especially with culturally and linguistically diverse children. This study examined whether the use of a dynamic assessment of inferential word learning was more accurate at identifying bilingual (English/Spanish-speaking) children with a language disorder when compared to static measures of vocabulary. Method Thirty-one bilingual Spanish/English school-age children—21 children with typical language and 10 children with a language disorder—ages 5;9–9;7 (years;months) were administered traditional static vocabulary assessments and a dynamic assessment of inferential word learning that used a test–teach–test design. Results Discriminant analysis and logistic regression indicated that the combined posttest scores and modifiability ratings from the dynamic assessment generated 90%–100% sensitivity and 90.5%–95.2% specificity, which were superior to the static vocabulary tests. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that dynamic assessment of inferential word learning may be an effective method for accurately identifying diverse children with a language disorder.

The project of developing a pragmatic theory of meaning aims at an anti-metaphysical, therefore anti-repre­sen­ta­tio­nalist and anti-subjectivist, analysis of truth and reference. In order to understand this project we have to remember the turns or twists given to Frege’s and Witt­genstein’s original idea of inferential semantics (with Kant and Hegel as predecessors) in later developments like formal axiomatic theo­ries (Hilbert, Tarski, Carnap), regularist behaviorism (Quine), mental regulism and interpretationism (Chomsky, Davidson), social behaviorism (Sellars, Millikan), intentionalism (Grice), con­ventionalism (D. Lewis), justificational theories (Dummett, Lorenzen) and, finally, Brandom’s normative pragmatics.

This article proposes the use of the Bayesian reference analysis to estimate the parameters of the generalized normal linear regression model. It is shown that the reference prior led to a proper posterior distribution, while the Jeffreys prior returned an improper one. The inferential purposes were obtained via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Furthermore, diagnostic techniques based on the Kullback–Leibler divergence were used. The proposed method was illustrated using artificial data and real data on the height and diameter of Eucalyptus clones from Brazil.

The increasing popularity of noninferiority trials reflects the ongoing efforts to replace existing treatments (reference treatments) with new treatments (experimental treatments) that retain a substantial fraction of the effect of the reference treatments. The adoption of any new treatment has to be vindicated by a demonstration of benefits that outweigh a possible clinically insignificant reduction in the reference treatment efficacy. Statistical methods have been developed to analyze data collected from noninferiority trials. However, these methods focus on cases with only one reference treatment. In this paper, we provide the statistical inferential procedures for situations with multiple reference treatments. The computation of the corresponding critical values for simultaneous testings of noninferiority of several new treatments to multiple reference treatments in the presence of a placebo is provided. Furthermore, for a prespecified level of test power, a technique to determine the optimal sample size before the onset of a noninferiority trial is derived. A clinical example is given to illustrate our proposed procedure.

The present article shows a historical-epistemological study on the Chi-square statistic. In which theoretical-methodological notions from the Onto-Semiotic Approach (OSA) of mathematical cognition and instruction were used to identify four problems that have been key to the evolution of the Chi-square statistic: the Goodness-of-fit-test, the test of independence, the test of homogeneity and distribution. Furthermore, various meanings of the Chi-square statistic were recognized in the mathematical-statistical practices that are used to solve each of those problems. These meanings could help to establish epistemic criteria that allow, on the one hand, to propose progressive levels of inferential reasoning for the statistic (from informal to formal); and on the other hand, to design tasks oriented to promote the understanding of the diverse meanings of the Chi-square.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the advantages and obstacles of implementing Lean Six Sigma in Indian MSMEs during or post-COVID-19. The following research also elaborates on the challenges of implementing Lean Six Sigma in MSMEs in India, along with the changes in the culture that are required for providing a proper climate to ensure success in a long-term manner. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used in this study is a descriptive study, which explores and looks for the factors that influence the impulse or motivation to implement Lean Six Sigma in MSMEs and factors that inhibit the implementation of Lean Six Sigma. To achieve this goal of Lean Six Sigma, a significant review of the existing literature of the subject area has been done to prepare a framework with the help of inferential statistics in view of the critical success factors. This research is a flow and arranged a type of survey of organizations that is conducted using MS-Excel and SPSS 25.0 statistical software. The number of participants selected using a purposive sampling method in this study was 127 Lean Six Sigma experts and owners or CEOs of MSMEs in India. Findings Lean Six Sigma be used for facilitating the improvement processes in manufacturing operations, quality improvements and productivity. As some obstacles exist in implementing the Lean Six Sigma approach, the improvement processes and outcomes of change in the culture are noteworthy and worthwhile. The implementation of Lean Six Sigma has also some constraints, including cost limitations, skill limitations, limited facilities and other such limitations. The implementation of Lean Six Sigma during COVID-19 is not yet a matter of urgency or priority, and hence, cannot yet be applied. Research limitations/implications This paper presents opinions of only a few selected professionals of Indian MSMEs. So it was a crucial aspect of capturing the views of such practitioners of their arrival on valid and sound conclusions. Practical implications The novelty of this research is to analyze the advantages and obstacles of implementing Lean Six Sigma in MSMEs during the COVID-19 in India. The results of this research can be used as scientific references for researchers who will conduct future research. Moreover, it can be guidance for MSMEs owners to make decisions in implementing Lean Six Sigma during the COVID-19 pandemic. The organizations assess all of their aspects such as perceive objectives, required qualities and shortcomings for fruitful implementation of any practice. Originality/value Several suggestions were made for the methods and thoughts, which will constitute a Lean Six Sigma organization. Hence, the research offers an excellent framework for both working professionals and academicians to understand the view of Indian MSMEs along with their benefits and obstacles of implementing Lean Six Sigma. So this study helps in laying out a platform for understanding the uses of Lean Six Sigma for process excellence in a new era due to COVID-19.

IntroductionOne of the most prevalent chronic noncommunicable diseases of the older adult is type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). In this population group DM2 is associated with loss of functionality, reduced muscle mass, increased comorbidities and premature death, significantly affecting quality of life.ObjectiveTo establish the prevalence of DM2 and its chronic complications in the elderly.Patients and methodsDescriptive, cross-sectional study. 27469 older adult patients with 2DM who attended the outpatient clinic of the Enrique Garcés General Hospital were studied. Age, gender, ethnicity, area of residence, level of education, comorbidities, time of illness, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, chronic complications, and treatment were investigated. The data was analyzed in the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) v24. A descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed.ResultsThe 71.13% (19538) were women, 66.5% (18267) had a primary education, 68% (18679) were diabetics over 10 years; 85% (23349) had high blood pressure (HT). The complications found were neuropathy, pathological micro albuminuria, retinopathy and diabetic foot, 11.86% (3258) patients had a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) within normal parameters.Conclusions The prevalence of DM2 among adults over 75 years of age was 14%, and the presence of chronic complications was related to the longer evolution time of the disease along with higher HbA1C values.

Objective: To analyze the clinical evidence on the efficacy of phytotherapy in the treatment of calculi in the urinary tract. Methods: To be eligible, full-length articles should include the results of randomized controlled trials enrolling patients affected by urolithiasis, reporting any comparison between an experimental herbal agent versus placebo or any active comparator, aimed at preventing the formation or facilitating the dissolution of calculi in any portion of the urinary tract. Fifteen databases were searched for relevant references. The primary outcomes investigated were (i) the reduction of stone size and/or number and (ii) the urinary excretion rates of calcium, urate, or oxalate. The secondary outcome of the review was the adverse effects (AE) of treatment. Risk of bias (ROB) and quality of the evidence were assessed according to Cochrane and GRADE guidelines. We performed a randomeffect meta-analysis. Results: 541 articles were retrieved and 16 studies were finally confirmed as eligible. Multiple Cochrane ROB tool items were rated as having high risk of bias in each analyzed trial report. Pooled analysis of continuous data could be performed for three different comparisons: (i) phytotherapy versus citrate as single agent (ii) phytotherapy versus placebo, (iii) preparation of Didymocarpus pedicellata (DP) -combined with other herbal agents- versus placebo. Results showed that citrate is superior to phytotherapy in significantly decreasing both the size of urinary stones (mean difference: phytotherapy, 0.42 mm higher; 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.6; Z = 4.42, P &lt; 0.0001; I² = 30%) and the urinary excretion rate of urate (mean difference: 42.32 mg/24h higher, 95% CI: 19.44 to 65.19; Z = 3.63, P = 0.0003; I² = 96%), assessed after 3 months on-therapy. No significant differences in the excretion rates of urinary calcium or oxalate were found. The DP preparation was superior to placebo in inducing total clearance (risk ratio: 6.19, 95% CI: 2.60 to 14.74; Z = 4.12, P &lt; 0.0001; I² = 0%) and size reduction (mean difference: DP preparation, 4.93 mm lower; 95% CI: -9.18 to -0.67; Z = 2.27, P = 0.02; I² = 99%) of renal and ureteral stones after 3 months of therapy. No significant differences in the inter-arm variation of excretion rates of urinary calcium or urate were found as result of the pooled phytotherapy- placebo comparison. Herbal remedies were in general devoid of side effects and in few cases citrate appeared to induce GI disturbances in a higher fraction of patients. Most reports did not provide inferential data concerning AE, and meta-analysis was not feasible. Conclusions: Citrate is more effective than phytotherapy in decreasing the size of existing calculi in the urinary tract and in decreasing the urinary excretion rate of uric acid. A preparation containing Didymocarpus pedicellata combined with other herbal agents induces stone size reduction and clearance significantly better than placebo. Mayor limitations in the applicability of these results are the low quality of the evidence and the multiple sources of bias assessed in the studies included in the present review.

Seeing many electric rickshaws plying on plain rural and urban areas has become a common sight these days. Empirically, it can also be seen that many overseas returnees are taking up the occupation as an e-rickshaw driver as a means of financing their family needs. In the backdrop of this context, this research paper attempts to explore the challenge & opportunities associated with their occupation, their intention to switch from their current occupation, satisfaction of e-rickshaw drivers of Itahari, Nepal. This study used a structured questionnaire to collect primary data from 95 electric rickshaw drivers of Itahari. For data analysis, the researcher used Statistical Package for Social Science- 20. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used in the study. The findings of the study shows that, on average the e-rickshaw drivers are satisfied with their current occupation, majority of them do not have intention to switch occupation. The commonest problems faced by them are “the condition of the road” and “traffic problem”.

Abstract Background: Inherited thrombophilias are genetic disorders in which mutation carriers have an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism through abnormalities in the coagulation cascade. These abnormalities all lead to increased thrombin generation. The mutations, of which factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A are the most common, therefore likely increase thrombin mediated protein C activation in plasma. Previous findings have however been inconsistent. Increased activation of protein C in inherited thrombophilia would be interesting in light of various unexplained phenotypes described in thrombophilia carriers. Examples of such phenotypes include improved fertility, increased risk of miscarriage, protection from diabetic nephropathy, decreased susceptibility to and mortality from sepsis and decreased mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome. These do not appear directly related to increased coagulation in carriers. Activated protein C (APC) possesses a wide range of signaling functions and interactions with multiple pathways. These result in anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, gene-expression, regenerative and endothelial stabilizing effects. Such properties can easily be thought to play a role in the above described phenotypes. APC has indeed been shown to possess beneficial properties in numerous animal injury models. Due to its pleiotropic nature, APC might be a promising candidate for further research into the unexplained phenotypes observed in inherited thrombophilia. Aim: To investigate if plasma APC concentrations are higher in thrombophilia carriers as compared to non-carriers. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional observational study comparing the APC plasma levels of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation hetero- and homozygotes with non-carriers. Exclusion criteria comprised use of anticoagulant medication and recent venous thrombosis or risk factors for venous thrombosis. We measured APC using a recently developed highly sensitive oligonucleotide-based capture assay, with a limit of detection of 0.022 ng/ml and the ability to quantify APC upward of 0.116 ng/ml (lower limit of quantification) (Müller et al., 2012). In addition we determined APC-protein C inhibitor complex (APC-PCI) as a secondary measure of protein C activation, and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) concentration as a measure of thrombin generation using immunoassays. Parametric and non-parametric descriptive and inferential statistics were applied as appropriate. Results: We included 19 thrombophilia carriers and 18 non-carriers (Table 1). APC was detectable in 47% of carriers and in 39% of non-carriers (p = 0.74). APC was above the lower limit of quantification in only 19% of all subjects, with no difference between the groups (Figure 1). The median APC-PCI concentration in carriers and non-carriers were 5 AU (IQR 3.5-10.5) vs. 5 AU (IQR 3.0-8.0) (p = 0.338); and mean F1+2 concentrations were 266 pmol/L and 194 pmol/L in carriers and non-carriers respectively (p = 0.075). Discussion: We did not find increased circulating APC concentrations in thrombophilia carriers. Given the low number of subjects with quantifiable APC in the study, elevated APC levels in carriers versus non-carriers cannot be fully excluded. Local elevation at the site of thrombin formation still seems plausible, and our data do show a trend towards increased thrombin generation in thrombophilia carriers. However, we also show that systemic concentrations are generally below 0.116 ng/ml, which is an order of magnitude lower than concentrations previously reported as physiological levels. A prominent role for APC in non-coagulation related thrombophilia phenotypes might therefore be questioned. References Müller, J. et al. (2012). Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis : JTH, 10(3), 390-8. Measured APC concentrations above the limit of quantification, according to thrombophilia carriership status. Measured APC concentrations above the limit of quantification, according to thrombophilia carriership status. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Middeldorp: Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy, Honoraria; Aspen: Consultancy, Honoraria; BMS/Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bayer: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanquin: Consultancy.

<p>The effectiveness of accounting profession depends widely on the best accounting education outputs. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between accounting education and accounting practice with particular reference to Academics and Practitioners of Accounting Profession in Sudan. The data has been collected through a well-structured questionnaire is designed and will be distributed to a randomly chosen sample of some practitioners of accounting and auditing profession in Sudan. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to generalize the results and conclude the findings. The results suggest that accounting practice is declined because of the accounting courses at Sudanese universities not compatible with labor market needs, also shows that role of the accounting profession in Society depends on the best coordination between accounting education, accounting research and labor market needs.</p>

Consumptive behavior is the tendency to buy goods or services without rational consideration. This study aims to analyze the influence of financial literacy and reference groups toward consumptive behavior across senior high school students. The study used a cross-sectional design and the research location was selected purposively based on the distance of the school from the shopping center area. Using the self-administered questionnaire, the study involved 125 students of public high school (SMAN) at Bogor City, that is SMAN 3 and SMAN 9. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and inferential statistics. The study showed that the level of financial literacy was in the medium category, while the reference group and the level of consumptive behavior were in a low category. Moreover, results indicated a relationship between the characteristics of adolescents, financial literacy, reference groups, and consumptive behavior. The regression test found a significant negative effect of financial behavior toward consumptive behavior. Females were more likely to be more consumptive, while reference groups positively influenced the consumptive behavior of senior high school students.

ABSTRACTAmong the projective methods of psychological assessment, the relevance of the Rorschach method stands out in the investigation of personality, albeit without normative references in the Parisian School for adolescents in Brazil. This study addresses this gap by developing normative standards of the Rorschach method (Parisian School) for this age group, evaluating specificities of production associated with sex, age and school system. The Rorschach tests were individually administered to 180 students aged from 15 to 17 years old, with typical signs of development. Data considering the 54 Rorschach's variables were descriptively and inferentially examined. The main average results were: (a) productivity: R = 17.7; (b) modes of apperception: G = 35.0%, D = 33.4%, Dd = 30.3% and Dd = 1.1%; (c) determinants and formal indexes: F% = 54.5%, F+% = 55.6% and F+ext% = 57.3%; (d) predominant content: A% = 51.0% and H% = 20.9%; (e) Ban = 17.0%. Specificities of production according to sex, age and school system were identified, which supports the analysis and interpretation of Rorschach's variables with contemporary Brazilian adolescents.

Purpose This study aims to explore the factors affecting the adoption of digital reference services (DRS) among the university librarians in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach Based on the adapted unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model, the proposed study tested 12 hypothetical relationships through structural equation modelling (SEM) techniques. The study approach was quantitative based on a questionnaire distributed online to a sample of Pakistani university librarians and completed by 289 respondents. The questionnaire used in this study was developed from other validated instruments used in past empirical studies. Descriptive and inferential data analyses were performed through SPSS and AMOS for SEM. Findings The results revealed usefulness, ease of use and information and communication technology (ICT) skills as the significant predictors of the adoption of DRS. However, moderating influence of the demographic factors (age, gender and type of library) on the relationship of predictors with outcome variable was found insignificant. The findings of this study imply that individuals’ readiness for the adoption of DRS is present in the university libraries of Pakistan. Originality/value In the context of Pakistan, this study was the first attempt that investigated factors of the adoption of DRS at individual level. In addition, two new factors – namely, ICT skills and library type – were incorporated into the UTAUT model and were then evaluated in the Pakistani context. However, these two factors were found insignificant in influencing librarians towards the adoption of DRS. The intended study is equally useful for librarians in other countries in terms of understanding the factors that impact the effective adoption of DRS.

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the current study is designed to explore the hidden custom among Pukhtuns’ society (Nanawati) as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution. Methodology: A cross-sectional-based research design was conducted with the sole aim to explore the role of Nanawage in the conflict resolution process among Pukhtun inhabitants in District Dir Lower Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. The potential sampled respondents of the study were household heads particularly elders/ Jirgmar (mediators)/ religious leaders/ and those who practiced and observed Nanawate as the traditional mechanism of conflict resolution from 217 respondents out of 420 Household Head as per Sekaran (2003) criteria through proportional allocation method. Descriptive (univaraite) and inferential statistics (bivaraite analysis) was used to ascertain the level of association among practiced of Nanwati (independent variable) and conflict resolution (dependent variable) through the application of chi-square test statistics. Main Findings: Based on the results Nanawate is widely practiced by Pakhtun inhabitants locally by the virtue of gray beard (Speengeries), religious clergies (Mullas), and family head. Moreover, religion also plays a vital role as a mediator among two party’s conflicts through the perpetuation of Nanawate as it to be believed satisfactory, while not the rejection of Nanawate by someone may consider as damnation on that party who negated the contribution of the religious institution. Applications of this study: Exposing the role of Nanawate in terms of conflict resolution particularly is the order of the day through awareness and social media at the macro (government/ non-government sectors) and micro-level (familial and community level), with the collaboration of by giving a legal status in judiciary system will dethrone the conflicting situation among local inhabitants through the hidden custom of Nanawate were put forward some of the recommendations in light of the present study. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is designed to explore the hidden custom deliverance of Nanawate (a traditional mechanism) in conflict resolution with reference to Pakhtun’s society through perceptional based study, along with quantitative research designs to measure the association between the practicing of Nanawate in conflict resolution system among Pakhtun’s tribe.

The nutrient reference conditions of lakes play a key role for lake water quality control and water resource management. The inferential models are important methods for calculating reference values; however, the dependence and “cluster” in time series make time series data difficult to be applied in these methods. A new method based on Markov chain theory, which is used for modeling the dependence of data, and extreme statistics was proposed. The new method was used to estimate the nutrient and chlorophyll a reference conditions in Taihu Lake, which is the third largest freshwater lake in China. The results showed that there was remarkable dependence between the effective observations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chlorophyll a. The recommended reference conditions of TN, TP, and chlorophyll a in Taihu Lake were 0.69 mg/L, 0.029 mg/L, and 1.89 μg/L. Their 95% confidence intervals were 0.62–0.76 mg/L, 0.028–0.030 mg/L, and 1.55–2.23 μg/L. These results were consistent with previous researches, which showed that the proposed method is reliable and effective. The length of the intervals was remarkably reduced when compared with several methods. This implied that the proposed method could make full use of the observation data in time series and significantly improve the precision of the estimation results of reference conditions. In general, the proposed method could provide high precision and reliable lake nutrient reference conditions, which would be beneficial to lake water resource management and can be used for estimating the TN, TP, and chlorophyll a reference conditions of other lakes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transportation management systems on supply chain performance of FMCG in Kenya Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The unit of observation was the operations manager of the 51 FMCG manufacturers located in Nairobi. The sampling frame of the current study consisted of operations managers in the manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi. The study used the census method to select 51 manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi, thus the sample of the study was 51 respondents. Primary data was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to collect data. Mixed methods technique of analyzing data was used where both descriptive and inferential analysis were used. The data collected from the field was analyzed using SPSS 23 program. The questionnaires were referenced and the items in them coded for easier data entry. The presentation of the findings was done using tables. Results: The study found that transport management systems positively and significantly influences Supply chain performance of FMCG in Kenya. The study established that transport management systems provides trade compliance information and documentation; transport management systems make it easier for businesses to manage and optimize their transportation operations, whether they are by land, air, or sea; transport management systems ensures timely delivery of freight and goods; transport management systems provides visibility into day-to-day transportation operations; and transportation management systems helps to streamline shipping process. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that companies should automate their scheduling process this will lead to fewer interventions by the management and therefore lowering any chances of delays. The study also suggests that companies can embrace the technology of Radio Frequency Identifications in boosting up their performance in regard to effectiveness and efficiency of manufacturing and performance of supply chain

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of inventory management systems on supply chain performance of fast-moving consumer goods manufacturers in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The unit of observation was the operations manager of the 51 FMCG manufacturers located in Nairobi. The sampling frame of the current study consisted of operations managers in the manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi. The study used the census method to select 51 manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi, thus the sample of the study was 51 respondents. Primary data was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to collect data. Mixed methods technique of analyzing data was used where both descriptive and inferential analysis were used. The data collected from the field was analyzed using SPSS 23 program. The questionnaires were referenced and the items in them coded for easier data entry. The presentation of the findings was done using tables.Results: The study found that inventory management systems positively and significantly influences Supply chain performance of FMCG in Kenya. The study found that respondents agreed that inventory management systems promotes improved supplier, vendor, and partner relationships; inventory management systems enables the company to maintain a centralized record of every asset; inventory management systems helps in reduction in storage costs; inventory management systems helps to keep track on current stock levels which enables the company to reorder with greater accuracy; and that inventory management systems promotes better reporting and forecasting capabilities.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the recommends the company to adopt new technology (updated inventory management system) to ensure that the processes in the company are efficient; this can be achieved by upgrading operation standards and implementation of new technology and software. Because of technological itches, it is possible for the company to lose data, therefore it is recommended that the company should always have backup of inventory data.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of warehouse management systems on supply chain performance of fast-moving consumer goods manufacturers in Kenya Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The unit of observation was the operations manager of the 51 FMCG manufacturers located in Nairobi. The sampling frame of the current study consisted of operations managers in the manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi. The study used the census method to select 51 manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi, thus the sample of the study was 51 respondents. Primary data was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to collect data. Mixed methods technique of analyzing data was used where both descriptive and inferential analysis were used. The data collected from the field was analyzed using SPSS 23 program. The questionnaires were referenced and the items in them coded for easier data entry. The presentation of the findings was done using tables. Results: The study found that warehouse management systems positively and significantly influences Supply chain performance of FMCG in Kenya. The study found that the respondents were in agreement that warehouse management system helps to reduce picking errors; warehouse management system facilities the maximum use of storage space; warehouse management system helps to optimize stock control; warehouse management system improves work productivity; and that warehouse management system guide workers through risk assessments and flag up warehouse safety requirements. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that when warehouse management systems are improved, supply chain performance of the company improves as well. The study recommends management of the company to ensure they remain informed on the changes in the market to ensure that their warehouse management system is up-to-date and therefore avoid process redundancy and inaccurate inventories. There is a need to use strategic approach in practices of managing logistics by embracing modernized technology and training of employees on the use of the same.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the effect of warehouse management systems on supply chain performance of fast-moving consumer goods manufacturers in Kenya Methodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The unit of observation was the operations manager of the 51 FMCG manufacturers located in Nairobi. The sampling frame of the current study consisted of operations managers in the manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi. The study used the census method to select 51 manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi, thus the sample of the study was 51 respondents. Primary data was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to collect data. Mixed methods technique of analyzing data was used where both descriptive and inferential analysis were used. The data collected from the field was analyzed using SPSS 23 program. The questionnaires were referenced and the items in them coded for easier data entry. The presentation of the findings was done using tables. Results: The study found that warehouse management systems positively and significantly influences Supply chain performance of FMCG in Kenya. The study found that the respondents were in agreement that warehouse management system helps to reduce picking errors; warehouse management system facilities the maximum use of storage space; warehouse management system helps to optimize stock control; warehouse management system improves work productivity; and that warehouse management system guide workers through risk assessments and flag up warehouse safety requirements. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that when warehouse management systems are improved, supply chain performance of the company improves as well. The study recommends management of the company to ensure they remain informed on the changes in the market to ensure that their warehouse management system is up-to-date and therefore avoid process redundancy and inaccurate inventories. There is a need to use strategic approach in practices of managing logistics by embracing modernized technology and training of employees on the use of the same.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of inventory management systems on supply chain performance of fast-moving consumer goods manufacturers in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted descriptive research design. The unit of observation was the operations manager of the 51 FMCG manufacturers located in Nairobi. The sampling frame of the current study consisted of operations managers in the manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi. The study used the census method to select 51 manufacturers of the FMCGs in Nairobi, thus the sample of the study was 51 respondents. Primary data was used in the study. The study used questionnaires to collect data. Mixed methods technique of analyzing data was used where both descriptive and inferential analysis were used. The data collected from the field was analyzed using SPSS 23 program. The questionnaires were referenced and the items in them coded for easier data entry. The presentation of the findings was done using tables.Results: The study found that inventory management systems positively and significantly influences Supply chain performance of FMCG in Kenya. The study found that respondents agreed that inventory management systems promotes improved supplier, vendor, and partner relationships; inventory management systems enables the company to maintain a centralized record of every asset; inventory management systems helps in reduction in storage costs; inventory management systems helps to keep track on current stock levels which enables the company to reorder with greater accuracy; and that inventory management systems promotes better reporting and forecasting capabilities.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the recommends the company to adopt new technology (updated inventory management system) to ensure that the processes in the company are efficient; this can be achieved by upgrading operation standards and implementation of new technology and software. Because of technological itches, it is possible for the company to lose data, therefore it is recommended that the company should always have backup of inventory data.

Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a discussão sobre a forma/densidade de ocupação e a qualidade ambiental do espaço urbano ganhou ampla repercussão no cenário político e na mídia internacional. Por sua vez, a relação específica entre a verticalização construtiva e o nível de impermeabilização do solo tem sido objeto de recorrentes debates e controvérsias na literatura acadêmica. Embora a influência positiva de áreas permeáveis na qualidade do ambiente urbano pareça consensual, sobretudo no que diz respeito às dinâmicas atmosférica e hídrica, tem-se a necessidade de produção de informações mais precisas, detalhadas e úteis para a tomada de decisão na esfera política e no âmbito do planejamento territorial, especialmente naquele sob competência do poder público. A partir de técnicas de geoprocessamento e métodos de estatística inferencial e espacial, este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a verticalização construtiva e o nível de impermeabilização do solo urbano, tendo como unidade de análise os setores censitários do município de Belo Horizonte/MG em 2000. Considerando os resultados do modelo de regressão linear local, não foram observados níveis significativos de determinação da impermeabilização do solo, em função dos valores de altura das edificações. Destaque-se, contudo, que os clusters identificados com alto nível de verticalização corresponderam exatamente àqueles com maiores níveis de impermeabilização.Palavras-Chave: verticalização; permeabilização do solo urbano; Belo Horizonte. Verticalization and soil sealing in the census tracts of Belo Horizonte/MG Abstract: In the last decades, the discussion about the shape, the land occupation density in the cities and the environmental quality of urban spaces gained wide repercussions in the political scenario and international media. However, the relationship between the vertical expansion and the soil sealing level has been subject of recurring debate and controversy in the academic literature. Despite the fact the positive influence of permeable areas in urban environment quality seems consensual especially regarding the atmospheric and water dynamics, it is necessary to produce more accurate and detailed information, which are useful to decision-making in politics and territorial planning, especially the one under government jurisdiction. This paper is based on geo-referenced data, spatial statistics and inferential techniques. Therefore, we aim to analyze the influence of the concentration of vertical constructions and their relation to soil sealing, taking as an example the city of Belo Horizonte/MG. In general, considering the results of the linear regression model, it was not observed significant levels of determination of soil sealing, given the height values of the constructions. It is noteworthy, however, that the identified clusters that showed a high level of verticalization correspond exactly to those with higher levels of sealing soil.Keywords: vertical; permeabilization of urban land; Belo Horizonte.

This paper presents that the opto-electrical characteristic of a typical CCD based digital camera is nonlinear. It means that digital electric signal of the camera's CCD detector - is not a linear function of the luminance value on camera's lens. The opto-electrical characteristic feature of a digital camera needs to be transformed into a linear function if this camera is to be used as a luminance distribution measurement device known as Imaging Luminance Measurement Device (ILMD). The article presents the methodology for obtaining the opto-electrical characteristic feature of a typical CCD digital camera and focuses on the non- linearity correction method. Full Text: PDF ReferencesD. Wüller and H. Gabele, "The usage of digital cameras as luminance meters," in Digital Photography III, 2007, p. 65020U CrossRef P. Fiorentin and A. 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The article highlights the role of world-building elements in the process of readers’ interpretation of poetic texts. According to Text World Theory (P. Werth, J. Gavins), elements that set temporal and spatial boundaries, specify objects and entities; elements that describe their qualities; and those that desceibe events, actions or states enable readers to construct their own text-worlds – mental representations of the discourse. This principle underpins our analysis of free verse poetry of Michael Swan, a contemporary British linguist and poet. His texts abound in references to objects, entities, spatial and temporal relationships in the world around us; often, they dominate in the verbal context of a poem. Such references are a characteristic feature of both narrative and metaphor-based poetry. World-building elements are perceived as especially foregrounded in the poems where no conclusion or attitude are explititly stated. There are the following types of world-builders in Michael Swan’s poems: units that denote God as the supreme being, persons, animals and birds, geographic objects, material objects, objects and phenomena in the world of nature, scientific objects and notions, phenomena of human spiritual life, temporal and spatial parameters. We also consider their attributes. Taken together, they illustrate Michael Swan’s general themes – the nature of reality and being, the conception of God, human beings in social and historical contexts, human psychology, human relationships with nature, art. Besides, Swan’s mimetic reflection of reality has a significant emotionl potential. A mini-experiment within the framework of this research shows that it is necessary to further develop students’ skills in inferential interpretation of poetry.

Objective: Personal service establishments (PSEs) include tattoo parlors, piercing shops, and beauty salons. Many of the services provided have potential to spread diseases due to the invasive nature and possibility of cross contamination if sanitation procedures are not followed. Potential infections such as nontuberculosis mycobacterium, staphylococcus aureus and blood borne infections such as Hepatitis and HIV are possible. There is concern among Environmental Health Officers (EHOs), and professionals in the industry regarding the lack of regulations and training of employees within the industry. This study investigated the criteria and safety measures the public takes when determining which personal service establishment they receive treatments from. Methods: A questionnaire was administered online through social media and Google Docs. Inferential statistical analyses determined if there were associations between certain demographic information and the responses given from participants. Results: There were six associations that were found when comparing demographic groups (age, gender and education) with the survey questions. A p value of 0.021008 was found in the association between age and perceived level of regulation of the industry, a p value of 0.014407 was found in the association between education and asking about sanitation procedures before an appointment, and a p value of 0.008668 was found in the association of education and if participant asks for references. In addition, p values of 0.028151 and 0.011739 with associations of gender and education, respectively, and the participants perceived ability to recognize bad practices during a procedure. Finally, a p value of 0.029766 was found in the association of gender and participants interest in additional information about how to choose an establishment. Conclusions: There were six hypotheses that resulted in statistically significant associations between a demographic and the survey question. Over 30 year olds chose PSEs were minimally regulated, while higher education groups were more likely to ask about sanitation and for references before a procedure. Females and people with some post secondary education felt they were more able to recognize bad practices during a procedure. Finally, females were most interested in additional information about PSEs.

The study of the manner of execution (technique, and spatial aspects) can provide useful information to understand the game dynamics in beach volleyball and to obtain references values for the analysis of the game and the establishment of training goals. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the manner of execution on serve and rally performance in elite women's beach volleyball players. A total of 3,009 serves from 44 women’s players were analyzed. The variables studied were: serve technique, serve zone, serve destination, serve performance, and rally performance. An observational punctual, nomothetic, multidimensional, and intragroup design was used. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the data (Chi-Square Test) was done using SPSS v.21.0 software. The level of significance was set at p < .05. The manner of execution influences the serve performance. The jump float serve was the most used. The most effective destination was the zone between players, probability due to the players' displacement and interference between them. An absence of association between serve technique and rally performance was found. These findings showed possible connections between the way of executing the serve with the following actions done by the players and the players' strategies to control their physical load. These values may be useful to guide to players training, or to evaluate players in competition.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate South Korean women entrepreneurs’ motivations to start a business, the challenges they faced in business development and key factors that contributed to their career success. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 23 women entrepreneurs to gather qualitative details on their experiences and performed a survey with 125 women Chief Executive Officers who are affiliated with the Korean Venture Business Women’s Association. Findings The authors found necessity-driven push (e.g. economic necessity for family) and opportunity-based pull (e.g. a strong sense of self) motivational factors, challenges (e.g. gender stereotypes) and opportunities (e.g. creating a family-like organizational culture) and key success factors (e.g. personality and loyal employees) for their career success. Research limitations/implications There is a strong need to emphasize the import of culture at the national level that would impact women entrepreneurs’ careers and business success. A majority of the studies on HRD in small- and medium-sized enterprises shed light on individual owners’ perspectives only. Researchers need to take multiple-level (i.e. national, organizational and individual) factors into consideration in research on women’s entrepreneurship. Quantitative analysis in this study did not have any statistical significance and there were a few inconsistent findings (e.g. disadvantage as woman Chief Executive Officers) between quantitative and qualitative analysis. Future research is called for to investigate where and why different results occurred by using a mixed-methods research design and inferential statistical analysis for significance. Practical implications The increased support at the national level for entrepreneurship education before and after school that has not received sufficient attention in Korea will allow aspiring women to embark on entrepreneurial career paths from early on. At the organizational level, women entrepreneurs’ efforts to create a family-like organizational culture can be used as references for aspiring women who want to start and develop a business. At the individual level, HRD practitioners can develop leadership programs to share internal and external success factors so that aspiring women entrepreneurs can develop required individual (e.g. personality attributes) and social competencies (e.g. networking) in business development. Originality/value The two unique study findings that reflect the importance of cultural context include: our study showed how women entrepreneurs in Korea transformed the challenges they faced in business development into opportunities that can be used for entrepreneurship education for aspiring women entrepreneurs; and women entrepreneurs in Korea were humble enough to ascribe their career and business success to their loyal employees who have stayed in their companies with commitment, which has not been captured in research on women’s entrepreneurship in western contexts.

Background: Hearing loss (HL) in adults is loss of ability to perceive surrounding environmental sounds. There may be environmental or genetic cause of this disability. Presently expectancy of old adult age is going to increase as in the same way hearing problems and its negative impact on health wellbeing standard of living also increased, the beneficial of current study is to be addressed, or give awareness about health consequences to adult population with hearing impairment. Aim: To determine the quality of life in adults with hearing impairment. Place and Duration of Study: Riphah international University, Lahore campus between December 2018 to May 2019. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted on 67 adults with hearing impairment (sample size was calculated on the base of prevalence of hearing loss in the Express Tribute, (March 4, 2014) which was a Pakistani study on hearing impaired population the president of famous organization the developmental diseases and community of auditory handicap MR Afzal estimated the occurrence of auditory deficits in Pakistan region was in between 7 to 8 percent on per 10,000 living birth ,this prevalence was used to calculate sample size by using online calculator).(1), their age range were 18 to 55 (elder adults) and 56 to 97(older adults). Data collection tool which was used in this research was 15D Quality of life questionnaire to find out the influence of hearing loss (HL) on daily living activities in adult’s life. Sampling technique used in this research was convenient sampling. For this purpose, descriptive analysis was done for demographics and chi square was used for inferential analysis by using SPSS20. Endnote was used for references. Results: There are four domains of quality of life (speech, usual activities, mental functioning, and vitality status of participants) which have highly significant relationship value(<0.001) with hearing impairment, in other domains of quality of life p value is less then (<0.05) this means that other domains of quality of life have also significant relationship with hearing impairment except visual or sexual activity of the participants which have no significant association p- value(>0.05)with hearing impairment. Conclusion: Research concluded that domains of quality of life are significantly associated with hearing loss which have negative impact on the QOL(quality of life) except visual or sexual activity, but these two domains may also indirectly have associated or may affect the quality of life individually in adults with hearing impairment.

A recent article in The Lancet establishing the principles of inclusion health, highlighted substantial gaps in our understanding of the drivers of health inequalities in socially excluded groups such as people with a history of incarceration, people who experience homelessness, sex workers, people with mental illness, and people who inject drugs1. Cross-sectoral data linkage of electronic health records with services working with socially excluded groups was one of the key recommendations of this article. The magnitude of health disparities observed in people that experience social exclusion necessitates an international public health response and addressing the determinants of social exclusion has been identified as a key component of closing the gap of Indigenous disadvantage2. This symposium will establish data linkage as a key component of the inclusion health and will complement the efforts of the Pan American Health Oranization's (PAHO) Commission on Equity and Health Inequalities in the Americas. Traditional survey methodology is costly and often results in studies that are highly parochial in nature. Due to difficulties recruiting and retaining marginalized groups, these studies are commonly forced to adopt methodological concessions, often selecting the most convenient participants (i.e., selection bias) or incurring increased rates of loss-to-follow-up (i.e., attrition bias). Conversely, global studies aimed at modelling the burden of disease are often not sufficiently nuanced to answer specific inferential research questions. Data-linkage has the potential to overcome these common biases and limitations. Thus, harmonised international data-linkage studies are an important component of the inclusion health response to identify the determinants of health inequalities in socially excluded groups and inform the global inclusion health agenda. This symposium will bring together facilitators from three countries with extensive experience conducting data linkage studies that generate evidence on health and social inequality in socially excluded groups. Using a current multinational study as an example, barriers to international data-linkage studies, methodological solutions, and distributed approaches to generating international comparative evidence will be presented. Innovative examples of cross-sectoral approaches to linkage with social service, correctional and national survey data will be discussed. The development of a novel framework for identifying social exclusion exposures and determinants of health inequalities typically not captured in administrative health data will also be discussed. The session will conclude with a discussion aimed at forming the foundation of an international data linkage project to address these current gaps identified in the inclusion health series and best practice for translation to policy and practice to address health disparities in socially excluded groups. References Aldridge et al. Morbidity and mortality in homeless individuals, prisoners, sex workers, and individuals with substance use disorders in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2017;391(10117):241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31869-X Greenwood M et al. Challenges in health equity for Indigenous peoples in Canada. The Lancet. 2018;Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30177-6

Experiencia pedagógica en la implementación de la clase invertida en el proceso de formación académica Zeidy Sandra López Collazo, Andrés Rodríguez Jiménez, Yosdey Dávila Valdés Universidad de Artemisa, Código Postal: 33700, Cuba Resumen El presente artículo revela la experiencia pedagógica en la implementación de la metodología de Flipped Classroom o clase invertida en la formación académica de la segunda edición del programa de la Maestría en Didáctica que se desarrolla en la Universidad de Artemisa, Cuba. Todo ello sustentado en la aplicación de métodos del nivel teórico que permitieron sistematizar los referentes teórico-metodológicos acerca de la Flipped Classroom. Esta implementación se desarrolló en el curso de Metodología de la Investigación Educativa, particularmente en el tema correspondiente a La tesis como un tipo de documento científico, Para ello se dispuso un material audiovisual que los aspirantes debían visualizar independientemente, con la ayuda de una guía de observación que se les facilitó. La valoración del impacto sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se realizó mediante una entrevista grupal en la que todos los aspirantes pudieron expresar abiertamente, ante el colectivo de aspirantes y profesores, sus opiniones y criterios en relación con la metodología empleada. También se aplicó una encuesta para que cada estudiante evaluara sus niveles de satisfacción en este sentido. A partir de las respuestas a dicha encuesta se determinaron las medianas de los diferentes indicadores explorados mediante la estadística inferencial y el empleo del Coeficiente de Correlación Multidimensional rpj, como procedimiento lógico aceptado por la Teoría Clásica de los Test para determinar el grado de objetividad de los criterios emitidos. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian una tendencia a elevados niveles de satisfacción en los diferentes aspectos explorados. Descriptores: Aprendizaje inverso, clase invertida, integración, aprendizaje audiovisual Abstract This article reveals the pedagogical experience in the implementation of the Flipped Classroom methodology or inverted class in the academic formation of the second edition of the Master's program in Didactics that takes place at the University of Artemisa, Cuba. All this is based on the application of theoretical level methods that allowed systematizing the theoretical-methodological references about the Flipped Classroom. This implementation was developed in the course of Educational Research Methodology, particularly in the topic corresponding to the thesis as a type of scientific document, for which an audiovisual material was available that the candidates had to visualize independently, with the help of a guide of observation that was provided. The assessment of the impact on the teaching-learning process was carried out through a group interview in which all the applicants were able to openly express, before the group of aspirants and professors, their opinions and criteria in relation to the methodology used. A survey was also applied so that each student could evaluate their levels of satisfaction in this regard. Based on the responses to this survey, the medians of the different indicators explored through inferential statistics and the use of the Multidimensional Correlation Coefficient rpj were determined, as a logical procedure accepted by the Classical Test Theory to determine the degree of objectivity of the criteria issued. The results obtained show a tendency to high levels of satisfaction in the different aspects explored. Keywords: Flip teaching, Flipped Classroom, integration, audiovisual learning

Experiencia pedagógica en la implementación de la clase invertida en el proceso de formación académica Zeidy Sandra López Collazo, Andrés Rodríguez Jiménez, Yosdey Dávila Valdés Universidad de Artemisa, Código Postal: 33700, Cuba Resumen El presente artículo revela la experiencia pedagógica en la implementación de la metodología de Flipped Classroom o clase invertida en la formación académica de la segunda edición del programa de la Maestría en Didáctica que se desarrolla en la Universidad de Artemisa, Cuba. Todo ello sustentado en la aplicación de métodos del nivel teórico que permitieron sistematizar los referentes teórico-metodológicos acerca de la Flipped Classroom. Esta implementación se desarrolló en el curso de Metodología de la Investigación Educativa, particularmente en el tema correspondiente a La tesis como un tipo de documento científico, Para ello se dispuso un material audiovisual que los aspirantes debían visualizar independientemente, con la ayuda de una guía de observación que se les facilitó. La valoración del impacto sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se realizó mediante una entrevista grupal en la que todos los aspirantes pudieron expresar abiertamente, ante el colectivo de aspirantes y profesores, sus opiniones y criterios en relación con la metodología empleada. También se aplicó una encuesta para que cada estudiante evaluara sus niveles de satisfacción en este sentido. A partir de las respuestas a dicha encuesta se determinaron las medianas de los diferentes indicadores explorados mediante la estadística inferencial y el empleo del Coeficiente de Correlación Multidimensional rpj, como procedimiento lógico aceptado por la Teoría Clásica de los Test para determinar el grado de objetividad de los criterios emitidos. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian una tendencia a elevados niveles de satisfacción en los diferentes aspectos explorados. Descriptores: Aprendizaje inverso, clase invertida, integración, aprendizaje audiovisual Abstract This article reveals the pedagogical experience in the implementation of the Flipped Classroom methodology or inverted class in the academic formation of the second edition of the Master's program in Didactics that takes place at the University of Artemisa, Cuba. All this is based on the application of theoretical level methods that allowed systematizing the theoretical-methodological references about the Flipped Classroom. This implementation was developed in the course of Educational Research Methodology, particularly in the topic corresponding to the thesis as a type of scientific document, for which an audiovisual material was available that the candidates had to visualize independently, with the help of a guide of observation that was provided. The assessment of the impact on the teaching-learning process was carried out through a group interview in which all the applicants were able to openly express, before the group of aspirants and professors, their opinions and criteria in relation to the methodology used. A survey was also applied so that each student could evaluate their levels of satisfaction in this regard. Based on the responses to this survey, the medians of the different indicators explored through inferential statistics and the use of the Multidimensional Correlation Coefficient rpj were determined, as a logical procedure accepted by the Classical Test Theory to determine the degree of objectivity of the criteria issued. The results obtained show a tendency to high levels of satisfaction in the different aspects explored. Keywords: Flip teaching, Flipped Classroom, integration, audiovisual learning

Experiencia pedagógica en la implementación de la clase invertida en el proceso de formación académica Zeidy Sandra López Collazo, Andrés Rodríguez Jiménez, Yosdey Dávila Valdés Universidad de Artemisa, Código Postal: 33700, Cuba DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2018.0009/ Resumen El presente artículo revela la experiencia pedagógica en la implementación de la metodología de Flipped Classroom o clase invertida en la formación académica de la segunda edición del programa de la Maestría en Didáctica que se desarrolla en la Universidad de Artemisa, Cuba. Todo ello sustentado en la aplicación de métodos del nivel teórico que permitieron sistematizar los referentes teórico-metodológicos acerca de la Flipped Classroom. Esta implementación se desarrolló en el curso de Metodología de la Investigación Educativa, particularmente en el tema correspondiente a La tesis como un tipo de documento científico, Para ello se dispuso un material audiovisual que los aspirantes debían visualizar independientemente, con la ayuda de una guía de observación que se les facilitó. La valoración del impacto sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se realizó mediante una entrevista grupal en la que todos los aspirantes pudieron expresar abiertamente, ante el colectivo de aspirantes y profesores, sus opiniones y criterios en relación con la metodología empleada. También se aplicó una encuesta para que cada estudiante evaluara sus niveles de satisfacción en este sentido. A partir de las respuestas a dicha encuesta se determinaron las medianas de los diferentes indicadores explorados mediante la estadística inferencial y el empleo del Coeficiente de Correlación Multidimensional rpj, como procedimiento lógico aceptado por la Teoría Clásica de los Test para determinar el grado de objetividad de los criterios emitidos. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian una tendencia a elevados niveles de satisfacción en los diferentes aspectos explorados. Descriptores: Aprendizaje inverso, clase invertida, integración, aprendizaje audiovisual Abstract This article reveals the pedagogical experience in the implementation of the Flipped Classroom methodology or inverted class in the academic formation of the second edition of the Master's program in Didactics that takes place at the University of Artemisa, Cuba. All this is based on the application of theoretical level methods that allowed systematizing the theoretical-methodological references about the Flipped Classroom. This implementation was developed in the course of Educational Research Methodology, particularly in the topic corresponding to the thesis as a type of scientific document, for which an audiovisual material was available that the candidates had to visualize independently, with the help of a guide of observation that was provided. The assessment of the impact on the teaching-learning process was carried out through a group interview in which all the applicants were able to openly express, before the group of aspirants and professors, their opinions and criteria in relation to the methodology used. A survey was also applied so that each student could evaluate their levels of satisfaction in this regard. Based on the responses to this survey, the medians of the different indicators explored through inferential statistics and the use of the Multidimensional Correlation Coefficient rpj were determined, as a logical procedure accepted by the Classical Test Theory to determine the degree of objectivity of the criteria issued. The results obtained show a tendency to high levels of satisfaction in the different aspects explored. Keywords: Flip teaching, Flipped Classroom, integration, audiovisual learning.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the patient safety culture dimensions from the nurses' point of view in a cardiopneumology reference hospital in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). Method: a quantitative, descriptive-exploratory study. Nurses from Inpatient Units and intensive care units participated in this study, which responded to the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture instrument, validated for Brazil. Data was collected from July to September 2017. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used; percentages greater than or equal to 75% of positive responses represent satisfactory results regarding to the patient safety culture. Results: of 102 nurses, 52 (51%) worked in inpatient units and 50 (49%) in intensive care units, 90.2% being nursing assistants. Females predominated (85.3%) and the mean age was 37.5 years old. As for the safety culture, the best rated dimension was “Organizational Learning - Continuous Improvement” (59.4%) and the worst, “Nonpunitive Response to Errors” (24.1%). The best evaluations were from inpatient unit’s nurses, regarding items of positive answers at the hospital level (p=0.01), and negative answers at the level of the professional’s unit of work (p=0.04). Conclusion: these findings make it possible to draw up intervention plans to strengthen and solidify components that encompass safety culture in the institution on this research scenario.

Organizational Climate means personality of an organization. Like personality of one person differs from other likewise the personality of one organization differs from other. There are several factors on the basis of which one organization can be differentiated with others. In this research the factors that are used to differentiate one organization from other are based on standard tool MAO-C developed by Pareek (2002). These factors consisted of dimensions like orientation, interpersonal relationships, supervision, problem management, management of mistakes, conflict management, communication, decision making, trust, management of rewards, risk taking, and innovation and change. The main aim of this study is to analyze perception of employees of their organization climate. The sample size was 252 and stratified random sampling was used. Descriptive statistics mean and SD were used. Inferential statistics ANOVA was used to reach conclusion. Employees were partitioned on the basis of demographic profile like gender, qualification, designation, and department. This is because the concept of organizational climate is a cognitive process and likely to be affected by employees of different groups. The main findings of the study were that except for employees partitioned on the basis of designation there was significant difference in the perception of employees categorized on the basis of qualification, age, and department concerning organizational climate. Beside, this several other conclusions were reached.

The private saving is one of the fundamentals for economic development and growth of the country. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of interest rates on private saving in Myanmar over the period from fiscal year 2013-14 Q1 to 2018 Q2. This study investigates the private saving of Myanmar’s banking sector which includes twenty seven private commercial banks, four State-owned banks and thirteen foreign bank branches. The quarterly data are obtained from secondary data sources collected from quarterly Financial Statistics Bulletin and annual reports of Central Bank of Myanmar, Statistical Year Books and Selected Monthly Economic Indicators published by CSO, Myanmar, as well as websites from commercial banks to investigate the effect of domestic interest rates on private saving. Inferential analysis including multiple regression analysis and correlation analysis as well as descriptive analysis are applied to examine the effect of domestic interest rates on private saving with the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (version 25). The findings of the study reveal that all independent variables except from Treasury bill rate have significant impact on the savings while inflation and fixed deposit rate have adversely impact on savings. Among all independent variables, saving deposit rate is the most influent variable on attracting private saving. Therefore, the study concludes that policies for ensuring to adopt flexible interest rates structures and for maintaining reasonable inflation rate depending upon the macroeconomic conditions of the economy would be critical to mobilize private saving in Myanmar.