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1
Tognana, Sebastián, Susana Montecinos, Rosana Gastien, and Walter Salgueiro. "Influence of fabrication parameters on the elastic modulus and characteristic stresses in 3D printed PLA samples produced via fused deposition modelling technique." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 6 (2021): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2021-0019.
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Abstract Commonly used 3D printed samples are partially infilled to reduce time and cost of printing, with mechanical properties dependent on the infill. In this work, the influence of the percentage and pattern of infill in PLA printed samples on the elastic modulus and characteristic stresses was analyzed. The elastic modulus, E, and characteristic stresses (σ 0.2, σ 4 and the maximum tensile stress) were determined for each sample using impulse excitation technique, IET, and uniaxial tensile tests. An apparent density was calculated for each pattern and infill percentage, and the mechanical parameters were studied as a function of such density. The results of IET obtained in different modes of vibration were analyzed and an apparent value of E was calculated. FEM simulations were carried out and the results were compared with the experimental ones. The mechanical properties for different infill percentages and infill patterns were studied by comparing the specific values of E and the stresses. Samples with higher infill percentages exhibit the best specific values of maximum stress and E, but the sample with 20% infill has the highest specific yield stress and a good value of the specific E from flexural vibrations.
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Harpool, Tanner David, Ibrahim Mohammed Alarifi, Basheer A. Alshammari, et al. "Evaluation of the Infill Design on the Tensile Response of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid Polymer." Materials 14, no. 9 (2021): 2195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092195.
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The current study explores the effects of geometrical shapes of the infills on the 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) plastic on the tensile properties. For this purpose, by utilizing an accessible supply desktop printer, specimens of diamond, rectangular, and hexagonal infill patterns were produced using the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technique. Additionally, solid samples were printed for comparison. The printed tensile test specimens were conducted at environmental temperature, Ta of 23 °C and crosshead speed, VC.H of 5 mm/min. Mainly, this study focuses on investigating the percentage infill with respect to the cross-sectional area of the investigated samples. The mechanical properties, i.e., modulus of toughness, ultimate tensile stress, yield stress, and percent elongation, were explored for each sample having a different geometrical infill design. The test outcomes for each pattern were systematically compared. To further validate the experimental results, a computer simulation using finite element analysis was also performed and contrasted with the experimental tensile tests. The experimental results mainly suggested a brittle behavior for solidly infilled specimen, while rectangular, diamond, and hexagonal infill patterns showed ductile-like behavior (fine size and texture of infills). This brittleness may be due to the relatively higher infill density results that led to the high bonding adhesion of the printed layers, and the size and thickness effects of the solid substrate. It made the solidly infilled specimen structure denser and brittle. Among all structures, hexagon geometrical infill showed relative improvement in the mechanical properties (highest ultimate tensile stress and modulus values 1759.4 MPa and 57.74 MPa, respectively) compared with other geometrical infills. Therefore, the geometrical infill effects play an important role in selecting the suitable mechanical property’s values in industrial applications.
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Winsen, L., J. Michel, W. M. Putra, S. Y. Lubis, and E. Siahaan. "Influence of infill parameters on the tensile strength of ABS 3D printing filament." Dinamika Teknik Mesin 15, no. 1 (2025): 45. https://doi.org/10.29303/dtm.v15i1.949.
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This study aims to analyze the effect of infill parameters on the tensile strength of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) filament in the 3D printing process for the manufacture of prototype cat prosthetics. ABS filament was chosen because it has good mechanical strength, resistance to high temperatures, and the ability to be further processed after printing. The infill parameters studied include infill percentage, layer thickness, and print speed. The research methodology involved making test samples with varying infill percentages, which were then tested using a tensile testing machine to measure the maximum tensile strength. The infill percentage was varied between 25%, 50%, 80%, and 100%. Tensile strength testing was conducted in accordance with ASTM D638 standards to determine the mechanical characteristics of the molded specimens and then the optimal infill parameters were applied in the design and manufacture of the cat prosthetic leg prototype, ensuring better load distribution and higher durability. The results show that the percentage density of infill has a positive correlation with the tensile strength of the specimen; an increase in infill density increases the tensile strength of the material. The findings provide practical guidance in the selection of infill parameters for tensile strength optimization in 3D printing applications using ABS filament so that it can be known that the influence of infill parameters greatly affects the strength of manufacturing.
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Awayo, Daniel Dibaba. "Seismic Fragility Analysis of Hollow Concrete Block Infilled Reinforced Concrete Buildings." International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology 06, no. 12 (2022): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47001/irjiet/2022.612008.
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Masonry infills are usually treated as nonstructural elements in buildings, and their interaction with the bounding frame is often ignored in analysis and design of reinforced concrete structures. The main aim of this study is to develop a seismic fragility curves showing the probability of exceeding a damage limit state for a given structure type subjected to a seismic excitation. For the purpose of this study, three distinct buildings namely, seven-story, eleven-story and sixteen-story, with typical floor plan were proposed as the case study. Each building cases are explicitly modeled as a bare frame and HCB infilled model with varying percentage of infill configurations. All building models under the case study were analyzed using Seismo-Struct software to assess seismic vulnerabilities. Non-linear dynamic time history and pushover analysis were employed to generate fragility curves. 30 generated artificial accelerograms were employed in the nonlinear dynamic time history analysis. Accordingly, for developing a fragility curve, nonlinear dynamic analyses of 30 building models for each case are conducted and the maximum roof displacement (ID) for each ground motion is recorded. Results of the study showed that bare frame has a highest probability of failure and building models with a larger percentage of infill configurations have lesser failure probability than slightly infilled building models. Basically these infills have significant contribution in arresting large lateral deflections and results in lower and most tolerable story displacements under excited earthquake motion and eventually reducing the structure’s probability of failure at life safety and collapse prevention limit states
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Medišauskas, Donatas, Sergėjus Rimovskis, and Artūras Sabaliauskas. "Analysis of the tensile strength of 3D printed elements." Applied Scientific Research 3, no. 1 (2024): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56131/tmt.2024.3.1.252.
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The paper presents investigations of the mechanical properties of PLA plastic samples produced by a 3D printer under tension. The dependence of the maximum load on the selected 3D printing parameters (infill patterns and infill percentage) is compared. Octet, Zig Zag, Triangles and Grid infill pattern and infill percentage 50% and 90% are used. Keywords: 3D printing, infill, tension.
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Mohd Salleh, Nur Syamimi, Ahmad Rosli, and Muhammad Syahir Ahmad. "3D Printed Mold Insert Infill Analysis for Injection Molding Application." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 8, no. 1 (2024): 8–17. https://doi.org/10.15282/sqjsm171.
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Injection molding (IM) normally made from steel, such as STAVAX because of its ability to withstand molding forces such as clamping, injection, and holding force. Beside of this ability, the fabrication of steel insert requires machining as such CNC machining and electro discharge machining (EDM). In contrast, a 3D printed mold insert can overcome of these constraints as it can be printed in less time and cost compared to conventional method of insert fabrication. In this research, a mold insert is fabricated using a 3D printer with a key chain shape cavity. The 3D printed insert are printed using fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer with a three different infill, namely 50%, 75%, and 100% infill percentage. This could determine the performance of the 3D printed insert with the infill percentage. After several test conducted at injection molding, it is found that the infill percentage could improve the insert life span. The 100% infill contributed to longer life of the insert compared to 50% and 75% infill percentage. As the molten polymer is injected into the mold, the polymer tends to fill the void of the insert with the infill percentage of 50% and 75%. As the insert with 100% infill is used, the void is eliminated, thus the cavity can be filled with the molten polymer efficiently. From this research, the capabilities of 3D printed mold insert with different infill percentage is determined.
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Moradi, Mahmoud, Omid Mehrabi, Fakhir A. Rasoul, Anas Abid Mattie, Friedemann Schaber, and Rasoul Khandan. "Enhancing 3D Printing Copper-PLA Composite Fabrication via Fused Deposition Modeling through Statistical Process Parameter Study." Micromachines 15, no. 9 (2024): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15091082.
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The rapid advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies has provided new avenues for creating three-dimensional (3D) parts with intricate geometries. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a prominent technology in this domain, involving the layer-by-layer fabrication of objects by extruding a filament comprising a blend of polymer and metal powder. This study focuses on the FDM process using a filament of Copper–Polylactic Acid (Cu-PLA) composite, which capitalizes on the advantageous properties of copper (high electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance) combined with the easily processable thermoplastic PLA material. The research delves into the impact of FDM process parameters, specifically, infill percentage (IP), infill pattern (P), and layer thickness (LT) on the maximum failure load (N), percentage of elongation at break, and weight of Cu-PLA composite filament-based parts. The study employs the response surface method (RSM) with Design-Expert V11 software. The selected parameters include infill percentage at five levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%), fill patterns at five levels (Grid, Triangle, Tri-Hexagonal, Cubic-Subdivision, and Lines), and layer thickness at five levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mm). Also, the optimal factor values were obtained. The findings highlight that layer thickness and infill percentage significantly influence the weight of the samples, with an observed increase as these parameters are raised. Additionally, an increase in layer thickness and infill percentage corresponds to a higher maximum failure load in the specimens. The peak maximum failure load (230 N) is achieved at a 0.5 mm layer thickness and Tri-Hexagonal pattern. As the infill percentage changes from 10% to 50%, the percentage of elongation at break decreases. The maximum percentage of elongation at break is attained with a 20% infill percentage, 0.2 mm layer thickness, and 0.5 Cubic-Subdivision pattern. Using a multi-objective response optimization, the layer thickness of 0.152 mm, an infill percentage of 32.909%, and a Grid infill pattern was found to be the best configuration.
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Hariyanto, Aditya Prayugo, Kurnia Hastu Christianti, Agus Rubiyanto, Nasori Nasori, Mohammad Haekal, and Endarko Endarko. "The Effect of Pattern and Infill Percentage in 3D Printer for Phantom Radiation Applications." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 23, no. 2 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v23i2.27256.
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3D printing technology was capable of fabricating phantoms to enhance quality assurance in radiation therapy. The ideal phantom has properties equivalent to the real tissue. However, 3D Printing has the limits to mimicking the attenuation properties of various tissues because during 3D printing there can be only one type of material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of infill percentage and infill patterns of 3D printing technology to simulate various types of tissue. This study used 25 samples measuring 5 × 5 × 1 cm3 from PETG material. The 20 samples were printed using variations infill percentages from 5 - 100% and the infill pattern in lines. The five samples were then printed with the infill percentage constant at 50% and used the infill pattern triangles, grid, gyroid, octet, and concentric. We used Computed Tomography (CT) to determine the Hounsfield Unit (HU) value for each sample and evaluated the suitability of each sample for phantom applications in radiation therapy and radiology. However, none of the samples was able to simulate compact bone. As a result, we found that PETG material could simulate the properties of soft tissue, fat, lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, and spongy bone. Thus, the study had shown promising potential for the fabrication of the anthropomorphic phantom of radiation therapy.
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Zisopol, Dragoș Gabriel, Maria Tănase, and Alexandra Ileana Portoacă. "Innovative Strategies for Technical-Economical Optimization of FDM Production." Polymers 15, no. 18 (2023): 3787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183787.
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This article introduces a multi-objective optimization approach for determining the best 3D printing parameters (layer thickness and infill percentage) to efficiently produce PLA and ABS parts, extensively analyzing mechanical behavior under tests for different traits such as tensile strength, compression, flexural, impact, and hardness. The value analysis method is used to optimize settings that balance use value (Vi- represented by mechanical characteristics) and production cost (Cp). Findings reveal that the infill percentage significantly influences the Vi/Cp ratio for tensile, compression, and hardness tests, while flexural tests are influenced by layer thickness. Impact strength is influenced nearly equally by both factors, with material-specific variations. The desirability function proved useful for optimizing processes with multiple responses, identifying the optimal parameters for the FDM process: a layer thickness of 0.15 mm with 100% infill percentage for PLA, a layer thickness of 0.20 mm with 100% infill percentage for annealed PLA, and a layer thickness of 0.15 mm with 100% infill percentage for ABS. Overall, this study guides efficient 3D printing parameter selection through a technical-economic optimization based on value analysis.
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Tang, Ruixiao, Chenghu Zhang, and Jikai Liu. "Concurrent Topological Structure and Cross-Infill Angle Optimization for Material Extrusion Polymer Additive Manufacturing with Microstructure Modeling." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (2022): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060852.
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This paper contributes a concurrent topological structure and cross-infill angle optimization method for material extrusion type additive manufacturing (AM). This method features in modeling the process-induced material anisotropy through microscopic geometric modeling obtained by scanning electron micrographs. Numerical homogenization is performed to evaluate the equivalent effective properties of the 100-percentage cross-infilled local microstructures, and by introducing fitting functions, the relationship between equivalent effective material properties and varying cross-infill angles is empirically constructed. Then, optimization problems involving cross-infill angles as design variables are formulated, including concurrent optimization formulation. Numerical and experimental studies are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Both the numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the structural stiffness obtained by our proposed method has evidently improved.
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Álvarez, Kenny, Rodrigo F. Lagos, and Miguel Aizpun. "Investigating the influence of infill percentage on the mechanical properties of fused deposition modelled ABS parts." Ingeniería e Investigación 36, no. 3 (2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v36n3.56610.
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3D printing is a manufacturing process that is usually used for modeling and prototyping. One of the most popular printing techniques is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which is based on adding melted material layer by layer. Although FDM has several advantages with respect to other manufacturing materials, there are several problems that have to be faced. When setting the printing options, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as temperature, speed, infill percentage, etc. Selecting these parameters is often a great challenge for the user, and is generally solved by experience without considering the influence of variations in the parameters on the mechanical properties of the printed parts.This article analyzes the influence of the infill percentage on the mechanical properties of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) printed parts. In order to characterize this influence, test specimens for tensile strength and Charpy tests were printed with a Makerbot Replicator 2X printer, in which the infill percentage was varied but the rest of the printing parameters were kept constant. Three different results were analyzed for these tests: tensile strength, impact resistance, and effective printing time. Results showed that the maximum tensile force (1438N) and tensile stress (34,57MPa) were obtained by using 100% infill. The maximum impact resistance, 1,55J, was also obtained with 100% infill. In terms of effective printing time, results showed that printing with an infill range between 50% and 98% is not recommended, since the effective printing time is higher than with a 100% infill and the tensile strength and impact resistance are smaller. In addition, in comparing the results of our analysis with results from other authors, it can be concluded that the printer type and plastic roll significantly influence the mechanical properties of ABS parts.
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Helmy, Dina Hesham, Hussein Okail, and Mostafa Zidan. "Effect of Infills on the Response Modification Factor for Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 12 (2023): 3092–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-12-09.
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RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are the most common type of building. Unreinforced masonry walls are often not considered by engineers in the design process, although walls and frames interact during strong ground motion, leading to structural responses deviating radically from what is expected in the design. Under lateral load, reinforced concrete confining members (frames) act in tension or compression, depending on the direction of the lateral seismic pressures. Meanwhile, masonry walls act as diagonal struts prone to compression. This research aims to develop the effect of masonry infills and their distribution on the value of the resulting response modification factor. For this purpose, a parametric study was performed on five, seven, and ten-story' buildings modeled as bare and infilled frames. Infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, and bidirectional eccentricities were the parameters investigated. Each proposed model's resulting response modification factor was compared to the value cited in different international codes. It was concluded that this value differs depending on several parameters and cannot be constant for a certain structural system. The novelty of this research is the deduction of a general equation to calculate the response modification factor as a function of the percentage of infills and the eccentricity, while presenting two different methods to calculate it. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-12-09 Full Text: PDF
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Salgueiro, Mariana P., Fábio A. M. Pereira, Carlos L. Faria, et al. "Numerical and Experimental Characterisation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Processed by Additive Manufacturing (AM): Bending and Tensile Tests." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 2 (2024): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020055.
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In additive manufacturing (AM), one of the most popular procedures is material extrusion (MEX). The materials and manufacturing parameters used in this process have a significant impact on a printed product’s quality. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of infill percentage and filament orientation on the mechanical properties of printed structures. For this reason, the characterisation of polylactic acid (PLA) was done numerically using the finite element method and experimentally through mechanical tests. The experiments involved three-point bending and tensile tests. The results showed that mechanical performance is highly dependent on these processing parameters mainly when the infill percentage is less than 100%. The highest elastic modulus was exhibited for structures with filament align at 0° and 100% infill, while the lowest one was verified for specimen filament aligned at 0° and 30% infill. The results demonstrated that the process parameters have a significant impact on mechanical performance, particularly when the infill percentage is less than 100%. Structures with filament aligned at 0° and 100% infill showed the maximum elastic modulus, whereas specimens with filament oriented at 0° and 30% infill showed the lowest. The obtained numerical agreement indicated that an inverse method based only on the load–displacement curve can yield an accurate value for this material’s elastic modulus.
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Ftoutou, Ezzeddine, Lamis Allegue, Haykel Marouani, Tarek Hassine, Yasser Fouad, and Hatem Mrad. "Modeling of Effect of Infill Density Percentage on Rotating Bending Fatigue Behavior of Additive-Manufactured PLA Polymers." Materials 17, no. 2 (2024): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020471.
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Nowadays, 3D PLA-printed parts are widely used in many applications, essentially using the fused filament fabrication technique. While the influence of printing parameters on quasi-static mechanical characterization has been extensively considered within the literature, there are limited accounts of this effect on fatigue performance. The two main aims of this research are first to investigate the effects of the infill density percentage on the fatigue life of dog-bone samples under rotating bending cycling loads, and second to model the fatigue life using Wöhler and Basquin models. The experiments exhibit a high variability of results, especially for low cyclic loads. The S–N curves show that the number of cycles at failure increases with the increase in the infill density percentage and decreases with the increase in loads. Investigations allow the formulation of each constant model as a function of the infill density percentage. The new fatigue model formulations exhibit good agreement with the experimental data. As an outcome of this study, the fatigue model for 3D-printed parts may be expressed as a function of the infill density percentage using fewer tests in the future and for other polymers used in fused filament fabrication.
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Almajid, Abdulhakim A. "Mechanical, Physical, and Wear Properties of 3D Printed Polyactic Acid Materials." Key Engineering Materials 833 (March 2020): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.118.
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The objective of this paper is to study the mechanical, physical, and wear properties of the 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) materials. Tensile Strength, Modulus, and Ductility are investigated as a function of the infill percentage and the printing direction. Shioe D hardness versus infill percentage was investigated. Weight loss versus rolling contact time was investigated to measure the wear properties of the parts. The 3D printed parts have shown a great influence by the infill percentage. Such observation was not found in terms of printing direction. The weight loss due to rolling contact was a function of rolling contact time.
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Nurfaedah, Dira, Rifelino Rifelino, Purwantono Purwantono, and Febri Prasetya. "OPTIMALISASI KEKUATAN BENDING HASIL 3D PRINTING MENGGUNAKAN METODE RESPONSE SURFACE PADA FILAMEN PLA (POLY LACTIC ACID)." Jurnal Vokasi Mekanika (VoMek) 3, no. 3 (2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/vomek.v3i3.217.
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Akhir-akhir ini teknologi baru sudah mengembangkan produksi banyak meragup keuntungan untuk yang membutuhkan teknologi past prototype. Printer 3D merupakan teknologi past prototyping yang salah satu jenisnya ialah FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) yang terkenal dan terjangkau. PLA memiliki karakteristik transparan, bersifat kaku, berbentuk butiran, memiliki ketahanan terhadap kelembapan serta polimer yang elastis. Pada PLA nozzle temperature dan layer thickness berpengaruh terhadap keelastisitas produk. pengaruh ketebalan lapisan cetak, shell thickness mendapatkan parameter paling mendominasi pada respon tensile strength. Akan tetapi dalam hal flexural strength dari bahan PLA, parameter ketebalan lapis, deposition angle, dan pola infil, dikonfimasi ketebalan lapis yang sangat memberikan pengaruh pada bending strength bahan. Metode permukaan respon merupakan sekumpulan statistika serta kalkulasi teknik dimana berfungsi meningkatkan serta memaksimalkan proses, yang mana banyak parameter bebas mempengaruhi variabel respon. Kekuatan bending tertinggi berada pada parameter layer thickness 0.3 mm, nozzle temperature 205oC, dan infill percentage 30% dengan 71.605 MPa. Pada penelitian ini variabel layer thickness sangat berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan bending, nozzle temperature dan infill percentage tidak terlalu berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan bending. Dalam penentuan nilai optimum berdasarkan hasil analisis varian model orde 2 dengan redidual identik menyebar secara acak dan titik residual mendekati garis diagonal untuk uji kenormalan yang berarti memiliki kontribusi terhadap model. Nilai optimum dari variabel bebas menghasilkan nilai bending strength optimal yaitu 0.3 mm untuk layer thickness, 208,18oC untuk nozzle temperature dan 30% untuk infill percentage dengan bending strength yang paling optimal adalah 72,0443 MPa.
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Nace, Susan Erica, John Tiernan, Donal Holland, and Aisling Ni Annaidh. "A comparative analysis of the compression characteristics of a thermoplastic polyurethane 3D printed in four infill patterns for comfort applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 11 (2021): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2020-0155.
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Purpose Most support surfaces in comfort applications and sporting equipment are made from pressure-relieving foam such as viscoelastic polyurethane. However, for some users, foam is not the best material as it acts as a thermal insulator and it may not offer adequate postural support. The additive manufacturing of such surfaces and equipment may alleviate these issues, but material and design investigation is needed to optimize the printing parameters for use in pressure relief applications. This study aims to assess the ability of an additive manufactured flexible polymer to perform similarly to a viscoelastic foam for use in comfort applications. Design/methodology/approach Three-dimensional (3D) printed samples of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are tested in uniaxial compression with four different infill patterns and varying infill percentage. The behaviours of the samples are compared to a viscoelastic polyurethane foam used in various comfort applications. Findings Results indicate that TPU experiences an increase in strength with an increasing infill percentage. Findings from the study suggest that infill pattern impacts the compressive response of 3D printed material, with two-dimensional patterns inducing an elasto-plastic buckling of the cell walls in TPU depending on infill percentage. Such buckling may not be a beneficial property for comfort applications. Based on the results, the authors suggest printing from TPU with a low-density 3D infill, such as 5% gyroid. Originality/value Several common infill patterns are characterised in compression in this work, suggesting the importance of infill choices when 3D printing end-use products and design for manufacturing.
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Furtado, André, Hugo Rodrigues, and António Arêde. "Effect of the Openings on the Seismic Response of an Infilled Reinforced Concrete Structure." Buildings 12, no. 11 (2022): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12112020.
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The seismic behavior of the infill masonry infill walls has a significant impact on the global response of reinforced concrete frame structures. One factor influencing its behavior is the existence of openings in the walls, such as doors and windows, which are crucial for the infill seismic performance. Although the numerical simulation of the seismic behavior of RC buildings with infill walls has evolved significantly in recent years in terms of micro- and macro-modelling, most of the existing studies are only related to infill walls without openings. Based on this motivation, four main objectives were defined for this research work: (i) present a simplified modeling approach and its calibration to simulate the seismic behavior of infill walls with central openings such as windows; (ii) evaluate the impact of the openings on the global seismic response of an RC building; (iii) study the impact of the irregular distribution of the infill walls (vertical and in-plane) on the global seismic response of an RC building; and (iv) study the impact of the central openings ratio (i.e., relative percentage between opening and infill wall area) on the global seismic response of an RC building structure. A four-story infilled RC building was used as a case study to perform parametric analyses investigating the impact of the masonry infill walls’ irregular distribution (vertical and in-plan) and their openings ratio. The results are discussed in terms of natural frequencies and vibration modes, initial lateral stiffness, and maximum lateral resistance. This study found that the openings caused a reduction in the natural frequencies of about 20% compared with the full infill (without openings). The openings did not modify the vibration modes. In addition, the openings reduced the initial stiffness by about 20% compared with the model without openings. The maximum strength increased about 50% with the infill walls, but this was reduced by the openings by 20%.
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Hooshmand, Mohammad Javad, Saeed Mansour, and Amin Dehghanian. "Optimization of build orientation in FFF using response surface methodology and posterior-based method." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 5 (2021): 967–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2020-0162.
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Purpose The advancement of additive manufacturing technologies has resulted in producing parts of high quality and reduced manufacturing time. This paper aims to achieve a simultaneous optimal solution for build time and surface roughness as the output data and also to find the best values for the input data consisting of build orientation, extrusion width, layer thickness, infill percentage and raster angle. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the effects of process parameters on the response variables were investigated by the design of experiments approach to develop empirical models using response surface methodology. The experimental parts of this research were conducted using an inexpensive and locally assembled fused filament fabrication (FFF) machine. A total of 50 runs for 4 different geometries, namely, cylinder, prism, 3DBenchy and twist gear vase, were performed using the rotatable central composite design, and each process parameters were investigated in two levels to develop empirical models. Also, a novel optimization method, namely, the posterior-based method, was accomplished to find the best values for the response variables. Findings The results demonstrated that not only the build orientation and layer thickness have notable effects on both response variables but also build time is dependent on extrusion width and infill percentage. Low infill percentage and high extrusion width resulted in increasing build time. By reducing layer thickness and infill percentage while increasing extrusion width, parts of high-quality surface finish and reduced built time were produced. Optimum process parameters were found to be of build direction of 0°, extrusion width of 0.61 mm, layer thickness of 0.22 mm, infill percentage of 20% and raster angle of 0°. Originality/value Through the developed empirical models and by minimizing build orientation and layer thickness, and also considerations for process parameters, parts of high-quality surface finish and reduced built time could be produced on FFF machines. To compensate for increased build time because of reduction in layer thickness, extrusion width and infill percentage must have their maximum and minimum value, respectively.
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Lee, Ri In Yuan Hui, and Diana Lo. "Effect of printing temperature and infill percentage on the appearance of 3D printed chocolate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1488, no. 1 (2025): 012122. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1488/1/012122.
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Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) food printing is the current rising technology by creating layer by layer of thin semi-liquid particles, resulting in a 3D shaped food. Chocolate is one of the most used food ingredients in 3D food printing due to its properties that can melt and harden easily at room temperature. Temperature is one of the main factors affecting the chocolate’s properties regarding its melting point stability and its shininess. The infill percentage of the 3D printed chocolate models determines the build-up structure of the final product. This study compared the sensory analysis of the appearance of the 3D printed chocolate. The variables used in this study are the printing temperature and the infill percentage of the 3D chocolate model. The temperatures used for the printing were 31°C, 32°C, and 33°C with infill percentages of 10%, 30%, and 50% for each printing temperature. The hedonic rating test and the CATA method were used to analyze the printed chocolate. Results from the hedonic rating test showed that chocolate printed at a temperature 32°C with an infill percentage of 50% had a higher acceptance level compared with other samples with a rating value of 7.11±1.60. For the CATA analysis, Cochran’s Q test, symmetric plot of attributes and product, principal coordinate analysis for the attribute correlated to the liking point, and the mean impact for a to determine positive impact attribute were done to assess the attributes that were perceived from the samples.
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Waseem, Muhammad, Bashir Salah, Tufail Habib, et al. "Multi-Response Optimization of Tensile Creep Behavior of PLA 3D Printed Parts Using Categorical Response Surface Methodology." Polymers 12, no. 12 (2020): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122962.
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Three-dimensional printed plastic products developed through fused deposition modeling (FDM) endure long-term loading in most of the applications. The tensile creep behavior of such products is one of the imperative benchmarks to ensure dimensional stability under cyclic and dynamic loads. This research dealt with the optimization of the tensile creep behavior of 3D printed parts produced through fused deposition modeling (FDM) using polylactic acid (PLA) material. The geometry of creep test specimens follows the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D2990) standards. Three-dimensional printing is performed on an open-source MakerBot desktop 3D printer. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is employed to predict the creep rate and rupture time by undertaking the layer height, infill percentage, and infill pattern type (linear, hexagonal, and diamond) as input process parameters. A total of 39 experimental runs were planned by means of a categorical central composite design. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed that the most influencing factors for creep rate were layer height, infill percentage, and infill patterns, whereas, for rupture time, infill pattern was found significant. The optimized levels obtained for both responses for hexagonal pattern were 0.1 mm layer height and 100% infill percentage. Some verification tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted RSM technique. The implemented research is believed to be a comprehensive guide for the additive manufacturing users to determine the optimum process parameters of FDM which influence the product creep rate and rupture time.
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Agbayani, Mark Anthony R., Marissa A. Paglicawan, Marianito T. Margarito, and Blessie A. Basilia. "Effects of Wood Flour Reinforcement on the Warpage and Compressive Strength of 3D Printed HDPEs." Materials Science Forum 1085 (April 20, 2023): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-4f7avg.
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The study involves the use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a filament for 3D printing. Considering the warpage and adhesion problem of HDPE on the build plate during 3D printing, this was addressed through the incorporation of wood flour compatibilized with styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS-gMAH). The composite wood-HDPE (cHDPE) was studied to observe warpage changes. Using different SEBS, heat bed parameters and identification of the suitable print heat beds for HDPE was conducted. Results from the mechanical testing show that the compressive strength and elastic force of virgin HDPE (vHDPE) increases with infill percentage, while the same properties for cHDPE increases up to 50% infill density/percentage then decreases as it approaches 100% infill percentage. Digital microscopy imaging shows that poor layer adhesion initiated the poor compressive performance of cHDPE. Warp studies reveal that wood flour significantly decreases warping of HDPE by 42.88% at 50% infill density. While different SEBS brands show similar effectiveness as heat beds in reducing warping of HDPE during printing.
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Firtikiadis, Lazaros, Anastasios Tzotzis, Panagiotis Kyratsis, and Nikolaos Efkolidis. "Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-Based Evaluation of the 3D-Printed Recycled-PETG Tensile Strength." Applied Mechanics 5, no. 4 (2024): 924–37. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech5040051.
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In this research, an investigation related to the tensile testing of 3D-printed specimens, under different fabrication parameters, is presented. The control samples were fabricated using Recycled-PETG: EVO (NEEMA3D™, Athens, Greece). It consists of recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) raw material, already used in industry, modified so that it becomes filament and can be printed again. More specifically, the parameters set to be studied are the percentage of infill, the speed and the type of infill. Both infill density and printing speed have three value levels, whereas for the infill pattern, two types were selected. Two sets of 18 specimens each were fabricated, with respect to the different parameter combinations. Through the results of the tests, the maximum tension of each specimen was obtained separately. Of the three parameters defined, it was found that the most important are the type of infill (44.77%) and the percentage of infill (24.67%). Speed (13.22%) did not strongly affect the strength of the specimens. In conclusion, the empirical model developed was considered reliable in terms of the value of the squared error, R-sq(pred) (97.72%), but also of the rest of the resulting analysis residual graphs (through the full factorial design).
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Zisopol, Dragos Gabriel, Nae Ion, and Alexandra Ileana Portoaca. "Comparison of the Charpy Resilience of Two 3D Printed Materials: A Study on the Impact Resistance of Plastic Parts." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 3 (2023): 10781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.5876.
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Charpy impact testing is a widely used method for the evaluation of the toughness of materials, including 3D-printed plastic parts. This study performed Charpy test on 3D-printed samples made of PLA and ABS. Factors such as layer thickness and infill percentage varied (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20mm layer height and 50, 75, and 100% infill percentage) to investigate how they affect the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, including their toughness.
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Patton, Michael V., Patrick Ryan, Thomas Calascione, et al. "Manipulating magnetic anisotropy in fused filament fabricated parts via macroscopic shape, mesoscopic infill orientation, and infill percentage." Additive Manufacturing 27 (May 2019): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.026.
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Dave, Harshit K., Naushil H. Patadiya, Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit, Ashish R. Prajapati, and Harit K. Raval. "Investigation on impact strength of 3D printed PLA: effect of part orientation, infill pattern and infill percentage." International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management 37, no. 5/6 (2023): 580–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmtm.2023.133681.
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Raval, Harit K., Naushil H. Patadiya, Ashish R. Prajapati, Shilpesh R. Rajpurohit, and Harshit K. Dave. "Investigation on impact strength of 3D printed PLA: effect of part orientation, infill pattern and infill percentage." International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management 37, no. 5/6 (2023): 580–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmtm.2023.10059386.
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ElKasrawy, Nepal H., Julia El-Zoghaby, and Mahmoud Ahmed El-Sayed. "Optimization of Fused Deposition Modelling Parameters using Design of Experiments." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 55, no. 2 (2025): 84–92. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.55.2.8492.
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Additive manufacturing (AM) has been proved to be a key competitor in the industrial market, as being able to adopt customizable designs with high levels of complexity. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is currently one of the most widely used AM techniques, as it was shown to excel in terms of simplicity, cost effectiveness and time saving. A major factor, critical in enhancing any 3D print quality, is the selection of optimal process parameters. This study presents a statistical approach to optimize the manufacturing of a helical Polylactic (PLA) gear using FDM. Statistical approaches were applied to investigate the effect of layer height, infill percentage and build orientation on the printing time and material consumption was determined, on a virtually simulated model of the FDM process. Findings showed that the most significant factors influencing the print time were the layer height and percentage infill. Furthermore, it is concluded that the infill was the only significant parameter affecting the material consumption. The results of the conducted optimization study suggested that the optimum values of layer height, infill percentage and build orientation for minimum optimum print time and material consumption would be 0.25 mm, 20% and 50 degrees respectively.
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Raju, Suchetha N., Suchetha N. Raju, S. H. Kameshwari Devi, K. P. Ajeya, and K. Prashantha. "Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Analysis of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid–Polyester Urethane Blends with Varied Infill and Material Compositions." Journal of Research Updates in Polymer Science 14 (June 14, 2025): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5995.2025.14.05.
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Multimaterial 3D printing allows for the production of intricate parts with customized mechanical properties, enhancing the versatility of material extrusion additive manufacturing. Typically, 3D printing machines are fed with commercially available filament feedstock, which limits the 3D printing of multiple materials. Hence, this study introduces in-house prepared filaments for creating polymer blend structures with improved properties. In this study, polylactic acid and thermoplastic poly ester urethane (PEU) blends with different composition ratios were processed by varying the infill densities to evaluate their impacts on their thermal, mechanical and morphological properties. The effects of infill percentage on the mechanical, thermal and morphological behaviour were investigated. The results indicate that increasing the infill percentage tends to significantly increase the elastic modulus and tensile strength. The maximum strain increased as the infill percentage increased. Overall, the mechanical results indicated that, without sacrificing any tensile strength, the composite with 25% PEU exhibited better toughness than did the neat PLA and could be printed similarly to that of PLA. Furthermore, scanning electron images revealed that the blends had a homogeneous structure with a fibrillar morphology. These results indicate that 3D printing is an effective technique for creating next generation 4D materials.
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Cahyati, Sally, and Reky Amanda Putra. "THE EFFECT OF INFILL PATTERN AND DENSITY PARAMETERS ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF POLYMER MATERIALS IN 3D PRINTING." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 14, no. 3 (2023): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/jrm.v14i3.1005.
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One of the references for selecting materials in designing a machine component is its mechanical property which is tensile strength. However, the current tensile strength from the materials used in 3D printing products has not been standardized due to many parameters in the design and process that affect them. The selection of correct design and process parameters may result in the proper mechanical properties and minimize the time and amount of materials used during the printing process. The parameters expected to affect the mechanical properties are density and infill pattern. This study was conducted to observe how far the effect of them on the mechanical properties of 3D printing product's tensile strength. The specimen standard of tensile strength used was ASTM D638, while the tested infill pattern was Grid, Triangles, and Tri-Hexagon patterns, with the percentage of total infill density of 20%, 40%, and 60%. PLA (Polylactic Acid) was chosen as the material used in this study. The 3D print machine operated was 3D Print MakerGear M2 with the tensile testing machine of HTE Hounsfield. The results of this study concluded that the percentage of infill density 20%, 40%, and 60% with different infill patterns had different tensile strengths. The specimen with a Tri-Hexagon infill pattern and 60% density had the biggest tensile strength value, followed by the Triangles infill pattern and the smallest one was the Grid pattern with 20% density.
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Villacres, Jorge, David Nobes, and Cagri Ayranci. "Additive manufacturing of shape memory polymers: effects of print orientation and infill percentage on mechanical properties." Rapid Prototyping Journal 24, no. 4 (2018): 744–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-03-2017-0043.
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Purpose Material extrusion additive manufacturing, also known as fused deposition modeling, is a manufacturing technique in which objects are built by depositing molten materials layer-by-layer through a nozzle. The use and application of this technique has risen dramatically over the past decade. This paper aims to first, report on the production and characterization of a shape memory polymer material filament that was manufactured to print shape memory polymer objects using material extrusion additive manufacturing. Additionally, it aims to investigate and outline the effects of major printing parameters, such as print orientation and infill percentage, on the elastic and mechanical properties of printed shape memory polymer samples. Design/methodology/approach Infill percentage was tested at three levels, 50, 75 and 100 per cent, while print orientation was tested at four different angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the specimens at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°. The properties examined were elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and maximum strain. Findings Results showed that print angle and infill percentage do have a significant impact on the manufactured test samples. Originality/value Findings can significantly influence the tailored design and manufacturing of smart structures using shape memory polymer and material extrusion additive manufacturing.
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Joshib, Dr Raghavendra. "Investigation on Tensile and Compression Properties of 3D Printed PLA Material for Various Infill Percentage." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 01 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem41134.
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This work aims to study the effect of process parameters such as infill percentage by keeping other parameters like printing temperature, nozzle diameter, layer height, top and bottom layer thickness, print bed temperature constant during preparation of the test specimens on mechanical properties of FDM printed parts. In the present project, specimen is made with PLA material having different infill percentages which is in turn tested for its mechanical properties like tensile, compression and impact strength. The results are compared with each other various combinations. Thus, this project is conducted to get the average of the strength and mechanical properties. One variable at a time approach has been adopted to carry out the work.
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Parrado-Agudelo, Jessica Zuleima, and Carlos Narváez-Tovar. "Mechanical characterization of polylactic acid, polycaprolactone and Lay-Fomm 40 parts manufactured by fused deposition modeling, as a function of the printing parameters." ITECKNE 16, no. 2 (2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15332/iteckne.v16i2.2354.
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This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of parts manufactured by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) using three biocompatible polymer materials: Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Lay-Fomm 40. Also, it was analyzed the influence of different printing parameters, material selection, infill percentage, and raster angle, over the mechanical properties. The samples were subjected to tension and compression tests using a universal testing machine, and elastic modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress were obtained from the stress-strain curves. PLA samples have the highest elastic modulus, yield stress and ultimate stress for both compression and tension tests, for example, the ultimate tensile stress with infill percentage of 30 % and raster angle of 0-90° has an average value of 41.20 MPa, while PCL samples had an ultimate tensile stress average value of 9.68 MPa. On the other hand, Lay-Fomm40 samples had the highest elongations, with percentage values between 300 and 600 %. Finally, ANOVA analysis showed that the choice of the material is the leading printing parameter that contributes to the mechanical properties, with percentages of 84.20% to elastic modulus, 93.30% to yield stress, and 82.44% to ultimate stress. The second important factor is the raster angle, with higher strengths for the 0-90° when compared to 45-135°. On the other hand, the contribution of the infill percentage to the mechanical properties was no statistically significant. The obtained results could be useful for material selection and 3D printing parameters definition for additive manufacturing of scaffolds, implants, and other structures for biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
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Khusru, Shovona, David P. Thambiratnam, Mohamed Elchalakani, and Sabrina Fawzia. "Behaviour of Slender Hybrid Rubberised Concrete Double Skin Tubular Columns under Eccentric Loading." Buildings 14, no. 1 (2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010057.
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Rubberised concrete, utilised as infill material within single- or double-skin confinements, has emerged as a sustainable solution, offering improved ductility in structures. Past studies have indicated promising results regarding the axial response of hybrid columns comprising filament wound exterior tubes, rubberised concrete infill, and steel interior tubes. This paper investigates the response of such hybrid columns under eccentric compression using validated numerical techniques. An extensive parametric study is conducted to explore the effects of load eccentricity, rubber percentage, concrete strength, and steel tube strength. Results show that despite credible increases in rubber percentage and load eccentricity, the columns have reasonably good performance. The findings facilitate the prediction of the eccentric behaviour of these hybrid columns across varying rubber percentages, confirming its viability for practical applications under realistic eccentric load conditions. The results further affirm the suitability of this hybrid column in scenarios that necessitate higher ductility.
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Zisopol, Dragos Gabriel, Alexandra Ileana Portoaca, and Maria Tanase. "Improving the Impact Resistance through Annealing in PLA 3D Printed Parts." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 5 (2023): 11768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6281.
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This study conducts an experimental exploration and thorough analysis of the influence of annealing on the impact resistance of PLA 3D-printed components. The investigation extends its scope to encompass the influence of printing parameters, specifically layer thickness and infill percentage. The research highlights that the impact resistance of annealed 3D printed PLA components is predominantly influenced by the infill percentage, with the highest impact energy observed at a full 100% infill. It is noticeable that the application of annealing post-processing heat treatment results in a remarkable, up to threefold, increase of the impact energy highlighting its potential efficacy as a viable technique for enhancing the mechanical integrity of PLA 3D printed products. Consequently, this study establishes annealing as a promising methodology, particularly for PLA 3D printing applications that encounter significant mechanical loads.
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Qian, Haonan, Di Chen, Xiangyu Xu, Rui Li, Guangrong Yan, and Tianyuan Fan. "FDM 3D-Printed Sustained-Release Gastric-Floating Verapamil Hydrochloride Formulations with Cylinder, Capsule and Hemisphere Shapes, and Low Infill Percentage." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 2 (2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020281.
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The aim of this work was to design and fabricate fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed sustained-release gastric-floating formulations with different shapes (cylinder, capsule and hemisphere) and infill percentages (0% and 15%), and to investigate the influence of shape and infill percentage on the properties of the printed formulations. Drug-loaded filaments containing HPMC, Soluplus® and verapamil hydrochloride were prepared via hot-melt extrusion (HME) and then used to print the following gastric-floating formulations: cylinder-15, capsule-0, capsule-15, hemisphere-0 and hemisphere-15. The morphology of the filaments and the printed formulations were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physical state of the drugs in the filaments and the printed formulations were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The printed formulations were evaluated in vitro, including the weight variation, hardness, floating time, drug content and drug release. The results showed that the drug-loaded filament prepared was successful in printing the gastric floating formulations. Verapamil hydrochloride was proved thermally stable during HME and FDM, and in an amorphous state in the filament and the printed formulations. The shape and infill percentage of the printed formulations effected the hardness, floating time and in vitro drug release.
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Kreft, Klemen, Tijana Stanić, Petra Perhavec, Rok Dreu, and Zoran Lavrič. "Influence of fused deposition modelling printing parameters on tablet disintegration times: a design of experiments study." Acta Pharmaceutica 73, no. 3 (2023): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0026.
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Abstract Despite the importance of process parameters in the printing of solid dosage forms using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology, the field is still poorly explored. A design of experiment study was conducted to understand the complete set of process parameters of a custom developed FDM 3D printer and their influence on tablet disintegration time. Nine settings in the Simplify 3D printing process design software were evaluated with further experimental investigation conducted on the influence of infill percentage, infill pattern, nozzle diameter, and layer height. The percentage of infill was identified as the most impactful parameter, as increasing it parabolically affected the increase of disintegration time. Furthermore, a larger nozzle diameter prolonged tablet disintegration, since thicker extruded strands are generated through wider nozzles during the printing process. Three infill patterns were selected for in-depth analysis, demonstrating the clear importance of the geometry of the internal structure to resist mechanical stress during the disintegration test. Lastly, layer height did not influence the disintegration time. A statistical model with accurate fit (R 2 = 0.928) and predictability (Q 2 = 0.847) was created. In addition, only the infill pattern and layer height influenced both the uniformity of mass and uniformity of the disintegration time, which demonstrates the robustness of the printing process.
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Kim, Ga-In, Seong-Jae Boo, Jang-Wook Lim, Jin-Kyo Chung, and Min-Soo Park. "Texture Modification of 3D-Printed Maltitol Candy by Changing Internal Design." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (2022): 4189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094189.
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The purpose of this study is to show more diverse texture modifications by changing the material of a food 3D-printed structure conducted only with soft materials (in this case, potatoes and chocolate) to a hard material (in this case, maltitol here). However, unlike previous 3D-printed food materials, sweetener materials such as sucrose and maltitol are sensitively caramelized at a high melting temperature. As such, there is no commercialized printing equipment. Therefore, a printing process experiment was conducted first in this case. To do this, a high-temperature syringe pump-based extrusion device was designed, and process tests according to the temperature and environment were conducted. An assessment of the internal structural changes according to the infill patterns and infill percentages was conducted based on the acquired process conditions. The texture strength increased as the infill percentage increased. Depending on the infill patterns, the texture strength increased in the order of the Hilbert curve, honeycomb, and rectilinear samples here. As a result, a change in the texture strength was determined through a change in the internal structure of a hard food material using 3D printing, which showed a wider range of change than in conventional soft food materials.
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Hendito, Mikael Sean, Agus Halim, Erwin Siahaan, and Kevin Raynaldo. "STUDY ON CHARACTERISTIC ANALYSIS OF ONYX-CARBON FIBER REINFORCED MATERIAL AT PT. MATAHARI MEGAH." International Journal of Application on Sciences, Technology and Engineering 1, no. 3 (2023): 951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ijaste.v1.i3.951-961.
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Industry 4.0 focuses on automation with the help of technological and scientific developments in its application. Additive manufacturing is one of the pillars in Industry 4.0. 3D printing technology is part of additive manufacturing. One of the Indonesian companies that utilize 3D printing technology is PT Matahari Megah, the 3D-printing filament used to make a product in the company is Onyx-Carbon Fiber Reinforced. This material is used to make jaw grippers, soft jaws, threads, brackets, and jigs. However, the use of Onyx-Carbon Fiber Reinforced material is still not optimal, because there are no physical strength characteristics of the composite material. The method used in this research is to find a comparative study that starts by looking for literature studies that vary the parameters of the infill pattern and the percentage of density. In this study, the research data will be compared with the data from the literature study which will then be analyzed to find the most optimal parameters, based on the literature, the data obtained will be analyzed using the Taguchi method. From the data analysis, it is found that among the triangular, rectangular, and hexagonal infill patterns, the rectangular pattern is the most optimal. The optimal parameter configuration for the first data is by using rectangular infill pattern with 75% density percentage and for the second data by using rectangular infill pattern with 80% density percentage.
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Maurya, Nagendra Kumar, Manish Maurya, Shashi Prakash Dwivedi, et al. "Investigation of effect of process variable on dimensional accuracy of FDM component using response surface methodology." World Journal of Engineering 18, no. 5 (2021): 710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2020-0347.
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Purpose Nowadays, rapid prototyping is emerging as end use product in low volume. The accuracy of the fabricated components depends on various process parameters. Process parameters used in this investigation are layer thickness (150, 200 and 250 µm), infill pattern (linear, hexagonal and star fill), raster angle (0°, 45° and 90°) and infill density (40, 60 and 80%). Linear and radial dimension of knuckle joint are selected for the response factor. Design/methodology/approach The experiments are design by using response surface methodology (RSM). Four design variables at three levels are used to examine their influence on percentage error in linear dimension and radial dimension of the component. A prototype Knuckle joint is selected as component. Minitab-14 software is used for the design of experiments. Findings Experimental measure data is analyzed by using “smaller is better” quality characteristics. A regression model for the forecasting of percentage error in linear and radial dimension is developed. The developed model is within precision range. The optimum level of process for linear and radial dimensions are obtained: layer thickness of 150 µm, Infill pattern of linear, Raster angle of 90° and infill density of 40%. Research limitations/implications It proves that both the mathematical model is significant and can be able to approximate the desired output value close to the accurate dimensions. While comparing the calculated F-values for both linear and radial dimension with the standard table (F-table, 0.05), it is found that at the given set of degree of freedom the standard F-values (6.61) is lower for that regression, linear, square and interaction source of the predicted model, for which p-values have already less than 0.05. It is desirable for significant process parameters. Practical implications The dimensional accuracy with respect to average percentage error of FDM produced knuckle joint is successfully examined. The effect of process parameters, namely, layer thickness, infill pattern, raster angle and infill density on average percentage error was investigated by RSM and analysis of variance table. Social implications The novelty of this work lies in the fact that only few studies are available in archival literature related to influence of these process parameters on percentage error in linear and radial dimension for Polycarbonate (PC) material. Originality/value The novelty of this work lies in the fact only few studies are available in archival literature related to influence of these process parameters on percentage error in linear and radial dimension for Polycarbonate (PC) material.
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Yang, Hyun Seok, and Dong Wuk Kim. "Fabrication of Gastro-Floating Famotidine Tablets: Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose-Based Semisolid Extrusion 3D Printing." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (2023): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020316.
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Semisolid extrusion (SSE) three-dimensional (3D) printing uses drug-loaded paste for the printing process, which is capable of constructing intricate 3D structures. This research presents a unique method for fabricating gastro-floating tablets (GFT) using SSE. Paste-loaded famotidine with a matrix made of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) were prepared. Nine 3D printed tablets were developed with different HPMC concentrations and infill percentages and evaluated to determine their physicochemical properties, content uniformity, dissolution, and floating duration. The crystallinity of the drug remained unchanged throughout the process. Dissolution profiles demonstrated the correlation between the HPMC concentration/infill percentage and drug release behavior over 10 h. All the fabricated GFTs could float for 10 h and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model described the dissolution kinetics as combination of non-Fickian or anomalous transport mechanisms. The results of this study provided insight into the predictability of SSE 3D printability, which uses hydro-alcoholic gel-API blend materials for GFTs by controlling traditional pharmaceutical excipients and infill percentages. SSE 3D printing could be an effective blueprint for producing controlled-release GFTs, with the additional benefits of simplicity and versatility over conventional methods.
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Kasim Mehdi, Muhammed, and Bashar Owed. "THE INFLUENCE OF INFILL DENSITY AND SPEED OF PRINTING ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF THE THREE DIMENSION PRINTING POLYLACTIC ACID PARTS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 27, no. 1 (2023): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.1.8.
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The primary aim of this research was to determine the effect of infill-density (ID), and the speed of print on the microstructure and tensile behavior of 3D printed elements by conducting the tensile test. The tensile behavior of 3D-printed elements is essentially dependent on the ID that is stratified through printing. Here specimens were printed from PLA and divided into three groups the first group printed at speed of 40mm/s and (50,75,100) % infill ratio. And the second group printed at speed of 50 mm/s and (50,75,100) % infill ratio. The third group printed at speed of 60mm/min and (50,75, 100) % infill ratio. The specimens were printed in accordance with ASTM D638 of the tensile test. From all specimens, the best result was obtained in first group specimen 3 at an infill ratio of 100% and speed of print of 40mm/min. from the microstructure examination, the brittle fracture features (smooth region) and ductile fracture characteristics (deformed patterns) were observed in the infill ratio (ID) percentage.
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Sharma, Varun, Khaja Moinuddin Shaik, Archita Choudhury, et al. "Investigations of process parameters during dissolution studies of drug loaded 3D printed tablets." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 235, no. 5 (2021): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411921993582.
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The present research paper attempts to study the effect of different process parameters on the dissolution rate during 3D printed tablets. Three-dimensional printing has the potential of serving tailored made tablets to cater personalized drug delivery systems. Fluorescein loaded PVA filaments through impregnation route was used to fabricate tablets based on Taguchi based design of experimentation using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The effect of print speed, infill percentage and layer thickness were analyzed to study the effect on rate of dissolution. Infill percentage followed by print speed were found to be critical parameters affecting dissolution rate. The data analysis provided an insight into the study of interaction among different 3D printing parameters to develop an empirical relation for percentage release of the drug in human body.
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Pandit, Tekkan, and Hemchandra Chaulagain. "Evaluation of Response Reduction Factor of Existing Masonry Infilled RC-Buildings in Pokhara." Himalayan Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 1, no. 1 (2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hijase.v1i1.33540.
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Most of the structural designer do not consider masonry infill walls during design process due to a lack of modeling guidelines in design standards and are treated as non-structural elements. In fact, the interaction effect between bounding frames and infill masonry is a complicated issue in nonlinearity of structures. The current seismic codes indirectly incorporate the nonlinear response of structure through linear elastic approach by considering the response reduction factor ‘R’ without comprising infill. In this context, this study evaluates the response reduction factor of existing engineered designed RC frame structures that are designed based on Indian standard codes. For this, three existing RC buildings were selected and performed non-linear pushover analysis. The structural response was examined in terms of natural period, base shear, strength, stiffness, ductility and response reduction factor. The results specify that the buildings with infill walls significantly influence on ‘R’ value of structures. Additionally, study shows that the variation of ‘R’ value mainly depends on the percentage of infill inclusion.
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Prasath, M., P. S. Sampath, C. Saravanan, R. Gokul, and J. Hari Prakash. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON OPTIMIZING THE FUSED DEPOSITION MODELING PARAMETERS FOR POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE GLYCOL MATERIAL USING TAGUCHI METHOD." Archives for Technical Sciences 2, no. 31 (2024): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.70102/afts.2024.1631.025.
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In many different manufacturing techniques, additive manufacturing technologies have proven to be quite useful for developing a prototype model in wide range of applications. In that technique, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the concern favorite methods used in industries, because it can create complex structures at a low cost. FDM uses the polymer ingredients that are melted, extruded, and layered on top of one another to create the desired product, independent of design intricacy. This examination analyzes the effects of several process variables on the flexural and impact characteristics of parts produced of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG)material, including infill structure, layer thinness, infill multi-layering, and infill concentration. The L9 orthogonal array was developed by the Taguchi method to be employed in this design of experiment. Through the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the study elucidated the relative substance and percentage effort of each process parametric quantity to the desired outcomes. The results obtained through the Taguchi method revealed optimal parameters for both impact strength and flexural tests. For impact strength, the optimum factor was determined as a layer thinness of 0.12-millimeter, quarter cubic infill structure, 30% infill denseness (density), and a multi-layering of 3. Conversely, for the flexural test, the optimal factor was found to be a layer thinness of 0.12-millimeter, cross 3D infill structure, 60% infill denseness, and a multi-layering of 4 respectively.
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El omari, Abdellah, Aissa Ouballouch, and Mohammed Nassraoui. "Impact of infill pattern and infill density on mechanical properties of FDM 3D printed parts: a review." Incertitudes et fiabilité des systèmes multiphysiques 8, no. 1 (2024): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21494/iste.op.2024.1224.
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process is widely used for various applications as it offers many benefits. Mechanical properties of parts manufactured using FDM technique are very critical. For that reason, it is important to understand how different values of process parameters affect these properties. The purpose of this research is to provide information related to the influence of various infill pattern and infill density. A literature review is carried out based on the current researches that investigate FDM 3D printing process of polymer materials. The results show that infill percentage then layer thickness are the most influential process parameter on most of the material’s mechanical properties. In addition, this work identifies gaps in existing studies and highlights opportunities for future research.
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George, Prem Kumar, Thirumurugan Varatharajan, Satyanarayanan Kachabeswara Srinivasan, Ibrahim Y. Hakeem, and Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç. "Pressure Optimization in Pneumatic Interfaces Using a Single-Bay Seven-Story Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frame: Experimental and Numerical Investigation." Buildings 13, no. 9 (2023): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092376.
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Reinforced concrete infilled frames have been studied over the years along with the infilled openings. To resist the lateral loads that are applied on the frames, stress is transferred from the reinforced concrete (RC) to infill, which leads to brittle collapse. The conventional interface medium, which was considered by researchers and recent studies, was prepared by changing the interface materials between the RC frame and infill panels to different elastic materials. This study focuses on optimizing the interface pressure using a butyl rubber tube, which reduces the stress distribution to the infill panel from the RC frame. A 50% window opening was adopted in this study, which is the optimized size from previous research. The optimization patterns followed linear and nonlinear patterns, such as the same pressures in all stories and varying pressures in all stories. The third story had a 8 PSI pattern and the other stories had a 2 PSI pattern; all stories with 8 PSI patterns achieved the least displacement when compared to other variations. A monotonic static analysis was performed for both the experimental and analytical study. The boundary conditions were pinned, and coupling interfaces were made for the master and slave surfaces. The pressure conditions were applied in various linear and nonlinear patterns to optimize the pressure. A comparative study was performed on the displacement, stiffness, and drift ratio for the critical position of the interface pressure in both the analytical and experimental studies. The difference was approximately 0.53% in the analytical study and 0.37% in the experimental work. The optimization was performed using both an experimental model and an analytical model, which had an error percentage of 0.61%.
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Sherif, Mohamed, Hesham Mahmoud, Sameh Mekhiel, and Ahmed S. Elmesalamy. "A pilot-study on the influence of fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters on multiple performance metrics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2811, no. 1 (2024): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2811/1/012019.
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Abstract This study examines the key process parameters in the 3D printing of PLA and their influence on different responses. The examined parameters include layer thickness, infill percentage, raster width, build orientation, raster angle, and extrusion temperature. Their impact was evaluated using a fractional factorial design on key essential characteristics such as tensile strength, dimensional capability, surface roughness, and cost-effectiveness. Pareto plots were utilized to identify and prioritize the most influential parameters for each response. The study’s findings showed that layer thickness, infill percentage, and orientation around the x and y axes have a notable impact on all of the observed responses. In contrast, it was found that the angle between two successive layers did not have a significant impact on any of the responses.
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Baras, P., and J. Sawicki. "Numerical analysis of mechanical properties of 3D printed aluminium components with variable core infill values." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 103 (2020): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6912.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present numerical modelling results for 3D-printed aluminium components with different variable core infill values. Information published in this paper will guide engineers when designing the components with core infill regions. Design/methodology/approach: During this study 3 different core types (Gyroid, Schwarz P and Schwarz D) and different combinations of their parameters were examined numerically, using FEM by means of the software ANSYS Workbench 2019 R2. Influence of core type as well as its parameters on 3D printed components strength was studied. The “best” core type with the “best” combination of parameters was chosen. Findings: Results obtained from the numerical static compression tests distinctly showed that component strength is highly influenced by the type infill choice selected. Specifically, infill parameters and the coefficient (force reaction/volumetric percentage solid material) were investigated. Resulting total reaction force and percentage of solid material in the component were compared to the fully solid reference model. Research limitations/implications: Based on the Finite Element Analysis carried out in this work, it was found that results highlighted the optimal infill condition defined as the lowest amount of material theoretically used, whilst assuring sufficient mechanical strength. The best results were obtained by Schwarz D core type samples. Practical implications: In the case of the aviation or automotive industry, very high strength of manufactured elements along with a simultaneous reduction of their wight is extremely important. As the viability of additively manufactured parts continues to increase, traditionally manufactured components are continually being replaced with 3D-printed components. The parts produced by additive manufacturing do not have the solid core, they are rather filled with specific geometrical patterns. The reason of such operation is to save the material and, in this way, also weight. Originality/value: The conducted numerical analysis allowed to determine the most favourable parameters for optimal core infill configurations for aluminium 3D printed parts, taking into account the lowest amount of material theoretically used, whilst assuring sufficient mechanical strength.
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Muthu Natarajan, S., S. Senthil, and P. Narayanasamy. "Investigation of Mechanical Properties of FDM-Processed Acacia concinna–Filled Polylactic Acid Filament." International Journal of Polymer Science 2022 (September 12, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4761481.
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In this work, an Acacia concinna filler was blended in a polylactic acid matrix using a single-screw extruder. A composite filament material made from an extruder was used to fabricate polylactic acid/25 wt% A. concinna (PLA/25 wt% AC) composites via a fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Composites were fabricated by varying layer thickness, infill density, and printing speed based on Taguchi L9 experimental design. Tensile, flexural, and impact tests were conducted on the printed composite samples as per the ASTM standards. The significance of factors impacting the mechanical properties was determined using analysis of variance. To estimate the strength of PLA/AC composites, mathematical models were developed. In addition, the fractured specimen was examined using scanning electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of fracture. Both the layer height and the infill percentage exhibited a positive influence on strength, which suggests that the layer height or the infill percentage, or both, will increase the material’s strength. The printing speed had a negative influence on the strength, which indicates that the strength decreases as the printing speed increases. The findings suggested that PLA/AC composites could be used to fabricate high-strength, lightweight components using FDM.