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1
Wang, Zixuan. "Different Methods of Linear Phase IIR Filer Realization." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3739.
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Signal processing has become one of the most popular research topics. Researchers have designed a variety of digital filters to exclude unwanted random noises during the transmission or extract part of the signal in the desired range. There is a prevalent trend for digital filters to replace analog ones since they do not require hardwires. All the performances are operated on a single processor and are free from the effect of external factors. Finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters in digital filters respectively provide infinite and finite impulse responses. In the application, it is preferred to have a linear phase digital filter, and FIR filters are naturally linear. However, FIR filters have higher orders and group delay than IIR filters, so researchers found various ways to implement linear phase IIR filters for improvement. This paper introduces and compares Powell and Chau Linear Phase IIR Filter, Kwan Linear Phase IIR Filter, and Xiao, Oliver, and Agathoklis Linear Phase IIR Filter.
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PERIŠIĆ, DJURDJE. "GENERALIZATION OF THE TIME INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE DIGITAL FILTERS." REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 69, no. 3 (2024): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2024.69.3.12.
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This work describes the generalization of a new kind of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filter to filter the pulse signal periods. This kind of digital filter was designed using the previously designed frequency-locked loops (FLL), which are based on the time measurement and processing of both the input and output periods. FLL is a linear discrete system. Starting from the general form of difference equation of the IIR FLL digital filter of the third and fourth orders, the transfer functions and Z transform of the outputs are developed for the IIR FLL digital filter of any order. To demonstrate the capabilities and utility of the general equations, they were applied to design a suitable IIR digital filter using a fourth-order FLL. The filtering abilities and the analyses in the frequency domain of the designed low pass IIR digital filter are demonstrated using the theory of IIR digital filter and the corresponding MATLAB tools. Analyses of the fourth-order IIR FLL digital filter were also performed in the time domain using computer simulation in MATLAB.
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Kwan, Chiman, and Hal Ferguson. "A Fresh Revisit of the Issues and Improvements in Impulse Invariance Filter Design for Infinite Impulse Response Filters." Electronics 13, no. 18 (2024): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183753.
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The objective of this paper is to first present some issues with impulse invariance filter (IIF) design during the design of digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. Engineers are often confused about some inconsistent observations. For instance, if the impulse response of a digital filter is designed using the impulse invariance procedure, then the analog and digital filters’ frequency and step responses are very different. Two simple remedies are presented in this paper. One is a post-processing approach that scales the frequency and step responses of the digital filter by the sampling interval T. Another one is a pre-processing approach that scales the impulse response of the analog filter by T. However, even after these remedies, there is still a steady state bias in the step response of the digital filter for certain cases where there is discontinuity in the analog impulse response. A recommendation is to include a correction term in the digital filter. After that, the steady state bias in the digital filter is then suppressed. Moreover, the MATLAB R2021a command “impinvar” needs to also include a correction term so that the frequency and step responses can be more accurate in the digital filter. Two comparative studies were carried out to compare the improved IIF filter with three competing digital IIR filter design methods. Although the above issues and improvements have been proposed by researchers in the past, many researchers, engineers, and students are still not aware of them. This paper provides a fresh revisit of these issues and improvements by using figures, equations, and examples. Proper credits are also given to those researchers who first pointed out those issues and improvements. It is hoped that through an open access journal, future rediscovery of issues and improvements in IIF can be prevented.
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Singh, S. K., A. Muhammad, I. Umaru, et al. "COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF BUTTERWORTH AND CHEBYSHEV-I FILTERS USING BILINEAR TRANSFORMATION." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 6 (2022): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i6.2022.4571.
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Due to the intense demands in advanced telecommunications during the last fifteen years for both higher spectrum band and better accuracy, the digital Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter has emerged as the basic component in both digital telecommunication and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) systems. In our research work reported in this paper we conducted meticulous investigation using computer simulation of the digital Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter to implement the Butterworth and Chebyshev I procedure with bilinear transformation algorithm aimed at both statistical analysis and computer simulation. Our simulation results reveal the comparative accuracy between digital filters and analog filters of the spectrum response in: i) absolute magnitude, ii) the magnitude in decibels (dB) and iii) phase. Conversely the filter selectivity and gain in decibel scale were numerically obtained.
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Islamiyah, Murni Sri Rahayu, Rachmad Saptono, and Hadiwiyatno Hadiwiyatno. "Implementasi Metode Transformasi Biliniear Pada Filter Digital Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Menggunakan Raspberry Pi." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 11, no. 1 (2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v11i1.28.
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Proses pengiriman informasi selalu terdapat gangguan atau noise, sifat noise tidak dapat dihilangkan namun dapat diminimalisir. Dalam penelitian ini penulis menggunakan Filter Digital IIR dikarenakan filter IIR memiliki impulse berdurasi tak hingga sehingga dapat dicocokkan dengan filter analog yang juga memiliki respon impuls durasi tak hingga.Pada penelitian ini akan dirancang Filter Digital IIR menggunakan metode transformasi bilinier dengan respon filter butterworth, chebyshev tipe 1 dan chebyshev tipe 2 pada MATLAB. MATLAB code digunakan untuk membuat program design filter sesuai dengan spesifikasi yang telah dibuat. MATLAB Simulink digunakan untuk membuat design block filter untuk di implementasikan pada Raspberry Pi. Raspberry pi digunakan sebagai perangkat untuk memproses filter tersebut. Hasil dari running MATLAB code dan juga Simulink dibandingkan untuk melihat apakah hasil implementasi sama dengan hasil program.Dari hasil pengujian dapat diketahui hasil respon frekuensi pada berbagai jenis filter yang digunakan pada pengujian sesuai dengan karakteristik masing-masing filter. Jenis filter yang baik digunakan pada filter digital IIR adalah filter Butterworth dan filter Chebyshev 2 karena pada passband tidak terdapat ripple. Jenis filter yang tidak baik digunakan pada filter digita IIR adalah filter Chebyshev 1. Pengaruh perubahan ripple terhadap nilai orde yaitu semakin kecil nilai ripple semakin besar nilai orde yang dihasilkan. Pengaruh perubahan attenuasi stopband yaitu semakin attenuasi stopband semakin kecil orde yang dihasilkan.
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Jacinta, Potsangbam1 and Manoj Kumar2. "DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF COMBINED PIPELINING AND PARALLEL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE FOR FIR AND IIR FILTERS USING VHDL." International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol 10, No 4, August 2019 10, no. 4 (2019): 01–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3387030.
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Along with the advancement in VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology, the implementation of Finite impulse response (FIR) filters and Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with enhanced speed has become more demanding. This paper aims at designing and implementing a combined pipelining and parallel processing architecture for FIR and IIR filter using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Descriptive Language) to reduce the power consumption and delay of the filter. The proposed architecture is compared with the original FIR and IIR filter respectively in terms of speed, area, and power. Also, the proposed architecture is compared with existing architectures in terms of delay. The implementation is done by using VHDL codes. FIR and IIR filters structures are implemented at 1200 KHz clock frequency. Synthesis and simulation have been accomplished on Artix-7 series FPGA, target device (xc7a200tfbg676) (speed grade -1) using VIVADO 2016.3.
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Akansha, Singh, Bansal Riya, and Anand Jatti Dr. "Explaining IIR Filter Using Orthogonal Polynomials and Classical Functions." Journal of Advances in Computational Intelligence Theory 7, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13746265.
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<em>This paper presents a streamlined approach to Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter design by combining the orthogonal polynomial method with classical analog filter functions such as Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Elliptic filters. The proposed method leverages the mathematical precision of orthogonal polynomials to achieve linear phase characteristics, while classical filter functions are used to refine the frequency response. This dual approach simplifies the design process, ensuring filter stability and effectiveness with minimal computational overhead. The resulting IIR filters offer a balance of simplicity, accuracy, and performance, making them suitable for a wide range of signal processing applications.</em> <strong><em> </em></strong>
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Neelam, Kumari *1 Priyanka Jaglan 2. "DESIGN OF FIR FILTER USING PSO: A REVIEW." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 9 (2017): 283–86. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.891698.
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Digital filters are devices which allow some frequencies to pass without being altered while completely blocking others. Mainly two types of digital filters are available: FIR (finite impulse response) and IIR (infinite impulse response). FIR filters are used in wide variety of applications due to their linear phase response and stability. Filter designing involves use of traditional non-optimization techniques that provides suboptimal results. In order to further enhance the efficiency of designed filter, a number of optimization techniques have been proposed. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is one of such optimization algorithm. This paper presents a review of FIR filter designing using PSO.
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Kocoń, Sławomir, and Jacek Piskorowski. "Digital Finite Impulse Response Notch Filter with Non-Zero Initial Conditions, Based on an Infinite Impulse Response Prototype Filter." Metrology and Measurement Systems 19, no. 4 (2012): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10178-012-0068-x.
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Abstract In this paper a concept of finite impulse response (FIR) narrow band-stop (notch) filter with non-zero initial conditions, based on infinite impulse response (IIR) prototype filter, is proposed. The filter described in this paper is used to suppress power line noise from ECG signals. In order to reduce the transient response of the proposed FIR notch filter, optimal initial conditions for the filter have been determined. The algorithm for finding the length of the initial conditions vector is presented. The proposed values of the length of initial conditions vector, for several ECG signals and interfering frequencies, are calculated. The proposed filters are tested using various ECG signals. Computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed FIR filters outperform traditional FIR filters with initial conditions set to zero.
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Guo, Yan, Shi Dan Li, and De Sheng Wang. "Research of Sea Clutter Suppression Algorithm Based on GPU." Applied Mechanics and Materials 239-240 (December 2012): 1194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.239-240.1194.
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This paper presents an algorithm of sea clutter suppression using graphics processing unit (GPU) to meet the real-time requirement in the general radar terminal system. The main idea is to convert an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter to a finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which is suitable for the parallelization processing of GPU. Finally, the converted FIR filter algorithm is implemented on the GPU efficiently, achieving a speed approximately twice as fast as that of the previous IIR filter algorithm implemented on the CPU.
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Kocoń, Sławomir, and Jacek Piskorowski. "Time-Varying IIR Notch Filter with Reduced Transient Response Based on the Bézier Curve Pole Radius Variability." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (2019): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071309.
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In this paper a concept of the second order digital infinite impulse response narrow band-reject filter with reduced transient response is proposed. In order to suppress the transient response of the considered infinite impulse response (IIR) notch filter its pole radius is temporarily varied in time using the Bézier parametric curve. Computer simulations verifying the effectiveness of the proposed pole-radius-varying notch filter are presented and compared to the performance of the traditional time-invariant filter using ECG signals distorted by unwanted powerline interference.
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Su, Te-Jen, Tsang-Chi Yang, Wen-Pin Tsai, and Jia-Wei Liu. "Design Two-Dimensional IIR Filters Based on Clonal Selection Algorithm with Singular Value Decomposition." Research Letters in Signal Processing 2007 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/32081.
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In this letter, clonal selection algorithm (CSA) with singular value decomposition (SVD) method is investigated for the realization of two-dimentional (2D) infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters with arbitrary magnitude responses. The CSA is applied to optimize the sampled frequencies of transition band of digital filters, then producing a planar response matrix of a 2D IIR digital filter. By using the SVD, 2D magnitude specifications can be decomposed into a pair of 1D filters, and thus the problem of designing a 2D digital filter can be reduced to the one of designing a pair of 1D digital filters or even only one 1D digital filter. The stimulation results show the proposed method has the better performance of the minimum attenuation between the passband and stopband.
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Krishna, Dr B. Vamsy, Siva Ganeshraju Sarikonda, and Jonnakuti Sharath Chandra. "Design and Implementation Low Pass FIR Digital Filter Using Windowing Techniques." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem43943.
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A filter can need to have a certain frequency response, or a particular reaction to an impulse, step, or ramp, or mimic an analogue system. Digital filters can be categorised into Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters & Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters depending on the system response. The thesis addresses FPGA low pass FIR filter design. Theoretical and experimental findings conducted FIR low pass filter point to the window design approach as very straightforward and user-friendly due to the presence of well-defined equation. Comparison indicated that the Direct-Form structure technique is simpler and performs better than other typical filter structures whereas Kaiser window gives the minimal main-lobe width and a sharp cut-off indicating smaller transition width. Experimental research of coefficient quantisation reveals a link between the frequency response, number of coefficients, and bit count. Key words: Digital Signal Processing (DSP),Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter, Low- Pass Filter, Verilog HDL, Windowing Techniques, Hamming Window, Hanning Window.
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Joelianto, Endra. "On Minimal Second-order IIR Bandpass Filters with Constrained Poles and Zeros." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 53, no. 4 (2021): 210401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.4.1.
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In this paper, several forms of infinite impulse response (IIR) bandpass filters with constrained poles and zeros are presented and compared. The comparison includes the filter structure, the frequency ranges and a number of controlled parameters that affect computational efforts. Using the relationship between bandpass and notch filters, the two presented filters were originally developed for notch filters. This paper also proposes a second-order IIR bandpass filter structure that constrains poles and zeros and can be used as a minimal parameter adaptive digital second-order filter. The proposed filter has a wider frequency range and more flexibility in the range values of the adaptation parameters.
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Kušljević, Miodrag D., Vladimir V. Vujičić, Josif J. Tomić, and Predrag D. Poljak. "IIR Cascaded-Resonator-Based Complex Filter Banks." Acoustics 5, no. 2 (2023): 535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics5020032.
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The use of a filter bank of IIR filters for the spectral decomposition and analysis of signals has been popular for many years. As such, a new filter-bank resonator-based structure, representing an extremely hardware-efficient structure, has received a good deal of attention. Recently, multiple-resonator (MR)-based and general cascaded-resonator (CR)-based filters have been proposed. In comparison to single-resonator-based analyzers, analyzers with a higher multiplicity of resonators in the cascade provide lower side lobes and a higher attenuation in stopbands. In previous works, it was shown that the CR-based filter bank with infinite impulse response (IIR) filters, which is numerically more efficient than one with finite impulse response (FIR) filters, is suitable for dynamic harmonic analysis. This paper uses the same approach to design complex digital filter banks. In the previous case, the optimization task referred to the frequency responses of harmonic filters. In this work, the harmonic filters of the mother filter bank are reshaped so that the frequency response of the sum (or difference, depending on the parity of the number of resonators in the cascade) of two adjacent harmonic filters is optimized. This way, an online adaptive filter base can be obtained. The bandwidth of the filters in the designed filter bank can be simply changed online by adding or omitting the output signals of the corresponding harmonics of the mother filter.
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Kennedy, Hugh L. "Digital Filter Designs for Recursive Frequency Analysis." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 02 (2015): 1630001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616300014.
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Digital filters for recursively computing the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and estimating the frequency spectrum of sampled signals are examined, with an emphasis on magnitude-response and numerical stability. In this tutorial-style treatment, existing recursive techniques are reviewed, explained and compared within a coherent framework; some fresh insights are provided and new enhancements/modifications are proposed. It is shown that the replacement of resonators by (non-recursive) modulators in sliding DFT (SDFT) analyzers with either a finite impulse response (FIR), or an infinite impulse response (IIR), does improve performance somewhat; however, stability is not guaranteed as the cancellation of marginally stable poles by zeros is still involved. The FIR deadbeat observer is shown to be more reliable than the SDFT methods, an IIR variant is presented, and ways of fine-tuning its response are discussed. A novel technique for stabilizing IIR SDFT analyzers with a fading memory, so that all poles are inside the unit circle, is also derived. Slepian and sum-of-cosine windows are adapted to improve the frequency responses for the various FIR and IIR DFT methods.
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Tittelbach-Helmrich, Klaus. "Digital DC blocker filters." Frequenz 75, no. 9-10 (2021): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2020-0177.
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Abstract This paper mathematically investigates a special kind of digital infinite-impulse response (IIR) filters, suitable for filtering out very low frequencies near zero from digital signals. We investigate the transfer functions of such filters from 1st to 3rd order and provide formulas to calculate the filter coefficients from the desired cutoff frequency.
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Horváth, Dušan, Zuzana Červeňanská, and Janette Kotianová. "Digital Implementation of Butterworth First–Order Filter Type IIR." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 27, no. 45 (2019): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rput-2019-0030.
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Abstract The paper deals with the solution of the first–order passive filters (low–pass and high–pass) applying electrotechnical elements (resistor, capacitor - analogue filter) and digital Butterworth filter type IIR (Infinite Impulse Response). Procedure of the filters design and implementation is described, and the analogue and digital filter outputs with the same input signal are compared. The designed filters have already served for education purposes with the intention to bring an explanation of techniques for designing required functionality of the signal processing filters.
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Anjum, Muhammad Yasir Siddique, Muhammad Ali Raza Anjum, and Usman Riaz. "Multirate Adaptive Equalization." Vol 3 Issue 5 3, no. 5 (2022): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2021030509.
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Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter model emulates the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in a wireless communication channel. An equalizer, typically an Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter, behaves as an inverse filter to the FIR filter to remove the effects of the ISI. IIR filters are generally avoided due to tractability issues, and an FIR filter, with an adaptive signal processing algorithm to minimize the error due to the ISI, is deployed at the receiver. However, the filter is observed to quickly reach a steady state where further iterations do not yield a reduction in the error. This can be attributed to relatively slow variations in the steady state error which prevent further reduction of the errors. This work focuses on converting the low frequency error variations to high frequency variations by the use of multirate signal processing. As such, the steady state error can be damped as well, providing further reduction in the error and an enhanced adaptive filter performance.
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Caroline, Caroline, Nabila Husna Shabrina, Melania Regina Ao, Nadya Laurencya, and Vanessa Lee. "Analisis Aplikasi Filter FIR dan Filter IIR dalam Pra-pemrosesan Sinyal Elektroensefalografi." Ultima Computing : Jurnal Sistem Komputer 12, no. 1 (2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/sk.v12i1.1621.
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Abstract – Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used to analyze brain activities, detect abnormalities in brain, and diagnose brain-related disease. To extract information from EEG signal, preprocessing steps such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), filter, and wavelet decomposition will be needed. This paper primarily focuses on implementation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter design in EEG signal preprocessing in MATLAB software. The result of the simulation indicates that each filter design implemented in EEG preprocessing has different performance and side effect toward signal processing parameters such as phase distortion, amplitude ratio, and processing time. Filter design type implementation also affect power and entropy calculation result.
 Keywords – EEG, FIR filter digital, IIR filter digital, Wavelet Decomposition, GUI-MATLAB
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Pushpalatha, P., and K. Babulu. "Design and implementation of systolic architecture based FIR filter." i-manager's Journal on Digital Signal Processing 10, no. 1 (2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jdp.10.1.18852.
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In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Digital filters are mainly divided into Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters and Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. FIR filters are mostly used in applications like image processing, communications, Digital Signal Processing (DSP) etc. One of the most used filters for designing of VLSI circuits is FIR filter. Systolic architecture is a Processing Element (PE) network that generates and passes data rhythmically through the system. The concept of systolic architecture can map high-level computing into hardware structures. FIR filter with systolic architectures provide better examples for efficient VLSI and FPGA implementations of many digital signal processing applications because of their modularity and regularity features.
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Kumar, Vinay, and Sunil Bhooshan. "Design of One-Dimensional Linear Phase Digital IIR Filters Using Orthogonal Polynomials." ISRN Signal Processing 2012 (October 16, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/870276.
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In the present paper, we discuss a method to design a linear phase 1-dimensional Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter using orthogonal polynomials. The filter is designed using a set of object functions. These object functions are realized using a set of orthogonal polynomials. The method includes placement of zeros and poles in such a way that the amplitude characteristics are not changed while we change the phase characteristics of the resulting IIR filter.
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Su, Te-Jen, Qian-Yi Zhuang, Wei-Hong Lin, Ya-Chung Hung, Wen-Rong Yang, and Shih-Ming Wang. "Design of Infinite Impulse Response Filters Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization." Signals 5, no. 3 (2024): 526–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/signals5030029.
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The goal of this study is to explore the effectiveness of applying multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithms in the design of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. Given the widespread application of IIR filters in digital signal processing, the precision of their design plays a significant role in the system’s performance. Traditional design methods often encounter the problem of local optima, which limits further enhancement of the filter’s performance. This research proposes a method based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms, aiming not just to find the local optima but to identify the optimal global design parameters for the filters. The design methodology section will provide a detailed introduction to the application of multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms in the IIR filter design process, including particle initialization, velocity and position updates, and the definition of objective functions. Through multiple experiments using Butterworth and Chebyshev Type I filters as prototypes, as well as examining the differences in the performance among these filters in low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass configurations, this study compares their efficiencies. The minimum mean square error (MMSE) of this study reached 1.83, the mean error (ME) reached 2.34, and the standard deviation (SD) reached 0.03, which is better than the references. In summary, this research demonstrates that multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithms are an effective and practical approach in the design of IIR filters.
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Ushanandhini and S. Shivkumar Dr. "Designing of IIR Filter using Radix 4 Multiplier by Precharging Technique." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 4 (2019): 1100–1107. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14208.
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Infinite impulse response IIR filter designs mainly aims on either low area cost or high speed or reduced power consumption. Infinite Impulse Response filters are the most important element in signal processing and communication. IIR filters can achieve a given filtering characteristic using less memory and calculations than a similar FIR filter. Multipliers are the basic building block in DSP, microprocessors and other applications. The system's performance is entirely dependent upon the multipliers because they have large area, long latency and consume considerable power hence there is a need to design high speed, low power consumption, regular and less area multipliers. The speed of the multipliers can be increased by reducing the number of partial products. Parallel multipliers are fastest among all multipliers. Booth multipliers are the parallel multipliers that operate on signed operands in two's complement form and have high performance, low power consumption and does not suffer from bad regularity. This paper presents an efficient implementation of high speed parallel multiplier using Radix-4 which further used in the designing of IIR filter. Pre charging is implemented to increase the lifespan of electronic components and increase reliability of the high voltage system. Pre charge is intended to minimize propagation delay time. Pre charge of the power line voltages in a high voltage DC application is a preliminary mode which limits the inrush current during the power up procedure. In other systems such as vehicle applications, pre charge will occur with each use of the system, multiple times per day. Ushanandhini | Dr. S. Shivkumar "Designing of IIR Filter using Radix-4 Multiplier by Precharging Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14208.pdf
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Zhou, Yue, Xiao Xiao Yao, Jin Xiang Pian, and Yan Qiang Su. "Band-Stop Filter Algorithm Research Based on Nano-Displacement Positioning System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.697.
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This paper proposed the algorithms of infinite impulse response (IIR) band-stop filter and all-pass filter to eliminate the inherent frequency for piezoelectric ceramics and improve the control precision for nanodisplacement positioning system. The IIR algorithm was composed of five steps (such as the determination of normalized frequency, filter orders and transfer functions of analog low-pass filter, analog band-stop filter and digital band-stop filter). Based on the experimental simulation results on the nanodisplacement positioning platform, the butterworth band-stop filter algorithm can achieve the requested filtering effects within 10 orders .
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Jan Kikkert, Cornelis. "A Phasor Measurement Unit Algorithm Using IIR Filters for FPGA Implementation." Electronics 8, no. 12 (2019): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121523.
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Phasor measurement units (PMU) are increasingly used in electrical power transmission networks, to maintain stability and protect the network. PMUs accurately measure voltage, phase, frequency, and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). For reliability, it is desirable to implement a PMU using an FPGA. This paper describes a novel algorithm, suited to implementation in an FPGA and based on a simple PMU block diagram. A description of its realization using low hardware complexity infinite impulse response (IIR) filters is given. The IEC/IEEE standard 60255-118-1:2018 Part 118-1: Synchrophasor measurements for power systems, describes “reference” Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters for implementing PMU hardware. At the 10 kHz sampling frequency used for our implementation, each “reference” FIR filter requires 100 multipliers, while an 8th order IIR filter only requires 12 multipliers. This paper compares the performance of different order IIR filter-based PMUs with the performance of the same PMU algorithm using the IEC/IEEE FIR reference filter. The IIR-based PMU easily satisfies all the requirements of IEC/IEEE standard and has a much better out of band signal rejection performance than a FIR-based PMU. Steady state errors for a rated voltage ± 10% and a rated frequency ± 5 Hz are < 0.000001% for total vector error (TVE) and < 1 µHz for frequency, with a latency of two mains cycles.
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PERIŠIĆ, DJURDJE M. "NEW KIND OF IIR DIGITAL FILTERS INTENDED FOR PULSE PERIOD FILTERING." REVUE ROUMAINE DES SCIENCES TECHNIQUES — SÉRIE ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE 69, no. 1 (2024): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.59277/rrst-ee.2024.1.11.
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This paper describes a new kind of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filter designed for pulse period filtering. The IIR digital filter is designed using a third-order IIR frequency locked loop (IIR FLL), which is based on the time measurement and processing of both, the input and output periods. A general form of the difference equation describing this type of IIR FLL of any order is developed and compared with the corresponding difference equation of classical digital filters. The mathematical analyses in the time domain were performed using the Z transform approach and the theory of linear discrete systems. An analysis of the IIR digital filter was performed in the time and frequency domain. The transfer functions and Z transform of the third-order IIR FLL outputs are developed. The main part of the article is devoted to designing the appropriate IIR FLL digital filter using the corresponding IIR FLL. For this purpose, the theory of IIR digital filter and the corresponding MATLAB tools are used, but taking into account the differences between these systems. The filtering abilities of the designed IIR FLL digital filter are demonstrated. Computer simulation of the designed IIR FLL is made in the time domain to enable precise insight into its properties.
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AVERBUCH, AMIR Z., and VALERY A. ZHELUDEV. "WAVELET TRANSFORMS GENERATED BY SPLINES." International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 05, no. 02 (2007): 257–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691307001756.
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In this paper, we design a new family of biorthogonal wavelet transforms that are based on polynomial and discrete splines. The wavelet transforms are constructed via lifting steps, where the prediction and update filters are derived from various types of interpolatory and quasi-interpolatory splines. The transforms use finite and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters and are implemented in a fast lifting mode. We analyze properties of the generated scaling functions and wavelets. In the case when the prediction filter is derived from a polynomial interpolatory spline of even order, the synthesis scaling function and wavelet are splines of the same order. We formulate conditions for the IIR filter to generate an exponentially decaying scaling function.
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Liu, Yi, and Shunyi Zhao. "Trajectory Tracking Using Cumulative Risk–Sensitive Finite Impulse Response Filters." Micromachines 16, no. 4 (2025): 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040365.
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Trajectory tracking is a critical component of autonomous driving and robotic motion control. This paper proposes a novel robust finite impulse response (FIR) filter for linear time-invariant systems, aimed at enhancing the accuracy and robustness of trajectory tracking. To address the limitations of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters in complex environments, we integrate a cumulative risk–sensitive criterion with an FIR structure. The proposed filter effectively mitigates model mismatches and temporary modeling uncertainties, making it highly suitable for trajectory tracking in dynamic and uncertain environments. To validate its performance, a comprehensive vehicle trajectory tracking experiment is conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the Kalman filter (KF), risk–sensitive filter (RSF), and unbiased FIR (UFIR) filter, the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the average tracking error and exhibits superior robustness in complex scenarios. This work provides a new and effective solution for trajectory tracking applications, with broad potential for practical implementation.
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Mondal, Dipannita Debasish, and Mukil Alagirisamy. "A Detailed Study on IIR-FIR Filters and Design of a Graphical User Interface for Simulation of EEG Signals." Research Journal of Computer Systems and Engineering 4, no. 2 (2023): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52710/rjcse.89.
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Electroencephalography (EEG) plays a pivotal role in accepting brain activity and identifying neurological disorders. The precise analysis and explanation of EEG signals require the solicitation of digital signal processing techniques, such as Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) as well as Finite IJmpulse Response (FIR) filters. This paper investigates into a complete exploration of IIR-FIR filters and their application in EEG signal processing. The first part of this research paper involves a detailed examination of IIR and FIR filter types, their mathematical foundations, pros, and cons. Various filter design methods, such as Chebyshev, Butterworth and Elliptic filters, are discussed as well as compared through literature survey. Speculative aspects, including filter design, transfer functions, and frequency responses, are presented in a clear and much accessible manner. The second phase of the study introduces the design of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on mathematical modelling tool aimed at enabling EEG signal simulation and analysis. This GUI is designed to enable users, including researchers and clinicians, to generate synthetic EEG signals with controllable parameters, apply IIR-FIR filters in real-time, and thereby visualize the filtered signals. The interface offers user-friendly controls for customizing filter characteristics, such as filter order, cutoff frequencies, and filter type. To validate the efficiency of the designed GUI and the selected IIR-FIR filters, general simulations are conducted using EEG datasets. The results showcase the GUI's efficacy in real-time EEG signal processing, demonstrating its prospective in research, clinical diagnostics, and educational settings and many areas. In summary, this paper presents a full investigation into IIR-FIR filters, proposing insights into their theory and practical application for EEG signal processing. The development of a intelligible GUI for EEG signal simulation and study further enhances the approachability of these mathematical modelling tools to a wider audience, eventually contributing to progressions in the field of neuroscience and brain signal analysis.
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Sharma, Vaishali. "Design and Implementation of Efficient IIR Low Pass Filter Based On Vedic Multiplier Algorithm." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (2024): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.57881.
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Abstract: This article presents a state-of-the-art design for a limitless impulse response (IIR) filter that can be easily reconfigured for use in real-time software. Using a vedic multiplication strategy, this work demonstrates the excellent general performance of a recursive or Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter. The number of repeats may be kept to a minimum and the processor's overall performance is improved by the reduction of computational delay and hardware. This research investigates the impact of different filter architectures on the development process and overall performance. To enforce and evaluate the planned filter's functionality, simulation is used across three independent platforms. The first system is MATLAB/ SIMULINK, the software package utilised to implement the IIR filter. The second strategy is called "HDL - Cosimulation," and it involves using SIMULINK's already-present tools in order to translate the formulated filter-out method into VHDL, the language used to describe very fast integrated circuits. The third approach uses Xilinx System Generator's pre-existing building components to physically realise the filter design. The method shown here allows the proposed filter to be implemented locally inside the FPGA device of interest
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Alimohammad, Amirhossein, Saeed Fouladi Fard, and Bruce F. Cockburn. "Filter-Based Fading Channel Modeling." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/705078.
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A channel simulator is an essential component in the development and accurate performance evaluation of wireless systems. A key technique for producing statistically accurate fading variates is to shape the flat spectrum of Gaussian variates using digital filters. This paper addresses various challenges when designing real and complex spectrum shaping filters with quantized coefficients for efficient realization of both isotropic and nonisotropic fading channels. An iterative algorithm for designing stable complex infinite impulse response (IIR) filters with fixed-point coefficients is presented. The performance of the proposed filter design algorithm is verified with 16-bit fixed-point simulations of two example fading filters.
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Hu, Xiao-Li, and Yue-Ping Jiang. "Recursive Identification of Wiener-Hammerstein Systems with Nonparametric Nonlinearity." East Asian Journal on Applied Mathematics 3, no. 4 (2013): 311–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/eajam.290913.111113a.
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AbstractA recursive scheme is proposed for identifying a single input single output (SISO) Wiener-Hammerstein system, which consists of two linear dynamic subsystems and a sandwiched nonparametric static nonlinearity. The first linear block is assumed to be a finite impulse response (FIR) filter and the second an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. By letting the input be a sequence of mutually independent Gaussian random variables, the recursive estimates for coefficients of the two linear blocks and the value of the static nonlinear function at any fixed given point are proven to converge to the true values, with probability one as the data size tends to infinity. The static nonlinearity is identified in a nonparametric way and no structural information is directly used. A numerical example is presented that illustrates the theoretical results.
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Beqal Asmae, El, Kritele Loubna, Benhala Bachir, and Zorkani Izeddine. "Meta-heuristic techniques for optimal design of analog and digital filter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 19, no. 2 (2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp669-679.
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In this paper, two Meta-heuristic techniques; namely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been applied for the optimal design of digital and analog filters. Those techniques have been used to solve multimodal optimization problem in Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter design and to select the optimal component values from industrial series as well as to minimize the total design error of a 2nd order Sallen-Key active band-pass filter, also a comparison between the performances reached by those two Meta-heuristics was made in this article.
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El, Beqal Asmae, Loubna Kritele, Bachir Benhala, and Izeddine Zorkani. "Meta-heuristic techniques for optimal design of analog and digital filter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS) 19, no. 2 (2020): 669–79. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v19.i2.pp669-679.
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In this paper, two Meta-heuristic techniques; namely Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been applied for the optimal design of digital and analog filters. Those techniques have been used to solve multimodal optimization problem in Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter design and to select the optimal component values from industrial series as well as to minimize the total design error of a 2nd order Sallen-Key active band-pass filter, also a comparison between the performances reached by those two Meta-heuristics was made in this article.
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Novira, Ayu. "Filtering Sinyal Menggunakan Band Pass Filter." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 1, no. 1 (2019): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v1i1.16.
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Sound is a signal or wave that propagates with a certain frequency and amplitude through intermediary media that are delivered such as water, air and solid objects. Humans can communicate with other humans with sound. But the sound that is released by humans, musical instruments, or other objects does not always sound clear and good, some of the recorded sound has a lot of noise which makes the sound quality is disturbed and not good. The solution for making sound in an object better and cleaner is filtering. [2]. Filters can be interpreted as a circuit that passes a certain frequency band desired and dampens other frequency bands. Filters are divided into two types, namely analog filters and digital filters. According to the impulse response the digital filter is divided into two, namely the Infinite Impulse Filter (IIR) filter and the Finite Impulse Filter (FIR) filter. In this study a filtering process will be carried out on the sound of the guitar. The filter used is the Band Pass Filter, a filter that can be used to isolate or filter certain frequencies in a particular band or frequency range.
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Gupta, Aashu, Dr Vijay Lamba, and Er Munish Verma. "Design of IIR Filter using Remez Algorithm." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 1 (2012): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v3i1b.2751.
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In this paper, we present a numerical method for the equiripple approximation of Impulse Infinite Response digital filters. The proposed method is based on the formulation of a generalized eigenvalue problem by using Rational Remez Exchange algorithm. In this paper, conventional Remez algorithm is modified to get the ratio of weights in the different bands exactly. In Rational Remez, squared magnitude response of the IIR filter is approximated in the Chebyshev sense by solving for an eigenvalue problem, in which real maximum eigenvalue is chosen and corresponding to that eigenvectors are found, and from that optimal filter coefficients are obtained through few iterations with controlling the ratio of ripples. The design algorithm is computationally efficient because it not only retains the speed inherent in the Remez exchange algorithm but also simplifies the interpolation step.
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Pan, Shing-Tai. "CSD-Coded Genetic Algorithm on Robustly Stable Multiplierless IIR Filter Design." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/560650.
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A Canonic-Signed-Digit-(CSD-) coded genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to find the optimal design of robustly stable infinite impulse response digital filter (IIR). Under the characteristics of the CSD structure, the circuit of the filter can be simplified and also the calculation speed can be raised to increase the hardware’s efficiency. However, the design of CSD has a big challenge: the CSD structure of the system parameters will be destroyed by an optimal design procedure. To solve this problem, in this research a CSD-coded GA is proposed so that the CSD structure can be maintained. Moreover, the robustly stable IIR filters design problem is included in this paper. The robustness of the IIR filters is achieved by ensuring that all poles of the filters are located inside a diskD(α,r)contained in the unit circle, in whichαis the center,ris the radius of the disk, and|α|+r<1. Consequently, in this paper, a new and more efficientD(α,r)-stability criterion will be derived and then embedded in GA for the design of robust IIR filters. It is worthwhile to note that to design an IIR filter simultaneously with CSD-structured parameters and robust stability is difficult and is not well explored so far. An example will be presented to show the efficiency of the proposed strategy for design of IIR filters.
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Baicher, Gurvinder. "Real-time Implementation of a Class of Optimised Multirate Quadrature Mirror Filter Bank Using Genetic Algorithms." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 18, no. (13) (2012): 1871–87. https://doi.org/10.3217/jucs-018-13-1871.
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This paper considers theoretical issues concerning reconstruction errors and conditions for perfect reconstruction (PR) of the input signal for a 2-channel multirate quadrature mirror filter (QMF) bank. The main emphasis is on the optimisation of a new design of a perfect reconstruction QMF bank using infinite impulse response (IIR) filters based on transformation of variables technique. The genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation is used for the initial design of the QMF bank and for the IIR filters using finite word length coefficients. The optimised results are then applied to a real time digital signal processing kit. Finally, some test results for data compression achievable using different values of encoded bits are included.
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Saha, S. K., Rajib Kar, D. Mandal, and S. P. Ghoshal. "Digital Stable IIR Band Pass Filter Design Using Seeker Optimization Technique." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.406.
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This paper presents a novel, control parameter independent evolutionary search technique known as Seeker Optimization Algorithm (SOA) for the design of a eighth order Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Band Pass (BP) filter. A new fitness function has also been adopted in this paper to improve the stop band attenuation to a great extent. The performance of the SOA based IIR BP filter design has proven to be much superior as compared to those obtained by real coded genetic algorithm (RGA) and standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) in terms of highest sharpness at cut-off, smallest pass band ripple, highest stop band attenuation, smallest stop band ripple and also the fastest convergence speed with assured stability recognized by the pole-zero analysis of the designed optimized IIR filter.
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Heena, K. P. "A Review of High Throughput FIR Filter Design." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 7 (2024): 1180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63734.
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Abstract: Advancements in Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter design have significantly propelled the field of Digital Signal Processing (DSP), addressing the increasing need for high-performance and efficient digital filters. FIR filters are renowned for their stability, linear phase response, and computational efficiency, making them indispensable in applications such as image filtering and frequency modulation. Their inherent advantages, including the ability to leverage Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) techniques and minimal finite precision arithmetic errors, often make them preferable over Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters. Recent research efforts have focused on algorithmic and hardware modifications to optimize FIR filter architectures, employing techniques such as retiming, pipelining, and parallel processing. This paper explores various design techniques and architectures aimed at optimizing FIR filter performance. Additionally, the role of high-speed adder structures, like carry-lookahead adders, is examined for their impact on enhancing digital filter efficiency and the critical role of continuous exploration and optimization in FIR filter design to advance DSP. By addressing the demands of modern technology, these innovations foster the development of high-performance, efficient digital filters, essential for diverse applications and the ongoing progression of digital signal processing.
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Du, Chengtao, Jinzhong Zhang, and Jie Fang. "An Enhanced Symmetric Sand Cat Swarm Optimization with Multiple Strategies for Adaptive Infinite Impulse Response System Identification." Symmetry 16, no. 10 (2024): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16101255.
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An infinite impulse response (IIR) system might comprise a multimodal error surface and accurately discovering the appropriate filter parameters for system modeling remains complicated. The swarm intelligence algorithms facilitate the IIR filter’s parameters by exploring parameter domains and exploiting acceptable filter sets. This paper presents an enhanced symmetric sand cat swarm optimization with multiple strategies (MSSCSO) to achieve adaptive IIR system identification. The principal objective is to recognize the most appropriate regulating coefficients and to minimize the mean square error (MSE) between an unidentified system’s input and the IIR filter’s output. The MSSCSO with symmetric cooperative swarms integrates the ranking-based mutation operator, elite opposition-based learning strategy, and simplex method to capture supplementary advantages, disrupt regional extreme solutions, and identify the finest potential solutions. The MSSCSO not only receives extensive exploration and exploitation to refrain from precocious convergence and foster computational efficiency; it also endures robustness and reliability to facilitate demographic variability and elevate estimation precision. The experimental results manifest that the practicality and feasibility of the MSSCSO are superior to those of other methods in terms of convergence speed, calculation precision, detection efficiency, regulating coefficients, and MSE fitness value.
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PRASAD, K. S., C. ESWARAN, and A. ANTONIOU. "NEW FIRST-ORDER COMPLEX DIGITAL-FILTER SECTIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE REALIZATION OF IIR FILTERS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 03, no. 03 (1993): 757–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126693000459.
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New first-order complex digital-filter sections are realized using the concept of the generalized-immittance converter. These sections are then employed for the realization of infinite impulse response digital filters with real coefficients. The filters obtained with the proposed sections have sensitivity and roundoff noise properties that are comparable to those of other structures of this class reported earlier.
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Chang, Wei-Der. "A Modified PSO Algorithm for IIR Digital Filter Modeling." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 05 (2018): 1850073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500731.
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Modeling for an unknown plant is a very important and primary task in the control system engineering. By using this established model, an adequate controller can be further designed to meet certain control specifications. This paper will propose a new modeling method which is based on the infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filter structure. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) with multiple subpopulations is utilized to solve for the IIR filter coefficients to model an unknown digital system. The developed PSO algorithm is able to overcome the multimodal error surface problem that often occurs in the system modeling of IIR digital filter. Finally, three different kinds of digital systems are examined to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method, including the same system order and reduced order structures. It is concluded from several simulation results that the proposed method has an excellent performance on solving the IIR digital modeling problem.
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Okoniewski, Piotr, and Jacek Piskorowski. "Short Transient Parameter-Varying IIR Filter Based on Analog Oscillatory System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (2019): 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102013.
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This paper presents a concept for digital infinite impulse response (IIR) lowpass filter with reduced transient response. The proposed digital filtering structure is based on an analog oscillatory system. In order to design the considered digital filter, the analog prototype is subjected to a discretization process and, then, the parameters describing the dynamical properties of the oscillatory system are temporarily varied in time, so as to suppress the transient response of the designed filter. An optimization method, aimed at reducing the settling time by proper parameter manipulation, is presented. Simulation results, along with a real-life application proving the usefulness of the proposed concept, are also shown and discussed.
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Krstic, Ivan. "Design of allpass-based IIR multi-notch filters with identical pole radiuses." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 20, no. 1 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee2301001k.
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A design method for the allpass-based infinite impulse response multi-notch filters with identical pole radiuses is derived in the paper. According to the standard procedure when design of the allpass-based filters is considered, the multi-notch filters? magnitude response specifications are first formulated as the phase response specifications of the corresponding allpass filter. Then, for the specified identical pole radiuses, it is shown that unknown allpass filter coefficients can be obtained determined from the square system of linear equations. On the other hand, the minimum value of the pole radius, such that specifications of the the magnitude response are satisfied in all passbands, can be determined using the bisection method. Results of comparison with some of the existing design methods lead to the conclusion that proposed filters have higher area under the squared passbands magnitude response compared to filters with the same maximum pole radius. Furthermore, utilization of the proposed method can result in transfer functions that have the lowest possible maximum pole radius.
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Valderrama-Cuervo, Juan Camilo, and Alexander López-Parrado. "OPEN CORES FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING." Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindío 25, no. 1 (2014): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33975/riuq.vol25n1.150.
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This paper presents the design and implementation of three System-on-Chip (SoC) cores, which implement the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) functions: Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter, Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The FIR-filter core is based on the symmetrical realization form, the IIRfilter core is based on the Second Order Sections (SOS) architecture and the FFT core is based on the Radix 22 Single Delay Feedback (R22SDF) architecture. The three cores are compatible with the Wishbone SoC bus, and they were described using generic and structural VHDL. In-system hardware verification was performed by using an OpenRisc-based SoC synthesized on an Altera FPGA. Tests showed that the designed DSP cores are suitable for building SoC based on the OpenRisc processor and the Wishbone bus.
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Stavrou, V. N., I. G. Tsoulos, and Nikos E. Mastorakis. "Transformations for FIR and IIR Filters’ Design." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040533.
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In this paper, the transfer functions related to one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) filters have been theoretically and numerically investigated. The finite impulse response (FIR), as well as the infinite impulse response (IIR) are the main 2-D filters which have been investigated. More specifically, methods like the Windows method, the bilinear transformation method, the design of 2-D filters from appropriate 1-D functions and the design of 2-D filters using optimization techniques have been presented.
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An, Xiang, and George K. Stylios. "Comparison of Motion Artefact Reduction Methods and the Implementation of Adaptive Motion Artefact Reduction in Wearable Electrocardiogram Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 5 (2020): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051468.
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A motion artefact is a kind of noise that exists widely in wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. Reducing motion artefact is challenging in ECG signal preprocessing because the spectrum of motion artefact usually overlaps with the very important spectral components of the ECG signal. In this paper, the performance of the finite impulse response (FIR) filter, infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, moving average filter, moving median filter, wavelet transform, empirical mode decomposition, and adaptive filter in motion artefact reduction is studied and compared. The results of this study demonstrate that the adaptive filter performs better than other denoising methods, especially in dealing with the abnormal ECG signal which is measured from a patient with heart disease. In the implementation of adaptive motion artefact reduction, the results show that the use of the impedance pneumography signal as the reference input signal for the adaptive filter can effectively reduce the motion artefact in the ECG signal.
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Hamza, Dalal, and Tariq Tashan. "Dual channel speech enhancement using particle swarm optimization." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, no. 2 (2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp821-828.
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Adaptive processing for canceling noise is a powerful technology for signal processing that can completely remove background noise. In general, various adaptive filter algorithms are used, many of which can lack the stability to handle the convergence rate, the number of filter coefficient variations, and error accuracy within tolerances. Unlike traditional methods, to accomplish these desirable characteristics as well as to efficiently cancel noise, in this paper, the cancelation of noise is formulated as a problem of coefficient optimization, where the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed. The PSO is structured to minimize the error by using a very short segment of the corrupted speech. In contrast to the recent and conventional adaptive noise cancellation methods, the simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better capability of noise cancelation. The results show great improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 96.07 dB and 124.54 dB for finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) adaptive filters respectively.