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Journal articles on the topic 'Inflection'
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1
Vaknin-Nussbaum, Vered, and Joseph Shimron. "Hebrew plural inflection." Mental Lexicon 6, no. 2 (August 3, 2011): 197–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.6.2.01vak.
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Research on several Indo-European languages attests to notable difficulties in inflecting irregular nouns and verbs. In these languages morphological and phonological factors are often intertwined in a way that obscures the source of the problem. Hebrew by contrast allows isolation of morphological and phonological factors in nominal inflection. Three experiments demonstrated that as in Indo-European languages, nominal inflection of Hebrew irregular nouns is slower than that of regular nouns and involves more errors. The occurrence of phonological alterations to the noun’s stem with the inflection is an additional source of irregularity, which also taxes the inflectional process in reaction time and error rate. The empirical results underline the power of the default automatic suffixation process as the main obstacle to irregular inflection. A theoretical contribution of this study is an interpretation of the irregularity effect based on a morphological analysis that views Hebrew as having a linear rather than a non-linear morphology. The stem–suffix match is suggested as the dominant factor affecting the inflectional process, responsible for the difficulties in irregular inflections. It is argued that in Hebrew, the differences between inflecting regular and irregular nouns can be easily and adequately explained as resulting from a mismatch between a stem and an affix.
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Damkor, Torkuma Tyonande, and Elizabeth Shimenenge Ugechi. "Progressive inflectional patterns in Tiv." Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Literary Studies 2, no. 3 (June 14, 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.57040/jllls.v2i3.217.
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The study entitled ‘Progressive inflectional patterns in Tiv’ is relevant because it complements the body of literature on Tiv inflection. Previously published papers on Tiv inflection at the disposal of the researchers do not treat progressive inflectional patterns in the language, let alone anchoring the study of progressive inflection in the Tiv language on Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM). Hence, the present study is designed to examine the progressive inflectional patterns in the Tiv language using the theoretical framework of Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM). The objectives of the study are to examine the progressive inflectional patterns featuring suffixation in the Tiv language and progressive inflectional patterns in the language featuring zero affixation. Since the study is designed to examine the progressive inflection in the Tiv language, the survey design was adopted. Data for the study were collected using semi-structured interviews and the researchers’ introspection. The study discovered that progressive inflectional patterns in the Tiv language are marked using suffixation and zero affixation respectively. The findings also show that progressive inflections are marked in the verbal roots so that such verbs can fit in with the syntactic structures in order to express ongoing activities or actions in the Tiv language.
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Gor, Kira, Anna Chrabaszcz, and Svetlana Cook. "Early and late learners decompose inflected nouns, but can they tell which ones are inflected correctly?" Journal of Second Language Studies 1, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 106–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jsls.17021.gor.
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Abstract An auditory lexical decision task tests morphological decomposition and sensitivity to violations in inflection in late second language learners, early learners (heritage speakers), and native speakers of Russian. Two datasets compared reaction times and error rates to real Russian inflected nouns and nonce nouns. Two parameters of real nouns were manipulated: case (the nominative, or the oblique case), and inflection (overt or zero). Nonce nouns had (a) real stems and inflections combined in an illegal way (lemoning), and (b) inflected nonce stems (lemosing). Results suggest that heritage and late learners process inflectional morphology; however, their processing of inflected words is unreliable: they are willing to accept words with incongruent inflections. While no major differences were found in the processing patterns of early and late learners, a developmental trajectory was observed in both groups of learners: their sensitivity to violations in inflection improved with proficiency.
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Hutaminingrum, Made Prima Devi. "An Analysis of Affixation Processes of Derivation and Inflection in Article with the Title “The Government of the Republic of Indonesia”." Linguistics Initiative 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53696/27753719.2132.
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This study aims to analyze the derivational and inflection affixation processes in the article entitled "The Government of The Republic of Indonesia". The author also describes the affixation that occurs in sentences or words contained in the article. To make it easier to see derivational and inflectional affixations, the authors use a table to determine each affixation process found. This study explores English words that experience derivational and inflection affixation processes. The source of the data studied is a written text, so this study will use the documentation method. The writer found that there were 24 affixes, namely derivational and inflectional. Of the 24 affixes found in the articles studied, 17 affixes were given derivational affixes and 7 affixes that were affixed with inflections. From the results of the analysis that has been carried out by the researcher, it can be concluded that in the article entitled "The Government of The Republic of Indonesia", there are words that are given affixation process affixes such as derivational and inflection.
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Kharate, Namrata G., and Varsha H. Patil. "Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v10.i3.pp780-788.
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Machine translation is important application in natural language processing. Machine translation means translation from source language to target language to save the meaning of the sentence. A large amount of research is going on in the area of machine translation. However, research with machine translation remains highly localized to the particular source and target languages as they differ syntactically and morphologically. Appropriate inflections result correct translation. This paper elaborates the rules for inflecting the parts-of-speech and implements the inflection for Marathi to English translation. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives are carried out on the basis of semantics of the sentence. The results are discussed with examples.
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Stepšys, Jonas. "Būdvardiškųjų žodžių derinimo ryšio įsisavinimas dvikalbystės sąlygomis." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 20 (December 28, 2023): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/taikalbot.2023.20.13.
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While studies on the acquisition of adjective agreement in the Lithuanian language are scarce, some research indicates that children face challenges in understanding morphosyntactic relationships, leading to errors in the use of adjectives and nouns in agreement. Consequently, children may switch less common inflections to more common ones, select declension paradigms based on analogy to other words, and exhibit errors in the grammatical category of gender. The present study investigates adjective agreement in bilingual children. Thirty-five bilingual children residing outside Lithuania completed a task based on a corpus of children’s and child-directed speech. The experimental task aimed to capture the diversity of adjective and noun paradigms. Test choices included, alongside the correct one, a paradigm error (a different paradigm inflection), a number error (a different number in the target paradigm), and a gender error (a different gender in the target paradigm). Results reveal that bilingual children encounter the most difficulty with agreement due to inflectional diversity, involving changes in inflection from unproductive to productive paradigms and copying noun inflections. Agreement errors in gender and number are also associated with paradigm diversity.
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Pounder, Amanda. "Inflection and the Paradigm in German Nouns." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 8, no. 2 (1996): 219–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700001852.
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The paper presents an analysis of noun inflection in Modern Standard German within a process framework. Familiar issues in the description of German inflectional morphology are discussed, such as analysis of weak nouns and of plural formation, and the establishment of inflectional classes, as well as broader theoretical issues such as postulation of identity relations (“zeros”). The elements of a process morphology are elaborated, including some that deviate from well-known models, such as recognition of a dynamic morphological component distinct from the static lexicon, expression of morphological semantics in the morphological component, and formalization of the notion of a paradigm. The paradigm is claimed to be an essential morphological structure, dynamic in nature, responsible for organization of the inflectional system and ensuring, in cooperation with operations applied to stems, correct sequencing and selection of these inflectional operations. It is also concluded that the inflectional class, derivative of the paradigm, may be a useful construct in some languages (including German), but is not a necessary one for all inflecting languages.
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Patel, M. H., and J. A. Witz. "The Dynamics of Marine Vehicles With Inflectional Righting Moment Curves." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 109, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257029.
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This paper investigates modifications to the dynamics of a marine vehicle caused by a point of inflection in its hydrostatic righting moment curve. Such inflections are shown to yield multiple equilibrium angles due to static over turning moments and to the occurrence of a classical fold catastrophe. Both frequency domain analyses and numerical solutions of the equation of roll motion are used to evaluate the influence of such inflections on the vessel’s dynamics. The analyses demonstrate that inflectional righting moment curves can yield unexpected roll amplitude jump phenomena close to resonance. The paper concludes with a discussion of the effects of such behavior on vessel hull designs.
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Subiyanto, Agus. "Does Javanese have Inflectional Phrase?" Culturalistics: Journal of Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic Studies 1, no. 1 (November 19, 2017): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/culturalistics.v1i1.1751.
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Abstract In generative grammar, especially in the X-bar theory, all syntactic constructions are claimed to be endocentric. This principle enforces a sentence or a clause to be treated as an inflectional phrase, with the inflectional category as the head. This principle has been attested for many languages and it has become a general rule. However, some languages like Javanese may behave differently from languages having the inflection system like English. This paper aims to discuss whether Javanese has Inflectional phrase or not. The data used in this study was taken from a Javanese magazine Panjebar Semangat, collected using an observation technique. The result of the analysis shows that Javanese lexicons expressing tense, aspect, and modals belong to inflections and they have the maximal projection as Inflectional Phrase. Keywords: inflectional phrase, Javanese, X-bar theory
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Goad, Heather, Lydia White, and Jeffrey Steele. "Missing Inflection in L2 Acquisition: Defective Syntax or LI-Constrained Prosodic Representations?" Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 48, no. 3-4 (December 2003): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100000669.
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AbstractIt is proposed that failure to consistently produce inflectional morphology by Mandarin-speaking learners of English is due to properties of the LI prosodic phonology which are transferred into the interlanguage grammar. While English requires inflection to be adjoined to the Prosodic Word, Mandarin does not permit this structure. Inflection in Mandarin is instead incorporated into the PWd of the stem to which it attaches. It is shown that Mandarin speakers fall into two groups in their treatment of English inflectional morphology. One group of learners is sensitive to the need for a unified analysis of inflection. They recognize that English does not permit a stem-internal analysis of this morphology, but as their grammars do not permit adjunction, inflection is deleted across-the-board. For the other group, inflection surfaces variably, for those stimuli where the shape of the stem enables it to be incorporated into the PWd, as in the L1.
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Luthfan, Muhammad Aqil, and Syamsul Hadi. "Morfologi Bahasa Arab: Reformulasi Sistem Derivasi dan Infleksi." Alsina : Journal of Arabic Studies 1, no. 1 (August 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/alsina.1.1.2599.
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Morphology, in the study of Arabic linguistics known as the discipline ‘ilm al-ṣarf, as part of grammar which examines the internal structure of words, has an urgency to be studied in depth. Especially in the context of Arabic studies that embrace typologies of complex inflective languages. This article examines the Arabic morphological system from a modern linguistic perspective, especially on derivational and inflectional changes. The discussion begins on the conception of derivation and inflection in the view of modern linguistics, as an introduction to see the system of derivation and inflection changes in Arabic linguistics. Morphological theories of Arabic grammars, in this article developed and communicated with modern linguistic theories. From this development a new formula was produced in the study of Arabic morphology which is expected to provide a more systematic description of the understanding of the Arabic morphological system.
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Sinha, Yash. "Hindi nominal suffixes are bimorphemic: A Distributed Morphology analysis." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4301.
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This paper provides a Distributed Morphology (DM) analysis for Hindi nominal (noun and adjectival) inflection. Contra Singh & Sarma (2010), I argue that nominal suffixes contain two morphemes – a basic morpheme, and a restrictedly distributed additional morpheme. The presence of two different morphemes is especially evident when one compares noun and adjectival inflectional suffixes, which Singh & Sarma (2010) do not, since they only look at noun inflection. I also show that the so-called adjectival inflectional suffixes are not limited to adjectives, and may occur on nouns, provided the noun is not at the right edge of the noun phrase. On the other hand, the regular noun inflection is only limited to nouns at the right edge of the noun phrase. This is demonstrated using a type of coordinative compound found in Hindi. Then, I take the fact that nouns can take either the regular noun inflection or the so-called “adjectival” inflection as motivation for a unified analysis for both sets of suffixes. I demonstrate that after undoing certain phonological rules, the difference between the “adjectival” and regular noun inflectional suffixes can be summarized by saying that the additional morpheme only surfaces in the regular noun inflectional suffixes. Finally, I provide vocabulary entries and morphological operations that can capture the facts about the distribution of the various basic and additional morphemes.
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Kupriianov, Yevhen. "Theory of L-systems as a framework for creating inflectional e-dictionaries." Bionics of Intelligence 1, no. 98 (December 30, 2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/bi.2022.1(98).12.
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One of the main issues in modern e-lexicography is the creation and support of computer resources meant for teaching language grammar. Among them are electronic dictionaries of word inflection. The compilation of such dictionaries requires not only the choice of computer technologies, but also an appropriate theoretical basis for building a conceptual model that would formally represent the inflectional system of a particular language and serve as a basis for developing a respective dictionary database and interface. For the purposes of this research, such a basis is the theory of L-systems by the leading Ukrainian Academician Volodymyr A. Shyrokov. The author of the paper shares his own experience of using L-systems theory to work out a methodology and implement on its basis a number of inflectional e-dictionaries projects covering Spanish word inflection, English verb inflection, and noun inflection of the Inter-Slavic language. The theory of L-systems can be considered universal, so it is applicable to any other natural or even artificial language with a developed word inflection system. The dictionaries created using this methodology allow: 1) automatic generation of inflectional paradigm for any headword; 2) grouping the words into types, groups, and classes based on the similarity of their inflectional properties; and 3) indicating morphological characteristics of any word form composing a paradigm.
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Rößler, Eva-Maria. "Inflectional morphology restructuring in ache - discussing grammatical change and language contact in tupí-guaraní subgroup - 1." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas 10, no. 2 (August 2015): 371–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-81222015000200009.
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This paper deals with mechanisms of grammatical change in Ache, focusing on inflection. Ache contains restricted functional morphology when compared to most Tupí-Guaraní languages. Although erosion of inflection is attested in linear historical developments within this genetic context; the degree of inflectional erosion observed in Ache is exceptional. Ache lacks all TG prefixes, consequently, processes linked to person-number agreement, such as person hierarchy effects, are unattested. Ache enclitics for tense-aspect-mood marking (TAM) appear to be more similar to other TG languages. However, given closer examination, also for TAM considerable restructuring is revealed. Besides describing erosion and retention patterns of inflection, it is exemplified how Ache copes with the overall functional restructuring by generating innovative syntactic patterns and novel lexical items. Inspired by subclasses of inflection given in Roberts and Bresnan (2008), it becomes evident that inherent inflection (i.e. TAM) is far more stable in Ache than so-called contextual inflection (i.e. person, case); a characteristic result of contact induced grammar change. Thus, this study of inflectional restructuring contributes strong evidence for the long-standing hypothesis that Ache is a TG contact language (Dietrich, 1990; Rodrigues, 2000; Rößler, 2008).
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Aksu-Koç, Ayhan, Treysi Terziyan, and Eser Erguvanlı Taylan. "Input offers and child uptakes." Role of input on early first language morphosyntactic development 5, no. 1 (July 7, 2014): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.5.1.03aks.
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The present study examines input–output relations in the emergence of verbal affixes that mark modal distinctions in Turkish, a morphologically rich language. Longitudinal naturalistic speech data were analyzed from two girls between ages 1;3–2;6 and their caregivers. Four stages of development were identified. Significant associations between verb inflection and modal notion, observed to be stable across the stages in the input, were noted to develop gradually in the children’s speech. Order of emergence of modal inflections was found to be related to input frequency and transparency of inflectional types, whereas development of inflectional paradigms was observed to be related to inflectional diversity. Conceptual accessibility and pragmatic relevance of the modal notions were considered as child-related factors in this development.
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Mansfield, John. "Intersecting formatives and inflectional predictability: How do speakers and learners predict the correct form of Murrinhpatha verbs?" Word Structure 9, no. 2 (October 2016): 183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2016.0093.
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This article investigates the phenomenon of inflection by intersecting formatives, that is to say, where an exponence is encoded by a combination of independently distributed phonological increments. Formative independence is defined in terms of conditional entropy. The verb inflection system of Murrinhpatha, an Aboriginal language of northern Australia, is analysed as a particularly complex example of intersecting formatives, and in general we can say that inflectional exponence in this language is highly irregular or unpredictable. Recent information-theoretic approaches to morphology provide us with methods for formalising and measuring the unpredictability of Murrinhpatha verb inflection. We add a distinct formalism that models the probability of correct inflectional prediction given incomplete knowledge of the inflectional paradigms in the language. We argue that this is a particularly relevant model for Murrinhpatha speaker/learners, because the language has a small, closed class of finite verb lexemes, most of which have their own idiosyncratic inflectional paradigm. There are not productively applied inflectional classes. In this model of inflectional predictability, intersecting formatives are in some cases the only chance a learner/speaker has of predicting the correct form.
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BAECHLER, RAFFAELA. "Analogy, reanalysis and exaptation in Early Middle English: the emergence of a new inflectional system." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 123–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000333.
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From Old English to Middle English inflection is gradually lost. It is assumed that this is mainly due to phonological and syntactic changes. This article, however, argues that the loss of inflection is not a linear process but new systems can emerge, and that morphological changes play an important role. The nominal inflection of the Lambeth Homilies – an Early Middle English manuscript from the southwest Midlands and dated around 1200 – is investigated in detail. It will be shown that analogical changes within and across inflection classes do not simply lead towards a reduction of inflection. The increase in syncretism and decrease in allomorphy result in a new inflectional system. This new system distinguishes singular from plural, feminine from non-feminine (in the singular and plural), and possessive from non-possessive (in the singular and plural). Additionally, the original inflection classes related to different stems are almost lost, except the weak inflection classes. The inflection classes are instead related to gender; that is, gender is the information that best predicts how a noun is inflected.
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Szwed, Zofia. "Kilka uwag o znaczeniu partytywnym dopełniacza w dokumentach kancelaryjnych XVI wieku." Studia Rossica Posnaniensia, no. 39 (February 23, 2016): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2014.39.33.
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The article deals with the way in which partitive meaning was expressed ingenitive constructions in the 16th-century Russian language. It focuses on the problem of codependence between partitive meaning and the genitive inflection -u, correlation between the inflections -a/-u, and the semantics of nouns which took the inflection -u in the 16th-century administrative files.
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Suwandi, Suwandi, Deliana Deliana, and Desri Maria Sumbayak. "ENGLISH INFLECTIONAL ERRORS MADE BY INDONESIAN DEAF PEOPLE IN WRITING COMPOSITION." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 5, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v5i1.2867.
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This paper was conducted to describe the types of English inflectional errors found in Indonesian deaf people in writing composition, identify the sources of the errors in the use of English inflection, and to find out the percentages. The Indonesian deaf people were from Indonesian deaf community groups on Facebook, WhatsApp, and Instagram. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach by applying English inflection theory by Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy. The data collection techniques were conducted by using an online English writing test. The results showed that there were 179 errors in total in Indonesian deaf people’s writings. The most found error was in Third Person Singular Present Inflection with 51 errors (28.5%) and the least was in Present Participle Inflection with 16 errors (9%), and the rest were 18 errors (10%) in Preterite Inflection, 19 errors (10.6%) in Comparative Inflection, 22 errors (12.3%) in Superlative Inflection, 27 errors (15.1%) in Past Participle Inflection, and 26 errors (14.5%) in Plural Inflection. The source of error was Intralingual Error with 156 errors (87.15%) (False Concept Hypothesized with 6 errors (3.3%), Incomplete Application of Rules with 8 errors (4.5%), Overgeneralization with 23 errors (12.85%), and Ignorance of Rules Restriction with 119 errors (66.5%)) and Interlingual Error with 23 errors (12.85%).
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KIRKICI, BILAL, and HARALD CLAHSEN. "Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing: Masked priming experiments on Turkish." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2012): 776–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000648.
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Much previous experimental research on morphological processing has focused on surface and meaning-level properties of morphologically complex words, without paying much attention to the morphological differences between inflectional and derivational processes. Realization-based theories of morphology, for example, assume specific morpholexical representations for derived words that distinguish them from the products of inflectional or paradigmatic processes. The present study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating the processing of inflectional and derivational phenomena in native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers in a non-Indo-European language, Turkish. We specifically compared regular (Aorist) verb inflection with deadjectival nominalization, both of which are highly frequent, productive and transparent in Turkish. The experiments demonstrated different priming patterns for inflection and derivation, specifically within the L2 group. Implications of these findings are discussed both for accounts of L2 morphological processing and for the controversial linguistic distinction between inflection and derivation.
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De Smet, Isabeau, and Freek Van de Velde. "Semantic differences between strong and weak verb forms in Dutch." Cognitive Linguistics 31, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 393–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2019-0112.
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AbstractDutch, like other Germanic languages, disposes of two strategies to express past tense: the strong inflection (e.g., rijden – reed ‘drive – drove’) and the weak inflection (spelen – speelde ‘play – played’). This distinction is for the most part lexically determined in that each verb occurs in one of the two inflections. Diachronically the system is in flux though, with the resilience of some verbs being mainly driven by frequency. Synchronically this might result in variable verbs (e.g., schuilen – schuilde/school ‘hide – hid’ or raden – raadde/ried ‘guess – guessed’). This diachronic (1300–2000) corpus study shows that this variation is not haphazard, but that semantic factors are at play. We see two such effects. First of all, synchronically, the variation is exapted in an iconic manner to express aspect: durative meanings tend to be expressed by longer verb forms and punctual meanings tend to be expressed by shorter verb forms. Secondly, we see that metaphorical meanings come to be associated within obsolescent inflectional forms, as predicted by Kuryłowicz’s “fourth law of analogy”.
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Halawa, Edarmawati. "DERIVATION AND INFLECTION ON SELENA GOMEZ SONG LYRICS IN REVIVAL ALBUM." Research on English Language Education 3, no. 2 (October 25, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.57094/relation.v3i2.392.
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This study was designed by using descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data because it explains derivation and inflection affixes that found on Selena Gomez Song Lyrics in Revival Album. This study aimed to find out the derivation and inflection affixes on Selena Gomez song lyric in Revival Album also to describe the function ofeach derivation and inflection affixes found. The data was collected by using documentation. The result of this study there are two types of affix were used. They were prefix and suffix. There is no infix was used. Derivational prefix which is found–re. Meanwhile, derivational suffixes which are found, they are–ed,-ly,-ness,-tion,-ion,-cal.-ful,-er,-ity and -al. The functions of derivational affixes consist of noun forming, adverb forming, adjective forming, and verb forming. On the other hand inflectional suffixes consists of -s,-ing, -ed. The function of inflectional suffixes consist ofthird singular person marker, past tense marker, progressive marker, and plural marker.The mostly used of inflection affixes was suffix –ing functioned as progressive marker. Based on the finding, it is concluded that learn derivation and inflection affixes can helps learners create a new words by adding prefix and suffix. In conclusion, derivation affixes occur to create new word from existing word in two ways, they can change the meaning of word or the word class. And inflection affixes occur not to used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of word.Thesuggestion fromresearcher to isto study moreaboutthederivation and inflection affixesnotonly fromthebookbutalsofromanother sourceslikesongs, moviesubtitle,etc.And suggests the English learner should learn derivation and inflection affixes because from this affixes can change the part of speech and also create a new meaning that can improve their vocabulary.
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Ayoola, Moses O. Ayoola, and Gladys A. Ogunleye. "A Morpho-Syntactic Study of The Acquisition of Participle Forms of Verb Among Yoruba-English Speaking Primary School Pupils." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 4, no. 2 (March 20, 2023): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2023.4.2.554.
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This research work studied the acquisition of participle forms of verb by selected nursery and primary school pupils in Ekiti State Nigeria. The study was set out to find out how Yoruba ESL pupils show variability in their realization of inflectional morphology of English verb participle forms and to explain how the morphosyntactic features of the L1 and L2 interact to affect the learners’ acquisition of English participle inflectional morphemes. One hundred (100) pupils were selected at random from five public primary schools. It was revealed from the findings that pupils have little know of participle form of verb inflections. Findings show that of all the verb inflections of participle form by pupils, 0nly 37% was correctly used and 63% was misused. Out of the 63% misused, 31% was a misuse of –ing form, 6% was a misuse of –ed form and 26% was a misuse of –en form. Pupils mostly overgeneralized rules of regular verbs for irregular verbs. From the research data, pupils misuse past –ed for –en and –en for –ed. The findings revealed that the pupils often exhibit variability with respect to the realization of verb-participle inflectional morphemes by either making wrong substitution of a particular kind of inflection for another or omitting inflections outrightly.
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KUNNARI, SARI, TUULA SAVINAINEN-MAKKONEN, LAURENCE B. LEONARD, LEENA MÄKINEN, ANNA-KAISA TOLONEN, MIRJA LUOTONEN, and EEVA LEINONEN. "Children with Specific Language Impairment in Finnish: the use of tense and agreement inflections." Journal of Child Language 38, no. 5 (February 1, 2011): 999–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000910000528.
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ABSTRACTChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) vary widely in their ability to use tense/agreement inflections depending on the type of language being acquired, a fact that current accounts of SLI have tried to explain. Finnish provides an important test case for these accounts because: (1) verbs in the first and second person permit null subjects whereas verbs in the third person do not; and (2) tense and agreement inflections are agglutinating and thus one type of inflection can appear without the other. Probes were used to compare the verb inflection use of Finnish-speaking children with SLI, and both age-matched and younger typically developing children. The children with SLI were less accurate, and the pattern of their errors did not match predictions based on current accounts of SLI. It appears that children with SLI have difficulty learning complex verb inflection paradigms apart from any problem specific to tense and agreement.
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Kinn, Torodd. "The development of heterosemous inflection and derivation." Constructions and Frames 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00073.kin.
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Abstract In Norwegian, the noun vis ‘manner’ is commonly used to head compounds. It is the historical source of several suffixes: derivational suffixes in adverbs and adjectives and an inflectional suffix on measure nouns. Thus, compounding has given rise to both derivation and inflection. These developments are analysed and compared with respect to how they affect the network of constructions, with a focus on differences between derivation and inflection. The main difference is that links of similarity and contrast have been centrally involved in the development of inflection, but not of derivation.
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Ionin, Tania, and Kenneth Wexler. "Why is ‘is’ easier than ‘-s’?: acquisition of tense/agreement morphology by child second language learners of English." Second Language Research 18, no. 2 (April 2002): 95–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr195oa.
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This study of first-language (L1) Russian children acquiring English as a second language (L2) investigates the reasons behind omission of verbal inflection in L2 acquisition and argues for presence of functional categories in L2 grammar. Analyses of spontaneous production data show that the child L2 learners ( n = 20), while omitting inflection, almost never produce incorrect tense/agreement morphology. Furthermore, the L2 learners use suppletive inflection at a significantly higher rate than affixal inflection, and overgenerate be auxiliary forms in utterances lacking progressive participles (e.g., they are help people). A grammaticality judgement task of English tense/agreement morphology similarly shows that the child L2 English learners are significantly more sensitive to the be paradigm than to inflection on thematic verbs. These findings suggest that Tense is present in the learners’ L2 grammar, and that it is instantiated through forms of the be auxiliary. It is argued that omission of inflection is due to problems with the realization of surface morphology, rather than to feature impairment, in accordance with the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis of Prévost and White (2000). It is furthermore suggested that L2 learners initially associate morphological agreement with verb-raising and, thus, acquire forms of be before inflectional morphology on in situ thematic verbs.
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Hill, Eugen. "Inflectional Suppletion and Heteroclite Inflection from a Diachronic Perspective." Transactions of the Philological Society 117, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 372–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.12169.
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Esher, Louise. "Swahili verbs and the value of abstractive accounts for agglutinating inflection." Word Structure 15, no. 2 (July 2022): 148–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2022.0204.
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Within “word-based”, “paradigm-based” or “abstractive” models of inflectional systems ( Blevins 2006 , 2016 ), only full inflected wordforms are considered primitives; subword strings are treated not as distinct entities, but as abstract generalisations inferred by speakers across multiple inflected forms. These models stand in contrast to “constructive” approaches, which proceed from individual, distinct subword units to full words. An argument consistently adduced in favour of abstractive approaches is that they afford a descriptive advantage regarding “fusional” systems characterised by pervasive non-canonical exponence, such as cumulative exponence, extended exponence, and morphomic structure ( Stump 2016 : 17–30). Via an exploration of inflectional phenomena including non-canonical exponence and arbitrary distributional regularities in the verb inflection of standard Swahili, a language usually described as exemplifying “agglutinating” inflection and amenable to constructive, morpheme-based, analyses, this paper will argue that abstractive systems are equally applicable to “agglutinating” inflection, offering greater empirical plausibility and in some cases descriptive advantage.
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Ma, Liangang. "Counting the Lyapunov inflections in piecewise linear systems*." Nonlinearity 34, no. 12 (November 11, 2021): 8414–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ac3381.
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Abstract Following the pioneering work of Iommi–Kiwi and Jenkinson–Pollicott–Vytnova, we continue to study the inflection points of the Lyapunov spectrum in this work. We prove that for any three-branch piecewise linear expanding map on an interval, the number of its Lyapunov inflections is bounded above by 2. Then we continue to show that, there is a four-branch piecewise linear expanding map, such that its Lyapunov spectrum has exactly four inflection points. These results give an answer to a question by Jenkinson–Pollicott–Vytnova on the least number of branches needed to observe four inflections in the Lyapunov spectrum of piecewise linear maps. In the general case, we give upper bound on the number of Lyapunov inflections for any n-branch piecewise linear expanding maps, and construct a family of n-branch piecewise linear expanding maps with 2n − 4 Lyapunov inflections. We also consider the number of Lyapunov inflections of piecewise linear maps in terms of the essential branch number in this work. There are some results on distributions of the Lyapunov inflections of piecewise linear maps through out the work, in case of their existence.
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Wicaksono, Nur Hanifa, Ika Nurhayani, and Ismatul Khasanah. "MAKNA DERIVASIONAL DAN INFLEKSIONAL VERBA NASAL BAHASA JAWA DIALEK AREK." SeBaSa 5, no. 2 (November 13, 2022): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29408/sbs.v5i2.6043.
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This study aims to observe the change in the meaning of the nasal verbs in the Arek dialect of Javanese. The scope of the research is limited to the speeches of the community verbs in the Arek zone in Malang Regency. The research data was done from 7-17 April 2022 in 3 districts: Sumberpucung, Kalipare, and Kromengan. The data of this study were analyzed according to Bauer's theory of derivational and inflectional meanings. The results showed that the Javanese nasal verbs have more derivation processes than inflections. The derivation process marks the derivational meaning and the inflection process marks the inflectional process. The results of the study revealed that almost all nasal allomorphs which act as nasal affixes make a verb derivation. The researcher divided the nasal allomorph into 2 parts, /m/, /ñ/, and/ŋ/ which have 2 roles of affixes which is derivational and inflectional. Second, the nasal allomorphs /ŋǝ/, /n/, and /ṇ/ have 1 affix role. Both classifications apply the terms and conditions of the initial phoneme of a verb.Key words : Derivasional, Inflectional, Verb, Nasal, Javanese.
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Solihin, Muhammad, and Muhsinin Muhsinin. "ANALISIS KONTRASTIF INFLEKSI DAN DERIVASI DALAM BAHASA ARAB DAN BAHASA INDONESIA (KAJIAN MORFOLOGI DESKRIPTIF)." El-Tsaqafah : Jurnal Jurusan PBA 22, no. 2 (January 19, 2024): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/tsaqafah.v22i2.9031.
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The aim of this research is to analyze the differences and similarities between Arabic and Indonesian in terms of inflectional morphology and derivations. The type of research used is a descriptive qualitative research method with a contrastive synchronic approach. Data collection methods and techniques in this research used listening methods and note-taking techniques. The results obtained from this research are that there are similarities and differences in the inflection and derivation processes in Arabic and Indonesian. The similarity is that in the inflection process both of them get changes in the verb (verb), nominal (noun) and adjective (adjective). Likewise, in the derivation process, both of them receive additions at the beginning, middle and end in order to obtain a specific meaning or goal. The difference between Arabic and Indonesian in the inflection and derivation process is that Arabic is more productive than Indonesian both in terms of inflection and derivation.
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Akhmedova, Julia. "FEATURES OF DECLENSION UKRAINIAN FEMININE NAMES І DECLINATION OF FIRM GROUP." Research Bulletin Series Philological Sciences 1, no. 193 (April 2021): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-4077-2021-1-193-277-283.
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The article analyzes the inflectional paradigm of Ukrainian anthroponyms - feminine names, which are decimated according to the pattern of the I declination of a firm group because in the process of inflection Ukrainian anthroponyms show a number of case features to designate their feminine names that distinguish them from other nouns. It defines relevant factors for highlighting the morphological paradigms of the studied anthropolexems, such as the nominal type of declination; tribal affiliation (labelling category of feminine gender); attribution to the category of human beings; one-type accentuation (fixed emphasis on the basis, movable emphasis or on the basis of the singular and on inflection of the plural, or on the basis of the singular and parallel of the plural - on inflection (except genitive and accusative) and on the basis); the formation of complete paradigms; common endings in case forms; doublet forms in the accusative plural form (zero and -и); morphological phenomena that arise at the base of lexemes during inflection; the alternation of hard and soft phonemes, pharyngeal and lingual with soft tooth phonemes, vowel phoneme /о/ and /е/ with zero phoneme; it analyzes case inflections of masculine names of II declination of the firm group in the singular form (-а in the nominative case, -u in the genitive case, -і in the dative case, -у in the accusative case, -ою in the instrumental case, -і in the prepositional case, -о in the vocal case) and in the plural form (-и in the nominative case, zero in the genitive case, -ам in the dative case, zero (*-и) in the accusative case, -ами in the instrumental case, -ах in the prepositional case, -и in the vocative case); it describes the system of simple paradigmatic classes ofproper feminine names of I declination. The morphological paradigm of anthroponyms for the designation of proper masculine and feminine names requires a detailed study and systematic description, taking into account modern approaches.
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Pescarini, Diego. "Microvariation in agreement inflection: Subject clitics vs inflection." Word Structure 15, no. 3 (November 2022): 358–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2022.0214.
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This article examines the relationship between the presence and shape of subject clitics and verbal endings in a sample of 187 Italo-Romance dialects. It is found that in the majority of languages subject clitics outnumber distinctive inflectional endings. The absence of underspecified systems militates in favour of diachronic and synchronic explanations claiming that the presence of subject clitics is related to the richness of inflection. At the same time, however, the predominance of overspecified systems indicates that further factors are at play in shaping inventories of subject clitics. The second result is that, from a geolinguistic perspective, close dialects exhibit more similarities in the inflectional system than in clitic systems. This brings further support to the claim that inventories of subject clitics do not reflect the array of inflectional endings, whereas some further factors are probably involved in the emergence of subject clitics. Such factors might be either feature geometries/filters, as proposed in the previous literature, or third factors in Chomsky’s sense, i.e. factors that are related to computational efficiency and/or processing costs.
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Fukś, Henryk, Babak Farzad, and Yi Cao. "A model of language inflection graphs." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 06 (April 23, 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114500132.
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Inflection graphs are highly complex networks representing relationships between inflectional forms of words in human languages. For so-called synthetic languages, such as Latin or Polish, they have particularly interesting structure due to the abundance of inflectional forms. We construct the simplest form of inflection graphs, namely a bipartite graph in which one group of vertices corresponds to dictionary headwords and the other group to inflected forms encountered in a given text. We, then, study projection of this graph on the set of headwords. The projection decomposes into a large number of connected components, to be called word groups. Distribution of sizes of word group exhibits some remarkable properties, resembling cluster distribution in a lattice percolation near the critical point. We propose a simple model which produces graphs of this type, reproducing the desired component distribution and other topological features.
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Sachkov, Yu L., and S. V. Levyakov. "Stability of inflectional elasticae centered at vertices or inflection points." Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 271, no. 1 (December 2010): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0081543810040140.
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ROTHOU, KYRIAKOULA M., and SUSANA PADELIADU. "Inflectional morphological awareness and word reading and reading comprehension in Greek." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 4 (March 13, 2014): 1007–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716414000022.
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ABSTRACTThe study explored the contribution of two aspects of inflectional morphological awareness, verb inflection and noun–adjective inflection, to word reading and reading comprehension in the Greek language, which is an orthographically transparent language. Participants (120 first graders, 123 second graders, 126 third graders) were given two oral language experimental tasks of inflectional morphological awareness. Furthermore, phonological awareness, receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, decoding, and reading comprehension were evaluated. It was revealed that noun–adjective inflectional morphology contributed significantly to decoding only in first grade, while verb inflectional morphology had a significant contribution to reading comprehension in third grade. It is interesting that inflectional morphological awareness did not predict reading skills for second graders. Phonological awareness was a firm predictor of word reading in all grades and made a unique contribution in Grades 2 and 3. Finally, in all grades, receptive vocabulary was a steady predictor of reading comprehension, whereas expressive vocabulary predicted only first-grade reading comprehension. It is suggested that inflectional morphological awareness may be an important predictor of early reading in a language with a shallow orthography and a rich morphology.
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Leech-Wilkinson, Daniel, and Karol Berger. "Accidential Inflection." Musical Times 130, no. 1754 (April 1989): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/966467.
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Menitove, Jay, and Richard Kaufman. "Inflection points." Transfusion 60, no. 11 (November 2020): 2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.16150.
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Rich, B. Ruby. "Inflection Points." Film Quarterly 76, no. 4 (2023): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2023.76.4.5.
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Rich, B. Ruby. "Inflection Points." Film Quarterly 77, no. 4 (2024): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2024.77.4.72.
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FQ Editor-at-large B. Ruby Rich starts off a year of festival-going with reports from Sundance and Berlin. At Sundance, documentary highlights included Soundtrack to a Coup d’Etat (Johan Grimonprez), about the machinations of world powers, and the United States in particular, in overthrowing the government of the Congo in 1961; and Yance Ford’s Power, a chilling examination of the US police force’s evolution and tainted presence. In Berlin, Rich found that the political turmoil over the war in Gaza couldn’t dim the incandescence of Mati Diop’s Dahomey, winner of the festival’s Golden Bear, which she declares a “masterpiece.”
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OLAWE, Opeyemi Emmanuel. "A PARAMETRIC VARIATION OF ENGLISH AND EKPARI INFLECTION SYSTEM." International Journal of Language, Linguistics, Literature and Culture 01, no. 02 (2022): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.59009/ijlllc.2022.0010.
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Inflectional morphemes perform grammatical functions. It is often added to a root word to show a particular grammatical function. The inflection system varies from one language to another. Second Language Learners of English tend to encounter problems due to this variation. Guided by Contrastive analysis as the theoretical underpinning, the study focuses on the extent to which the inflectional system of English and Ekpari are similar or different in number, tense, aspect and agreement. Data on Ekpari were generated from two indigenous speakers of Ekpari through interviews and discussion while data on English were sourced from relevant literature and grammar textbooks. Findings revealed that Ekpari typically uses prefixes as inflectional morphemes to mark grammatical categories while the English language typically uses inflectional suffixes to mark the same function. Besides, it was also discovered that Ekpari does not mark genitive case and agreement inflection. In English, nouns are inflected to mark genitive cases while verbs are inflected in terms of person and number to show agreement with the subject but such does not exist in Ekpari. Ekpari does not mark possession, aspect or agreement relations. The nouns do not have to agree or correspond with the finite verb for agreement in the language. Thus, verbs do not change their forms for purposes of agreement in Ekpari. Hence, Ekpari learners of English must be adequately exposed to master the rules guiding inflection process in the English language to overcome the likely problems these differences will pose to them.
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Pamungkas, Sadam, Dwi Rukmini, and Frimadhona Syafri. "The Realization of the Derivational and the Inflectional Processes in the Students’ Writing." English Education Journal 12, no. 4 (December 23, 2022): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v12i4.62342.
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In learning a language, students are supposed to study linguistics in order to be able to recognize the root of words, how they are formed, and the context of language. This study aimed to explain the realization of the derivational process, the inflectional process, and the causes of the error in the students’ writing. This study used a descriptive qualitative design. The researchers analyzed the students’ writing essays written by the XII-graders of the Vocational High School Al-Musyaffa Kendal in the academic year 2021/2022. The instruments are document analysis theory and interview. It used the theory of Dulay et.al. (1982). The findings demonstrate that the students made errors that belong to both the derivational and the inflectional processes. Most of the students made errors in the omission of derivation, yet they made fewer errors in the addition and malformation of derivation. Besides, there were many problems in dealing with the inflection. Most of the students were confused about how to deal with the omission of noun inflection and the omission of verb inflection. Nevertheless, they made fewer errors in the misordering of verb inflection. In addition, the cause of the error that the students did was mostly carelessness as it occurs due to students’ lack of motivation and less enthusiasm in engaging in the teaching and learning process. Expectantly, this research will provide an essential contribution as a reference in comprehending word formation and contribute to teaching and learning of forming English words.
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Sims, Andrea D., and Jeff Parker. "How inflection class systems work: On the informativity of implicative structure." Word Structure 9, no. 2 (October 2016): 215–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2016.0094.
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The complexity of an inflection class system can be defined as the average extent to which elements in the system inhibit motivated inferences about the realization of lexemes’ paradigm cells. Research shows that systems tend to exhibit relatively low complexity in this sense. However, relatively little work has explored how structural and distributional aspects of the inflectional system produce this outcome. In this paper we use the tools of information theory to do so. We explore a set of nine languages that have robust inflection class systems: Palantla Chinantec, French, Modern Greek, Icelandic, Kadiwéu, Nuer, Russian, Seri, and Võro. The data show that the extent to which implicative paradigmatic structure does work to minimize the complexity of the system differs significantly. In fact, the nine languages fall into three graph types based on their implicative structure. Moreover, low type frequency classes disproportionately contribute to the complexity of inflectional systems, but we hypothesize that their freedom to detract in this way may depend on the extent to which implicative structure is systemically important. We thus propose that the amount of ‘work’ done by implicative relations in structuring inflection classes should be considered a typological parameter.
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Smolka, Eva, Patrick H. Khader, Richard Wiese, Pienie Zwitserlood, and Frank Rösler. "Electrophysiological Evidence for the Continuous Processing of Linguistic Categories of Regular and Irregular Verb Inflection in German." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 8 (August 2013): 1284–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00384.
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A central question concerning word recognition is whether linguistic categories are processed in continuous or categorical ways, in particular, whether regular and irregular inflection is stored and processed by the same or by distinct systems. Here, we contribute to this issue by contrasting regular (regular stem, regular suffix) with semi-irregular (regular stem, irregular suffix) and irregular (irregular stem, irregular suffix) participle formation in a visual priming experiment on German verb inflection. We measured ERPs and RTs and manipulated the inflectional and meaning relatedness between primes and targets. Inflected verb targets (e.g., leite, “head”) were preceded either by themselves, by their participle (geleitet, “headed”), by a semantically related verb in the same inflection as the target (führe, “guide”) or in the participle form (geführt, “guided”), or by an unrelated verb in the same inflection (nenne, “name”). Results showed that behavioral and ERP priming effects were gradually affected by verb regularity. Regular participles produced a widely distributed frontal and parietal effect, irregular participles produced a small left parietal effect, and semi-irregular participles yielded an effect in-between these two in terms of amplitude and topography. The behavioral and ERP effects further showed that the priming because of participles differs from that because of semantic associates for all verb types. These findings argue for a single processing system that generates participle priming effects for regular, semi-irregular, and irregular verb inflection. Together, the findings provide evidence that the linguistic categories of verb inflection are processed continuously. We present a single-system model that can adequately account for such graded effects.
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Syarifaturrahman, Wahyu Kamil, Nurachman Hanafi, and Nuriadi. "The inflection of Sasak language in Kuripan village." International journal of social sciences and humanities 1, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 155–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v1n3.69.
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This writing is about inflection of Sasak language in Kuripan. The people of Kuripan use Meno-Mene dialect as their daily communication. Sasak language in Kuripan has the uniqueness based on its position (lay on a boundary area of West Lombok and Central Lombok) wherein Kuripan uses Meno-Mene dialect and the other part of Central Lombok which is close to Kuripan Use Meriaq-Meriku dialect so that it makes Meno-Mene dialect of Kuripan has its own character. Based on the phenomenon about varieties of the words and utterances which have different structure is used in Sasak language especially in Kuripan, so I interest in doing the research about inflection as a subfield of morphology which influences the sentences or utterances structurally. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the types and the functions of inflection in the Meno-Mene dialect of Kuripan. This study used a descriptive and qualitative method where the data gathered through some methods: observation, and an interview. The data gathered are analyzed using some steps: Representing the data obtained, then classifying the class category of the base words (whether they are verb, noun, or adjective), then Identifying the types of inflection in Meno-Mene Dialect of Kuripan, and the last Analyzing various functions of inflection in Meno-Mene dialect of Kuripan. This study found there is 34 (thirty-four) inflection morpheme that classified according to the lexical category, namely; noun, verb, and adjective. Furthermore, all of the inflectional affixes above have the difference function depend on their affixes and their base-form category. Hence, this study found that the use Meno-Mene dialect of Kuripan has the various affixes especially in term of inflection which influences the utterances or expressions grammatically.
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JACOBSON, PEGGY F. "The effects of language impairment on the use of direct object pronouns and verb inflections in heritage Spanish speakers: A look at attrition, incomplete acquisition and maintenance." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, no. 1 (November 3, 2011): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000484.
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This study examined object clitic pronouns (OCPs) and verb inflections in twenty-five school-age children with typical development (TD) and twenty children with bilingual language impairment (BLI). MANOVA and ANOVA were used to explore differences according to grade level and language status (TD vs. BLI). Although children with BLI produced higher rates of grammatical errors overall, accuracy on number and gender assignment for OCPs was better for both groups in the higher grades. Although the rate of verb inflection errors did not differ for children with TD and BLI in the lower grades, a significant interaction yielded higher error rates on subject–verb agreement for third person singular and plural inflections in the later grades for children with BLI. Greater accuracy on OCP use in later grades weakens claims that bilingualism exacerbates language impairment. For BLI, whether incomplete acquisition or delayed development is the determining factor for verb inflection errors remains undetermined.
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Blom, Elma, Evelyn Bosma, and Wilbert Heeringa. "Regular and Irregular Inflection in Different Groups of Bilingual Children and the Role of Verbal Short-Term and Verbal Working Memory." Languages 6, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010056.
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Bilingual children often experience difficulties with inflectional morphology. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate how regularity of inflection in combination with verbal short-term and working memory (VSTM, VWM) influences bilingual children’s performance. Data from 231 typically developing five- to eight-year-old children were analyzed: Dutch monolingual children (N = 45), Frisian-Dutch bilingual children (N = 106), Turkish-Dutch bilingual children (N = 31), Tarifit-Dutch bilingual children (N = 38) and Arabic-Dutch bilingual children (N = 11). Inflection was measured with an expressive morphology task. VSTM and VWM were measured with a Forward and Backward Digit Span task, respectively. The results showed that, overall, children performed more accurately at regular than irregular forms, with the smallest gap between regulars and irregulars for monolinguals. Furthermore, this gap was smaller for older children and children who scored better on a non-verbal intelligence measure. In bilingual children, higher accuracy at using (irregular) inflection was predicted by a smaller cross-linguistic distance, a larger amount of Dutch at home, and a higher level of parental education. Finally, children with better VSTM, but not VWM, were more accurate at using regular and irregular inflection.
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Li, Wenhui. "The Use of Inflection Morphology of Tense and Agreement in English Among Chinese Second Language Learners in College." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1046.
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This study examines how Chinese learners of English use four English verb inflectional morphological changes, namely the third person singular -s, the past tense -ed, the copula be and the auxiliary be. Unlike English, subject-predicate agreement and tense marking tense markers are not present in Chinese. Therefore, this difference between the two languages can cause difficulties in second language learning. To explore English language learners' use of verb inflection changes, this study investigated the spontaneous production data of four Chinese college students in online classes. The results show that the four Chinese undergraduates had the highest error rate in the inflection change of the third-person singular verb, slightly higher than the inflection change of the past tense of the verb. That indicates the correct rate of verb inflection change of past tense is slightly higher than that of agreement. Moreover, the copula be and the auxiliary he is rarely used by learners. This has implications for English teaching activities, and Chinese university English teachers can adapt their teaching to these situations by focusing more on students' use of inflexion changes in production tasks.
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BLOM, ELMA, and HARALD R. BAAYEN. "The impact of verb form, sentence position, home language, and second language proficiency on subject–verb agreement in child second language Dutch." Applied Psycholinguistics 34, no. 4 (March 21, 2012): 777–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716412000021.
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ABSTRACTIt has been argued that children learning a second language (L2) omit agreement inflection because of communication demands. The conclusion of these studies is that L2 children know the morphological and syntactic properties of agreement inflection, but sometimes insert an inflectional default form (i.e., the bare verb) in production. The present study focuses on factors that explain errors with subject–verb agreement in the speech of children learning Dutch as their L2. Analyses of experimentally obtained production data from 4- to 9-year-old L2 children reveal that verb form, sentence position, home language, and L2 proficiency determine accuracy with subject–verb agreement in the L2. Most errors were omissions of inflection, in line with the above hypothesis. However, in more exceptional contexts, the children also substituted verb forms, which is more difficult to reconcile with the claim that L2 children's errors reflect insertion of a default form.
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Saugera, Valérie. "How English-origin nouns (do not) pluralize in French." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 35, no. 1 (October 2, 2012): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.35.1.05sau.
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While French and English share the same pluralization morpheme, a dictionary corpus sanctioned by press usage reveals that a small set of nominal anglicisms, particularly compounds, fail to receive inflection in French (e.g., des black-jack s , des happy end s , des beagle s vs. des black-out, des has been, des people). This study interprets patterns of inflectional variation and reveals inflection-inhibiting constraints for these bare borrowings and thus contributes to explaining the little-researched morphology of anglicisms in French. The findings clearly demonstrate that the absence of inflection, seemingly atypical, is systematically rooted in the parameters of French morphology. The analysis simultaneously though secondarily documents phases, mechanisms, and processes of integration for contemporary borrowing — e.g., patterns of simplification with regularization of irregularities, a well-attested contact phenomenon; borrowing as a non-homogeneous phenomenon (English loans vs. other-language loans); and anglicisms as tools for creative, playful language.