Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inflorescence

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Inflorescence'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Inflorescence"

1

McSteen, Paula, and Sarah Hake. "barren inflorescence2 regulates axillary meristem development in the maize inflorescence." Development 128, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 2881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.15.2881.

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Organogenesis in plants is controlled by meristems. Shoot apical meristems form at the apex of the plant and produce leaf primordia on their flanks. Axillary meristems, which form in the axils of leaf primordia, give rise to branches and flowers and therefore play a critical role in plant architecture and reproduction. To understand how axillary meristems are initiated and maintained, we characterized the barren inflorescence2 mutant, which affects axillary meristems in the maize inflorescence. Scanning electron microscopy, histology and RNA in situ hybridization using knotted1 as a marker for meristematic tissue show that barren inflorescence2 mutants make fewer branches owing to a defect in branch meristem initiation. The construction of the double mutant between barren inflorescence2 and tasselsheath reveals that the function of barren inflorescence2 is specific to the formation of branch meristems rather than bract leaf primordia. Normal maize inflorescences sequentially produce three types of axillary meristem: branch meristem, spikelet meristem and floral meristem. Introgression of the barren inflorescence2 mutant into genetic backgrounds in which the phenotype was weaker illustrates additional roles of barren inflorescence2 in these axillary meristems. Branch, spikelet and floral meristems that form in these lines are defective, resulting in the production of fewer floral structures. Because the defects involve the number of organs produced at each stage of development, we conclude that barren inflorescence2 is required for maintenance of all types of axillary meristem in the inflorescence. This defect allows us to infer the sequence of events that takes place during maize inflorescence development. Furthermore, the defect in branch meristem formation provides insight into the role of knotted1 and barren inflorescence2 in axillary meristem initiation.
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Norris, Robert F. "Relationship Between Inflorescence Size and Seed Production in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)." Weed Science 40, no. 1 (March 1992): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056988.

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Barnyardgrass inflorescence length ranged from less than 2 to over 20 cm. Inflorescences less than 4 cm long were a single first-order raceme, while the largest had 20 to 50 primary branch racemes. Inflorescences longer than about 12 cm and with more than about 12 racemes showed second-order branching. Air-dried structural biomass increased from less than 2 milligrams for the smallest to over 300 milligrams for the largest inflorescences. Inflorescence length and structural biomass were positively correlated (r2= 0.95). Floret numbers increased from about 15 for smallest inflorescences to over 2000 for largest inflorescences and were positively correlated with inflorescence length (r2= 0.94) and with inflorescence structural biomass (r2= 0.94). Biomass of caryopses plus aborted florets had the same relationships as those for floret number. Measurement of frequency distribution of size and determination of numbers of inflorescences per plant should provide a means to predict fecundity in barnyardgrass.
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Yang, Yahui, Tingting Zhao, Xiangyang Xu, Jingbin Jiang, and Jingfu Li. "Transcriptome Analysis to Explore the Cause of the Formation of Different Inflorescences in Tomato." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 8216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158216.

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The number of inflorescence branches is an important agronomic character of tomato. The meristem differentiation and development pattern of tomato inflorescence is complex and its regulation mechanism is very different from those of other model plants. Therefore, in order to explore the cause of tomato inflorescence branching, transcriptome analysis was conducted on two kinds of tomato inflorescences (single racemes and compound inflorescences). According to the transcriptome data analysis, there were many DEGs of tomato inflorescences at early, middle, and late stages. Then, GO and KEGG enrichments of DEGs were performed. DEGs are mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, biohormone signaling, and cell cycle pathways. According to previous studies, DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, and FALSIFLORA (FA) and ANANTHA (AN) genes were the most notable of 41 DEGs related to inflorescence branching. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for understanding inflorescence branching, but also provides a new idea for the follow-up study of inflorescence.
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Theron, K. I., and G. Jacobs. "The Effect of Irradiance, Defoliation, and Bulb Size on Flowering of Nerine bowdenii W. Watson (Amaryllidaceae)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 1 (January 1996): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.1.115.

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Large Nerine bowdenii bulbs (>14 cm in circumference) were exposed to low ligbt intensities for different periods during two successive growing seasons. The flowering percentage and number of florets in the current season's inflorescence were recorded at anthesis. Small and large bulbs were subjected to continual defoliation starting at different times during the growing season. Bulbs were dissected at planting (26 Sept. 1992) and on 12 Jan. 1993 (nondefoliated control bulbs) to determine growth and developmental stage. At anthesis, inflorescences were harvested and the florets per inflorescence were counted. After anthesis in the fall, all bulbs were dissected and the following variables recorded: 1) percentage flowering, quiescence, or abortion of the current season's inflorescence; 2) developmental stage of quiescent inflorescences; 3) number of florets in the outermost inflorescence; 4) developmental stage of the innermost inflorescence; 5) number of leaves or leaf bases in each growth unit; 6) number of daughter bulbs; and 7) dry weight of new leaf bases. There were three reasons for nonflowering of the bulbs, viz., failure to initiate an inflorescence, inflorescences remaining quiescent, and inflorescence abortion. Individual florets that had not reached stage “Late G” (gynoecium elongated, carpels fused) at the start of rapid inflorescence elongation aborted. The more florets that aborted, the greater the probability that the entire inflorescence aborted. The inflorescence was more vulnerable to stress during the first half of the growing season due to its relatively weak position in the hierarchy of sinks within the bulb.
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Theron, K. I., and G. Jacobs. "Periodicity of Inflorescence Initiation and Development in Nerine bowdenii W. Watson (Amaryllidaceae)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1121.

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Nerine bowdenii bulbs were sampled from a commercial planting and dissected at 2-week intervals from 9 Oct. 1990 to 12 Nov. 1991. The following variables were recorded: number of florets per inflorescence, differentiation stage of the oldest floret, exterior dimensions of the inflorescence, and the number of leaf primordia between the two innermost inflorescences and between the innermost inflorescence and the vegetative apex. Scanning electron micrographs were made of the inflorescences at different stages of development. The development of the inflorescences of the growth units appeared to be synchronized. When the florets of the outermost inflorescence reached stage Late G (gynoecium elongated, carpels fused), the spathe started to elongate. When florets in the second inflorescence reached stage Mid G (three carpels elongated, not fused), the innermost inflorescence was initiated. Inflorescence development passed through three phases: 1) a floret initiation phase of ≈1 year, when nine to ten florets were initiated, 2) a differentiation phase, also ≈1 year long, when individual florets developed up to stage Late G, and 3) an inflorescence enlargement phase, which lasted ≈4 months and culminated in anthesis. Leaf primordia were initiated at the same rate as florets (one per month) and the vegetative phase for a growth unit was completed within 1 year.
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Choon, Sea Yeat, and Phebe Ding. "Physiological Changes of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Inflorescence during Development." HortScience 52, no. 3 (March 2017): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11189-16.

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The present study was undertaken to reveal the developmentally regulated changes in physical and physiological characteristics of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) inflorescence in relation to its usage as a cut flower. The inflorescences at four developmental stages, i.e., tight bud (TB), six reflexing tip (SRT), all involucral bracts unfolded (IBU), and full bloom (FB) were studied. The results revealed that the fresh and dry weights of inflorescences increased significantly from TB to FB stage. Water was the main component of inflorescence with 90.8% to 91.9% of the total mass. Thus, cell expansion resulting from water influx is crucial for inflorescence head development and bract opening. No ethylene was detected in the inflorescences at the four developmental stages. However, a significant higher respiration rate was recorded at FB stage with actively developing and opening true flowers in the inflorescence. The high respiration rate eventually leads to depletion of soluble sugars and starch grains in involucral bracts and inflorescence peduncle, respectively. Thereafter, involucral bracts showed browning and senescing. This result implies that the inflorescence head is a major sink for photoassimilates during flowering stage. Thus, soluble sugars exhaustion is expected to be a main factor of inflorescence senescence.
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Lee, Yu-Chi, and Jer-Chia Chang. "Leafless Inflorescence Produces More Female Flowers and Fruit Yield Than Leafy Inflorescence in ‘Yu Her Pau’ Litchi." HortScience 54, no. 3 (March 2019): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13785-18.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the total number and percentage of female flowers and fruit yield were influenced by the type of inflorescence, i.e., leafless or leafy inflorescences in ‘Yu Her Pau’ litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). Four 10-year-old field-grown plants in Chunghua, Taiwan, were assessed between March and June 2013. In total, 24 inflorescences comprising 12 each of leafless and leafy inflorescences were investigated. Leaves of the leafy inflorescence, defined as the fourth successive flush, attained maturity before female flower anthesis on 16 Mar. 2013. Shoot diameter and leaf number on the flowering (fruiting) shoot, total number of flowers, and total and percentage of female flowers were recorded. Fruit number, fruit set rate, cluster yield, and fruit quality were also determined at harvest between the two inflorescence types. The two inflorescence types had similar shoot diameters and total leaf number on a flowering shoot. The total number of flowers, female flowers, and the percentage female flowers in leafless inflorescences were 3741, 563, and 16.2%, respectively; these values were 1.3- to 1.7-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those in leafy inflorescences, which were 2779, 326, and 12.2%, respectively. Leafless inflorescences had significantly higher fruit numbers and fruit yield per cluster at harvest (10.2 and 321.5 g, respectively), although there was no difference (P > 0.05) in fruit set rate between the two inflorescence types. No fruit quality trait, such as fruit, pericarp, aril, seed weight, aril proportion, and total soluble solid concentration of aril, was significant (P > 0.05) between the two inflorescence types. We concluded that leafless and leafy inflorescences of ‘Yu Her Pau’ had similar carbon assimilation supply potential; however, leafless inflorescence had greater performance in terms of female flower number and thus fruit yield, presumably due to the absence of assimilate competition brought by synchronous development of lateral inflorescence and immature leaves of panicle.
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Leclerc, Mélanie, Claude D. Caldwell, Rajasekaran R. Lada, and Jeffrey Norrie. "Effect of Inflorescence Removal on Propagule Formation of Astilbe ×arendsii, Hemerocallis spp., and Hosta spp." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.756.

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Field experiments conducted in 2002 and 2003 evaluated the effects of timing of inflorescence removal on propagule formation, growth and development of Astilbe ×arendsii, Hemerocallis spp. and Hosta spp. Four timings of inflorescence removal were tested: 1) no removal (control), 2) removal at inflorescence emergence, 3) removal at preflower, and 4) Removal at full flower. Propagule formation in Astilbe was not enhanced by inflorescence removal. Hemerocallis plants with their inflorescences removed at emergence produced 25% more divisions than plants with their inflorescences removed at preflower. For Hosta, plants with inflorescences removed at pre- and full flower produced respectively 40% and 53% more divisions than control plants. These results have economic implications for commercial bare-root production, which need to be verified on a larger field scale.
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Classenbockhoff, R., JA Armstrong, and M. Ohligschlager. "The Inflorescences of the Australian Genera Diplolaena R.Br and Chorilaena Endl (Rutaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 1 (1991): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910031.

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The inflorescences of five Diplolaena species and of Chorilaena quercifolia were analysed morphologically. Both genera form aggregated, campanulate inflorescences; in Diplolaena they are terminal, standing at the end of leafy shoots, while in Chorilaena they are axillary but with no vegetative 'Unterbau'. As to their position, the inflorescence of Diplolaena is homologous to the whole panicle whereas the inflorescence of Chorilaena is homologous to a branch of it. This study suggests that the basic type of inflorescence in Australian Rutaceae is a determinate panicle which is reduced to few-flowered inflorescences in some species. In both Chorilaena and Diplolaena each flower has a subtending bract and up to two prophylls. In Diplolaena, the showy outer bracts always bear flowers or lateral branches of the inflorescence of first branch order. The inner bracts may be sterile prophylls, indicating a reduction of flowers, or are fertile, subtending flowers of a higher branch order. Thus, the head-like inflorescence of Diplolaena is a reduced panicle. It differs from the inflorescence of Chorileana in the further aggregation of flowers and in the modification of bracts including their enlargement and arrangement into a pseudocorolla; in some taxa (e.g. D. grandiflora) the pseudocorolla is brightly coloured. The two genera have derived inflorescences that have evolved via divergent lines of modification.
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Guitián, Javier, and Luis Navarro. "Allocation of reproductive resources within inflorescences of Petrocoptis grandiflora (Caryophyllaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b96-178.

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Patterns of fruit set were studied in Petrocoptis grandiflora, a species endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. This plant has a dichasial inflorescence in which the central flower opens first, followed by first-order lateral flowers and then second-order lateral flowers. We investigated whether flowers at different positions in the inflorescence differ in duration, ovule number, nectar production, or probability of fruit set. Our results indicate that mean duration, ovule number, nectar volume, and probability of fruit set are higher for central than for lateral flowers. Fruit set was higher for central than for first-order lateral flowers, and higher for first- than for second-order lateral flowers. To investigate the effects of loss of the central flower, selected inflorescences were manually "decentred." For lateral flowers, analysis of variance indicated that fruit set was affected both by flower position in the inflorescence and by decentring. However, neither total inflorescence fruit set nor mean duration of flowers in the inflorescence differed significantly between decentred and untreated inflorescences. These results suggest that the observed pattern of fruit set in this species is a result of within-inflorescence competition for the limited amount of resources available for fruit production, and that these resources may be redistributed in response to damage to flowers within the inflorescence. Inflorescences of P. grandiflora can thus be considered to act as semi-autonomous units with regard to resource allocation. Keywords: inflorescences, fruit set, resource allocation, Petrocoptis grandiflora.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inflorescence"

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Rodas, Méndez Ana Lucía. "MtSUPERMAN controls the number of flowers per inflorescence and floral organs in the inner three whorls of Medicago truncatula." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/171474.

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[ES] Las leguminosas son un grupo de plantas consideradas de gran importancia por su valor nutricional para la alimentación humana y ganadera. Además, las familias de leguminosas se caracterizan por rasgos distintivos de desarrollo como su inflorescencia compuesta y su compleja ontogenia floral. Para comprender mejor estas características distintivas, es importante estudiar los genes reguladores clave involucrados en el desarrollo de la inflorescencia y la flor. El gen SUPERMAN (SUP) es un factor transcripcional de dedos de zinc (Cys2-Hys2) considerado como un represor activo que controla el número de estambres y carpelos en A. thaliana. Además, SUP está involucrado en la terminación del meristemo floral y el desarrollo de los tejidos derivados del carpelo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue la caracterización funcional del ortólogo de SUP en la leguminosa modelo Medicago truncatula (MtSUP). Logramos este objetivo en base a un enfoque de genética reversa, análisis de expresión génica y ensayos de complementación y sobreexpresión. Nuestros resultados muestran que MtSUP es el gen ortólogo de SUP en M. truncatula. MtSUP comparte algunos de los roles ya descritos para SUP con algunas variaciones. Curiosamente, MtSUP controla la determinación del meristemo inflorescente secundario (I2) y de los primordios comunes (CP) a pétalos y estambres. Por tanto, MtSUP controla el número de flores y de pétalos-estambres que producen el meristemo I2 y los primordios comunes, respectivamente. MtSUP muestra funciones novedosas para un gen de tipo SUP, desempeñando papeles clave en los meristemos que confieren complejidad de desarrollo a esta familia de angiospermas. Este trabajo permitió identificar a MtSUP, un gen clave que forma parte de la red reguladora genética que subyace al desarrollo de la inflorescencia compuesta y de las flores en la leguminosa modelo M. truncatula.
[CA] Les lleguminoses són un gran grup de plantes considerades de gran importància pel seu valor nutricional per a l'alimentació humana i ramadera. A més, les famílies de lleguminoses es caracteritzen per trets distintius de desenrotllament com la seua inflorescència composta i la seua complexa ontogènia floral. Per a comprendre millor estes característiques distintives, és important estudiar els gens reguladors clau involucrats en la inflorescència i el desenrotllament floral. El gen SUPERMAN (SUP) és un factor transcripcional de dits de zinc (Cys2-Hys2) considerat com un repressor actiu que controla el nombre d'estams i carpels en A. thaliana. A més, SUP està involucrat en la terminació del meristemo floral i el desenrotllament dels teixits derivats del carpel. "L'objectiu principal d'este treball va ser la caracterització funcional de l'ortòleg de SUP en la lleguminosa model Medicago truncatula (MtSUP) . Aconseguim l'objectiu amb base en un enfocament genètic invers, anàlisi d'expressió gènica i assajos de complementació i sobreexpressió. Els nostres resultats mostren que MtSUP és el gen ortòleg de SUP en M. truncatula. MtSUP compartix alguns dels rols ja descrits per a SUP amb variacions. Curiosament, MtSUP està involucrat en la determinació del meristemo de la inflorescència secundària (I2) i els primordios comuns (CP). Per tant, MtSUP controla el nombre de flors i pètals-estams que produïxen el meristemo I2 i els primordios comuns, respectivament. MtSUP mostra funcions noves per a un gen tipus SUP, exercint papers clau en els meristemos que conferixen complexitat de desenrotllament a esta família d'angiospermes. "Este treball va permetre identificar a MtSUP, un gen clau que forma part de la xarxa reguladora genètica darrere de la inflorescència composta i el desenrotllament de flors en la lleguminosa model M. truncatula.
[EN] Legumes are a large group of plants considered of great importance for their nutritional value in human and livestock nutrition. Besides, legume families are characterized by distinctive developmental traits as their compound inflorescence and complex floral ontogeny. For a better understanding of these distinctive features is important to study key regulatory genes involved in the inflorescence and floral development. The SUPERMAN (SUP) gene is a zinc-finger (Cys2-Hys2) transcriptional factor considered to be an active repressor that controls the number of stamens and carpels in A. thaliana. Moreover, SUP is involved in the floral meristem termination and the development of the carpel marginal derived tissues. The main objective of this work was the functional characterization of the SUP orthologue in the model legume Medicago truncatula (MtSUP). We achieved this objective based on a reverse genetic approach, gene expression analysis, and complementation and overexpression assays. Our results show that MtSUP is the orthologous gene of SUP in M. truncatula. MtSUP shares some of the roles already described for SUP with variations. Interestingly, MtSUP controls the determinacy of the secondary inflorescence (I2) meristem and the common primordia (CP). Thus, MtSUP controls the number of flowers and petal-stamens produced by the I2 meristem and the common primordia respectively. MtSUP displays novel functions for a SUP-like gene, playing key roles in the meristems that confer developmental complexity to this angiosperm family. This work allowed to identify MtSUP, a key gene that participates in the genetic regulatory network underlying compound inflorescence and flower development in the model legume M. truncatula.
I would like to thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the grant (MINECO; BIO2016-75485-R) that supported this work. Special thanks to the Generalitat Valenciana for funding my doctorate with the Santiago Grisolía predoctoral scholarships
Rodas Méndez, AL. (2021). MtSUPERMAN controls the number of flowers per inflorescence and floral organs in the inner three whorls of Medicago truncatula [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171474
TESIS
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Leahy, Frances. "Inflorescence characteristics which enhance hybrid wheat production." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.502232.

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Achieving a good level of cross-fertilization between male and female parents in hybrid wheat production is a challenge. Despite the longstanding interest in hybrid wheat, there is little published data on floral traits which may enhance outcrossing. In this study genetic analysis of a lumber of floral traits was carried out and the effect on outcrossing ability of these traits assessed. The results will facilitate genetic improvements of traits which influence seed set in hybrid wheat production.
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Odapalli, Nalini. "CONTROL OF STOMATAL FORMATION IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA INFLORESCENCE STEM." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2758.

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Stomata are cellular structures that control water loss and gas exchange through the plant epidermis. Stomata arise from special stem cells called meristemoids through a series of programmed asymmetric divisions that are controlled by cell signaling, or via multitude of regulatory pathways and intercellular communication between epidermal cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomata are spaced non-randomly in the epidermis by cell-cell signaling of the receptor-like protein TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) as well as other proteins. Point mutation of the TMM gene prevents the development of stomata in some tissues like inflorescence stems. Investigation of tmm mutant stems showed that self-renewing stem cell-like precursors form by dividing asymmetrically but fail to form stomata. This is further supported by molecular markers of stomatal cell fate that show stomatal precursors form but do not differentiate as stomata. Therefore, TMM signaling is likely required to control expression of genes that are essential for the formation of stomata in stems. As a second approach, gene expression profiling was used to identify candidate genes involved in stomatal biogenesis. Differentially expressed genes were categorized by gene ontology and analyzed for statistically overrepresented classes to gain insight into functional processes. Comparison of stem expression data with previously published microarray data was used to narrow the list to genes involved in stomatal patterning. Mutants in these target genes have been obtained and phenotypic analysis revealed new stomatal regulators. Comparison of epidermal cells of the stem tip region from wild-type and tmm revealed that there are significantly more meristemoids formed in tmm stems compared to wild-type stems. In addition, the orientation of meristemoids formed in wild-type stems was random with respect to stem polarity and followed a spiral pattern of asymmetric divisions similar to leaves. This showed that stomatal patterning in dicots does not follow orientation in asymmetric cell division for spacing the adjacent stomata like monocots.
M.S.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS
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Harding, Sam. "Inflorescence development in Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (Babington's leek)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56030/.

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Within the horticultural industry, clonal propagation is desirable allowing for the maintenance of true lines, with more uniform cropping and flowering characteristics. Clonal propagation through tissue culture can be expensive, requiring equipment and facilities not always available to the breeder, whilst more traditional methods of clonal propagation may be slow, producing limited numbers. Many Alliums produce bulbils or have the ability to produce bulbils if appropriate conditions prevail. Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii always produces both sterile florets and bulbils in the inflorescence as well as daughter bulbs and bulblets. The ability to manipulate the inflorescence towards the production of bulbils may lead to improved methods of clonal propagation. Literature suggests that bulbil production may involve reversion or partial reversion of floral primordia at critical stages in inflorescence development. Wax embedding, sectioning and staining techniques have been used to examine bulb physiology, and allowed the construction of a developmental timetable. A protocol was developed for the maintenance of apices in tissue culture to monitor floral determination of the apex. The sampled population of Allium ampeloprasum L. var. babingtonii (Borrer) Syme was found to have both a vernalization requirement and a maturity requirement for floral competence. Vernalization for six weeks at 7 C produced 100 % flowering in plants with a minimum size of 3 cm diameter or approximately 13 g mass at the beginning of the growth season, producing ten or eleven leaves prior to expression of the floral state. Determination occurred during February the meristem widened followed by elongation of the scape and development of the spathe. Cymes develop in a regular pattern over the inflorescence, florets forming initially with bulbils developing at the base of the pedicels. Gene expression in Allium species has been not recorded in detail, but comparisons with Arabidopsis and other monocotyledons such as rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a working model. Degenerate primers were constructed based on the rice RLF (Rice LEAFY homologue) gene. This was used to establish the presence of a putative homologue in Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (ABLFY), this being expressed in floral meristems but not vegetative meristems
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Ritter, Matthew Kasai. "Genetic control of early events in plant inflorescence development /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3070994.

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Fiebig, Andrea E. "Inflorescence development of North American ginseng, abscission zones and ethephon." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40411.pdf.

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7

Newell, A. J. "Control of inflorescence development in the glasshouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381263.

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Bakhshandeh, Abdolmehdi. "Effects for drought on the development of the inflorescence in wheat." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387864.

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Mayo, S. J. "Systematics of Philodendron Schott (Araceae) with special reference to inflorescence characters." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371446.

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Greville, Karen. "The regulation of flower development in indeterminate Impatiens balsamina L." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365876.

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Books on the topic "Inflorescence"

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Inflorescence. Dorset, Vt: Tupelo Press, 2007.

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Irobi, Esiaba. Inflorescence: Selected poems, 1977-1988. Enugu, Nigeria: ABIC Books & Equipment Ltd., 1989.

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Greyson, Richard I. The development of flowers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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The wild oat inflorescence and seed: Anatomy, development, and morphology. Regina, Sask: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1990.

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Alba: The book of white flowers. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

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Weberling, F. Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1989.

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Weberling, Focko. Morphology of flowers and inflorescences. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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Rúa, Gabriel H. Inflorescencias: Bases teóricas para su análisis. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Botánica, 1999.

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Tissot, Mara. Infloreszenzuntersuchungen an Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, 1993.

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Cremers, G. Architecture végétative et structure inflorescentielle de quelques Melastomacae guyanaises. Paris: Editions de l'ORSTOM, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Inflorescence"

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Heppner, John B., D. G. Boucias, J. C. Pendland, Andrei Sourakov, Timothy Ebert, Roger Downer, Kun Yan Zhu, et al. "Inflorescence." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1925. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1527.

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Kellogg, Elizabeth A. "Inflorescence Structure." In Flowering Plants. Monocots, 25–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2_2.

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McKim, Sarah M., Ravi Koppolu, and Thorsten Schnurbusch. "Barley Inflorescence Architecture." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 171–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92528-8_12.

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Greyson, R. I. "Maize Inflorescence Culture." In The Maize Handbook, 712–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2694-9_129.

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Carr, Brent R. "Inflorescence of Mistrust." In The COVID Pandemic: Essays, Book Reviews, and Poems, 119. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19231-9_11.

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Kraehmer, Hansjoerg. "Flower and Inflorescence." In Grasses, 29–87. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119417095.ch4.

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Rossini, Laura, Ron Okagaki, Arnis Druka, and Gary J. Muehlbauer. "Shoot and Inflorescence Architecture." In Biotechnological Approaches to Barley Improvement, 55–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44406-1_4.

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Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 166–70. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0014.

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Abstract This chapter deals with analysis of covariance or ANCOVA, a combination of ANOVA and regression. It tests the effects of a mix of continuous and categorical variables on a continuous response variable. Two examples are presented. Example 1 is based on a study investigating the effects of two types of tagging (acrylic paint and subcutaneous microtags) on the growth of the coral reef goby, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, in the British Virgin Islands and included initial size as a continuous explanatory variable. Example 2 analyses data from a study on the number of pollinaria removed by pollinators from inflorescences of two Sirindhornia orchid species (S. monophylla and S. mirabillis) in relation to the number of flowers in the inflorescence (also count data) and the orchid species (categorical).
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Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 166–70. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0166.

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Abstract This chapter deals with analysis of covariance or ANCOVA, a combination of ANOVA and regression. It tests the effects of a mix of continuous and categorical variables on a continuous response variable. Two examples are presented. Example 1 is based on a study investigating the effects of two types of tagging (acrylic paint and subcutaneous microtags) on the growth of the coral reef goby, Coryphopterus glaucofraenum, in the British Virgin Islands and included initial size as a continuous explanatory variable. Example 2 analyses data from a study on the number of pollinaria removed by pollinators from inflorescences of two Sirindhornia orchid species (S. monophylla and S. mirabillis) in relation to the number of flowers in the inflorescence (also count data) and the orchid species (categorical).
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Koes, Ronald, Mattijs Bliek, Rob Castel, Elske Kusters, Antonia Procissi, Alexandra Rebocho, and Ilja Roobeek. "Development of the Petunia Inflorescence." In Petunia, 179–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84796-2_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inflorescence"

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Мустяцэ, Карина, Нина Чавдарь, Александр Рущук, and Ольга Загородняя. "Эффективность отбора в селекции сафлора красильного для условий Приднестровья." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.66.

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In the plant breeding of Carthamus tinctorius L. the method of individual breeding was used. Analysis of the breeding efficiency by a complex of characteristics of Carthamus tinctorius L. on average for three years showed an increase in the studied features. An increase in a breeding effect from a larger to a smaller value (in percents to the average value in the initial population) was observed in the following sequence: weight of seeds per plant, g (86,4%), quantity of seeds per plant, pcs (48,6%), quantity of inflorescences with seeds, pcs (42,7%), quantity of seeds in one basket inflorescence, pcs (38,7%), weight of 1000 seeds, g (28,5%), quantity of branches of the first level, pcs (27,2%), weight of seeds from one basket inflorescence, g (22,5%), total quantity of inflorescences per plant, pcs (17,8%), plant height, cm (15,4%).
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Litvishchenko, V. L., V. P. Dimitrov, O. A. Leshcheva, and A. A. Karnaukh. "THE USE OF LIGHTING TECHNIQUES FOR RAPID REMOTE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF SUNFLOWER SEEDS GROWING IN THE FIELDS." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.500-503.

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The method is proposed and the possibility of instantaneous remote determination of sunflower seed moisture using millimeter – range microwave radiation is experimentally investigated. A laboratory experimental setup was created to measure the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves from sunflower inflorescences in the frequency range of 25.86-37.5 GHz. In order to create a mathematical model that takes into account the difference between the reflected signal from the side of the inflorescence with sunflower seeds and the reverse side, experimental studies were conducted on the value of the reflected signal from the sunflower inflorescences on both sides of the plant. Experiments were conducted for inflorescences of different degrees of maturity.
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Kang, Mengzhen, Philippe de Reffye, and Ep Heuvelink. "Modeling the Growth of Inflorescence." In 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.52.

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"Genetic regulation of wheat inflorescence development." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-191.

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"Developmental pathways regulating wheat inflorescence architecture." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-045.

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Đelić, Gorica, Zoran Simić, Milan Stanković, Snežana Branković, Tatjana Jakšić, Predrag Vasić, Milica Pavlović, and Anđelka Popadić. "POTENCIJAL BIOAKUMULACIJE I TRANSLOKACIJE Pb i Cr U BILJNIM VRSTAMA KOJE RASTU NA JALOVIŠTU." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.327dj.

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The paper presents the results of research on the bioaccumulation and translocation of Pb and Cr by the species Leucanthemum vulgare Lam., Melilotus officinalis L., Onobrichis viciifolia Scop. sampled from the tailings of Kosovska Mitrovica. The highest amount of Pb is contained in the inflorescence (93.46 mg kg- 1) of type L. vulgare and the largest amounts of Cr were found in the herb O. viciifolia. Due to the ability to absorb large amounts of Pb and Cr type O. viciifolia and L. vulgare from contaminated terrain, should not be used as a medicine or fodder. On the basis of the content of Pb and Cr, the examined organs in species O. viciifolia can be arranged in a series: herba>root>inflorescence, in species L. vulgare in a row: inflorescence>herba>root and in the species M. officinalis root>herba>inflorescence. All tested species act as excluders of the pollutant.
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Soundarrajan, Karthik, Soundararajan R, and Sathishkumar A. "Physio - Mechanical and Chemical Behaviour of Surface Modified Coconut Inflorescence Fiber." In International Conference on Advances in Design, Materials, Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Mobility. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-28-0275.

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Chen, Peng, and Xiang Li. "Imitation of Plants Inflorescence Based on Fusion of L-System and IFS." In 2009 Second International Conference on Information and Computing Science. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icic.2009.51.

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Li, Xiang, Peng Chen, and Li Zhu. "Imitation of Plants Inflorescence Based on Fusion of L System and IFS." In 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csie.2009.263.

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Vanhaelewyn, Lucas. "Cryptochromes are the key photoreceptors mediating Arabidopsis inflorescence stem movements under natural sunlight." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.399268.

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Reports on the topic "Inflorescence"

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Eshed-Williams, Leor, and Daniel Zilberman. Genetic and cellular networks regulating cell fate at the shoot apical meristem. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699862.bard.

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The shoot apical meristem establishes plant architecture by continuously producing new lateral organs such as leaves, axillary meristems and flowers throughout the plant life cycle. This unique capacity is achieved by a group of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells that give rise to founder cells, which can differentiate into multiple cell and tissue types in response to environmental and developmental cues. Cell fate specification at the shoot apical meristem is programmed primarily by transcription factors acting in a complex gene regulatory network. In this project we proposed to provide significant understanding of meristem maintenance and cell fate specification by studying four transcription factors acting at the meristem. Our original aim was to identify the direct target genes of WUS, STM, KNAT6 and CNA transcription factor in a genome wide scale and the manner by which they regulate their targets. Our goal was to integrate this data into a regulatory model of cell fate specification in the SAM and to identify key genes within the model for further study. We have generated transgenic plants carrying the four TF with two different tags and preformed chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to identify the TF direct target genes. Due to unforeseen obstacles we have been delayed in achieving this aim but hope to accomplish it soon. Using the GR inducible system, genetic approach and transcriptome analysis [mRNA-seq] we provided a new look at meristem activity and its regulation of morphogenesis and phyllotaxy and propose a coherent framework for the role of many factors acting in meristem development and maintenance. We provided evidence for 3 different mechanisms for the regulation of WUS expression, DNA methylation, a second receptor pathway - the ERECTA receptor and the CNA TF that negatively regulates WUS expression in its own domain, the Organizing Center. We found that once the WUS expression level surpasses a certain threshold it alters cell identity at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem from floral meristem to carpel fate [FM]. When WUS expression highly elevated in the FM, the meristem turn into indeterminate. We showed that WUS activate cytokinine, inhibit auxin response and represses the genes required for root identity fate and that gradual increase in WUCHEL activity leads to gradual meristem enlargement that affect phyllotaxis. We also propose a model in which the direction of WUS domain expansion laterally or upward affects meristem structure differently. We preformed mRNA-seq on meristems with different size and structure followed by k-means clustering and identified groups of genes that are expressed in specific domains at the meristem. We will integrate this data with the ChIP-seq of the 4 TF to add another layer to the genetic network regulating meristem activity.
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Tucker, Mark L., Shimon Meir, Amnon Lers, Sonia Philosoph-Hadas, and Cai-Zhong Jiang. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate ethylene-induced leaf and flower abscission of agriculturally important plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597929.bard.

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The Problem: Abscission is a highly regulated process, occurring as a natural terminal stage of development, in which various organs are separated from the parent plant. In most plant species, the process is initiated by a decrease in active auxin in the abscission zone (AZ) and an increase in ethylene, and may be accelerated by postharvest or environmental stresses. Another potential key regulator in abscission is IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission), which was identified as an essential peptide signal for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. However, information is still lacking regarding the molecular mechanisms integrating all these regulators. In our previous BARD funded research we made substantial progress towards understanding these molecular events in tomato, and the study is still in progress. We established a powerful platform for analysis of genes for regulatory proteins expressed in AZ. We identified changes in gene expression for several transcription factors (TFs) directly linked to ethylene and auxin signaling and several additional regulatory proteins not so obviously linked to these hormones. Moreover, we demonstrated using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay that several play a functional role in the onset of abscission. Based on these results we have selected 14 genes for further analysis in stably transformed tomato plants. All 14 genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using a constitutive promoter, and 5 of them were also suppressed using an abscission-specific promoter. Transformations are currently at different stages of progress including some lines that already display an abscission phenotype. Objectives: We propose here to (1) complete the functional analysis of the stably transformed tomato plants with T2 lines and perform transcriptome analysis using custom abscission-specific microarrays; (2) conduct an indepth analysis of the role of IDA signaling in tomato leaf and flower abscission; (3) perform transcriptome and proteome analyses to extend the earlier gene expression studies to identify transcripts and proteins that are highly specific to the separation layer (i.e., target cells for cell separation) prior to the onset of abscission; (4) extend and compliment the work in tomato using a winnowed set of genes in soybean. Methodology: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of mRNA will be used to further increase the list of abscission-associated genes, and for preparation of a custom tomato abscission microarray to test altered gene expression in transgenic plants. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of protein extracts from leaf petiole, flower pedicel and their AZ tissues will be used to identify the proteome of the AZ before and during abscission. AZ-specific gene promoters will be used in stably transformed tomato plants to reduce non-target phenotypes. The bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) plasmid vectors will be used for VIGS analysis in soybean. Expected Contribution: Our study will provide new insights into the regulation of ethylene-induced abscission by further revealing the role of key regulators in the process. This will permit development of novel techniques for manipulating leaf and flower abscission, thereby improving the postharvest performance of agriculturally important crops.
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Philosoph-Hadas, Sonia, Peter Kaufman, Shimon Meir, and Abraham Halevy. Signal Transduction Pathway of Hormonal Action in Control and Regulation of the Gravitropic Response of Cut Flowering Stems during Storage and Transport. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695838.bard.

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Original objectives: The basic goal of the present project was to increase our understanding of the cellular mechanisms operating during the gravitropic response of cut flowers, for solving their bending problem without affecting flower quality. Thus, several elements operating at the 3 levels o the gravity-induced signal transduction pathway, were proposed to be examined in snapdragon stems according to the following research goals: 1) Signaling: characterize the signal transduction pathway leading to the gravitropic response, regarding the involvement of [Ca2+]cyt as a mediator of IAA movement and sensitivity to auxin. 2) Transduction by plant hormones: a) Examine the involvement of auxin in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to: possible participation of auxin binding protein (ABP), auxin redistribution, auxin mechanism of action (activation of H+-ATPase) mediation by changes in [Ca2+]cyt and possible regulation of auxin-induced Ca2+ action b: calmodulin-activated or Ca2+-activated protein kinases (PK). b) Examine the involvement of ethylene in the gravitropic response of flower stems with regard to auxin-induced ethylene production and sensitivity of the tissue to ethylene. 3) Response: examine the effect of gravistimulation on invertase (associated with growth and elongation) activity and invertase gene expression. 4) Commercial practice: develop practical and simple treatments to prevent bending of cut flowers grown for export. Revisions: 1) Model systems: in addition to snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.), 3 other model shoe systems, consisting of oat (Avena sativa) pulvini, Ornithogalun 'Nova' cut flowers and Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence, were targeted to confirm a more general mechanism for shoot gravitropism. 2 Research topics: the involvement of ABP, auxin action, PK and invertase in the gravitropic response of snapdragon stems could not be demonstrated. Alternatively, the involvement in the gravity signaling cascade of several other physiological mediators apart of [Ca2+]cyt such as: IP3, protein phosphorylation and actin cytoskeleton, was shown. Additional topics introduced: starch statolith reorientation, differential expression of early auxin responsive genes, and differential shoot growth. Background to the topic: The gravitropic bending response of flowering shoots occurring upon their horizontal placement during shipment exhibits a major horticultural problem. In spite of extensive studies in various aboveground organs, the gravitropic response was hardly investigated in flowering shoots. Being a complex multistep process that requires the participation of various cellular components acting in succession or in parallel, analysis of the negative gravitropic response of shoot includes investigation of signal transduction elements and various regulatory physiological mediators. Major achievements: 1) A correlative role for starch statoliths as gravireceptors in flowering shoot was initially established. 2) Differentially phosphorylated proteins and IP3 levels across the oat shoe pulvini, as well as a differential appearance of 2 early auxin-responsive genes in snapdragon stems were all detected within 5-30 minutes following gravistimulation. 3) Unlike in roots, involvement of actin cytoskeleton in early events of the gravitropic response of snapdragon shoots was established. 4) An asymmetric IAA distribution, followed by an asymmetric ethylene production across snapdragon stems was found following gravistimulation. 5) The gravity-induced differential growth in shoots of snapdragon was derived from initial shrinkage of the upper stem side and a subsequent elongation o the lower stem side. 6) Shoot bending could be successfully inhibited by Ca2+ antagonists (that serve as a basis for practical treatments), kinase and phosphatase inhibitors and actin-cytoskeleton modulators. All these agents did not affect vertical growth. The essential characterization of these key events and their sequence led us to the conclusion that blocking gravity perception may be the most powerful means to inhibit bending without hampering shoot and flower growth after harvest. Implications, scientific and agriculture: The innovative results of this project have provided some new insight in the basic understanding of gravitropism in flower stalks, that partially filled the gap in our knowledge, and established useful means for its control. Additionally, our analysis has advanced the understanding of important and fundamental physiological processes involved, thereby leading to new ideas for agriculture. Gravitropism has an important impact on agriculture, particularly for controlling the bending of various important agricultural products with economic value. So far, no safe control of the undesired bending problem of flower stalks has been established. Our results show for the first time that shoot bending of cut flowers can be inhibited without adverse effects by controlling the gravity perception step with Ca2+ antagonists and cytoskeleton modulators. Such a practical benefit resulting from this project is of great economic value for the floriculture industry.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.

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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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