Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Inflorescence'

[ES] Las leguminosas son un grupo de plantas consideradas de gran importancia por su valor nutricional para la alimentación humana y ganadera. Además, las familias de leguminosas se caracterizan por rasgos distintivos de desarrollo como su inflorescencia compuesta y su compleja ontogenia floral. Para comprender mejor estas características distintivas, es importante estudiar los genes reguladores clave involucrados en el desarrollo de la inflorescencia y la flor. El gen SUPERMAN (SUP) es un factor transcripcional de dedos de zinc (Cys2-Hys2) considerado como un represor activo que controla el número de estambres y carpelos en A. thaliana. Además, SUP está involucrado en la terminación del meristemo floral y el desarrollo de los tejidos derivados del carpelo. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue la caracterización funcional del ortólogo de SUP en la leguminosa modelo Medicago truncatula (MtSUP). Logramos este objetivo en base a un enfoque de genética reversa, análisis de expresión génica y ensayos de complementación y sobreexpresión. Nuestros resultados muestran que MtSUP es el gen ortólogo de SUP en M. truncatula. MtSUP comparte algunos de los roles ya descritos para SUP con algunas variaciones. Curiosamente, MtSUP controla la determinación del meristemo inflorescente secundario (I2) y de los primordios comunes (CP) a pétalos y estambres. Por tanto, MtSUP controla el número de flores y de pétalos-estambres que producen el meristemo I2 y los primordios comunes, respectivamente. MtSUP muestra funciones novedosas para un gen de tipo SUP, desempeñando papeles clave en los meristemos que confieren complejidad de desarrollo a esta familia de angiospermas. Este trabajo permitió identificar a MtSUP, un gen clave que forma parte de la red reguladora genética que subyace al desarrollo de la inflorescencia compuesta y de las flores en la leguminosa modelo M. truncatula.
[CA] Les lleguminoses són un gran grup de plantes considerades de gran importància pel seu valor nutricional per a l'alimentació humana i ramadera. A més, les famílies de lleguminoses es caracteritzen per trets distintius de desenrotllament com la seua inflorescència composta i la seua complexa ontogènia floral. Per a comprendre millor estes característiques distintives, és important estudiar els gens reguladors clau involucrats en la inflorescència i el desenrotllament floral. El gen SUPERMAN (SUP) és un factor transcripcional de dits de zinc (Cys2-Hys2) considerat com un repressor actiu que controla el nombre d'estams i carpels en A. thaliana. A més, SUP està involucrat en la terminació del meristemo floral i el desenrotllament dels teixits derivats del carpel. "L'objectiu principal d'este treball va ser la caracterització funcional de l'ortòleg de SUP en la lleguminosa model Medicago truncatula (MtSUP) . Aconseguim l'objectiu amb base en un enfocament genètic invers, anàlisi d'expressió gènica i assajos de complementació i sobreexpressió. Els nostres resultats mostren que MtSUP és el gen ortòleg de SUP en M. truncatula. MtSUP compartix alguns dels rols ja descrits per a SUP amb variacions. Curiosament, MtSUP està involucrat en la determinació del meristemo de la inflorescència secundària (I2) i els primordios comuns (CP). Per tant, MtSUP controla el nombre de flors i pètals-estams que produïxen el meristemo I2 i els primordios comuns, respectivament. MtSUP mostra funcions noves per a un gen tipus SUP, exercint papers clau en els meristemos que conferixen complexitat de desenrotllament a esta família d'angiospermes. "Este treball va permetre identificar a MtSUP, un gen clau que forma part de la xarxa reguladora genètica darrere de la inflorescència composta i el desenrotllament de flors en la lleguminosa model M. truncatula.
[EN] Legumes are a large group of plants considered of great importance for their nutritional value in human and livestock nutrition. Besides, legume families are characterized by distinctive developmental traits as their compound inflorescence and complex floral ontogeny. For a better understanding of these distinctive features is important to study key regulatory genes involved in the inflorescence and floral development. The SUPERMAN (SUP) gene is a zinc-finger (Cys2-Hys2) transcriptional factor considered to be an active repressor that controls the number of stamens and carpels in A. thaliana. Moreover, SUP is involved in the floral meristem termination and the development of the carpel marginal derived tissues. The main objective of this work was the functional characterization of the SUP orthologue in the model legume Medicago truncatula (MtSUP). We achieved this objective based on a reverse genetic approach, gene expression analysis, and complementation and overexpression assays. Our results show that MtSUP is the orthologous gene of SUP in M. truncatula. MtSUP shares some of the roles already described for SUP with variations. Interestingly, MtSUP controls the determinacy of the secondary inflorescence (I2) meristem and the common primordia (CP). Thus, MtSUP controls the number of flowers and petal-stamens produced by the I2 meristem and the common primordia respectively. MtSUP displays novel functions for a SUP-like gene, playing key roles in the meristems that confer developmental complexity to this angiosperm family. This work allowed to identify MtSUP, a key gene that participates in the genetic regulatory network underlying compound inflorescence and flower development in the model legume M. truncatula.
I would like to thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the grant (MINECO; BIO2016-75485-R) that supported this work. Special thanks to the Generalitat Valenciana for funding my doctorate with the Santiago Grisolía predoctoral scholarships
Rodas Méndez, AL. (2021). MtSUPERMAN controls the number of flowers per inflorescence and floral organs in the inner three whorls of Medicago truncatula [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171474
TESIS

Achieving a good level of cross-fertilization between male and female parents in hybrid wheat production is a challenge. Despite the longstanding interest in hybrid wheat, there is little published data on floral traits which may enhance outcrossing. In this study genetic analysis of a lumber of floral traits was carried out and the effect on outcrossing ability of these traits assessed. The results will facilitate genetic improvements of traits which influence seed set in hybrid wheat production.

Stomata are cellular structures that control water loss and gas exchange through the plant epidermis. Stomata arise from special stem cells called meristemoids through a series of programmed asymmetric divisions that are controlled by cell signaling, or via multitude of regulatory pathways and intercellular communication between epidermal cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, stomata are spaced non-randomly in the epidermis by cell-cell signaling of the receptor-like protein TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) as well as other proteins. Point mutation of the TMM gene prevents the development of stomata in some tissues like inflorescence stems. Investigation of tmm mutant stems showed that self-renewing stem cell-like precursors form by dividing asymmetrically but fail to form stomata. This is further supported by molecular markers of stomatal cell fate that show stomatal precursors form but do not differentiate as stomata. Therefore, TMM signaling is likely required to control expression of genes that are essential for the formation of stomata in stems. As a second approach, gene expression profiling was used to identify candidate genes involved in stomatal biogenesis. Differentially expressed genes were categorized by gene ontology and analyzed for statistically overrepresented classes to gain insight into functional processes. Comparison of stem expression data with previously published microarray data was used to narrow the list to genes involved in stomatal patterning. Mutants in these target genes have been obtained and phenotypic analysis revealed new stomatal regulators. Comparison of epidermal cells of the stem tip region from wild-type and tmm revealed that there are significantly more meristemoids formed in tmm stems compared to wild-type stems. In addition, the orientation of meristemoids formed in wild-type stems was random with respect to stem polarity and followed a spiral pattern of asymmetric divisions similar to leaves. This showed that stomatal patterning in dicots does not follow orientation in asymmetric cell division for spacing the adjacent stomata like monocots.
M.S.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Biology MS

Within the horticultural industry, clonal propagation is desirable allowing for the maintenance of true lines, with more uniform cropping and flowering characteristics. Clonal propagation through tissue culture can be expensive, requiring equipment and facilities not always available to the breeder, whilst more traditional methods of clonal propagation may be slow, producing limited numbers. Many Alliums produce bulbils or have the ability to produce bulbils if appropriate conditions prevail. Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii always produces both sterile florets and bulbils in the inflorescence as well as daughter bulbs and bulblets. The ability to manipulate the inflorescence towards the production of bulbils may lead to improved methods of clonal propagation. Literature suggests that bulbil production may involve reversion or partial reversion of floral primordia at critical stages in inflorescence development. Wax embedding, sectioning and staining techniques have been used to examine bulb physiology, and allowed the construction of a developmental timetable. A protocol was developed for the maintenance of apices in tissue culture to monitor floral determination of the apex. The sampled population of Allium ampeloprasum L. var. babingtonii (Borrer) Syme was found to have both a vernalization requirement and a maturity requirement for floral competence. Vernalization for six weeks at 7 C produced 100 % flowering in plants with a minimum size of 3 cm diameter or approximately 13 g mass at the beginning of the growth season, producing ten or eleven leaves prior to expression of the floral state. Determination occurred during February the meristem widened followed by elongation of the scape and development of the spathe. Cymes develop in a regular pattern over the inflorescence, florets forming initially with bulbils developing at the base of the pedicels. Gene expression in Allium species has been not recorded in detail, but comparisons with Arabidopsis and other monocotyledons such as rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a working model. Degenerate primers were constructed based on the rice RLF (Rice LEAFY homologue) gene. This was used to establish the presence of a putative homologue in Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii (ABLFY), this being expressed in floral meristems but not vegetative meristems

This thesis provides new knowledge on an understudied group of grasses, some of which are resurrection grasses (i.e. able to withstand extreme drought). The sole Australian species (Tripogon loliiformis) is morphologically diverse and could be more than one species. This study sought to determine how many species of Tripogon occur in Australia, their relationships to other species in the genus and to two other genera of resurrection grasses (Eragrostiella and Oropetium). Results of the research indicate there is not enough evidence, from DNA sequence data, to warrant splitting up T. loliiformis into multiple species. The extensive morphological diversity seems to be influenced by environmental conditions. The three genera are so closely related that they could be grouped into a single genus. This new knowledge opens up pathways for future investigations, including studying genes responsible for desiccation tolerance and the conservation of native grasses that occur in rocky habitats.

Barley row-type describes the number of grains present at a node on the barley spike. Two forms exist amongst cultivated barley: two-rowed with only the central of three spikelets fertile producing a single grain at a node and six-rowed with all three spikelets fertile, producing three grain at a node. Twelve regions of the barley genome have been associated with the row-type character with specific genes identified at three loci, VRS1, VRS4 and INT-C. Advancements in the understanding of the genetic control underpinning barley row-type enables the identification of potential mechanisms for improving yield and yield architecture within the cereals.  This study used genetic linkage mapping in segregating F2 populations to refine the genetic location of the row-type locus, VRS3, to 16 candidate genes on barley chromosome 1H. Sequencing candidate loci in 32 vrs3 induced mutant alleles identified VRS3 to be a highly conserved JmjC histone demethylase, with two natural alleles within European cultivated barley. VRS3 was further characterised as a potential means of improving grain uniformity within cultivated six-rowed barley, through phenotypic assessment of grain size in varying allele combinations of VRS3, VRS1 and INT-C. The addition of six-rowed alleles at these loci was found to improve balance between central and lateral grain parameters, resulting in a more uniform grain sample. Analysis of gene expression found Vrs3 to be constitutively expressed across a diverse panel of barley tissues. Moreover, detailed study within the developing inflorescence suggests a role for Vrs3 in the regulation of the row-type genes VRS1 and INT-C.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Little is understood regarding flowering in the genus Protea. The information available on inflorescence initiation and development in the family Proteaceae was reviewed and discussed. A number of experiments were conducted to investigate inflorescence initiation and development, and their manipulation for commercial production, in selected Protea cultivars, in the Western Cape, South Africa (33°S, Protea species can be allocated into groups according to similar times of flower initiation and of harvest. The stages occurring during flower initiation, and their synchrony relative to shoot growth were investigated for three cultivars, viz. Protea cv. Carnival (P. compacta x P. neriifolia), Protea cv. Lady Di (P. compacta x P. magnifica) and Protea cv. Sylvia (P. eximia x P. susannae), when flower initiation occurred on the spring growth flush. For all three cultivars the spring flush was preformed and enclosed in the apical bud before spring budbreak. During elongation of the spring flush the apical meristem produced floral primordia which differentiated into involucral bracts. After completion of the spring flush meristematic activity continued, to produce floral bracts with florets in their axils. The three cultivars showed differences and similarities in the time of budbreak, and the rates of shoot growth, appendage formation and flower development. The presence of mature leaves on an over-wintering shoot is essential for inflorescence initiation on the spring growth flush of 'Carnival'. Inflorescence initiation in 'Carnival' started at spring budbreak, and production of involucral bracts occurred concurrently with spring flush elongation. Shoots were defoliated at different degrees of severity at intervals from pre- to post- spring budbreak. Total defoliation applied earlier than 6-7 weeks before spring budbreak prevented flowering. Defoliation closer to spring budbreak affected characteristics of the spring flush and the inflorescence subtended by the spring flush. Effects were most marked following total defoliation and diminished with less severe treatments imposed by partial defoliation. Total defoliation applied before spring budbreak resulted in slower inflorescence development and lead to later anthesis. Defoliation treatments applied after completion of spring flush elongation had no effect on either vegetative or reproductive spring growth. The requirement for mature overwintering leaves to effect inflorescence initiation in 'Carnival' suggests that environmental factors, such as low temperature and daylength may play an inductive role. Shoots were in the induced state and committed to flowering 6-7 weeks before spring budbreak. A change in source size and position subsequent to different severalties of defoliation in 'Carnival' lead to reduced dry mass accumulation and altered partitioning. Mature leaves on the overwintering shoot supported growth of the spring flush and the early stages of inflorescence development. When these leaves were removed by total defoliation dry mass accumulation in the spring flush was reduced. A hierarchy of priorities between competing sinks was revealed by defoliation during growth of the spring flush and concomitant inflorescence development: formation of involucral bracts> leaf growth> stem elongation. Dry mass accumulation of the inflorescence subtended by the spring flush was supported by the spring flush leaves and was only indirectly affected by defoliation. Treatments which resulted in the production of a weaker spring flush lead to a reduction in dry mass accumulation of the inflorescence. Different severalties of partial defoliation, whereby either upper or lower leaves were removed from a shoot, indicated that the position of leaves relative to the active sink is more important, with respect to source availability, than the number of leaves on the shoot. Mature overwintering leaves are essential in 'Lady Di' for shoots to achieve the induced state for flowering; and are also crucial to the early stages of inflorescence initiation. Defoliation applied before formation of involucral bracts was complete prevented flowering. Defoliated shoots either remained vegetative or produced inflorescences which aborted. Reserve carbohydrates in the stem and leaves of overwintering shoots were low, and early growth and development of both the spring flush and inflorescence were, therefore, supported by current photosynthates from the overwintering leaves. Likewise, reserve carbohydrates available in the flowering shoot were insufficient to account for the dry mass increase during the major portion of growth of the spring flush and inflorescence. This rapid increase in dry mass occurred after elongation of the spring flush was complete and was supported by current photosynthates from the leaves of the spring flush. Defoliation treatments that did not prevent inflorescence initiation, had no effect on inflorescence development, and flowering time of 'Lady Di' was not delayed by defoliation. 'Sylvia' has an open window for inflorescence initiation and can initiate flowers throughout the year. Despite the 'open window' inflorescences are initiated more readily on the spring flush, when it is subtended by one or more overwintering shoots. This may be the expression of a facultative response to inductive conditions for which 'Carnival' and 'Lady Di' have an obligate requirement. The date of pruning affected flowering time of 'Sylvia' by influencing on which flush inflorescence initiation occurred, and the harvest could be manipulated to fall within the optimum marketing period for export to Europe. Flowers initiated on the spring flush reach anthesis in January and February; on the first summer flush predominantly in April and May; on the second summer flush in July and August; and on the autumn flush in November and December. Thus, shoots harvested within the optimum marketing period (September to February) initiated inflorescences on the autumn and spring flushes. Due to the readiness of shoots to initiate inflorescences on the spring flush many shoots harvested in January and February (following initiation in the previous spring) were short and were rendered unmarketable. For commercial production pruning in July is recommended. Long flowering stems will be harvested in October to November of the following year. Since the vegetative and reproductive cycles necessary to produce inflorescences on long stems span more than a year, a biennial cropping system is recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bloeiwyse-inisiasie en -ontwikkeling, en die manipulasie daarvan, van geselekteerde cultivars van die genus Protea. Min word verstaan van blomvorming in die genus Protea. Die beskikbare inligting oor die bloeiwyse-inisiasie en -ontwikkeling in die familie Proteaceae is nagegaan en bespreek. 'n Aantal eksperimente is uitgevoer waarin geselekteerde Protea cultivars van die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika (33°S, 19°0) se bloeiwyse-inisiasie en -ontwikkeling, asook die manipulasie daarvan vir kommersiële produksie ondersoek is. Protea spesies kan in groepe ingedeel word op grond van blominisiasietye en oestye wat ooreenstem. Die verskillende stadiums van blominisiasie en hulle sinchronisering relatieftot stingelgroei is ondersoek vir drie kultivars, naamlik Protea cv. Carnival (P. compacta x P. neriifolia), Protea cv. Lady Di (P. compacta x P. magnifica) en Protea cv. Sylvia (P. eximia x P. susannae) tydens blominisiasie op die lentegroeistuwing. By al drie die kultivars was die lentegroeistuwing reeds gevorm en omsluit in die apikale knop voor die lente-knopbreking. Gedurende die verlenging van die lentegroeistuwing het die apikale meristeem blomprimordia, wat in bloeiwyseomwindselskutblare gedifferensieer het, geproduseer. Na voltooiing van die lentegroeistuwing, het meristematiese aktiwiteit voortgeduur en blomskutblare met blommetjies in hulle oksels is gevorm. Die drie kultivars het verskille en ooreenkomste vertoon tydens die periode van knopbreking, asook in die tempo van stingelgroei, aanhangselformasie en blomontwikkeling. Die teenwoordigheid van volwasse blare op 'n oorwinteringstingel is noodsaaklik vit bloeiwyse-inisiasie op die lentegroeistuwing van 'Carnival'. Bloeiwyse-inisiasie in 'Carnival' het met lente-knopbreking begin en die produksie van bloeiwyseomwindselblare het gelyktydig met lentegroeistuwing verlenging plaasgevind. Stingels is met tussenposes, van voor tot na die lente-knopbreking, en met verskillende grade van felheid, ontblaar. Algehele ontblaring vroeër as 6-7 weke voor die lente-knopbreking het blomvorming verhoed. Ontblaring nader aan die lenteknopbreking het 'n invloed gehad op die eienskappe van die lentegroeistuwing asook die bloeiwyse gedra deur die lentegroeistuwing. Die effek was die duidelikste sigbaar by algehele ontblaring en het verminder namate die behandeling minder fel geword het by gedeeltelike ontblaring. Algehele ontblaring wat voor die lente-knopbreking gedoen is, het gelei tot stadiger bloeiwyse-ontwikkeling en later antese. Ontblaringsbehandelings wat na die voltooiing van die lentegroeistuwing verlenging toegepas is, het geen effek op die vegetatiewe of die reproduktiewe lentegroei gehad me. Die nodigheid van volwasse oorwinteringsblare vir bloeiwyse-inisiasie in 'Carnival' dui daarop dat omgewingsfaktore soos lae temperature en daglengte 'n induktiewe rol kan speel. Stingels was in die geïnduseerde toestand en verbind tot blomvorming 6-7 weke voor die lente-knopbreking. 'n Verandering in oorspronggrootte en -posisie as gevolg van verskille in die felheid van ontblaring by 'Carnival', het gelei tot verminderde droë-massa-akkumulasie en veranderde verdeling. Volwasse blare op die oorwinteringstingel het die groei van die lentegroeistuwing en die vroeë stadiums van bloeiwyse-ontwikkeling ondersteun. Toe hierdie blare verwyder is in 'n algehele ontblaring, het die droë-massa-akkumulasie in die lentegroeistuwing verminder. 'n Hiërargie van prioriteite tussen kompeterende sinke is blootgelê tydens ontblaring gedurende die lentegroeistuwing en saamlopende bloeiwyse-ontwikkeling: vorming van bloeiwyse-omwindselblare > blaargroei > stamverlenging. Droë-massa-akkumulasie van die bloeiwyse onderspan deur die lentegroeistuwing is ondersteun deur die blare van die lentegroeistuwing en is slegs op 'n indirekte wyse deur ontblaring geaffekteer. Behandelings wat tot die produksie van 'n swakker lentegroeistuwing gelei het, het tot 'n vermindering in die droë-massaakkumulasie van die bloeiwyse gelei. Verskille in die felheid van gedeeltelike ontblaring, waartydens óf die boonste óf die onderste blare van 'n stingel verwyder is, het aangetoon dat die posisie van die blare relatief tot die aktiewe sink belangriker is, met betrekking tot die beskikbaarheid van die oorsprong, as die aantal blare op die stingel. By 'Lady Di' is volwasse oorwinteringsblare noodsaaklik VIr stingels om die geïnduseerde stadium van blomvorming te bereik en hulle is ook van die uiterste belang in die vroeë stadiums van bloeiwyse-inisiasie. Waar ontblaring gedoen is voordat die vorming van bloeiwyse-omwindsel voltooi was, het blomvorming nie plaasgevind nie. Ontblaarde stingels het ófvegetatief gebly ófbloeiwyses geproduseer wat geaborteer het. Reserwe-koolhidrate in die stam en blare van die oorwinteringstingels was laag en die vroeë groei en ontwikkeling van beide die lentegroeistuwing en die bloeiwyse is dus deur die bestaande fotosintate van die oorwinteringsblare onderhou. Net so was die reserwe-koolhidrate beskikbaar in die blomdraende stingels nie voldoende om die toename in droë massa gedurende die grootste deel van die groei van die lentegroeistuwing en die bloeiwyse te verklaar nie. Hierdie vinnige toename in droë massa het plaasgevind nadat die verlenging van die lentegroeistuwing voltooi was en is deur die bestaande fotosintate van die blare van die lentegroeistuwing onderhou. Ontblaringsbehandelings wat nie bloeiwyse-inisiasie verhoed het nie, het geen effek op bloeiwyse-ontwikkeling gehad nie en die blomtyd van 'Lady Di' is nie deur ontblaring vertraag nie. 'Sylvia' beskik oor 'n oop venster vir bloeiwyse-inisiasie en kan regdeur die jaar blomme inisieer. Ten spyte van die 'oop venster', word bloeiwyses tog meer geredelik in die lentegroeistuwing geïnisieer, wanneer dit deur een of meer van die oorwinteringstingels gedra word. Dit mag die uitdrukking wees van 'n fakultatiewe respons op induktiewe toestande wat vir 'Carnival' en 'Lady Di' 'n verpligte vereiste is. 'Sylvia' se blomtyd is deur die snoeidatum geaffekteer omdat die snoeidatum 'n invloed gehad het op die keuse van by watter groeistuwing bloeiwyse-inisiasie plaasgevind het. Die oestyd kon gemanipuleer word om binne die optimum bemarkingstydperk vir uitvoer na Europa te val. Blomme wat op die lentegroeistuwing geïnisieer is, bereik antese in Januarie en Februarie; dié wat op die eerste somergroeistuwing geïnisieer is, bereik antese hoofsaaklik in April en Mei; dié wat op die tweede somergroeistuwing geïnisieer is, bereik antese in Julie en Augustus en dié wat op die herfsgroeistuwing geïnisieer is, bereik antese in November en Desember. Stingels wat in die optimum bemarkingsperiode (September tot Februarie) geoes is, het dus bloeiwyses op die herfs- en lente-groeistuwings geïnisieer. As gevolg van die gereedheid van stingels om bloeiwyses op die lentegroeistuwings te inisieer, was baie van die stingels wat in Januarie en Februarie geoes is, kort en kon nie bemark word nie. Vir kommersiële doeleindes word snoei in Julie aanbeveel. Lang blomdraende stingels sal in Oktober en November van die volgende jaar geoes word. Aangesien die vegetatiewe en reproduktiewe siklusse wat nodig is om bloeiwyses met lang stingels te produseer oor meer as fn jaar strek, word fn tweejaarlikse oesinsamelingstelsel aanbeveel.

‘Crimson Seedless’ (Vitis vinifera L.) is an attractive, late season, red, seedless cultivar, which is currently a very popular table grape cultivar. It is one of the most planted cultivars in South Africa and third in terms of total area of table grape vineyards in production. Mature ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes are characterized by outstanding eating quality, good flavour, firm and crisp berries. One of the key factors affecting the yield of table grape cultivars is bud fruitfulness. Low fruitfulness can have a significant effect on the yield of table grape cultivars and ‘Crimson Seedless’ is characterized by a fruitfulness problem. Summer pruning, such as the removal of shoots after harvesting grapes, is a cultivation practice widely used by some table grape producers in the Orange River region of South Africa. The first hypothesis of this study stated that the removal of shoots after harvest will increase the transmitted PAR through the canopy, increase carbohydrate reserve levels in canes and improve bud fruitfulness of ‘Crimson Seedless’. A second hypothesis of this study stated that the cut back of all main shoots and shoots developing from spurs to the nearest lateral shoot and the removal of all unproductive shoots after berry set will result in fruitful shoots the following season. The third and final hypothesis of this study stated that the removal of shoots after harvest and berry set will improve the yield and quality of Vitis vinifera cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’. The study was conducted over three seasons (2010/11 to 2012/13) and aimed at investigating factors, including shoot removal, impacting bud fruitfulness of an 11-year-old commercial V. vinifera L. cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’ vineyard, grafted on ‘Ramsey’ (Vitis champinii) rootstocks in the Hex River Valley. The treatment design was a complete randomized design and involved five treatments, which included 33% shoot removal (S33) and 66% shoot removal (S66) after harvest, cutting of all main and lateral shoots developing from spurs to the nearest lateral shoot (LS), removal of all unproductive shoots (RSB) which was compared with the control, in which standard pruning practices were performed. The results obtained in this experiment showed that shoot removal after harvest and after berry set improves PAR transmission into the canopy, but there was no significant impact on bud fruitfulness. In addition, it was found that shoot removal reduced vegetative growth resulting in thinner canes that also led to the improvement in PAR transmission. Furthermore, bunch number per shoot in the LS treated vines was reduced when compared with S33 treated vines, illustrating that shoot removal at berry set can reduce bunch number per shoot due to defoliation after berry set. The significant decrease in bud burst in the S33 treatments compared with the control was expected due to less shoots, resulting in a reduction in cane mass during the 2010/11 season. The significant effect of LS treatments after berry set on TSS and total red pigments compared with the S66 treatments and the control, respectively, clearly indicates that shoot removal after berry set improves grape colour. The positive effect of LS treatments on colour was supported by the significant improvement in class 4 bunches, representing an improvement in quality. Although shoot removal did not have a significant effect on the bunch mass per vine of ‘Crimson Seedless’, there was a significant reduction in total bunches for export and mass of the total export bunches in the LS treatments in the 2011/12 season. A link between carbohydrate concentration in canes and bud fruitfulness was not found in this study, as S33 and S66 treatments did not have a significant effect on carbohydrate content in canes during the 2011/12 season. The question therefore arises whether the treatments applied during the growing seasons are worthwhile, because there was no significant impact on bud fruitfulness of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Crimson Seedless’. This study illustrates that growers need to decide whether it is worthwhile to utilize labour for this practice and they must manage grapevines not only for the current seasons crop, but also for the next season and this can be accomplished by maintaining sufficient carbohydrates for fruitfulness and yield from season to season.
Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Plant Production and Soil Science
MInst Agrar
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During angiosperm evolution, innovations in vegetative and reproductive organs have resulted in tremendous morphological diversity, which has played a crucial role in the ecological success of flowering plants. Morindeae (Rubiaceae) display considerable diversity in growth form, inflorescence architecture, flower size, and fruit type. Lianescent habit, head inflorescence, small flower, and multiple fruit are the predominant states, but arborescent habit, non-headed inflorescence, large flower, and simple fruit states occur in various genera. This makes Morindeae an ideal model for exploring the evolutionary appearances and transitions between the states of these characters. We reconstructed ancestral states for these four traits using a Bayesian approach and combined nuclear/chloroplast data for 61 Morindeae species. The aim was to test three hypotheses: 1) self-supporting habit is generally ancestral in clades comprising both lianescent and arborescent species; 2) changes from lianescent to arborescent habit are uncommon due to "a high degree of specialization and developmental burden''; 3) head inflorescences and multiple fruits in Morindeae evolved from non-headed inflorescences and simple fruits, respectively. Lianescent habit, head inflorescence, large flower, and multiple fruit are inferred for Morindeae, making arborescent habit, non-headed inflorescence, small flower, and simple fruit derived within the tribe. The rate of change from lianescent to arborescent habit is much higher than the reverse change. Therefore, evolutionary changes between lianescent and arborescent forms can be reversible, and their frequency and trends vary between groups. Moreover, these changes are partly attributed to a scarcity of host trees for climbing plants in more open habitats. Changes from large to small flowers might have been driven by shifts to pollinators with progressively shorter proboscis, which are associated with shifts in breeding systems towards dioecy. A single origin of dioecy from hermaphroditism is supported.

I utilize a variety of methods, from field studies of selection to phylogenetic systematics, to study the historical processes involved in the evolution of reproductive structures of milkweeds (Asclepias L. (Asclepiadaceae)). In an experimental study of a natural population of Asclepias tuberosa L., I explore the mechanisms by which pollinators select on the arrangement of flowers on a plant. I present an evolutionary model for the manner in which pollinators select on inflorescence design (the number of flowers in inflorescence units), considering reproductive success gained through both male and female function. In this model, the maximum fitness is achieved when proportional changes in male and female reproductive success with changes in inflorescence-unit size are balanced. The model is used to predict optimal inflorescence-unit size in Asclepias tuberosa, which roughly match inflorescence-unit sizes observed in nature. In studies of selection on plant reproductive characters in natural populations, the pollinators responsible for selection remain unidentified or are inferred from floral morphology. In the same experimental population of Asclepias tuberosa in which I studied selection on inflorescence design, I measured the effectiveness of all common pollinators. Although A. tuberosa possesses characteristics of butterfly-pollinated plants, and many butterfly species are found at its flowers, the most effective pollinators are bees. Furthermore, the most effective pollinators in the study population varied between years. These results suggest that inferences about the identity of effective pollinators should be based on careful measurements of effectiveness over several seasons. In order to study factors that affect the evolution of reproductive characters like inflorescence design in this large genus, it is desirable to employ a phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships among Asclepias species. I present such an analysis based on morphological data. My results suggest that some of the North American species of Asclepias are more closely related to African species in other genera than to other North American species of Asclepias. Also, most infrageneric groups currently recognized are not monophyletic. Several novel infrageneric groupings are well-supported by my results. I also present analyses of the evolution of growth form and flower "horns" based on an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A inflorescência padrão da mamoneira é um racemo com flores femininas no ápice e masculinas na base, porém há muitas variantes para esse tipo de expressão sexual, determinada por fatores genéticos e ambientais. A produtividade da mamoneira está diretamente relacionada com a proporção de flores femininas no racemo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar 80 linhagens de mamona quanto à característica de expressão sexual. As linhagens são oriundas do programa de melhoramento de mamona da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP campus de Botucatu. Os experimentos foram instalados na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel- SP e na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, município de Botucatu- SP, ambos pertencentes à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas- UNESP campus de Botucatu, em condições de safrinha, no período de abril a dezembro de 2008. As 80 linhagens utilizadas foram selecionadas para alta porcentagem de florescimento feminino, com ciclos de seleção e autofecundação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram constituídas de uma linha de 2,0 m com 5 plantas e o espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,5 m entre plantas, 1m entre linhas e área útil de 2,0 m2. Foram avaliadas as freqüências de plantas femininas e plantas monóicas em cada linhagem, assim como a estabilidade da feminilidade em todos os racemos e em ambos os ambientes. Foram avaliadas também a altura de planta, altura de inserção do racemo primário, diâmetro do caule e número de nós da haste até a inflorescência primária. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos às análises de variância individual e conjunta, pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade, para os dois municípios, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de...
The standard of castor bean inflorescence is a raceme, with female flowers located at the apex of the plant, and male flowers at the base. However this type of sexual expression can vary according to genetic and environmental factors. The castor bean yield is related to the proportion of female flowers in the raceme. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate eighty lines of castor bean regarding to the sexual expression characteristic. These lines were derived from the program of castor bean breeding from the Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas – Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu Campus. The experiments were conducted as second crop, in period april to december in 2008 at the Experimental Farm Sao Manuel, in Sao Manuel – SP, and at the Experimental Farm Lageado, in Botucatu – SP, both from the Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas – UNESP, Botucatu Campus. The 80 lines used were selected for high percentage of female flowers, with selection and selfing cycles. The experimental design consisted by randomized blocks with two replications. The plots consisted by one row of 2.0 m with five plants and the spacing used was 0.5 m between plants, 1 m between lines, being 2.0 m2 of total area. The female plants and monoecious plants frequencies in each line were evaluated, as well as the femininity stability in all racemes for both experiments. Plant height, height of primary raceme insertion, stem diameter, and number of nodes from the stem to the primary inflorescence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

[ES] La abscisión es un proceso de separación celular activo, organizado y altamente coordinado que permite el desprendimiento de órganos vegetativos y reproductivos completos, mediante la modificación de la adhesión celular y la desintegración de las paredes celulares en lugares específicos del cuerpo de la planta conocidos como zonas de abscisión. En Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), la abscisión de órganos florales y hojas caulinares está regulada por la interacción entre el péptido hormonal (IDA), un par de proteínas quinasas de tipo receptor redundantes, (HAE y HSL2), y correceptores de la familia SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE. El conocimiento sobre la maquinaria molecular que regula la abscisión en especies de plantas de importancia económica de la familia de las solanáceas es en la actualidad escaso. En esta investigación de doctorado, se realizó un análisis funcional de los componentes del módulo de señalización de abscisión IDA-HAE en N. benthamiana. En la primera sección de este trabajo, se estudió el grado de conservación y la filogenia de las familias de genes IDA-like y HAE-like en especies relevantes del género Solanum, Capsicum y Nicotiana. Se analizó la expresión de estos genes en el alopoliploide N. benthamiana, con el fin de identificar miembros implicados en la abscisión y en la respuesta a condiciones de estrés abiótico como la sequía. En la segunda sección, se evaluó el efecto del silenciamiento y la sobreexpresión de NbenIDA1A y NbenIDA1B, dos homeólogos IDA-like de N. benthamiana que se asociaron con la abscisión de la corola en la sección anterior. Además, también se determinó el efecto sobre la abscisión de la corola del silenciamiento de NbenHAE.1. Las relaciones filogenéticas entre los miembros IDA-like de las solanáceas estudiadas, agruparon los dos pares de homeólogos de proteínas NbenIDA1 y NbenIDA2 con los prepropéptidos de Arabidopsis relacionados con la abscisión. El análisis de las regiones promotoras en busca de elementos reguladores reveló que estos dos pares de homeólogos contenían elementos de respuesta tanto hormonales como de respuesta a la sequía, aunque NbenIDA2A carecía de los elementos reguladores hormonales. Los análisis de expresión génica también indican que el par de homeólogos NbenIDA1 se regulan positivamente durante la abscisión de la corola. Los pares NbenIDA1 y NbenIDA2 mostraron una expresión diferencial tisular en condiciones de estrés hídrico, ya que los homeólogos NbenIDA1 se indujeron en hojas estresadas, mientras que los homeólogos NbenIDA2, especialmente NbenIDA2B, se indujeron en raíces estresadas. En las plantas con crecimiento activo no estresadas, los nudos y los entrenudos fueron los tejidos con los niveles de expresión más altos de todos los miembros de la familia IDA-like y sus receptores HAE-like putativos. El silenciamiento basado en VIGS del par de homeólogos NibenIDA1 y NbenHAE.1 suprimió la abscisión de la corola en flores de N. benthamiana, lo que fue causado por un bloqueo en la desintegración de la pared celular en la base de la corola, probablemente debido a la falta de inducción de las enzimas hidrolíticas relacionadas con la abscisión. La sobreexpresión ectópica del homeólogo NbenIDA1A adelantó la senescencia y la abscisión de la corola y afectó negativamente al crecimiento de las plantas de N. benthamiana. Los resultados obtenidos utilizando la aproximación VIGS mostraron que el par de homeólogos NbenIDA1 y el receptor NbenHAE.1, posiblemente actuando como un módulo de señalización similar al descrito en Arabidopsis, regulan la abscisión de la corola en las flores de N. benthamiana. Este es, por tanto, el primer ejemplo en una especie vegetal distinta de Arabidopsis thaliana que indica que el módulo de señalización de abscisión IDA-HAE/HSL2 se conserva en las angiospermas.
[CA] L'abscisió és un procés de separació cel·lular actiu, organitzat i altament coordinat que permet el despreniment d'òrgans vegetatius i reproductius complets, mitjançant la modificació de l'adhesió cel·lular i la desintegració de les parets cel·lulars en llocs específics del cos de la planta coneguts com a zones d'abscisió. En Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), l'abscisió d'òrgans florals i fulles caulinars està regulada per la interacció entre el pèptid hormonal (IDA), un parell de proteïnes cinases de tipus receptor redundants, (HAE i HSL2), i coreceptors de la família SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE. El coneixement sobre la maquinària molecular que regula l'abscisió en espècies de plantes d'importància econòmica de la família de les solanàcies és en l'actualitat escàs. En aquesta recerca de doctorat, es va realitzar una anàlisi funcional dels components del mòdul de senyalització d'abscisió IDA-HAE en N. benthamiana. A la primera secció d'aquest treball, es va estudiar el grau de conservació i la filogènia de les famílies de gens IDA-like i HAE-like en espècies rellevants de l'gènere Solanum, Capsicum i Nicotiana. Es va analitzar l'expressió d'aquests gens en l'al·lopoliploide N. benthamiana, per tal d'identificar membres implicats en l'abscisió i en la resposta a condicions d'estrès abiòtic, com la sequera. A la segona secció, es va avaluar l'efecte del silenciament i la sobreexpressió de NbenIDA1A i NbenIDA1B, dos homeòlegs IDA-like de N. benthamiana, que es van associar amb l'abscisió de la corol·la en la secció anterior. A més, també es va determinar l'efecte sobre l'abscisió de la corol·la del silenciament de NbenHAE.1. Les relacions filogenètiques entre els membres IDA-like de les solanàcies estudiades, van agrupar els dos parells d'homeòlegs de proteïnes NbenIDA1 i NbenIDA2 amb els prepropèptids d'Arabidopsis relacionats amb l'abscisió. L'anàlisi de les regions promotores a la recerca d'elements reguladors va revelar que aquests dos parells d'homeòlegs contenien elements de resposta tant hormonals com de resposta a la sequera, encara que NbenIDA2A mancava dels elements reguladors hormonals. Les anàlisis d'expressió gènica també indiquen que el parell d'homeòlegs NbenIDA1 es regulen positivament durant l'abscisió de la corol·la. Els parells NbenIDA1 i NbenIDA2 van mostrar una expressió diferencial tissular en condicions d'estrès hídric, ja que els homeòlegs NbenIDA1 es van induir en fulls estressades, mentre que els homeòlegs NbenIDA2, especialment NbenIDA2B, es van induir en arrels estressades. A les plantes amb creixement actiu no estressades, els nusos i els entrenusos van ser els teixits amb els nivells d'expressió més alts de tots els membres de la família IDA-like i els seus receptors HAE-like putatius. El silenciament basat en VIGS del parell d'homeòlegs NibenIDA1 i NbenHAE.1 va suprimir l'abscisió de la corol·la en flors de N. benthamiana, lo qual va ser causat per un bloqueig en la desintegració de la paret cel·lular a la base de la corol·la, probablement degut a la manca d'inducció dels enzims hidrolítics relacionades amb l'abscisió. La sobreexpressió ectòpica de l'homeòleg NbenIDA1A va avançar la senescència i l'abscisió de la corol·la i va afectar negativament el creixement de les plantes de N. benthamiana. Els resultats obtinguts utilitzant l'aproximació VIGS van mostrar que el parell d'homeòlegs NbenIDA1 i el receptor NbenHAE.1, possiblement actuant com un mòdul de senyalització similar al descrit en Arabidopsis, regulen l'abscisió de la corol·la en les flors de N. benthamiana. Aquest és, per tant, el primer exemple en una espècie vegetal diferent d'Arabidopsis thaliana que indica que el mòdul de senyalització d'abscisió IDA-HAE/HSL2 es conserva en les angiospermes.
[EN] Abscission is an active, organized and highly coordinated cell separation process that enables the detachment of entire vegetative and reproductive organs, through the modification of cell-to-cell adhesion and breakdown of cell walls at specific sites on the plant body, known as abscission zones. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), abscission of floral organs and cauline leaves is regulated by the interaction of the hormonal peptide (IDA), a pair of redundant receptorlike protein kinases, (HAE and HSL2), and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE co-receptors. Knowledge about the molecular machinery regulating abscission in economically important plant species of the Solanaceae family is currently scarce. In this PhD research, a functional analysis of the components of the abscission signaling module IDA-HAE in N. benthamiana was carried out. In the first section of this work, the degree of conservation and the phylogeny of the IDA-like and HAE-like gene families in relevant species of the genus Solanum, Capsicumand Nicotiana were determined. The expression of these genes in the allopolyploid N. benthamiana was analyzed, in order to identify members involved in abscission and in the response to abiotic stress conditions, such as drought. In the second section, the effect of the silencing and overexpression of NbenIDA1A and NbenIDA1B, two N. benthamiana IDA-like homeologs, which were associated with corolla abscission in the previous section, was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect on corolla abscission of the silencing of NbenHAE.1 was also determined. The phylogenetic relationships among the IDA-like members of the Solanaceae studied, grouped the two pairs of NbenIDA1 and NbenIDA2 protein homeologs with the Arabidopsis prepropeptides related to abscission. Analysis of promoter regions searching for regulatory elements showed that these two pairs of homeologs contained both hormonal and drought response elements, although NbenIDA2A lacked the hormonal regulatory elements. Gene expression analyses also indicate that the pair of NbenIDA1 homeologs are upregulated during corolla abscission. NbenIDA1 and NbenIDA2 pairs showed tissue differential expression under water stress conditions, since NbenIDA1 homeologs were highly expressed in stressed leaves, while NbenIDA2 homeologs, especially NbenIDA2B, were highly expressed in stressed roots. In non-stressed active growing plants, nodes and internodes were the tissues with the highest expression levels of all members of the IDA-like family and their putative HAE-like receptors. VIGS-based silencing of the pair of NibenIDA1 homeologs and NbenHAE.1 suppressed corolla abscission in flowers of N. benthamiana, which was supported by a blockage in cell wall disassembly at the corolla base, probably due to the lack of upregulation of abscission-related hydrolytic enzymes. Ectopic over-expression of the homeolog NbenIDA1A advanced the timing of both corolla senescence and abscission and negatively affected the growth of N. benthamiana plants. The results obtained using the VIGS approach showed that the pair of NbenIDA1 homeologs and the NbenHAE.1 receptor, possibly acting as a signaling module similar to that described in Arabidopsis, regulate corolla abscission in N. benthamiana flowers. This is therefore the first example in a plant species other than Arabidopsis thaliana that indicates that the IDA-HAE/HSL2 abscission signaling module is conserved in angiosperms.
Ventimilla Llora, D. (2021). The abscission regulatory module INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) / HAESA (HAE)-like receptor kinases in Solanaceae species: Functional analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/167777
TESIS

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-10T11:43:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Ribeiro Barros.pdf: 1342967 bytes, checksum: 4e69bef298c0b660d4d52d9e2ad07c10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this work was to compare the agronomic potential among progenies F4 of cowpea of simple inflorescences and composite, aiming increase productivity in commercial cultivars of cowpea, by selecting progeny with composite inflorescence. The genetic material included three parental genotypes (P1: TVx5058-09CE, P2: AU94-MOB-816 AND P3: Cacheado Roxo) and 68 progeny F4 of cowpea segregantes for the types of simple and composed inflorescence, and from these, thirty four progeny F4 resulted of RC1 obtained starting from the crossing of F1:3 x P1 and 34 were originating from of RC2, obtained starting from the crossing of F2:3 x P2. The experiment was conducted in Embrapa Mid-North experimental field, in Teresina (PI), in the year of 2008. Of each progeny F4 was advanced with two progeny, being one of simple inflorescence and other composite. used randomized block design with subdivided plots and four repetitions. The experimental portion was represented by ten plants and the subplot (inflorescences) for five plants. The components of variances were estimated for the method of maxim restricted verisimilitude with random effect of progeny. The genetic values (progeny and inflorescências/ progeny) and environmental they were predicted by the best linear unbiased predictor-BLUP. The estimates of genetic and environmental variances were significant for all of the characters in study. The estimates BLUP among progeny of RC1 showed that it happened larger number of genotypes with BLUP (-) for the characters pod lengt (COMPV), number of grains per pod (NGV), number of stems with pods (NPCV), weight of 100 grains (P100G) and production of grains (PG) and greater number of genotypes with BULP(+) for index of grains (IG) and same number of genotypes with BLUP (-) and (+) for the characteristic peduncle length (COMPP);already for RC2 only the number of grains per pod (NGV), weight of 100 grains (P100G) and index of grains (IG), presented estimates BLUP (-) and (+) balanced in terms of number of progeny, and the other characters showed more number of progeny with BLUP (+). To estimate BLUP the progeny for inflorescence type, was observed more number progeny with estimates BLUP (-) for all of the characters and retrocruzamentos, however, among the estimates BLUP (+), most of the progeny was of the type of composed inflorescence. The inflorescence progeny composed with positive BLUP for the production of grains (PG) and negative for peduncle length (COMPP) present a higher genetic potential for obtaining superior strains lineages, in relation to the characters in study, relatively to the progeny of simple inflorescence.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o potencial agronômico entre progênies F4 de feijão caupi de inflorescências simples e composta, visando aumentar a produtividade em cultivares comercial de feijão-caupi, através da seleção de progênies com inflorescência composta. O material genético compreendeu três genótipos parentais (P1: TVx5058-09CE, P2: AU94-MOB-816 e P3: Cacheado Roxo) e 68 progênies F4 de feijão-caupi segregantes para os tipos de inflorescência simples e composta, sendo que destas, trinta e quatro progênies em F4 resultaram do RC1 a partir do cruzamento de F1:3 x P1 e 34 foram oriundas do RC2, obtido a partir do cruzamento de F2:3 x P2. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Teresina (PI), no ano de 2008. De cada progênie F4 avançou-se com duas progênies, sendo uma de inflorescência simples e outra composta. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcela subdividida e quatro repetições. A parcela experimental foi representada por dez plantas e a subparcela (inflorescências) por cinco plantas. Os componentes de variâncias foram estimados pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita com efeito de progênies aleatório. Os valores genéticos (progênies e inflorescências/progênie) e ambientais foram preditos pelo melhor preditor linear não tendencioso-BLUP. As estimativas de variâncias genéticas e ambientais foram significativas para todos os caracteres em estudo. As estimativas BLUP entre progênies do RC1 mostraram que ocorreu maior número de genótipos com BLUP (-) para os caracteres comprimento de vagem (COMPV), número de grãos por vagem (NGV), número de pedúnculos com vagem (NPCV), peso de 100 grãos (P100G) e produção de grãos (PROP), bem como, maior número de genótipos com BULP(+) para índice de grãos (IG) e mesmo número de genótipos com BLUP (-) e (+) para a característica comprimento do pedúnculo (COMPP); já para o RC2 somente os caracteres número de grãos por vagem (NGV), peso de 100 grãos (P100G) e índice de grãos (IG), apresentaram estimativas BLUP (-) e (+) equilibradas em termos de número de progênies, sendo que os demais caracteres mostraram maior número de progênies com BLUP (+). Para as estimativas BLUP de progênie por tipo de inflorescência, observou-se maior número progênies com estimativas BLUP (-) para todos os caracteres e retrocruzamentos, no entanto, entre as estimativas BLUP (+), a maioria das progênies foi do tipo de inflorescência composta. As progênies de inflorescência composta com BLUP positivo para a produção de grãos (PG) e negativo para comprimento do pedúnculo (COMPP) apresentam maior potencial genético para obtenção de linhagens superiores, em relação aos caracteres em estudo, relativamente às progênies de inflorescência simples.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T16:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iradenia da Silva Sousa.pdf: 500772 bytes, checksum: 8fe476304d2b3fb43577f5ce58d236e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-04
The cowpea is a main source of vegetable protein for the people of lower purchasing power of Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, Central and South. In the North and Northeast of Brazil, represent one the most important leguminous food of the diet. Most of the genotypes grown in the world have simple inflorescence. However, cultivars with composite inflorescence were find in cowpea. The aim this work was to study the inherintance of the characters related to production and to inflorescence in crosses between genotypes with simple inflorescence and composite inflorescence. The work was realized at Embrapa Meio-Norte, in Teresina, PI, in the years from 2006 to 2007. It was been made crosses between TVx 5058-09C (P2) x Cacheadoroxo (P1) and Cacheado-roxo (P1) x AU94-MOB-816 (P3). The genitor Cacheadoroxo with composite inflorescence and the other two genitors presenting simple inflorescence. The parents, the generations F1's, F2's and the backcrosses were evaluated in complete randomized blocks design with six repetitions. The parents and F1's consisted of a plot per block, the F2 generations and the backcrosses consisted of five and two rows per block, respectively. The plots were represented per one row with 7,0 m of length, the spacing between rows was 1,0 m and between hole in rows of 0,70 m. The genetic studies were realized with based on the means and variances, with help of the Program Genes. The comparison of means between the populations with simple inflorescence and with composite inflorescence was made using the “t” test with the degrees of freedom obtained by the approach of Satterthwaite. The complete model was enough to explain the observed variation in the characters related to production and peduncle. The additive effect was the more important in the genetic control for most of the characters, suggests are useful in the selection for increased of the production. The heritabilities were low and average magnitudes, recommending that the selection is made in generations more advanced. Statisticaly were differences significant between the mean of the population with simple inflorescence and the averages of populations with composite inflorescence for the characters under study.
O feijão-caupi é uma das principais fontes de proteína vegetal, para as populações de menor poder aquisitivo da Ásia, África, Europa e Américas do Norte, Central e do Sul. Nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, representa uma das leguminosas mais importantes da dieta alimentar. A maioria dos genótipos cultivados em todo o mundo possui inflorescência simples. Contudo, foram encontradas cultivares com inflorescência composta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança dos caracteres relacionados à produção e à inflorescência em cruzamentos entre genótipos com inflorescência simples e inflorescência composta. O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Teresina, PI, nos anos de 2006 a 2007. Foram feitos dois cruzamentos entre TVx 5058-09C (P2) x Cacheado-roxo (P1) e Cacheado-roxo (P1) x AU94-MOB-816 (P3). O genitor Cacheado-roxo com inflorescência composta e os outros dois genitores apresentam inflorescência simples. Os genitores, as gerações F1’s, F2’s e os respectivos retrocruzamentos foram avaliados quanto aos caracteres relacionados à produção e à inflorescência em um experimento em blocos casualizados com seis repetições. Os genitores e as F1’s constaram de uma parcela por bloco; as gerações F2’s e os retrocruzamentos constaram de cinco e duas fileiras por bloco,respectivamente. As parcelas foram representadas por uma fileira com 7,0 m de comprimento, o espaçamento entre fileiras foi de 1,0 m e entre covas dentro da fileira de 0,70 m. Os estudos genéticos foram realizados com base nas médias e variâncias com auxilio do Programa Genes. A comparação de médias entre as populações com inflorescência simples e composta foi feito utilizando-se o teste ‘’t’’ com o grau de liberdade obtido pela aproximação de Satterthwaite. O modelo completo foi suficiente para explicar a variação observada nos caracteres relacionados à produção e ao pedúnculo. O efeito aditivo foi o mais importante no controle genético para a maioria dos caracteres, sendo úteis na seleção para aumento da produção. As herdabilidades foram de baixa e média magnitudes, recomendando-se que a seleção seja feita em gerações mais avançadas. Estatisticamente, houve diferenças significativas entre as médias das populações com inflorescência simples e as das populações com inflorescência composta para os caracteres em estudo.

The objective of this study was to optimize regeneration parameters of immature inflorescence culture of Triticum aestivum cv. Yü
regir-89. The effects of dark incubation period and explant region on regeneration success were tested. Immature inflorescences were cut into 3 pieces as tip, mid, base and put onto 2mg /L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid containing callus induction medium. These explants were taken to regeneration after 6, 9, 13 weeks of dark incubation period. The regeneration capacities of calli were determined as rooting and shooting percentages. Shooting percentages were found to be 72.0 % for 6 weeks of dark incubation and 64.1 % for 9 weeks of dark incubation while it decreases to 26.1 % in 13 weeks of dark incubation period. This showed that prolonged dark incubation period decreased regeneration capacity of the callus. There was no significant difference in regeneration capacities of tip, mid and base regions of immature inflorescences, which reveals the potential of every region of inflorescence to be used as explant source in further transformation studies. Besides regeneration studies, optimization of transformation parameters for Turkish wheat cultivar Yü
regir by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGLI containing binary vector pALl56 was performed. Transformation efficiencies were determined by monitoring the transient expression of uidA gene via histochemical GUS assay. Three to four weeks old calli were found to be more responsive to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Different media were tested for utilization during co-cultivation period. It was found that including phenolic compound acetosyringone along with ascorbic acid as an antioxidant was essential for succesful transformation.

L'OBJECTIF DE CE TRAVAIL A ETE DE COMPRENDRE LES BASES AGRONOMIQUES ET GENETIQUES DU RENDEMENT GRAINIER DE LA LUZERNE, EN DEVELOPPANT SUCCESSIVEMENT TROIS ETUDES. UNE PREMIERE ETUDE SUR L'EFFET DU CULTIVAR ET DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT, REALISEE EN COUVERTS PORTE-GRAINES, A MONTRE QUE LES PRINCIPALES SOURCES DE VARIATION ENTRE CULTIVARS POUR LE RENDEMENT GRAINIER ETAIENT L'INDICE DE RECOLTE ET LE POIDS DE GRAINES PAR INFLORESCENCE. ENTRE ENVIRONNEMENTS, LA SOURCE DE VARIATION A ETE LA BIOMASSE AERIENNE DISPONIBLE AU MOMENT DE LA RECOLTE DE GRAINES. L'ETUDE GENETIQUE A EVALUER LA VARIABILITE ET LE CONTROLE GENETIQUE POUR LES COMPOSANTES DU RENDEMENT GRAINIER MESUREES EN PLANTES ISOLEES. TOUTES LES COMPOSANTES, EVALUEES AU NIVEAU DE LA PLANTE, DE L'INFLORESCENCE OU DE LA GOUSSE, ONT MONTRE UNE LARGE VARIABILITE INTER-ET INTRA-POPULATION. L'APTITUDE GENERALE A LA COMBlNAISON EST LA PRlNCIPALE SOURCE DE VARIATION GENETIQUE DANS UN PLAN DIALLE 7X7. L'ANALYSE D'UN PLAN FACTORIEL 7X7 A MONTRE UNE HERITABILITE AU SENS STRICT PARTICULEREMENT ELEVEE POUR LE POIDS DE GRAINES PAR INFLORESCENCE. ENTRE VARIETES, LE POIDS DE GRAINES PAR INFLORESCENCE MESURE EN PLANTES ISOLEES ETAIT CORRELE A CELUI MESURE EN COUVERTS PORTE-GRAINES. UN SCHEMA DE SELECTION COMBINÉE INDIVIDU-FAMILLE, UTILISANT COMME CRITERE DE SELECTION LE POIDS DE GRAINES PAR INFLORESCENCE OU LE POIDS DE L'INFLORESCENCE, A ETE PROPOSE POUR LA CREATION DE VARIETES DE LUZERNE A FORT POTENTEL GRAINIER. L'ETUDE AGRONOMIQUE A PERMIS DE CONFIRMER LA RELATION ENTRE LA BIOMASSE AERIENNE ET LA PRODUCTION GRAINIERE. LES ENVIRONNEMENTS FAVORABLES A LA PRODUCTION DE BIOMASSE MAXIMISENT AUSSI LA PRODUCTION DES GRAINES. DES PRATIQUES AGRONOMIQUES POUR AUGMENTER LA PRODUCTION DE GRAINES ONT ETE PROPOSEES. LA REGRESSION ENTRE LA BIOMASSE AERIENNE ET LA PRODUCTION DE GRAINES PEUT SERVIR D'OUTIL DE DIAGNOSTIC DANS LES CULTURES PORTE-GRAINES.

iv The objective of this study was to optimize tissue culture and regeneration parameters of immature inflorescence culture of Triticum aestivum cv. Bezostaja- 01 and Triticum durum cv. Kiziltan-91. The effects of callus age and vernalisation time of explants on regeneration success were evaluated. For determination of optimum vernalisation time of immature inflorescence, plants subjected to 4 °
C for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks, respectively. Tillers containing immature inflorescences were collected at the same time. Percentage of inflorescence formed tillers over total explants were reached the highest value, 79 %, at 4 weeks cold treated Kiziltan cultivar and, 73 %, at 5 weeks cold treated Bezostaja cultivar. Isolated immature inflorescences were put onto 2mg /L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and picloram containing callus induction medium for Kiziltan and Bezostaja cultures, respectively. Callus induction rate were found to be 100 % for Kiziltan and Bezostaja. These explants were taken to regeneration after 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks of dark incubation period. The regeneration capacities of calli were determined as shooting percentage and data were collected after 4, 8, 12, and 15 week regeneration period. The highest shooting percentage of 69 %, were obtained from 6 weeks old calli produced from 4 weeks vernalised explants in Kiziltan cultures at the end of 15 weeks regeneration period. However, shooting percentage was 57.2 % for 9 weeks old calli while it decreases to 37.6 % in 12 weeks old calli and 44.2 % in 15 weeks old calli at the end of 15 weeks regeneration period. This showed that prolonged dark incubation period decreased regeneration capacity of the callus. However, there was no significant difference in regeneration capacities of calli produced from Bezostaja immature inflorescence and the highest shooting percentage was obtained from 9 weeks old calli produced from 5 weeks vernalised explants, 27.4 %. Besides regeneration studies, optimization of transformation parameters for winter wheat cultivars Kiziltan and Bezostaja by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGLI containing binary vector pALl56 was performed. Transformation efficiencies were determined by monitoring the transient expression of uidA gene via histochemical GUS assay. Three to four weeks old calli were found to be more responsive to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Kiziltan cultures. However, four to five weeks old calli were found to be more responsive to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Bezostaja cultures. Different transformation protocols were used. It was found that MGL based and MMA based protocols could be used for Bezostaja and Kiziltan transformation, respectively. The highest GUS expression, 84%, was obtained from 28 weeks old calli produced from 5 weeks vernalised explants in Bezostaja cultures.

Orientador: Mauricio Dutra Zanotto
Banca: Mirina Luiza Myczkowski
Banca: Tammy Aparecida Manabe Kiihl
Resumo: A inflorescência padrão da mamoneira é um racemo com flores femininas no ápice e masculinas na base, porém há muitas variantes para esse tipo de expressão sexual, determinada por fatores genéticos e ambientais. A produtividade da mamoneira está diretamente relacionada com a proporção de flores femininas no racemo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar 80 linhagens de mamona quanto à característica de expressão sexual. As linhagens são oriundas do programa de melhoramento de mamona da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP campus de Botucatu. Os experimentos foram instalados na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel, no município de São Manuel- SP e na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, município de Botucatu- SP, ambos pertencentes à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas- UNESP campus de Botucatu, em condições de safrinha, no período de abril a dezembro de 2008. As 80 linhagens utilizadas foram selecionadas para alta porcentagem de florescimento feminino, com ciclos de seleção e autofecundação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram constituídas de uma linha de 2,0 m com 5 plantas e o espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,5 m entre plantas, 1m entre linhas e área útil de 2,0 m2. Foram avaliadas as freqüências de plantas femininas e plantas monóicas em cada linhagem, assim como a estabilidade da feminilidade em todos os racemos e em ambos os ambientes. Foram avaliadas também a altura de planta, altura de inserção do racemo primário, diâmetro do caule e número de nós da haste até a inflorescência primária. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos às análises de variância individual e conjunta, pelo teste F a 5% de probabilidade, para os dois municípios, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract : The standard of castor bean inflorescence is a raceme, with female flowers located at the apex of the plant, and male flowers at the base. However this type of sexual expression can vary according to genetic and environmental factors. The castor bean yield is related to the proportion of female flowers in the raceme. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate eighty lines of castor bean regarding to the sexual expression characteristic. These lines were derived from the program of castor bean breeding from the Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu Campus. The experiments were conducted as second crop, in period april to december in 2008 at the Experimental Farm Sao Manuel, in Sao Manuel - SP, and at the Experimental Farm Lageado, in Botucatu - SP, both from the Faculdade de Ciencias Agronomicas - UNESP, Botucatu Campus. The 80 lines used were selected for high percentage of female flowers, with selection and selfing cycles. The experimental design consisted by randomized blocks with two replications. The plots consisted by one row of 2.0 m with five plants and the spacing used was 0.5 m between plants, 1 m between lines, being 2.0 m2 of total area. The female plants and monoecious plants frequencies in each line were evaluated, as well as the femininity stability in all racemes for both experiments. Plant height, height of primary raceme insertion, stem diameter, and number of nodes from the stem to the primary inflorescence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

The experiment was conducted at Experimental Station of Flowering and Cruzamento of the Serra do Ouro -PMGCA RIDESA ,in the municipality of Murici - AL (09 ° 14 '22, 86 "N, 35 º 50' 11.05" W, 480 m height). The cultivar RB867515 was underwent to four different treatments, T0 - only conventional fertilization (28, 44, 28, 6, 6 and 3 grams of N, P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn, respectively), T1 - conventional fertilization + 2 kg of gypsum (1 kg at the bottom of the pit and 1 kg in coverage), T2 - conventional fertilization + 0.058 mol-1 of calcium sulphate in the leaf e T3 - conventional fertilization + 0.058 mol-1 of potassium silicate in the leaf. Each experimental plot consisted of a clump. Before and after flowering (at 183 and 239 days after planting respectively) were evaluated morphological parameters such as counting the number of stems per plot, height, stalk diameter and number of internodes per stem. The data were underwent avarage comparison by Tukey. The biochemical analysis of the apical meristem of plants of the variety RB867515 show that application of foliar calcium resulted in its accumulation produces a negative correlation between the calcium and potassium in the plant, which may have caused the delay and the decrease in flowering plants this treatment. The application of silicon on the leaves have little or no influence on the composition of minerals, sugars in the apical meristem and on the process of flowering.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
O presente trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar o efeito da aplicação de cálcio e silício no florescimento da variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB867515. Para tanto, o experimento foi instalado na área experimental da Estação de Florescimento e Cruzamento Serra do Ouro - PMGCA - RIDESA, município de Murici AL (09º 14 22, 86 S, 35º 50 11,05 W, 480 m de altitude). A cultivar RB867515 foi submetida a quatro diferentes tratamentos, sendo T0 adubação convencional (28, 44, 28, 6, 6 e 3 gramas de N, P, K, Zn, Cu e Mn, respectivamente), T1 adubação convencional + 2 kg de gesso (1 kg no fundo da cova e 1 kg em cobertura), T2 adubação convencional + 0,058 mol-1 de sulfato de cálcio via foliar, T3 adubação convencional + 0,058 mol-1 de silicato de potássio via foliar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com dez repetições. A parcela experimental foi composta por uma touceira. Antes e depois do florescimento (aos 183 e 239 dias após o plantio respectivamente), foram avaliados parâmetros morfológicos como: contagem do número de colmos por parcela, altura, diâmetro de colmos e número médio de entrenós por colmo. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância e teste de médias por Tukey. As análises bioquímicas do meristema apical das plantas da variedade RB867515 mostram que a aplicação de cálcio via foliar resultou no seu acúmulo produzindo uma correlação negativa entre os teores de cálcio e potássio na planta, o que pode ter causado o retardo e a diminuição do florescimento nas plantas deste tratamento. A aplicação de silício via foliar tem pouca ou nenhuma influência sobre a composição de minerais, açúcares no meristema apical e sobre o processo de florescimento.

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Among the species of tropical flowers produced in Brazil, Alpinia species of the genus stand out as cut flowers, cut foliage and ornamental plants. Cultivars of Alpinia purpurata, known as Gingers, are cultivate as cut flowers for their productivity, beauty, postharvest durability, ease of marketing, transport and acceptance in national and international markets. The Alpinia zerumbet and Alpinia sanderae species are grow for cutting vegetation, due their decorative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Alpinia species to be used as cut flowers and foliage, cultivated in full sun condition and half-shade (50% of artificially shade condition). To observe the effect in the quality and production of these. We adopted the experimental design in a factorial arragment of 6 x 2 (six cultivars x two crop conditions) in A. purpurata and 2 x 2 (two cultivars x two crop conditions) to A. zerumbet and A. sanderae, with four replications. The cultivation in half-shade condition contributed positively the clump high, clump area, shoots numbers in the clump, length, weight of flowering stem and postharvest durability. The most productive cultivars were the Red and Pink Ginger and productivity feature should be prioritized in studies. Also, the crop conditions of 50% artificially shaded contributed positively the clump high, clump projection area in A. zerumbet and A. sanderae species. For the use of Alpinia as cut foliage was observed that cut leaves from A. zerumbet stems without inflorescences present more than 30 days of postharvest durability.
Entre as espécies de flores tropicais produzidas no Brasil, espécies do gênero Alpinia destacam-se como flores, folhagens de corte e plantas ornamentais. As cultivares de Alpinia purpurata, conhecidas como Alpínias, são cultivadas como flores de corte pela sua produtividade, beleza, durabilidade pós-colheita, facilidade de comercialização, transporte e aceitação nos mercados nacional e internacional. As espécies Alpinia zerumbet e Alpinia sanderae apresentam potencial para uso como folhagem de corte devido ao efeito decorativo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de espécies do gênero Alpinia para uso na floricultura como flores e folhagens de corte, cultivadas a pleno sol ou meia sombra (50% de sombreamento), para verificar se há efeito na qualidade e na produção destas. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental em arranjo fatorial de 6 x 2 (seis cultivares x duas condições de cultivo) em A. purpurata e 2 x 2 (duas espécies x duas condições de cultivo) para A. zerumbet e A. sanderae, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com análise variância conjunta. A meia sombra favoreceu a altura, área de projeção da copa e números de perfilhos emitidos nas touceiras, o comprimento, massa fresca e durabilidade pós-colheita das hastes florais colhidas. As cultivares de maior produtividade foram as Red e Pink Ginger e a característica de produtividade deve ser priorizadas em estudos. O cultivo a meia sombra também contribuiu para o aumento da altura e projeção das touceiras, das espécies A. zerumbet e A. sanderae. Para uso como folhagem de corte foi observado que as folhas de qualquer parte de hastes sem inflorescências de A. zerumbet apresentaram durabilidade pós-colheita superior a 30 dias.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Recently the use of heliconia as cut flowers, stimulated the interest of the use of new species in landscaping. Those plants offer beauty and exoticism to the garden and follows the tendency of landscape projects with native plants. The Heliconia genus, Heliconiaceae family, have plants with exotic inflorescences in vibrant colors that range for yellow, orange, red, and pink that are characterizes as tropical gardens plants. There are around 182 species of Heliconia, nevertheless, due to the lack of knowledge on the individual characteristics of the species from this genus, only a few are used as ornamental plants by landscape professionals. This work was carried out to evaluate ornamental characteristics of genotypes from Heliconia, grown in full sun in the period January to December 2008, as well as involve them in landscape applications. The experiment was conducted at Heliconias Germoplasm Collection of Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), through analysis for the qualitative and quantitative characteristics related to clump and inflorescences aspect of this genotypes. Except for cv. Red Opal, H. psittacorum cultivars and its interspecific hybrids were considered to be short plants (less than 1.51 meters height) and adequate as a massive flower bed that would not interfere on the views and may be used to complement design lines, generating ambiences and ordering the garden spaces. The genotypes H. collinsiana, H. rostrata and H. foreroi showed inflorescences which last longer than 78 days in good conditions in the clump, which is an remarkable aspect in the landscape. H. bihai inflorescences was difficult to visualize, its bracts accumulate water, attract insects and have odor. An experiment conduct from January 2007 to July 2008 permitted evaluated Heliconia x nickeriensis to ornamental characteristics and management for garden use. It’s described as short height plant, with quick development, dispersed type of clump architecture and open growth habit. The clump area reached 5.14 m2 at 18 months after planting (MAP), demonstrading the necessity of a large space for development . The shoots emission in the internal part of the clump permitted a complete soil coverage. The dark green leaves contrast with the yellow-orange inflorescence which are easily visualized above its foliage. The flowering period started at 9 MAP, reaching an emission of more than 17 inflorescences per clumb at 17 MAP. The inflorescences kept the quality for more than 25 days after its emittion in the clump. This genotype represents a good option to be used either isolated, for covering large open areas, or grouped with other ornamental plants to create compositions with different colors, forms and textures. This heliconias have particularities that confer acceptation and adequacy to landscape design, allowing the landscape professionals to diversify plant specifications.
Recentemente o uso das helicônias como flores de corte, despertou o interesse da utilização de novas espécies no paisagismo que, além de oferecer beleza e exotismo ao jardim, segue a tendência atual de projetos paisagísticos com plantas nativas. O gênero Heliconia, pertencente à família Heliconiaceae, apresenta inflorescências com cores vibrantes, que variam entre as cores amarelo, laranja, vermelho e rosa, conferindo exoticidade e caracterizando-as como plantas de jardins tropicais. Embora existam cerca de 182 espécies de helicônias, poucas são utilizadas como plantas ornamentais e indicadas por profissionais da área de arquitetura e paisagismo. Isso acontece devido ao reduzido conhecimento das características individuais das espécies. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar características ornamentais de genótipos do gênero Heliconia, cultivados a pleno sol, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2008, como também associá-las a aplicações paisagísticas. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Coleção de Germoplasma de Helicônias da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), através de estudos das características qualitativas e quantitativas relacionadas a touceiras e inflorescências dos genótipos. Com exceção cv. Red Opol, as cultivares e os híbridos interespecíficos de Heliconia psittacorum apresentaram pequeno porte (altura inferior a 1,51 metros) e por isso podem ser utilizadas em maciços. As inflorescências de H. collinsiana, H. rostrata e H. foreroi permaneceram na touceira por mais de 78 dias, mantendo o conjunto florido por longo período, característica importante para o paisagismo. A espécie H. bihai apresentou difícil visualização das inflorescências, acúmulo de água nas brácteas, atração a insetos e odor desagradável. O Experimento conduzido em janeiro de 2007 a julho de 2008 permitiu o acompanhamento mais detalhado da Heliconia x nickeriensis. As touceiras deste genótipo foram consideradas de pequeno porte, com desenvolvimento rápido e hábito de crescimento aberto. A área de ocupação da touceira chegou 5,14 m2, 18 meses após o plantio (MAP), evidenciando a necessidade de um grande espaço para o desenvolvimento desta. A emissão de perfilhos na parte interna da touceira permitiu uma completa cobertura do solo. As folhas verde-escuras contrastam com as inflorescências amarelo-laranja, que são facilmente visualizadas acima de sua folhagem. O período de floração começou 9 (MAP), atingindo uma emissão de mais de 17 inflorescências por touceira por mês, até os 17 MAP. As inflorescências mantiveram a qualidade nas touceiras por mais de 25 dias após a emissão. Este genótipo representa uma boa opção para uso isolado, para cobertura de grandes áreas, ou agrupados com outras plantas ornamentais para criação de composições com diferentes cores, formas e texturas. Estas helicônias apresentaram particularidades que lhes permitem o uso no paisagismo, de modo diversificado a partir de suas diferentes formas, portes e cores nos projetos paisagísticos.

Chez Arabidopsis thaliana au stade reproducteur la hampe florale joue un rôle important dans l’approvisionnement en nutriments par les tissus vasculaires des siliques et des graines. Elle constitue un modèle pour l’étude de l’allocation du carbone et de l’homéostasie des sucres lors de réponse à des stress abiotiques. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les modifications de l’anatomie des tissus vasculaires et de l’homéostasie des sucres dans la hampe florale en réponse au stress salin, avec ou sans acclimatation, afin de comprendre leurs contributions dans les processus adaptatifs et d’acclimatations. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la variabilité naturelle de la croissance de la hampe florale, de l’accumulation des sucres et de l’anatomie des tissus vasculaires dans la hampe florale dans trois accessions d’Arabidopsis thaliana et une espèce halophyte proche « Thellungiella salsuginea ». Cette étude a montré des modifications intervenant dans le développement de la hampe florale, dans l’accumulation des sucres et dans l’anatomie des tissus vasculaires en réponse au stress salin, selon le niveau de tolérance de l’écotype. Nous avons également montré que certaines de ces modifications sont liées aux processus adaptatifs au stress salin. Ces résultats suggèrent que la régulation de la croissance de la hampe florale et l’ajustement de l’anatomie des tissus vasculaires contribuent à la tolérance au stress salin. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié chez l’accession Columbia d’Arabidopsis les modifications du transport et du métabolisme des sucres, en relation avec des changements dans l’anatomie des tissus vasculaires et la composition de la paroi secondaire dans le xylème. Les résultats montrent une accumulation des sucres associée à une dérégulation de gènes qui codent pour le transport et le métabolisme des sucres. Des modifications de l’anatomie des tissus vasculaires et de la composition de la paroi secondaire dans les vaisseaux de xylème ont été aussi observées. Ces résultats suggèrent une régulation de la répartition des sucres dans la hampe florale en réponse au stress salin qui peuvent contribuer à la tolérance au stress. L’ensemble de ces travaux permettent de proposer un modèle des régulations agissant sur l’homéostasie et le transport des sucres en réponse au stress salin dans la hampe florale, même si nos résultats ne permettent pas de conclure si ces processus sont favorables à la production des graines et interviennent dans l’adaptation ou l’acclimatation au stress salin
In Arabidopsis thaliana at the reproductive stage, the inflorescence plays an important role in the supply of nutrients through the vascular tissues of siliques and seeds. It is a model for the study of carbon allocation and sugar homeostasis in response to abiotic stress. The objective of this thesis was to study changes in the anatomy of vascular tissue and homeostasis of sugars in the main floral stem in response to salt stress, with or without acclimation to understand their contributions in the adaptive process and acclimation. First, we studied the natural variability of the growth of the inflorescence, the accumulation of sugars and the anatomy of vascular tissue in the scape in three accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana and related species halophyte «Thellungiella salsuginea ». This study showed changes in floral stem development, sugar accumulation, and vascular tissue anatomy in response to salt stress, depending on the level of tolerance of the ecotype. We have also shown that some of these modifications are related to adaptive processes to salt stress. These results suggest that the regulation of growth of the inflorescence and the adjustment of the anatomy of vascular tissues contribute to salt stress tolerance. Secondly, we studied changes of sugar transport and metabolism in Columbia accession of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to changes in the anatomy of the vascular tissue and the composition of the secondary wall in xylem. The results show an accumulation of sugars associated with a deregulation of genes that encode for the sugar transport and metabolism. Changes in vascular tissue anatomy and in the composition of secondary wall in xylem vessels have also been observed. These results suggest a regulation of the distribution of sugars in the stem in response to salt stress that may contribute to stress tolerance. All of this work makes it possible to propose a model of the regulations acting on the homeostasis and the transport of sugars in response to salt stress in the floral stem, even if our results do not allow concluding if these processes are favorable to the production seeds and intervene in adaptation or acclimation to salt stress

Le déterminisme de la formation de la grappe reste parmi les phénomènes les moins bien précisés de la physiologie de la Vigne. La question a été abordée de plusieurs façons mais les éléments de réponse obtenus ne permettent pas encore de se faire une idée synthétique des mécanismes fondamentaux qui produisent l’apparition des primordia inflorescentiels (PI) en année N-1 et qui pourraient régir jusqu’à 65 à 70% du rendement final en année N. Notre étude s’est donc focalisée sur (i) la caractérisation du processus de formation des PI dans les bourgeons latents de vigne (Vitis vinifera L. Merlot) et la redéfinition de la constitution du rendement, (ii) la compréhension des mécanismes d’initiation et de différenciation des PI et (iii) l’évaluation des impacts de différents facteurs (ABA exogène, lumière et effeuillage) sur ces mécanismes.Cette étude intégrale combinant des approches multi-échelles et multi-disciplinaires a permis dans un premier temps de mettre en évidence le déterminisme de la phase d’induction inflorescentielle dans la construction du rendement en identifiant trois phases clés du processus de formation des PI et en y intégrant une nouvelle notion qu’est le « degré de ramification des PI » ; puis dans un second temps, de proposer certains modes de régulation des mécanismes d’initiation et de différenciation des PI en identifiant trois types de marqueurs précoces de la fertilité potentielle : des marqueurs moléculaires (VvCLE25-1, VvTFL1a et VvMFT1), biochimiques (équilibre CKs/AIA, D-glucose et amidon), et environnementaux (ensoleillement et température journaliers cumulés). L’ensemble des résultats pourra contribuer au développement d’un outil prédictif précoce de la « fertilité potentielle » (et donc du rendement probable maximum) afin de mieux guider et gérer la taille et les pratiques culturales
The grape cluster formation determinism remains the one of the undefined phenomena in grapevine physiology process. The topic has been tackled in multiple ways. However, based on all the known information, we still are not allowed to get a synthetic idea of the fundamental mechanisms that produce the appearance of inflorescential primordia in year N-1 and which could govern up to 65 to 70 % of final yield in year N. Our study focuses thus on (i) the characterization of IP formation process in grapevine latent buds (Vitis vinifera L. Merlot) and the redefinition of yield constitution, (ii) understanding IP initiation and differentiation mechanisms, and (iii) evaluating the impacts of different factors (exogenous ABA, light and leaf removal) on these mechanisms.This comprehensive study, which combines multi-scale and multi-disciplinary approaches, firstly allowed us to highlight the determinism of inflorescence induction phase in yield construction by identifying three key phases in IP formation process and by incorporating a new notion which is "IP branching degree". Secondly, it proposed certain modes of regulation of IP initiation and differentiation mechanisms by identifying three types of early markers of bud fruitfulness: molecular markers (VvCLE25-1, VvTFL1a and VvMFT1), biochemical markers (CKs/IAA balance, D-glucose and starch), and environmental markers (cumulative daily sunshine and temperature).The all-inclusive results contribute to the development of an early predictive tool of "bud fruitfulness" (and thereby the probable maximum yield) to better guide and manage the grapevine training and other cultural practices

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Com o intuito de aumentar o conhecimento da rede gênica envolvida no controle do florescimento em cana-de-açúcar, diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar foram submetidos a tratamentos fotoperiódicos de indução e não indução do florescimento em câmara de fotoperíodo. Aos 5, 10 e 20 dias de indução, a folha +1 e a bainha foliar foram coletadas para a identificação de fragmentos diferencialmente expressos (FDEs) por meio da técnica de cDNA-AFLP entre e dentro dos tratamentos fotoperiódicos. Um total de 162 fragmentos foram selecionados e reamplificados. Destes, 63 FDEs tiveram sucesso na reação de reamplificação e foram clonados e sequenciados. As sequências foram confrontadas com seis bancos de sequências: 1. Transcritos do projeto SUCEST ;2. Proteínas do genoma de sorgo; 3. BAC de cana-de-açúcar; 4. Proteínas do genoma de arroz, 5. Proteínas presentes no Phytozome e 6. NCBI. A busca por similaridade se deu pelo uso da ferramenta BLASTn (e-value 1e-5) nos casos do banco SUCEST e dos BACs de cana-de-açúcar e BLASTx (e-value 1e-5) para os demais bancos. Dentre os 63 FDEs, 23 corresponderam a sequências de genes enquanto os outros 40 representam sequências que não estão depositadas nestes bancos (no hits). A maioria das 23 sequencias apresenta similaridade com genes que codificam proteínas hipotéticas ou preditas em diversos organismos. Com base na análise do domínio da proteína realizada pelo Pfam, seis sequências podem estar associadas ao metabolismo da indução do florescimento. Dentre estas as sequencias LM-19, LM-40 e LM-53 se destacaram. A LM-19 possui similaridade com o gene que codifica uma proteína com o domínio DNAJ sendo que proteína com este domínio é considerada mediador da integração dos sinais do florescimento em Arabidopsis thaliana. LM-40 possui similaridade com o gene que codifica proteína de domínio (F-BOX); estudos indicam forte relação deste domínio aos processos de indução ao florescimento. LM-53 tem um domínio de proteína predita semelhante ao domínio da proteína codificada pelo gene CONSTANS que regula a expressão de FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), que codifica o florígeno em Arabidopsis thaliana e em algumas outras espécies. De maneira geral, a técnica do cDNA-AFLP foi eficiente, na identificação de FDEs ao longo dos tratamentos fotoperiódicos de indução e não indução do florescimento. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as sequencias LM-19, LM-40 e LM-53 estão vinculadas aos metabolismos de indução do florescimento. É provável que a maioria dos FDEs obtidos possam estar envolvidos nos metabolismos da indução do florescimento, porém ainda não foram identificados na literatura.
In order to increase the knowledge of the gene network involved in sugarcane flowering induction, sugarcane cultivars were submitted to different photoperiod treatments of flowering induction and non-induction in a photoperiod facility. At 5, 10 and 20 days of induction, the +1 leaf and the leaf sheath were collected for the identification of different transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) within and between the photoperiod treatments to apply the cDNA-AFLP technique. A total of 162 TDFs were selected and re-amplified. Of these, 63 TDFs were successful in re-amplification and were cloned and sequenced. The sequences were confronted against 6 sequence databanks (SUCEST transcripts; Sorghum genome proteins; Sugarcane BACs; proteins from rice genome; Phytozome and NCBI). Similarity search was done by using the BLASTn (e-value 1e-5) tool for the SUCEST databank and sugarcane BACs while BLASTx (e-value 1e-5) was use for the other banks. Among the 63 TDFs, 23 corresponded to gene sequences while the remaining 40 represent sequences that are not deposited in these banks (no hits). The majority of the 23 sequences showed similarity with genes coding for hypothetical or predicted proteins of different organisms. Based on the protein domain analysis conducted by Pfam, six sequences may be associated with flowering induction metabolism. Among these: LM-19, LM-40 and LM-53 sequences stood out. LM-19 has similarity to the gene encoding a protein with DnaJ domain. Proteins having this domain are considered as an integrating floral signals mediator in Arabidopsis thaliana. LM-40 has similarity to the gene encoding a protein with (F-BOX) domain. This domain has a strong relationship in flowering induction processes. LM-53 has one of the predicted protein domain similar to the domain of the protein encoded by the CONSTANS gene which governs the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), this later one encodes the florigen. Generally the cDNA-AFLP technique was effective in identifying TDFs across the flowering inductive and non-inductive photoperiodic treatments. The results suggest that LM-19, LM-40 and LM-53 sequences are linked to flowering induction metabolisms. Probably, most of the TDF here obtained may be involved in the flowering induction metabolism, although not yet been identified in the literature.
FAPESP: 2013/24020-0

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As brássicas são hortaliças de importante valor econômico, bem como boa fonte de minerais, vitaminas e de substâncias com propriedades anticarcinogênicas. O romanesco é uma hortaliça herbácea, com anatomia muito parecida à de brócolis e couve-flor, sendo mais tenra que a couve-flor. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, objetivou-se avaliar a efetividade do uso de atmosfera modificada passiva na manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita do romanesco através das avaliações físico-químicas dos mesmos, mantidos sob refrigeração. No segundo, faz-se uma comparação entre as brássicas: romanesco, couve-de-folha, couve-flor, brócolis ramoso e brócolis de inflorescência única. No primeiro experimento foram realizados os seguintes tratamentos: T1: armazenamento em bandeja de poliestireno expandido sem filme; T2: armazenamento em bandeja de poliestireno expandido recoberta com filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC); T3: armazenamento em filme plástico de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 0,6µ; T4: armazenamento em filme plástico de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 0,8µ. Após a realização dos tratamentos os romanescos foram armazenados em câmara fria a temperatura de 5 ± 1 °C e UR entre 80 ± 5 % durante 16 dias, sendo avaliados de quatro em quatro dias. Utilizaram-se seis repetições por tratamento. Neste experimento foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações físico-químicas: teores de macronutrientes das folhas e inflorescências, perda de massa, sólidos solúveis, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, açúcares redutores, clorofila a e b, antocianina e carotenoides. No segundo experimento foram avaliadas as características físico-químicas: número de folhas por planta; massa da matéria fresca das folhas; massa da matéria fresca da inflorescência; diâmetro transversal da inflorescência, circunferência da inflorescência, massa do ramo sem caule, sólidos solúveis, potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico (exceto couve-de-folha), clorofila a e b, antocianina, carotenoides, açúcares redutores, proteína bruta, cinza, umidade, lipídeos e fibra bruta. Foi realizada análise de variância, teste de Tukey considerando-se um nível de significância p˂0,05, média e desvio padrão. Observou-se que para as características sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico, a utilização de filmes plásticos foi importante para a conservação e manutenção das características do romanesco, a partir do 12° dia de armazenamento, enquanto que para açúcares redutores, clorofila a e b, antocianina e carotenoides, foi importante em todos os tratamentos e dias de armazenamento. Para a perda de massa, a utilização de filmes plásticos foi essencial para a conservação do romanesco, possibilitando a viabilidade comercial do produto final. Para o número de folhas por planta; massa da matéria fresca das folhas; massa da matéria fresca da inflorescência; diâmetro transversal da inflorescência, circunferência da inflorescência e massa do ramo sem caule, as médias variaram, com exceção do número de folhas por planta e massa da matéria fresca das folhas do romanesco, quando comparado as demais brássicas. Para sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, pigmentos, açúcares redutores, proteína bruta, cinza, umidade, lipídeos e fibra bruta, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as brássicas avaliadas.
The brassicas are vegetables of important economic value, as well as good source of minerals, vitamins and substances with anticarcinogenic properties. The romanesco is an herbaceous vegetable, with anatomy very similar to that of broccoli and cauliflower, being tenderer than cauliflower. Two experiments were carried out. In the first one, the objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of passive modified atmosphere in the maintenance of post-harvest quality of the romanesco through the physical-chemical evaluations of the same, kept under refrigeration. In the second, a comparison is made between the brassicas: romanesco, cabbage leaf, cauliflower, branchy broccoli, and single inflorescence broccoli. In the first experiment the following treatments were performed: T1: tray storage of expanded polystyrene without film; T2: tray storage of expanded polystyrene coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film; T3: storage of low density polyethylene (LDPE) film of 0.6μ; T4: low density polyethylene plastic film (LDPE) of 0.8μ. After the treatments, the romanescos were stored in a cold room at 5 ± 1 ° C and RH at 80 ± 5% for 16 days and evaluated every four days. Six replicates were used per treatment. In this experiment the following physical and chemical evaluations were performed: macronutrient contents of leaves and inflorescences, loss of mass, soluble solids, hydrogenation potential (pH), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, reducing sugars, chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin and carotenoids. In the second experiment the physical-chemical characteristics were evaluated: number of leaves per plant; mass of fresh leaf matter; mass of fresh inflorescence matter; (pH), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid (except leaf kale), chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin, carotenoids, reducing sugars, crude protein , ash, moisture, lipids and crude fiber. A variance analysis was performed, Tukey's test considering a level of significance p˂0.05, mean and standard deviation. It was observed that for the soluble solid characteristics, pH, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid, the use of plastic films was important for the preservation and maintenance of the characteristics of the romanesco, from the 12 day of storage, whereas for reducing sugars, chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanin and carotenoids, was important in all treatments and storage days. For the loss of mass, the use of plastic films was essential for the preservation of the romanesco, allowing the commercial viability of the final product. For the number of leaves per plant; mass of fresh leaf matter; mass of fresh inflorescence matter; the transverse diameter of the inflorescence, the circumference of the inflorescence and the mass of the stem less branch, the averages varied, except for the number of leaves per plant and fresh matter mass of the leaves of the romanesco, when compared to the other brassicas. For soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, pigments, reducing sugars, crude protein, ash, moisture, lipids and crude fiber, significant differences were observed among the evaluated brassicas.

У процесі виробництва утворюється значна кількість стічних вод, що містять іони важких металів – залізо (Fe2+, Fe3+), нікель (Ni2+), мідь (Cu2+), хром (Cr3+, Cr+6) і цинк (Zn2+). Такі стічні води не можуть безпосередньо скидатись у водойми і потребують проведення спеціального очищення. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31608

Les proteines homeotiques vegetales controlent l'identite des organes floraux en regulant l'expression de genes cibles inconnus. Parmi elles, agamous (ag) definit l'identite des organes reproducteurs (etamines et carpelles), et l'heterodimere apetala3/pistillata (ap3/pi) definit l'identite des etamines et des petales. Nous avons developpe une strategie inedite pour creer des mutants dans les genes cibles d'ag et d'ap3/pi. Le principe est de conferer a la proteine homeotique une activite nuclease par fusion traductionnelle avec un domaine nuclease. Deux types de nuclease ont ete fusionnees a la proteine homeotique ag : le domaine de coupure de l'enzyme de restriction foki (fn), et deux peptides de 26 et 48 acides amines contenant le site nuclease de la transposase a du phage mu (mu26 et mu48). Nous avons montre, par des experiences de retard sur gel, que seule la fusion de proteines ag::fn se lie specifiquement a une sequence d'adn reconnue par ag. Nous avons alors fusionne la nuclease fn a la proteine homeotique ap3. In vitro, ap3::fn est capable de se fixer de facon specifique au niveau des sequences regulatrices reconnues par ap3/pi. Les tests d'activite suggerent que le complexe ap3::fn/pi possede une activite nucleasique induisant la degradation d'un plasmide porteur d'un site de reconnaissance d'ap3/pi. Nous avons produit trois lignees transgeniques d'arabidopsis thaliana exprimant le transgene 35s::ap3::fn. Elles ne presentent pas de phenotype particulier dans un contexte genetique sauvage. Cependant, les tests de complementation du mutant ap3-1 montrent que l'une d'entre elles est capable de supprimer partiellement le phenotype ap3, indiquant clairement que la partie homeotique de la fusion ap3::fn est fonctionnelle in vivo. Par ailleurs, lorsque la fusion ap3::fn a ete placee dans un contexte genetique deficient dans la reparation des cassures de l'adn, par croisement avec le mutant uvh1, des mutations florales ont ete observees. Nous avons isole et analyse le phenotype de dix mutants dont le developpement anormal des etamines conduit a un defaut severe de fertilite.

Auxin is a phytohormone that has long been known to control many aspects of plant growth and development. The YUCCA (YUC) gene family is a large group of genes that catalyze auxin biosynthesis and have been shown to be critical for vegetative growth and inflorescence development in grasses. There is genetic redundancy present with Arabidopsis YUCs, but in Zea mays (maize), a single gene knockout of ZmSPI1 causes a severe inflorescence phenotype. Since Oryza sativa (rice), another grass species, does not show an inflorescence phenotype when OsYUC1/SPI1 is knocked down, SPI1 appears to have undergone an evolutionary shift in function within the grass family. This study shows that SPI1 expression in PACMAD (Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chlorodoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthoniodeae subfamilies) clade grasses Sorghum bicolor and Setaria italica occurs at sites of inflorescence branching and is consistent with maize, but in BEP (Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, and Pooideae subfamilies) clade grasses rice and Brachypodium distachyon SPI1 shifts from localized expression to more generalized expression and potentially becomes weaker. Artificial microRNA (amiRNA) knockdowns of SPI1 expression in Brachypodium did not show a phenotype when expression was reduced to 28.01% (+/- 6.39%) of wild type. In rice and Brachypodium, other YUC genes were shown to be expressed in the inflorescence by quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), suggesting YUC proteins are more redundant in BEP grasses such as B. distachyon and O. sativa, than in maize and potentially its relatives.

The development of the wheat inflorescence, or spike, determines the number, size and shape of grain produced. Altering spike development has the potential to increase grain yield to support increasing global demands. Despite the importance of this specialized structure, little is known about the genes which underlie its development and thus contribute to grain output. Yield potential in wheat can be modified by numerous developmental outcomes. The number of vegetative branches, known as tillers determines the number of spikes per plant. Similarly, the number of nodes within the spike determines the number of grain bearing structures called spikelets. Increasing the number of spikelets per node in the form of branching further increases yield potential. Finally, the fertility of florets, which are the grain bearing units found within spikelets determine the number of grain set. Optimising these inflorescence structures is key for maximising yield potential in wheat. The important floral regulators, PPD-1 and FT positively regulate floral transition and influence the rate of floral development. Increased expression of PPD-1 leads to increases in FT expression and promotion of floral development. We have shown that loss-of-function mutations in both PPD-1 and FT contribute to a reduction in expression of floral meristem identity genes, a delay in flowering, an increase in nodes within the inflorescence and the production of a unique form of inflorescence branch called a paired spikelet. The important maize domestication gene TB1 is responsible for a reduction in vegetative branching and the single stem structure of modern maize. We show that increased copies of wheat TB1 reduce vegetative branches known as tillers as well as increase paired spikelet formation in wheat. We propose that TB1 interacts with FT in the inflorescence causing a similar reduction in meristem identity genes as we observed in FT and Ppd-1 mutants. The wheat domestication gene Q, an AP2 transcription factor, is one of only a handful of genes which is known to directly influence spike development in wheat. We have identified a novel gain-of-function mutation of Q which confers resistance to miR172, a microRNA that typically targets AP2 transcripts for degradation. We show that increased Q levels are associated with several phenotypes including, delayed flowering, the formation of ectopic florets in place of glumes, the formation of paired spikelets and a reduction in internode elongation throughout the plant. AP2 transcription factors are reported to delay flowering in other plant species. Increased expression of Q is therefore the likely cause of a delay in flowering time and the formation of paired spikelets not dissimilar to what we observed in loss-of-function mutations of FT and PPD-1. Taken together our results highlight a complex network of genes which regulate the number of grain producing units contributing to wheat yield. Many more genes regulating inflorescence development in wheat remain to be elucidated. With the recent release of the first wheat reference genome sequence, increased availability of reverse genetic resources and access to genome editing tools, it will be possible to identify novel gene function in wheat.