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Journal articles on the topic 'Influence of grain size'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Takayama, Yoshimasa, Tatsumi Tozawa, Hajime Kato, Norio Furushiro, and Shigenori Hori. "Influence of Grain Size Distribution on Estimation of Mean Grain Size." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 52, no. 9 (1988): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.52.9_835.

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2

Borysovska, K. M., Y. M. Podrezov, and S. O. Firstov. "Influence of grain size on mechanisms of plastic deformation and yield stress." Uspihi materialoznavstva 2020, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2020.01.026.

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The influence of grain size on the physical yield strength of the polycrystal is considered by the method of cellular automata. The physical yield strength of the polycrystal in this model is defined as the stress at which, the plastic deformation covers the entire cross section of the sample from one edge to another. Three mechanisms of plastic deformation are considered. The first one is an initiation of plastic flow from grain to grain by dislocation pile-ups. The second one is plastic flow in different grains independently of each other under the action of external stress and the third one is intergranular slippage. Computer simulations have shown that at large grain sizes (d > 200 nm) deformation propagates from grain to grain by initiating dislocations pile-ups, since in this case pile-ups are quite powerful and have a large effect on neighboring grains. At average values of grain size (20 nm <d <200 nm) plastic deformation occurs in the grains independently of each other, and the external strain give a major influence on plastic deformation. With further reduction of the grain sizes (d <20 nm) the main mechanism of deformation is intergranular slippage. because in grains of this size are quite large image stresses that do not allow large dislocation clusters. In small grains the image forces are quite large to prevent large dislocation pile-ups formation, but the mass and volume of grain are quite small to turn or slip its under the action of external stresses. In accordance with these mechanisms, on the calculated dependence of the physical yield strength vs grain size, there are three areas with different angles of inclination in logarithmic coordinates. Keywords: yield point, grain size, Hall―Petch low.

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3

Kawagoishi, Norio, Hironobu Nisitani, Masahiro Goto, and Qiang Chen. "OS4-4-1 Influence of grain size on fatigue properties in carbon steel." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS4–4–1–1—_OS4–4–1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os4-4-1-1.

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4

Bower, A. F., and M. Ortiz. "The Influence of Grain Size on the Toughness of Monolithic Ceramics." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904212.

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Experiments have shown that there may be an optimal grain size which maximizes the toughness of polycrystalline ceramics. In this paper, we attempt to develop a theoretical model which can predict the effect of grain size on the toughness of ceramics. We assume that three principal mechanisms affect the toughness of the material: distributed microcracking; crack trapping by tough grains; and frictional energy dissipation as grains are pulled out in the wake of the crack. The grain size influences these mechanisms in several ways. The energy dissipated due to frictional crack bridging increases with the size of the bridging grains, tending to improve toughness. However, as the grain size increases, the density of microcracks in the solid also increases, which eventually weakens the material. In addition, the level of inter-granular residual stress is also reduced by microcracking, which as a detrimental effect on the toughening due to bridging. We have developed a simple model to quantify these effects. However, the model does not predict the dramatic loss of strength which has been observed to occur beyond a critical grain size. We have therefore proposed an alternative explanation for the apparent decrease in toughness in coarse grained ceramics. Calculations indicate that in a coarse grained material, the main contribution to toughness is due to frictional crack bridging. However, to produce this toughening, the bridging zone must be over 500 grains long. In practice, the length of the bridging zone in a coarse grained solid may be comparable to the dimensions of the specimen used to measure its toughness. Under these conditions, it is not appropriate to use the concept of a geometry independent toughness to characterize the strength of the specimen. We have therefore developed a simple model of a double cantilever beam fracture specimen, which accounts for the effects of large scale bridging. Using this model, we are able to predict the apparent decrease in toughness measured in coarse grained specimens.

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5

Liu, Qing Yu, Qin He Zhang, Jian Hua Zhang, and Min Zhang. "Influence of Grain Size and Grain Boundary of Workpiece on Micro EDM." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 2116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.2116.

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Micro EDM is used to machine micro features which are of the same size order as material microstructure of workpiece. Due to the difference of the thermal properties between the crystal grain and grain boundary, the machining performance of micro EDM varies with the crystal grain sizes of workpiece. This paper investigated on the influence of grain size and grain boundary on the machining performance of micro EDM. By drilling micro holes on two pieces of stainless steel 304 (SUS 304) which are different in grain sizes, test results revealed that the characteristics of micro EDM is influenced by grain sizes of workpiece materials significantly.

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6

Stupar, Vladanka, Aleksandar Paunovic, Milomirka Madic, and Desimir Knezevic. "Influence of genotype and nitrogen nutrition on grain size variability in spring malting barley." Genetika 49, no. 3 (2017): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1703095s.

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Grain size is an important quality parameter of malting barley, which depends on genotypes, environmental factors and their interactions. Also, grain size is governed by the efficiency of assimilation and translocation of mineral nutrients (mainly nitrogen) during grain endosperm development, which affects grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate variability in the percentage of three different grain size classes: class I (thickness ?2.5 mm), class II (2.2-2.5 mm) and class III (<2.2 mm) in spring malting barley genotypes ('Novosadski 448', 'Novosadski 456', 'Dunavac' and 'Jadran'). The experiment was conducted during three years (2012-2014) in a randomized complete block design with three replications at different rates of nitrogen fertilization (N1=45, N2=75, N3=105 and N4=135 kg ha-1). The presence of different grain sizes in barley cultivars in all N fertilization treatments after harvest was investigated. The proportion of the three grain classes was dependent upon year, cultivar and nitrogen fertilization rate. The highest percentage of class I grains was recorded in 'Novosadski 456', and that of class II and class III grains in 'Dunavac'. The percentage of class I grains increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rates up to 75 kg ha-1, stagnated at 105 kg ha-1, and decreased significantly as the nitrogen level was further increased to 135 kg ha-1. Class II and class III grain contents decreased at nitrogen rates up to 105 kg ha-1, but increased significantly at 135 kg ha-1. The best response to favorable environmental conditions and the highest percentage of class I grain in all years were recorded in ?Novosadski 456?. The most favorable effect on grain size in the studied spring malting barley genotypes was exhibited by the nitrogen rate of 75 kg ha-1.

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7

Savvidou, Sofia, Bertram Bitsch, and Michiel Lambrechts. "Influence of grain growth on the thermal structure of protoplanetary discs." Astronomy & Astrophysics 640 (August 2020): A63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936576.

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The thermal structure of a protoplanetary disc is regulated by the opacity that dust grains provide. However, previous works have often considered simplified prescriptions for the dust opacity in hydrodynamical disc simulations, for example, by considering only a single particle size. In the present work, we perform 2D hydrodynamical simulations of protoplanetary discs where the opacity is self-consistently calculated for the dust population, taking into account the particle size, composition, and abundance. We first compared simulations utilizing single grain sizes to two different multi-grain size distributions at different levels of turbulence strengths, parameterized through the α-viscosity, and different gas surface densities. Assuming a single dust size leads to inaccurate calculations of the thermal structure of discs, because the grain size dominating the opacity increases with orbital radius. Overall the two grain size distributions, one limited by fragmentation only and the other determined from a more complete fragmentation-coagulation equilibrium, give comparable results for the thermal structure. We find that both grain size distributions give less steep opacity gradients that result in less steep aspect ratio gradients, in comparison to discs with only micrometer-sized dust. Moreover, in the discs with a grain size distribution, the innermost (<5 AU) outward migration region is removed and planets embedded in such discs experience lower migration rates. We also investigated the dependency of the water iceline position on the alpha-viscosity (α), the initial gas surface density (Σg,0) at 1 AU and the dust-to-gas ratio (fDG) and find rice ∝ α0.61Σg,00.8fDG0.37 independently of the distribution used in the disc. The inclusion of the feedback loop between grain growth, opacities, and disc thermodynamics allows for more self-consistent simulations of accretion discs and planet formation.

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8

Niu, Yanlong, Shujun Jia, Qingyou Liu, Shuai Tong, Ba Li, Yi Ren, and Bing Wang. "Influence of Effective Grain Size on Low Temperature Toughness of High-Strength Pipeline Steel." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 3672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223672.

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In this study, the series temperature Charpy impact and drop-weight tear test (DWTT) were investigated, the misorientation angles among structural boundaries where the cleavage crack propagated were identified, and angles of {100} cleavage planes between adjacent grains along the cleavage crack propagated path were calculated in five directions (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° to the rolling direction) of high-grade pipeline steel. Furthermore, the effective grain size (grain with misorientation angles greater than 15°) was redefined, and the quantitative influences of the redefined effective grain size on Charpy impact and DWTT is also discussed synthetically. The results showed that the microstructure presented a typical acicular ferrite characteristic with some polygonal ferrite and M-A islands (composed of martensite and retained austenite), and the distribution of the high-angle grain boundaries were mainly distributed in the range of 45°–65° in different directions. The Charpy impact energy and percent shear area of DWTT in the five directions increased with refinement of the redefined effective grain size, composed of grains with {100} cleavage planes less than 35° between grain boundaries. The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature also decreased with the refining of the redefined effective grain size. The redefined effective grain boundaries can strongly hinder fracture propagation through electron backscattered diffraction analysis of the cleavage crack path, and thus redefined effective grain can act as the effective microstructure unit for cleavage.

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9

Bai, Yin, Hui Guo, Shan Wu Yang, and Xin Lai He. "Influence of Austenite Grain Size on the Crystallography of Allotriomorphic Ferrite in a Low Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.605.

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The influence of prior austenite grain size on the crystallography of allotriomorphic ferrite is investigated in a low carbon steel. The results show that as the prior austenite grain size decreasing, the fraction of allotriomorphic ferrites that do not keep K-S orientation relationship with any surrounding prior austenite grains is increased. It is observed that such ferrites usually form at the grain edges or grain corners. It is known that with the grain size decreasing, the fraction of grain edges and corners increases. It is suggested that the free energy of the defects at such nucleation sites is higher than that at grain faces, and the nucleation barrier of ferrite is lower. As a result, the possibility for the ferrite to form that does not have orientation relationship with all surrounding austenite grains is increased at such sites.

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10

Spath, Sebastian, and Hermann Seitz. "Influence of grain size and grain-size distribution on workability of granules with 3D printing." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 70, no. 1-4 (August 28, 2013): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5210-8.

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11

Hoefnagels, J. P. M., P. J. M. Janssen, T. H. de Keijser, and M. G. D. Geers. "First-Order Size Effects in the Mechanics of Miniaturized Components." Applied Mechanics and Materials 13-14 (July 2008): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.13-14.183.

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This work analyses those size effects that are encountered first upon downscaling, including grain boundary effects, free surface effects, grain statistics effects. The separate influence of first-order effects was carefully investigated from uniaxial tensile tests on high-purity aluminum specimens with a well-defined microstructure of through-thickness grains, whereby the total number of grains in the cross-section was reduced towards a single grain in a cross-section by, first, decreasing the film thickness and, second, for specimens with through-thickness grains decreasing the specimen width. In addition, 3D dislocation-field strain gradient plasticity simulations were employed to analyze the intrinsic size effects, using the grain size and texture as measured experimentally. The work shows that for miniaturized structures with a limited number of columnar grains a unique Hall-Petch relation does not exist, even though a grain boundary effect, i.e. a decrease in stress level (at a given strain) for decreasing grain boundary area per unit volume, is clearly present. When the microstructure is kept constant upon miniaturization, the free surface per unit area increases causing the stress level of the structure to decrease, the effect of which increases towards a single grain in the cross-section. In addition, the work shows that grain statistics effects also contribute to observed weakening, due to insufficient compensation of local (weaker) material properties by the surrounding material (i.e. grains). Finally, grain statistics also significantly increase the statistical variation in mechanical properties for small-sized structures, an effect that is especially important for the reliability of miniature components. The separate influence of these first-order effects as well as their interplay are explained in terms of the movement of the dislocations upon plastic flow.

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12

Cánovas, Carlos R., Carolina González De La Aleja, Francisco Macías, Rafael Pérez-López, María Dolores Basallote, Manuel Olías, and José Miguel Nieto. "Mineral reactivity in sulphide mine wastes: influence of mineralogy and grain size on metal release." European Journal of Mineralogy 31, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2019/0031-2843.

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13

Fei, Jianbo, Yuxin Jie, Haipeng Wu, and Ting Zhou. "Laboratory pullout test study on the influence zone of geosynthetics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502090667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020906674.

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Conventional pullout test devices are mainly designed to measure the shear strength indices of the geosynthetics–soil interface. This article introduces a new model container to study the influence zone of geosynthetics in pullout test. Several basic image processing methods were employed to analyze the grain motion of two gravel compositions in pullout tests. The trajectories of grains in the gravel differ at different heights; specifically, a more active motion was observed if the grain was closer to the geosynthetics. Moreover, grains were found to move not only horizontally but also vertically as well as to rotate on pulling out the geosynthetics. The range of a grain on the move is almost constant during the pullout and determines the influence zone of the geosynthetics. Image processing revealed that the influence zone was eight times the average grain size above the geosynthetics and 4–5 times the average grain size below the geosynthetics. The boundary condition thus significantly affects the influence zone.

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14

Badidi Bouda, A. "Grain size influence on ultrasonic velocities and attenuation." NDT & E International 36, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0963-8695(02)00043-9.

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15

ITOH, Takahiro, and Shinji EGASHIRA. "INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE ON DEBRIS FLOW." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 49 (2005): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.895.

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16

Vera, C., S. Maioco, N. Rajchenberg, and R. Aragón. "Influence of grain size on AZO ceramic synthesis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 421 (March 25, 2013): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/421/1/012001.

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17

Gottschalk, Thomas K., Birgit Aue, Stefan Hotes, and Klemens Ekschmitt. "Influence of grain size on species–habitat models." Ecological Modelling 222, no. 18 (September 2011): 3403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.07.008.

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18

ITOH, Takahiro, and Shinji EGASHIRA. "INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE ON SEDIMENT DISCHARGE RATE." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 45 (2001): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.45.649.

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19

Stec, Mateusz, and Jonas Faleskog. "Micromechanical Modeling of Grain Boundary Resistance to Cleavage Fracture Propagation." Key Engineering Materials 345-346 (August 2007): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.345-346.825.

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A micromechanical model representing two adjacent grains is developed. Rapid crack propagation from one grain into another driven by a constant global stress state is simulated. The normal of the crack face in the grain where the micro-crack initiates coincides with the principle loading direction. In the adjacent grain, the propagation direction changes and separation occurs in a mixed way, involving both normal and shear separation. The largest grain size that can arrest a rapidly propagating micro-crack is defined as the critical grain size. The effects of the global stress state and temperature on the critical grain size is examined. The influence of the mismatch in lattice orientation between two neighboring grains is qualitatively described. The influence of temperature is modeled by a temperature dependent viscoplastic response.

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20

Bracquart, Benoît, Charles Mareau, Nicolas Saintier, and Franck Morel. "Interactions between geometrical defects and microstructure during high cycle fatigue of polycrystalline aluminium with different grain sizes." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 14004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816514004.

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In this work, the influence of the geometrical defect size on the high cycle fatigue behavior of polycrystalline aluminium with different grain sizes is investigated, to better understand the role of internal length scales. Two sizes of grains and defect are used: 100 μm and 1000 μm, the grain size being controlled with thermomechanical treatments. Fully reversed stress-controlled fatigue tests are then carried out. According to fatigue test results, surface crack initiation is delayed when the grain size is reduced, while an approximation of the fatigue limit shows that it is not much influenced by the average grain size. The relative defect diameter (compared to the grain size) seems to be the leading parameter influencing fatigue crack initiation from a defect. Finally, Electron BackScattered Diffraction (EBSD) maps are collected for specimens with large grains and small defects. Fatigue crack initiation from a defect is found to be strongly impacted by the crystallographic orientation of the surrounding grain, crack initiation preferably occurring in crystals being favorably oriented for plastic slip.

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21

Yusrini, Marita, and Idris Yaacob Iskandar. "Influence of Grain Size on Magnetic Properties of Electroplated NiFe." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.381.

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Nickel-Iron nanocrystalline alloys with different grain sizes were fabricated by electrodeposition technique. In this study, influence of the grain size nanocrystalline NiFe deposits on saturation magnetization Ms and coercivity Hc was investigated. Alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) with up to 10 kOe applied magnetic field was used to study the magnetic properties of NiFe film. The results showed that saturation magnetization Ms and coercivity Hc were affected by grain size variation. Increase in grain size increased the saturation magnetization. The largest grain size of 18.6 nm showed the highest Ms of 138 emu/g, while the smallest grain size of 7.2 nm showed Ms of 94 emu/g. Minimum coercivity of 3.847 Oe was observed for sample with 7.2 nm grain sizes. The coercivities decreased for smaller grain sizes.

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22

Núñez, C., and S. Domingo. "Grain shape and its influence on the experimental measurement of grain size." Metallurgical Transactions A 19, no. 4 (April 1988): 933–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02628378.

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23

Hashemi-Sadraei, Leyla, S. Ebrahim Mousavi, Enrique J. Lavernia, and Julie M. Schoenung. "The Influence of Grain Size Determination Method on Grain Growth Kinetics Analysis." Advanced Engineering Materials 17, no. 11 (May 3, 2015): 1598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201500057.

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24

Badidi Bouda, Ali, Mohammed S. Aljohani, Ahmed Mebtouche, Rafik Halimi, and Wahiba Djerir. "Characterization of Grains Size by Ultrasounds." Key Engineering Materials 482 (June 2011): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.482.49.

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A mechanical or thermal treatment of a material can change, among other things, the average grains size. It depends on temperature, holding time, cooling condition or rolling stress. The average grain size, as well as its influence on the propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient of ultrasonic waves, also affects the wave frequency propagating through the material. Grain size is an indicator of material fatigue. It can therefore be used in monitoring or fatigue damage prevention. In this paper, we study the effect of various heat treatments hence different steel average grain sizes on the ultrasonic wave frequency after crossing the material. We have performed the same experimental study on aluminum samples. The different grain sizes are obtained by rolling. The frequency shift measurement of longitudinal waves is achieved by immersion with two probes of different frequencies 2.25 and 5 MHz. The experimental results are shown as curves giving the frequencies depending on the grain size. Heat treatments on steel and aluminum rolling performed on the samples have yielded a grain sizes gradient. Our results are consistent with the theory because of the important path in the sample and in this case the down shift frequency is paramount. They show a direct relationship between the frequency shift and the average grain size. It is therefore possible to trace quantitatively to an average grains size from the frequency of an ultrasonic wave that has passed through this material and hence its thermal or mechanical fatigue state.

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25

Miura, Kohichi, Takazo Yamada, and Hwa-Soo LEE. "2103 Influence of the crystal grain size of workpiece on the turning performance of micro shafts." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2015.8 (2015): _2103–1_—_2103–6_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2015.8._2103-1_.

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26

Montheillet, Frank. "Influence of Boundary Migration Induced Softening on the Steady State of Discontinuous Dynamic Recrystallization." Materials 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133531.

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During discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), new dislocation-free grains progressively replace the initially strain-hardened grains. Furthermore, the grain boundary migration associated with dislocation elimination partially opposes strain hardening, thus adding up to dynamic recovery. This effect, referred to as boundary migration induced softening (BMIS) is generally not accounted for by DDRX models, in particular by “mean-field” approaches. In this paper, BMIS is first defined and then analyzed in detail. The basic equations of a grain scale DDRX model, involving the classical Yoshie–Laasraoui–Jonas equation for strain hardening and dynamic recovery and including BMIS are described. A steady state condition equation is then used to derive the average dislocation density and the average grain size. It is then possible to assess the respective influences of BMIS and dynamic recovery on the strain rate sensitivity, the apparent activation energy, and the relationship between flow stress and average grain size (“Derby exponent”) of the material during steady state DDRX. Finally, the possible influence of BMIS on the estimation of grain boundary mobility and nucleation rate from experimental data is addressed.

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27

Khajehtourian, Romik, Saeed Adibnazari, and Samaneh Tashi. "The Influence of Grain Size and Grain Size Distribution on Sliding Frictional Contact in Laterally Graded Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 964–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.964.

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The sliding frictional contact problem for a laterally graded half-plane has been considered. Two finite element (FE) models, in macro and micro scales have been developed to investigate the effective parameters in contact mechanics of laterally graded materials loaded by flat and triangular rigid stamps. In macro scale model, the laterally graded half-plane is discretized by piecewise homogeneous layers for which the material properties are speciﬁed at the centroids by Mori-Tanaka method. In micro scale model, functionally graded material (FGM) structure has been modeled as ideal solid quadrant particles which are spatially distributed in a homogeneous matrix. Boundary conditions and loading is the same in both models. The microstructure has modeled as rearrangement and sizes changing of particles are possible to provide the possibility of crack nucleation investigation in non-singular regions. Analyses and comparison of the results showed that micro and macro scale results are in very good agreement. Also, increasing the grains aspect ratio and using optimum distribution of grains decrease stress distribution roughness on the surface. Therefore, the possibility of surface cracking far from stamp’s edges decreased.

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28

Géber, Róbert, István Kocserha, and László A. Gömze. "Influence of Composition and Grain Size Distribution on the Properties of Limestone and Dolomite Asphalt Fillers." Materials Science Forum 729 (November 2012): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.729.344.

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The aim of the present research work is to examine the influence of mineral composition and grain size distribution on the properties of limestone and dolomite mineral fillers used in Hungarian road construction. Since these properties fundamentally define the features of asphalt pavements, our research goals were assigned accordingly. Different fractions of two mineral fillers (limestone from Alsózsolca and dolomite from Pilisvörösvár) were compared. We have observed deviations in the grain size distribution of some fractions of fillers that were free of contaminations. While limestone consists of a great amount of fines and a relatively small amount of coarse grains, in case of dolomite it is the opposite, that is, small amount of fines and greater amount of coarse grains. The decrease of the grain size of fractions resulted in a slight increase of specific surface area of fillers. We have observed that by the decrease of the grain size of fillers, the hydrophilic coefficient has also decreased. The increasing presence of fines however, resulted in the decrease of the hydrophilic coefficient.

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29

Huang, Luojiang, Kai Hua, Ran Xu, Dali Zeng, Ruci Wang, Guojun Dong, Guozheng Zhang, et al. "The LARGE2-APO1/APO2 regulatory module controls panicle size and grain number in rice." Plant Cell 33, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 1212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab041.

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Abstract Panicle size and grain number are important agronomic traits and influence grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa), but the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying panicle size and grain number control remain largely unknown in crops. Here we report that LARGE2 encodes a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase OsUPL2 and regulates panicle size and grain number in rice. The loss of function large2 mutants produce large panicles with increased grain number, wide grains and leaves, and thick culms. LARGE2 regulates panicle size and grain number by repressing meristematic activity. LARGE2 is highly expressed in young panicles and grains. Biochemical analyses show that LARGE2 physically associates with ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) and APO2, two positive regulators of panicle size and grain number, and modulates their stabilities. Genetic analyses support that LARGE2 functions with APO1 and APO2 in a common pathway to regulate panicle size and grain number. These findings reveal a novel genetic and molecular mechanism of the LARGE2-APO1/APO2 module-mediated control of panicle size and grain number in rice, suggesting that this module is a promising target for improving panicle size and grain number in crops.

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30

Kanemaru, T., Norio Kawagoishi, Eiji Kondo, Qing Yuan Wang, and Y. Ohzono. "Influence of Grain Size on Notch Sensitivities in Fatigue of Carbon Steel." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.197.

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In order to investigate the influence of grain size on notch sensitivities in fatigue of a fine-grained carbon steel, rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out using specimens with a V-grooved circumferential notch of commercial fine-grained carbon steel with grain size of 6.5µm. The results were compared with those of a larger grain sized carbon steel (grain size: 20 µm) and the notch sensitivities were evaluated based on Linear notch mechanics proposed by Nisitani. Notch sensitivities for both of fatigue limits for a crack initiation and its propagation of the fine grained steel were high. The results were discussed from the view points of the size of area related to crack initiation and the crack growth resistance.

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Das, S., P. Chowdhury, T. K. Gundu Rao, D. Das, and D. Bahadur. "Influence of grain size and grain boundaries on the properties of La0.7Sr0.3CoxMn1−xO3." Solid State Communications 121, no. 12 (March 2002): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(02)00046-7.

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Shimizu, I., and T. Ueda. "Grain size evolution in dynamic recrystallization of quartz: Influence of grain boundary energy." Geotectonic Research 97, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/1864-5658/2015-80.

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33

Chen, Zheng, Feng Liu, Gencang Yang, and Yaohe Zhou. "Influence of grain boundary energy on the grain size evolution in nanocrystalline materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 152 (March 1, 2009): 012086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/152/1/012086.

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34

Chen, Zheng, Feng Liu, Wei Yang, Haifeng Wang, Gencang Yang, and Yaohe Zhou. "Influence of grain boundary energy on the grain size evolution in nanocrystalline materials." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 475, no. 1-2 (May 2009): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.08.040.

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SHIRATORI, Tomomi, Yohei SUZUKI, Shizuka NAKANO, Masahito KATOH, YANG Ming, and Takafumi KOMATSU. "Influence of Grain Size on Sheared Surface in Micropiercing." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 56, no. 652 (2015): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.56.401.

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Chokshi, Atul H. "The Influence of Grain Size on Deformation of Copper." Materials Science Forum 426-432 (August 2003): 4393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.426-432.4393.

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37

Norouzian, Musa, Showmic Islam, and Joseph A. Turner. "Influence of microstructural grain-size distribution on ultrasonic scattering." Ultrasonics 102 (March 2020): 106032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2019.106032.

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Moulay smaîne, Ghembaza, Birama Gueye, and Benamar Zoubir. "Influence of Grain Size Coarse Soil on Shear Strength." MATEC Web of Conferences 11 (2014): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141103009.

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39

Chokshi, Atul H. "The Influence of Grain Size on Cavitation in Superplasticity." Materials Science Forum 233-234 (October 1996): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.233-234.89.

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40

Feliciangeli, M. C., M. C. Rossi, and G. Conte. "Grain size influence on admittance of diamond thin films." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 94 (January 1, 2008): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/94/1/012009.

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41

Trzciński, Jerzy, David J. Williams, and Marek S. Żbik. "Can hydrocarbon contamination influence clay soil grain size composition?" Applied Clay Science 109-110 (June 2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.014.

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42

Mahalingam, S., and P. E. J. Flewitt. "The Influence of Grain Size on Brittle Crack Propagation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 371 (July 2, 2012): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/371/1/012087.

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43

ANDERSSON, J. "The influence of grain size variation on metal fatigue." International Journal of Fatigue 27, no. 8 (August 2005): 847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2004.11.007.

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44

Sharma, Devina, Ranjan Kumar, H. Kishan, and V. P. S. Awana. "Influence of Grain Size on the Superconductivity of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 24, no. 1-2 (October 1, 2010): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-010-0920-8.

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45

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, and Thiem Hoang. "Effects of rotational disruption on the evolution of grain size distribution in galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 1 (April 3, 2020): 1058–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa793.

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ABSTRACT Interstellar dust grains can be spun up by radiative torques, and the resulting centrifugal force may be strong enough to disrupt large dust grains. We examine the effect of this rotational disruption on the evolution of grain size distribution in galaxies. To this goal, we modify our previous model by assuming that rotational disruption is the major small-grain production mechanism. We find that rotational disruption can have a large influence on the evolution of grain size distribution in the following two aspects especially for composites and grain mantles (with tensile strength ∼107 erg cm −3). First, because of the short time-scale of rotational disruption, the small-grain production occurs even in the early phase of galaxy evolution. Therefore, even though stars produce large grains, the abundance of small grains can be large enough to steepen the extinction curve. Secondly, rotational disruption is important in determining the maximum grain radius, which regulates the steepness of the extinction curve. For compact grains with tensile strength ≳109 erg cm −3, the size evolution is significantly affected by rotational disruption only if the radiation field is as strong as (or the dust temperature is as high as) expected for starburst galaxies. For compact grains, rotational disruption predicts that the maximum grain radius becomes less than 0.2 $\rm{\mu m}$ for galaxies with a dust temperature ≳50 K.

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Hamilton, Norman, and Carol J. Pudsey. "Magnetic properties of Upper Quaternary sediments from the Scotia Sea, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 13, no. 1 (March 2001): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102001000098.

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Magnetic properties of bulk sediment samples taken from three cores from the Scotia Sea, Antarctica were determined using a fully-automated variable field translation balance. Fine-grained detrital magnetite is identified as the principal carrier of remanence in these Upper Quaternary sediments which were deposited under the influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Inferred magnetite grain-size is consistent with published bulk grain-size data for these cores. Pseudo-single domain grains characterize Holocene samples, and larger, multi-domain grains occur in glacial samples from two of the cores, whereas samples from the northernmost core site show dominantly multi-domain behaviour.

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Suśniak, M., P. Pałka, and J. Karwan-Baczewska. "Influence of Milling Time on the Crystallite Size of AlSi5Cu2/SiC Composite Powder." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0166.

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Abstract AlSi5Cu2/SiC nanocrystalline composite powder was successfully obtained by mechanical alloying of AlSi5Cu2 chips with reinforcement of 0, 10, 15, 20 wt. % of silicon carbide. X-ray powder diffraction was used to characterize obtained material. Detailed analyses using transmission and scanning electron microscopy have been conducted in order to collaborate the grain size measurement determined from the XRD analyses. Powders produced in a planetary ball mill with milling time: 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 hours, have shown shape and size evaluation during mechanical alloying process. It can be seen tendency to decrease the size of the grain as the milling time is increased. It is also noted that the grains of composites (AlSi5Cu2/SiC) are smaller than samples prepares without SiC addition. 40 hours of milling lead to formed very small grains of Al phase (20 nm in average) in composite powder.

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Lukáč, Pavel, and Zuzanka Trojanová. "The Effect of Grain Size on the Deformation Behaviour of Selected Mg Alloys." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.85.

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The mechanical properties and deformation behaviour of magnesium alloys are significantly influenced by the testing temperature, texture and grain size. The paper gives an overview on the influence of the grain size on the mechanical properties of Mg and Mg-2Al alloys at various temperatures. The yield stress and the fracture stress increase with decreasing grain size. It was shown that the elongation to fracture increases with inverse square root of grain size. The effect of grain size on the tensile strength and the elongation to fracture is influenced by the testing temperature. The observed grain size dependence of the elongation to fracture is explained by the activity of non-basal slip systems.

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Melbouci, Bachir, and Saliha Yezli. "Influence of the Fractal Dimension on the Mechanical Properties of Granular Materials." Key Engineering Materials 550 (April 2013): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.550.99.

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To determine the size of a grain, we associated its form to that of a equivalent sphere. The grains size is then measured by an equivalent diameter, which is not enough to describe the behavior materials with irregular grains shape. To understand these effects, a new technique was developed by Mandelbrot (1979) which is based on the fractal geometry. To clarify this notion, the grains shape is characterized using the fractal dimension (Df), which is a number measuring the degree of irregularity or the fragmentation of a grain. Mechanical tests were performed. The fractal dimension was calculated for different grains constituting the samples before and after each test while studying its evolution after crushing. The results confirm that the fractal dimension affects the measurement of mechanical properties of the granular materials.

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Fan, Bo Wen, Jian Min Wang, and Guang Rao. "Influence of Heat Treatment Method on Grain-Refining during Warm Deformation of Medium Carbon Steel." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.3.

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The microstructure evolution and grain-refining mechanism in the process of ultrafine grain preparation with combination of different heat treatments and warm deformation were studied. 5140 steel，medium carbon low alloy steel, was used in this experimental and divided into three groups, which is one time quenching state, three times cyclic quenching state and original state without any heart treatment as the control group. All the samples of above three groups hold at 600°C for 5 min, then warm deformation was carried out immediately in YJ-450 Four-Pillar Hydraulic Machine. The deformation amount of above samples is controlled beyond 50%. The result shows that microstructure of the medium carbon steel samples after once quenching treatment and three times cyclic quenching treatments was significantly refined after warm deformation. The grain-refining mechanism of supersaturated single-phase ferrite in warm deformation is that new dislocation boundaries are produced continuously through dislocation cross-slip, which segments and refines the original grains. The grain size of three times quenching state after warm deformation is obviously finer than the grain size of one time quenching state after warm deformation under the same condition. And quenching times is a very significant factor to the extent of fining grain after warm deformation. Through three times cyclic quenching treatments and warm deformation, the size of grains has reached nano-scale.

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