Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Influence on Romanian'

The objectives of this thesis are to establish a chronological framework for environmental changes during the last 15,000 years in northwest Romania, to reconstruct the vegetation development, and to evaluate the underlying processes for forest dynamics. Furthermore, an overview of earlier and ongoing pollenstratigraphic work in Romania is provided.

Sediments from two former crater lakes, Preluca Tiganului and Steregoiu, situated in the Gutaiului Mountains, on the western extremity of the Eastern Carpathians at 730 m and 790 m a.s.l., respectively were obtained and analysed for high-resolution pollen, macrofossils, charcoal, mineral magnetic parameters and organic matter. The chronostratigraphic framework was provided by dense AMS ¹⁴C measurements.

Cold and dry climatic conditions are indicated by the occurrence of open vegetation with shrubs and herbs, and cold lake water prior to 14,700 cal. yr BP. The climatic improvement at the beginning of the Lateglacial interstadial (around 14,700 cal. yr BP) is seen by the development of open forests. These were dominated by Pinus and Betula, but contained also new arriving tree taxa, such as Populus, Alnus and Prunus. The gradual establishment of forests may have led to a stabilization of the soils in the catchment. Between ca. 14,100 and 13,800 cal. yr BP the forest density became reduced to stands of Pinus, Betula, Alnus, Larix and Populus trees and grassland expanded, suggesting colder climatic conditions. Picea arrived as a new taxon at around 13,800 cal. yr BP, and between 13,800 and 12,900 cal. yr BP, the surroundings of the sites were predominantly covered by Picea forest. This forest included Betula, Pinus, Alnus, Larix and Populus and, from 13,200 cal. yr BP onwards also Ulmus. At ca. 12,900 cal. yr BP, the forest became significantly reduced and at 12,600 cal. yr BP, a recurrence of open vegetation with stands of Larix, Pinus, Betula, Salix and Alnus is documented, lasting until 11,500 cal. yr BP. This distinct change in vegetation may by taken as a strong decline in temperature and moisture availability.

At the transition to the Holocene, at ca. 11,500 cal. yr BP, Pinus, Betula and Larix quickly expanded (from small local stands) and formed open forests, probably as a response to warmer and more humid climatic conditions. At 11,250 cal. yr BP Ulmus and Picea expanded and the landscape became completely forested. The rapid increase of Ulmus and Picea after 11,500 cal. yr BP may suggest the existence of small residual populations close to the study sites during the preceding cold interval. Ulmus was the first and most prominent deciduous taxa in the early Holocene in the Gutaiului Mountains. From ca. 10,750 cal. yr BP onwards Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus and Acer expanded and Corylus arrived. A highly diverse, predominantly deciduous forest with Ulmus, Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus, Acer, Corylus and Picea developed between 10,700 and 8200 cal. yr BP, which possibly signifies more continental climatic conditions. The development of a Picea-Corylus dominated forest between 8200 and 5700 cal. yr BP is likely connected to a more humid and cooler climate. The establishment of Carpinus and Fagus was dated to 5750 cal. yr BP and 5200 cal. yr BP, respectively. The dominance of Fagus during the late Holocene, from 4000 cal. yr BP onwards, may have been related to cooler and more humid climatic conditions. First signs of human activities are recorded around 2300 cal. yr BP, but only during the last 300 years did local human impact become significant.

The vegetation development recorded in the Gutaiului Mountains during the Lateglacial is very similar to reconstructions based on lowland sites, whereas higher elevation sites seem not to have always experienced visible vegetation changes. The time of tree arrival and expansion during the past 11,500 cal. yr BP seems to have occurred almost synchronously across Romania. The composition of the forests during the Holocene in the Gutaiului Mountains is consistent with that reconstructed at mid-elevation sites, but differs from the forest composition at higher elevations. Important differences between the Gutaiului Mountains and other studied sites in Romania are a low representation of Carpinus and a late and weak human impact.

The available data sets for Romania give evidence for the presence of coniferous and cold-tolerant deciduous trees before 14,700 cal. yr BP. Glacial refugia for Ulmus may have occurred in different parts of Romania, whereas the existence of Quercus, Tilia, Corylus and Fraxinus has not been corroborated.

La permanence d'un héritage antique en Gaule au-delà du Ve siècle a été montrée par de nombreuses études, particulièrement dans les provinces du Midi qu'elle a touchées avec force et où sa disparition n'a eu lieu que progressivement jusqu'à la fin du Xe siècle. Des sources comme le testament d'Yrieix invitent à se demander si le Limousin du 1er Moyen Âge a connu lui aussi des institutions héritées de Rome et des modes de pensée empreints de romanité. Replacer la région dans le contexte historique offre d'abord l'occasion d'observer l'attitude des Limousins face aux événements, de voir s'ils avaient le sentiment de partager des valeurs communes avec l'ensemble des Méridionaux. L'étude de la règle de droit et de l'exercice de la justice permet ensuite de découvrir si un héritage antique est perceptible dans les pratiques de la vie quotidienne. Il s'agit bien évidemment de se poser la question de la connaissance du droit romain, de sa transmission, de son utilisation, mais aussi de s'interroger sur le mode de résolution des conflits. Se demander si un legs de l'Antiquité peut être perçu dans les institutions limousines conduit enfin à l'étude des structures qui encadrent le territoire. Il faut se pencher d'une part sur les structures foncières et essayer de voir si le mode d'exploitation en vigueur ressemble à celui décrit dans d'autres régions du Midi. C'est alors l'occasion de s'intéresser aux travailleurs de la terre et notamment à la question de l'esclavage antique ou aux colliberti. Des sources de nature diverse laissent entrevoir d'autre part des structures publiques formant une emprise qu'il faut tenter de cerner
The permanency of an antique inheritage in Gaule beyond the Vth century has been proved by various studies, especially in the South provinces, hit by more strength and where its extinction happends only progressively until the end of Xth century. Sources like the Yrieix's testament lead to wonder if Limousin of the first Middle Age was also aware of institutions acquired from Rome and forms of thinking stamped with romanity. Positioning the region into the historical context offers at first the occasion to observe the attitude of the Limousin people facing the events, in order to see if they had the feeling to common values with the others southern peoples. The study of the rule of law and the exercise of justice enables as a follow to discover if an antique inheritage is detected in the usual practices and everyday life. This means of course to rise the question about the knowledge of roman law, its transmission, its utilisation but also to investigate about the way of resolving conflicts. Knowing whether a legacy of the Antiquity can be perceived in the limousine institutions leads finally to the study of structures surrounding the territory. This leads on one hand to study the land structures and to find out if the current running method is similar to the one described in other southern regions. This is the opportunity to pay attention to the farm workers and particularly at the antique slavery question and at the colliberti. Various of all laid sources leads on the other hand to public structures having over an ascendancy to try to understand

La présente thèse se propose de répertorier et d’analyser les références au classicisme français et le rôle qu’il a joué dans la critique littéraire roumaine, depuis la Révolution de Tudor Vladimirescu (1821) jusqu’à la chute du régime communiste (1989). Après avoir replacé la réception du modèle dans le cadre de l’histoire de la Roumanie et de ses relations politiques et intellectuelles avec la France (notamment par une étude de la traduction des classiques français en langue roumaine) et après une analyse généalogique et esthétique du concept de « classicisme français », on s’est efforcé de restituer, dans le contexte de chaque grande époque de la modernité roumaine, puis, pour chacune de ces périodes, à travers l’étude plus spécifique de quelques écrivains et critiques choisis comme les plus représentatifs en cette matière, la persistance et le renouvellement de l’image du classicisme français, lui-même fréquemment perçu et analysé comme l’expression nationale d’un classicisme « universel ». Ce cheminement chronologique a permis de dégager les trois usages majeurs que la critique roumaine a faits de la référence à cette notion : celui de modèle pour une création littéraire qui se cherchait, celui de critère pour son évaluation et celui d’enjeu dans le cadre des débats suscités par les courants nouveaux qui auront animé la vie littéraire roumaine depuis son émergence jusqu’à la presque fin du XXe siècle
The present thesis proposes to catalogue and analyze references to French classicism and the role it has played in the Romanian literary criticism, from the Wallachian Uprising of 1821, led by Tudor Vladimirescu, to the fall of the communist regime (1989). After placing the reception of the model in the context of the history of Romania and its political and intellectual relations with France (including a study of the translation of French classics in Romanian) and after a genealogical and aesthetic analysis of the "French classicism" concept, we tried to reconstruct, in the context of each period of Romanian modernity, and, for each of these periods, through the more specific study of certain writers and critics considered the most representative in this matter, the persistence and renewal of the image of French classicism, itself frequently perceived and analyzed as the national expression of a "universal" classicism. This chronological process made it possible to identify the three manners in which the Romanian criticism used the reference to this notion: that of a model for a literary creation that sought itself, that of criterion for its evaluation and that of subject within the framework of debates aroused by the new currents that have animated the Romanian literary life since its emergence until the end of the twentieth century

Les deux décennies bornées par la Première et la Seconde Guerres mondiales furent une période particulièrement prospère pour les échanges culturels entre France et Roumanie. La situation politique et l’orientation diplomatique des deux pays concourent alors à renforcer les liens qui les unissent. La fin de la Première Guerre mondiale est marquée par l’achèvement du processus d’union nationale en Roumanie, et la création d’une entité territoriale élargie : la Grande Roumanie. Au même moment, la France, principal allié de la Roumanie, s’impose au cœur de la politique continentale. Entre les deux pays, des relations culturelles qui remontent à la fin du XVIIIe siècle s’intensifient, pour atteindre leur apogée avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ces relations reposent tout à la fois sur des initiatives personnelles, institutionnelles et étatiques, et bénéficient fortement du resserrement des relations diplomatiques entre la France et la Roumanie. Soucieuses de développer leur influence, la France et la Roumanie financent considérablement leur activité culturelle. La France, tout particulièrement, développe une politique de rayonnement, et s’appuie pour cela sur une opinion publique roumaine gagnée depuis longtemps à la francophilie ; dans un même temps, la présence roumaine s’affirme à Paris : la ville attire écrivains et artistes roumains. Fondée sur la lecture et l’analyse d’un ensemble de sources archivistiques disponibles (archives nationales, archives diplomatiques, archives privées, en France et en Roumanie), notre étude vise à restituer l’intensité et la densité des échanges culturels entre la France et la Roumanie pendant l’entre-deux guerres
The two decades between the First and the Second World Wars were a thriving period for the cultural exchanges between France and Romania. The political situation and the diplomatic orientation of the two countries converged in reinforcing the ties between them. The end of the First World War was marked by the completion of the national unification process in Romania and the creation of a larger territorial entity: the Great Romania. Meanwhile, France, Romania’s main ally, imposed itself in the centre of the continental politics. Started at the end of the 18th century, the cultural relations between the two countries intensified and reached a peak before the Second World War. These relations were built on personal, institutional as well as on State initiatives and they highly benefited from the tightening of the political relations between France and Romania. Concerned about developing their influence, France and Romania financially backed their cultural activity. France, in particular, developed a policy of rayonnement that was supported by the public opinion long drawn to francophilia. Meanwhile, the Romanian presence became more important in Paris: the city attracted Romanian writers and artists. Based on the reading and analysis of the body of the available sources (national archives, diplomatic archives, private archives in both France and Romania), our study aims at reconstituting the intensity and density of the cultural exchanges between France and Romania during the inter-war period

Mes recherches constituent la continuation de mon mémoire de Master de recherche «Influences françaises dans l'Europe juridique du XIXe siècle: les Principautés roumaines entre Orient et Occident» et s'inscrivent dans la perspective pluridisciplinaire ouverte par mes premières investigations. Se situant également dans un contexte comparatif, mon analyse essaie de rendre compte du rayonnement du français en dehors des frontières de la France, et plus précisément en trois points de l'Europe: en Roumanie et au Portugal, les deux extrémités, orientale et occidentale, de la Romania, ainsi qu'a sein des institutions qui assurent le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne. La période qui fait l'objet de mes recherches commence au XVIIIe siècle et se poursuit jusqu'au XXe , prenant en compte principalement des textes de lois français, roumains, portugais et européens, des traités, ainsi que des textes de correspondance diplomatique et autres. Le domaine de mon analyse linguistique est celui de la langue juridique du droit public et de la terminologie des institutions et des fonctions publiques. J'ai tenté ainsi de déceler, telle qu'elle est reflétée par la langue, l'œuvre de modernisation juridique et linguistique réalisée par la France à l'Est, à l'Ouest et au Centre du continent européen
The present research constitutes the continuation of my report of Research Master's degree in "French Legal Influences in Europe of the 19th century: the Rumanian Principalities between the Eastern and the Western civilizations”. Situated in a comparative context, my analysis tries to account for the influence of the French legal language and culture outside the borders of France, and more precisely in three points of Europe: Romania and Portugal, Eastern and Western borders of the Romania, and also within the institutions which ensure the functioning of the European Union. The period of my research starts with the 18th century and continues until the 20th century, being based mainly on legal texts in French, Rumanian and Portuguese, as well as on European texts and treaties, and also on diplomatic correspondence and other literary texts. The field of my linguistic analysis is the legal language of the public law and the terminology of the European institutions and of the public office. I thus tried to detect, as reflected by language, the legal and linguistic modernization carried out by France in the East part, the West part and at the centre of the European continent

La ricerca consente una conoscenza più approfondita dei complessi forensi: delle loro fasi edilizie, della loro evoluzione, delle loro funzioni e delle architetture più significative che si trovano al loro interno. Si attesta come il foro prenda forma in base alle esigenze della città in quel determinato momento in cui esiste. Si configura come un’entità, di certo caratterizzata da una più o meno variabile forma di monumentalità ma allo stesso tempo pronta ad adattarsi a ciò di cui i suoi fruitori hanno bisogno e ad esprimere ciò che i suoi costruttori (intesi come finanziatori) intendono comunicare. Sin dall’inizio, lo spazio forense si caratterizza per la varietà di funzioni che può ospitare, una peculiarità che lo distingue non solo come realtà di valore architettonico ma che gli fornisce anche un grande valore antropologico. Il foro costituiva il centro politico-religioso urbano, ma anche il luogo di mercato e di svolgimento di eventi e spettacoli pubblici. Progressivamente, però, si svolse il trasferimento di alcune funzioni, ossia quelle relative agli spettacoli ludici e quelle commerciali, in modo tale da isolare le funzioni amministrative e cultuali, conferendo ad esse sempre maggiore rilievo. Questo isolamento ha trovato come tipica espressione architettonica quella del complesso forense concepito come un monumento unitario e non più come un aggregato di strutture diverse e connesse tra loro in vario modo. Il foro si trasforma da centro di convergenza e di guida della vita economico-sociale di tutto il territorio della civitas, in luogo dove risiede e si espone l’autorità. In definitiva, il foro isolato e monumentale è anche una conseguenza del venire meno della partecipazione attiva del popolo alla vita politico-amministrativa della città, che sarà gestita da magistrati locali scelti tra una sempre più ristretta cerchia di persone. Questo tipo di foro si sviluppò soprattutto nelle aree provinciali. L’argomento più rilevante del lavoro è certamente quello che riguarda i percorsi strutturali dei complessi forensi, i quali variano a seconda della natura stessa dei fora. Il tipo di sintassi spaziale adottato definisce il carattere del messaggio che il complesso forense intende trasmettere nel momento in cui ha preso forma (prima edificazione o ristrutturazione che sia). È possibile riconoscere due diverse tipologie: la prima, a percorso diretto; la seconda a percorsi biassiali bipolari. In genere, il messaggio è di natura cultuale nei casi dei fora a percorso diretto mentre è di natura politica, nel senso di rappresentazione della grandiosità dell’impero e della sua efficacia funzionale, nei casi dei percorsi biassiali e bipolari. A partire dall’età di Augusto, la morfologia urbana divenne uno strumento per mobilitare l’opinione pubblica e i percorsi istituiti all’interno dei complessi forensi, ma anche della città in generale, dovevano condurre al suo consenso. Dall’età augustea, dunque, l’analisi dei percorsi strutturali costituisce un elemento fondamentale nello studio dei complessi forensi. La ricostruzione dei rapporti tra gli spazi e, di conseguenza, dei percorsi necessari per raggiungerli è, infatti, direttamente correlata a necessità funzionali e a significati politico-culturali che non si potrebbero individuare con la semplice analisi architettonica. Il fenomeno dell’evergetismo è strettamente collegato con quello del culto imperiale che, seppure in misura variabile, ha interessato tutte le piazze delle città romane di età imperiale. Le sistemazioni iniziali delle città erano realizzate a spese dello stato mentre un reale processo di monumentalizzazione, in genere, non poteva avvenire finché non si fosse formata una élite capace di impegnarsi nel finanziamento di grandi imprese costruttive. La costruzione o la monumentalizzazione di un foro, inoltre, può essere strettamente correlata alla necessità di fornire alla città tutte le nuove strutture necessarie a seguito di un cambiamento di status giuridico.
The research allows a more in-depth knowledge of the fora, about their construction phases, evolution, functions and most significant architectures which are located inside them. It attests how the forum takes shape according to the needs of the city at that moment in which it exists. It is configured as an entity, certainly characterized by a more or less variable form of monumentality, but at the same time, ready to adapt to what its users need and also to express what its builders (intended as financiers) intend to communicate. From the beginning the forum is characterized by various functions, a peculiarity that distinguishes it, not only as a reality of architectural value, but also provides great anthropological value. Certainly the forum constituted the urban political-religious center, but also the place of market and of events and public performances. Little by little, there is a transfer of some functions, namely, those related to ludic events and to commerce, in order to isolate the administrative function, giving it an increasingly greater importance. This isolation has found as a typical architectural expression, that of the forum conceived as a unitary monument and no longer as a set of different structures. The forum changes from a center of convergence and guidance of the economic and social life of the whole territory of the civitas, in a place where authority resides and exposes itself. The isolated and monumental forum is also a consequence of the disappearance of the active participation of the citizens in the political and administrative life of the city, which will be managed by local magistrates chosen from an increasingly narrow circle of people. This type of forum, conceived as a unitary complex, was developed mainly in the provincial areas. The most relevant topic of the work, concerns the structural paths of the fora. The type of spatial syntax adopted defines the character of the message that each forum intends to transmit when it takes shape (in its first construction or in its subsequent restructuring). It is possible to recognize two types of structural trajectories: the first, with a direct trajectory; the second with biaxial-bipolar trajectory. In general, the message is of a cultual type in the case of a direct trajectory, while it is of political nature in cases of biaxial-bipolar trajectories. From the time of Augustus, urban morphology became a useful tool to mobilize public opinion and even the internal paths of the fora had to lead to imperial consent. Therefore, from the Augustan age, the analysis of the structural paths is a fundamental element in the study of fora. In fact, the reconstruction of the relationships between the spaces and, consequently, the identification of the paths necessary to reach them, is directly related to functional needs and to political-cultural meanings that, generally, can not be identified with a simple architectural analysis. The phenomenon of the evergetism has involved all the Roman cities and it is a phenomenon closely related to that of the imperial cult that, although in varying degrees, has also interested all the squares of the Roman cities of the imperial era. The first structures in the fora were certainly built at the expense of the state, while a real process of monumentalization, in general, could not take place until an elite was formed, capable of engaging in the financing of large constructive companies. Furthermore, the construction or the monumentalisation of a forum can be closely linked to the need to provide the city with all the new structures necessary as a result of a change in legal status.

Trajan conquered Dacia in 106 CE and encouraged one of the largest colonization efforts in the history of the Roman Empire. The new province was rich in natural resources. Immigrants from Dalmatia, Moesia, Noricum, Pannonia, Greece, Syria, Bithynia, Italy, indigenous Dacians, and soldiers from Legio XIII Gemina participated in the extraction of gold from the Apuseni Mountains. The inhabitants of mining settlements around Alburnus Maior and the administrative center Ampelum coexisted under Roman governance but continued to mark their identities in multicultural communities. At Alburnus Maior the presence of wage laborers with access to outside materials and ideas created the opportunity for miners to communicate identity through mediums that have survived. A series of wax tablet legal contracts, altars, and funerary monuments can be combined with recent archaeological data from settlements, burials, and the mines themselves to formulate the broad view necessary to examine the intricacies of group and self-expression. Through this evidence, Alburnus Maior offers a case study for how mobility and colonization in the ancient world could impact identity. Due to the pressures of coping within a multicultural community, miners formed settlements that were central to their daily lives and facilitated the embodiment of state, community, and personal identities. Identity changes over time and can simultaneously communicate several ideas that are hard to categorize. This study approaches this challenge by looking from macro to micro contexts that influenced several expressions of identity. Chapter 2 begins with a historical background that explores the expansion of the Roman Empire and considers how different experiences of conquest influenced the colonists who immigrated to Dacia. The circumstances that led to the massive colonization of Dacia are also considered. Chapter 3 describes how the mines at Alburnus Maior were exploited, who was present, and assesses the impact of state officials, legionaries, and elite entrepreneurs on the formation and expression of state identity through cult, law, and language. The formation of immigrant communities and the working conditions that permeated everyday life at the mines are then considered in the next chapter. Settlement, cult, and religious membership are evaluated for their role in creating and articulating community identities. Chapter 5 then analyzes the personal and sometimes private expression of identity that appears in commemoration, naming conventions, and burial. The three levels of state, community, and personal identities often overlap and collectively show that the hybridization of ideas from several cultures was central to how those at Alburnus Maior negotiated their identity in the Roman Empire.

This thesis explores the influence of national identity on Romania’s post-socialist foreign policy agenda, working at the intersection of Strategic Culture and Foreign Policy Analysis. It adopts a constructivist approach, putting forward a narrative theory of identity, according to which profoundly held beliefs about the nature of the Self and Others influence the behaviour of states through the prerogatives, anxieties and redlines they generate. The thesis identifies the telling of national history as the main vehicle for the socialisation of the identity narrative. It then traces the development of the Romanian identity narrative, from its formative years in the nineteenth century to contemporary times, arguing that the sedimentation of its main features is linked to the consistency of its historical narrative. A particular emphasis develops in the Romanian imaginary in terms of prioritising the issues of state security, sovereignty, territorial integrity and unity. The thesis then explores the influence of these elements on Romania’s post-socialist behaviour. It focuses firstly on the transition period, when identity-related prerogatives resulted both in a desire for Euro-Atlantic integration, but also in an anxiety towards change at domestic level which acted as an obstacle to the realisation of these international goals in the first half of the 1990s. Secondly, the thesis investigates the nature of three relationships critical to Romania’s foreign policy agenda – those with Russia, Hungary and the Republic of Moldova. Overall the thesis shows that there exists a noticeable pattern of behaviour which conforms with Romania’s identity-driven anxieties and prerogatives, particularly in the current volatile environment. Whilst relations with Russia and Hungary are marked by attitudes of anxiety and distrust, that with Moldova is characterised by an affinity rooted in their shared identity markers. This makes Romania acutely sensitive to recent regional developments and has resulted in the state’s adapting its behaviour towards these three actors in order to alleviate its identity-related anxieties concerning security, unity and independence, not only of itself, but also of Moldova.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
“El trabajo pretende entregar una idea panorámica del derecho romano y de cómo este ha pervivido con el transcurso del tiempo en la legislación comercial internacional. Se estudia el ordenamiento jurídico romano, la compraventa romana a la luz de los textos clásicos, las obligaciones de las partes y, hecho esto, se intenta demostrar que el régimen de la compraventa romana se recoge en la actualidad en el régimen del contrato internacional de mercaderías”.

Ce travail porte sur l'analyse de la gestion de l'eau dans les cités de la province romaine Hispania Ulterior-Baetica, à travers une sélection représentative de cas. Le période retenue comprend le début des contacts de la région avec Rome, dès 206 avant J.-C., jusqu'au 212 après J.-C., date à laquelle l’Empire romain subit des transformations significatives. Notre principal objectif est l'étude de l'interaction entre la société et son environnement naturel, afin d’examiner la gestion des ressources naturelles. À cet effet, nous mettrons en valeur les éléments comparables aux concepts modernes de gestion intégrée de l'eau, à travers la vison holistique des interactions société-environnement naturel des sociétés antiques qui permet de jeter un regard neuf sur les pratiques de gestion dans leurs dimensions économique, politique, administrative, juridique, ainsi qu’environnementale, par leurs représentations sociales notamment. Le travail est divisé en trois grands chapitres, du général au particulier, pour arriver à la réflexion finale. D'abord, on analyse la perception postclassique de la gestion et les usages de l'eau à l'époque romaine. On identifie les premiers intérêts, qui ont conduit à identifier les aqueducs romains comme la thématique principale. En passant en revue l'historiographie de l'eau à l'époque romaine, nous avons constaté que les lignes directrices des études se diversifient par l’examen des divers aspects qui interviennent dans les pratiques de gestion de l'eau révélées par les diverses sources d’information. On aboutit ainsi à des vrais modèles de gestion de l'eau qui sont appliqués dans l’étude des différentes réalités des cités provinciales du pourtour de la Méditerranée. Ces modèles, qui accordent une place significative aux aqueducs dans leur conception, ont contribué à la définition et la précision de la problématique du cadre provincial étudié. Nous avons identifié ensuite des éléments d’une culture romaine commune de la gestion de l'eau à travers l'étude des sources écrites et épigraphiques. Cette enquête est réalisée par l'analyse des terminologies hydrauliques gréco-latines qui font référence aux infrastructures de captation, de stockage et de distribution de l'eau, que nous trouvons autant en milieu rural qu’urbain. En constatant l’imprécision actuelle du lexique employé pour désigner les différentes infrastructures qui sont intégrées dans les modèles anciens de gestion de l'eau, nous examinons les diverses acceptions, en faisant la part aux généralités et aux spécificités dans un large cadre chronologique et un vaste espace, afin de nous permettre une compression globale des significations qui en découlent pour les modèles d’analyse et, dans notre cas, nous permettre une correcte application de la terminologie dans l’examen du cycle de l’eau dans les cités de la Bétique romaine. Nous sommes ainsi en mesure, en dernier lieu, d’examiner la question des éléments compatibles avec le concept moderne de la gestion intégré de l'eau dans la province Ulterior-Baetica à travers une série de cités représentatives d'un espace géographique divers. L'environnement naturel où elles s'insèrent est très varié : rives du Baetis, plaine fertile, campagne, vallée, littoral, montagne, chacun avec un climat déterminé. Ces cités ont différents statuts juridiques comment colonia, ou municipium. Leur statut politique signifie en même temps l’intégration des communautés diverse dans la réalité administrative impériale et provinciale, autant chronologique que culturelle. Chaque cité a une fonction stratégique, économique et territoriale dans l'ensemble provincial, capitale administrative, contrôle de communications, port fluvial, maritime, supervision de la production minière, de l'huile d'olive, des salaisons, etc. Nous utilisons un schéma d’analyse le plus homogène possible : cadre géographique, contexte historique et état de la recherche, description des témoignages matériels des pratiques de gestion urbaines et de son territoire rural, ainsi que l’analyse interprétative du cycle urbain de l'eau, qui nous permet de vérifier nos hypothèses de travail. On étudie ainsi le moment où les cités bétiques adoptent des pratiques romaines de gestion en eau, en examinant ensuite, si ces pratiques répondent à une culture romaine commune de la gestion de l'eau à cette époque, ou bien s’ils proviennent de l'héritage culturel antérieur, indigène, oriental et grecque qui interagissent. Nous tentons d’établir si l'adoption des systèmes de gestion de l'eau en Baetica répond à un phénomène homogène dans le monde romain, ou s’il dépend plutôt du caractère urbain et le degré d’incorporation du territoire rural de la communauté en question, ainsi que du niveau de son intégration dans l'ensemble provincial et impérial. On envisage de montrer le degré d’implication des différents acteurs dans la prise de décisions dans un cadre local urbain ou rural, régional, provincial ou de l'Empire dans le but d’identifier les intérêts et les raisons sociales ou environnementales qui justifient les pratiques de gestion. A la lumière de de la casuistique analysée, il nous a été ainsi possible de proposer d’autres axes de recherche en vue de la recherche des nouveaux modèles d’analyse. L'ensemble de cette question, s'inscrit dans une réflexion plus générale sur les relations entre le centre et les périphéries, autour de l'administration d'une ressource commune et nécessaire à tous, l'eau. Mots clés : gestion de l’eau, Empire romaine, Hispania Baetica, cités romaines, hydraulique, interaction société-environnement.
Ce travail porte sur l'analyse de la gestion de l'eau dans les cités de la province romaine Hispania Ulterior-Baetica, à travers une sélection représentative de cas. Le période retenue comprend le début des contacts de la région avec Rome, dès 206 avant J.-C., jusqu'au 212 après J.-C., date à laquelle l’Empire romain subit des transformations significatives. Notre principal objectif est l'étude de l'interaction entre la société et son environnement naturel, afin d’examiner la gestion des ressources naturelles. À cet effet, nous mettrons en valeur les éléments comparables aux concepts modernes de gestion intégrée de l'eau, à travers la vison holistique des interactions société-environnement naturel des sociétés antiques qui permet de jeter un regard neuf sur les pratiques de gestion dans leurs dimensions économique, politique, administrative, juridique, ainsi qu’environnementale, par leurs représentations sociales notamment. Le travail est divisé en trois grands chapitres, du général au particulier, pour arriver à la réflexion finale. D'abord, on analyse la perception postclassique de la gestion et les usages de l'eau à l'époque romaine. On identifie les premiers intérêts, qui ont conduit à identifier les aqueducs romains comme la thématique principale. En passant en revue l'historiographie de l'eau à l'époque romaine, nous avons constaté que les lignes directrices des études se diversifient par l’examen des divers aspects qui interviennent dans les pratiques de gestion de l'eau révélées par les diverses sources d’information. On aboutit ainsi à des vrais modèles de gestion de l'eau qui sont appliqués dans l’étude des différentes réalités des cités provinciales du pourtour de la Méditerranée. Ces modèles, qui accordent une place significative aux aqueducs dans leur conception, ont contribué à la définition et la précision de la problématique du cadre provincial étudié. Nous avons identifié ensuite des éléments d’une culture romaine commune de la gestion de l'eau à travers l'étude des sources écrites et épigraphiques. Cette enquête est réalisée par l'analyse des terminologies hydrauliques gréco-latines qui font référence aux infrastructures de captation, de stockage et de distribution de l'eau, que nous trouvons autant en milieu rural qu’urbain. En constatant l’imprécision actuelle du lexique employé pour désigner les différentes infrastructures qui sont intégrées dans les modèles anciens de gestion de l'eau, nous examinons les diverses acceptions, en faisant la part aux généralités et aux spécificités dans un large cadre chronologique et un vaste espace, afin de nous permettre une compression globale des significations qui en découlent pour les modèles d’analyse et, dans notre cas, nous permettre une correcte application de la terminologie dans l’examen du cycle de l’eau dans les cités de la Bétique romaine. Nous sommes ainsi en mesure, en dernier lieu, d’examiner la question des éléments compatibles avec le concept moderne de la gestion intégré de l'eau dans la province Ulterior-Baetica à travers une série de cités représentatives d'un espace géographique divers. L'environnement naturel où elles s'insèrent est très varié : rives du Baetis, plaine fertile, campagne, vallée, littoral, montagne, chacun avec un climat déterminé. Ces cités ont différents statuts juridiques comment colonia, ou municipium. Leur statut politique signifie en même temps l’intégration des communautés diverse dans la réalité administrative impériale et provinciale, autant chronologique que culturelle. Chaque cité a une fonction stratégique, économique et territoriale dans l'ensemble provincial, capitale administrative, contrôle de communications, port fluvial, maritime, supervision de la production minière, de l'huile d'olive, des salaisons, etc. Nous utilisons un schéma d’analyse le plus homogène possible : cadre géographique, contexte historique et état de la recherche, description des témoignages matériels des pratiques de gestion urbaines et de son territoire rural, ainsi que l’analyse interprétative du cycle urbain de l'eau, qui nous permet de vérifier nos hypothèses de travail. On étudie ainsi le moment où les cités bétiques adoptent des pratiques romaines de gestion en eau, en examinant ensuite, si ces pratiques répondent à une culture romaine commune de la gestion de l'eau à cette époque, ou bien s’ils proviennent de l'héritage culturel antérieur, indigène, oriental et grecque qui interagissent. Nous tentons d’établir si l'adoption des systèmes de gestion de l'eau en Baetica répond à un phénomène homogène dans le monde romain, ou s’il dépend plutôt du caractère urbain et le degré d’incorporation du territoire rural de la communauté en question, ainsi que du niveau de son intégration dans l'ensemble provincial et impérial. On envisage de montrer le degré d’implication des différents acteurs dans la prise de décisions dans un cadre local urbain ou rural, régional, provincial ou de l'Empire dans le but d’identifier les intérêts et les raisons sociales ou environnementales qui justifient les pratiques de gestion. A la lumière de de la casuistique analysée, il nous a été ainsi possible de proposer d’autres axes de recherche en vue de la recherche des nouveaux modèles d’analyse. L'ensemble de cette question, s'inscrit dans une réflexion plus générale sur les relations entre le centre et les périphéries, autour de l'administration d'une ressource commune et nécessaire à tous, l'eau. Mots clés : gestion de l’eau, Empire romaine, Hispania Baetica, cités romaines, hydraulique, interaction société-environnement.
This research focuses on the analysis of water management in the cities of Roman province Hispania Ulterior Baetica, through a representative selection of case studies. The time frame is established from the early contact of Romans with this territory in 218 BC, to the eminent transformation of the Roman Empire in 212 AD. Our main objective is to study the interaction between society and environment, through the management of their natural resources. We will apply the modern concept of integrated water management, from a holistic approach that will allow us to understand the management practices from economic, political, administrative and legal dimensions so as the expression of their social representations. The thesis is divided into three chapters, which from general to particular support the final interpretation. First, we will analyse the post-classical perception of water management and use in Roman times. We recognize the first interests that have led to identify the aqueducts as the first subject of study. In the consolidation of the historiography of water in the Roman period, research lines are diversified towards treating different aspects involved in water management practices. Research attends diverse sources, generating reliable models of water management in the Roman Empire, define the different realities in provincial cities thoughout the Mediterranean. These models serve to define the cases studies in the Baetica province. In the second chapter, we aim to identify a common culture of water in the Roman times by exploring ancient literary and epigraphic sources. We will examine Latin and Greek hydraulic terms. Due to current indeterminacy of the vocabulary employed to designate certain hydraulic infrastructures, which integrate models of water management in Ancient times, we will define them for their proper application in the subsequent examination of Betic cases. Finally, in the last and main chapter we analyse the integrated water management in Baetica through a selection of cities, which represent the province. These cities are inserted in diverse environments: Baetis riverside, meadows, countryside, valleys, coast, presierra or sierra, all of them with different climates. Additionally, they represent various civic statuses and a different degree of population and cultural integration in the province as well as in the imperial administrative structure. Each city has a strategic, economic and territorial role in the province: administrative capital, pathway node, river or maritime port, control of the mining, oil, and fish saltery production, etc. The method used in this analysis attempts to be as uniform as possible. First, we will examine the natural environment, the historical and historiographical context, continuing with the description of sources that testify water management practices -placed in their urban and rural territorium- to conclud an interpretive analysis of urban water cycle. The last objective we aim to achieve is the resolution of the formulated hypothesis: When did the cities of Hispania Ulterior Baetica take on roman water management practices? Did these practices correspond with a common roman culture of water? How did the previous cultural heritage -oriental and Greek- take part in this management? We argue to determine if the adoption of a roman water management system in Baetica was a uniform process, or that it depended on the degree of urban community integration in the provincial and imperial ensemble. We attempt to understand who was the promoter, what were their interest and until when these practices developed. The answer to these questions enables us to inscribe a general reflexion about the relationship between the centre and the peripheries, in regards to the management of a common and necessary resource, water. Key words: water management, Roman Empire, Hispania Baetica, roman cities, hydraulic, society-environment interaction.
This research focuses on the analysis of water management in the cities of Roman province Hispania Ulterior Baetica, through a representative selection of case studies. The time frame is established from the early contact of Romans with this territory in 218 BC, to the eminent transformation of the Roman Empire in 212 AD. Our main objective is to study the interaction between society and environment, through the management of their natural resources. We will apply the modern concept of integrated water management, from a holistic approach that will allow us to understand the management practices from economic, political, administrative and legal dimensions so as the expression of their social representations. The thesis is divided into three chapters, which from general to particular support the final interpretation. First, we will analyse the post-classical perception of water management and use in Roman times. We recognize the first interests that have led to identify the aqueducts as the first subject of study. In the consolidation of the historiography of water in the Roman period, research lines are diversified towards treating different aspects involved in water management practices. Research attends diverse sources, generating reliable models of water management in the Roman Empire, define the different realities in provincial cities thoughout the Mediterranean. These models serve to define the cases studies in the Baetica province. In the second chapter, we aim to identify a common culture of water in the Roman times by exploring ancient literary and epigraphic sources. We will examine Latin and Greek hydraulic terms. Due to current indeterminacy of the vocabulary employed to designate certain hydraulic infrastructures, which integrate models of water management in Ancient times, we will define them for their proper application in the subsequent examination of Betic cases. Finally, in the last and main chapter we analyse the integrated water management in Baetica through a selection of cities, which represent the province. These cities are inserted in diverse environments: Baetis riverside, meadows, countryside, valleys, coast, presierra or sierra, all of them with different climates. Additionally, they represent various civic statuses and a different degree of population and cultural integration in the province as well as in the imperial administrative structure. Each city has a strategic, economic and territorial role in the province: administrative capital, pathway node, river or maritime port, control of the mining, oil, and fish saltery production, etc. The method used in this analysis attempts to be as uniform as possible. First, we will examine the natural environment, the historical and historiographical context, continuing with the description of sources that testify water management practices -placed in their urban and rural territorium- to conclud an interpretive analysis of urban water cycle. The last objective we aim to achieve is the resolution of the formulated hypothesis: When did the cities of Hispania Ulterior Baetica take on roman water management practices? Did these practices correspond with a common roman culture of water? How did the previous cultural heritage -oriental and Greek- take part in this management? We argue to determine if the adoption of a roman water management system in Baetica was a uniform process, or that it depended on the degree of urban community integration in the provincial and imperial ensemble. We attempt to understand who was the promoter, what were their interest and until when these practices developed. The answer to these questions enables us to inscribe a general reflexion about the relationship between the centre and the peripheries, in regards to the management of a common and necessary resource, water. Key words: water management, Roman Empire, Hispania Baetica, roman cities, hydraulic, society-environment interaction.

Le posizioni della critica riguardo l'influenza che l'epica francese potrebbe aver esercitato sull'epica spagnola. Si analizzeranno le opinioni di alcuni tra i principali studiosi delle opere epiche francesi e spagnole e si metteranno a confronto vari aspetti letterari per capire se la tesi di un'ipotetica influenza può essere avvalorata.

Entrepreneurship has become a much discussed subject in the past years when the business world together with universities discovered that one of the factors that will help the national economy, level of innovation are the entrepreneurs. And even though there are different attitudes towards whether entrepreneurs are born or made, everyone agreed that the role of academic education is important in the creation of new entrepreneurs and developing them. Now the question is whether the universities in the way that they are conducting studies are able to offer the appropriate environment for an entrepreneur to develop or national culture has a more powerful impact on the young graduates’ entrepreneurial initiatives. The study attempts to understand how culture and education influence students to go towards an entrepreneurial career rather than preferring the security of a job. A qualitative research was conducted with groups of students from two different countries in order to better see the effects culture has, as it is an abstract concept. First, a literature review was conducted in order to clarify different concepts and to create the basis for the analysis and interpretation. Next, gathering the data- focus groups and interviews conducted with students- was an important step in being able to understand how culture and entrepreneurial education interact to each other. Afterwards, the analysis was made and the data gathered was examined through the theory previously chosen. The results lead to a framework, developed by the author, which explains the relationships between entrepreneurial education, culture and new venture creation- entrepreneurial intentions. Further research and recommendations were added at the end of the study to guide the future studies.

Cette recherche éclaire la prise de décision en politique extérieure dans la Roumanie de Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, entre 1944 et 1965. Les mécanismes en amont de la décision, les processus de sa mise en œuvre, les problématiques liées à sa réception sont analysés. La thèse étudie les relations entre acteurs impliqués - cercles dirigeants du parti et de l'État diplomates en poste à Moscou, fonctionnaires du ministère des Affaires étrangères, spécialistes des questions économiques ou conseillers soviétiques -, interroge leurs trajectoires et leurs compétences. À partir d'une influence, soviétique omniprésente, véhiculée par des canaux et des institutions multiples, il s'agit de voir comment le rapport à cette domination est renversé. Les acteurs du processus décisionnel, structurés en réseaux coopératifs ou concurrents, en cercles d'allégeances et d'intérêt, contribuent à une prise de décision diplomatique inextricablement liée à des enjeux de politique intérieure. Dans le cercle restreint du Secrétariat et du Bureau politique, la lutte interne pour le pouvoir constitue d'abord un moteur de la soviétisation, puis de la désatellisation économique et de l'émancipation de la diplomatie roumaine. À destination de la puissance tutélaire soviétique, ainsi que de l'opinion roumaine et internationale, la politique extérieure devient un outil de consolidation, pour un régime et des dirigeants qui souffrent, initialement, d'un déficit de reconnaissance. Elle alimente un discours de légitimation politique, dont l'orientation nationale prend appui sur la mobilisation des masses et de l'opinion et qui revêt parfois les apparences d'une prise en compte des aspirations populaires
This research sheds light on the decision-making in foreign policy in Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej's Romania, from 1944 to 1965. The mechanisms of the decision, its implementation and the issues related to its reception are discussed all through the analysis, as well as different categories of actors : the ruling circles of the Party and of the State, diplomats in Moscow, officials of Foreign affairs Ministry, economy specialists and Soviet advisors. The point is to study these actors' trajectories and to question their skills. Starting from a situation where the Soviet influence and interests are pervasive through multiple channels and institutions, it is shown how the relation to the Soviet domination is reversed. The actors involved in the decision-making process, organized in cooperative or competitive networks and in circles of loyalty and interest, contribute to diplomatic decisions that are inextricably linked to domestic policy issues. In the inner circle of the Secretariat and of the Politburo, the internal struggle for power is to be seen as an impulse first for Sovietization and then for economic desatellisation and for diplomatic emancipation. Foreign policy becomes a powerful tool of consolidation for a regime and for leaders who initially suffer from a serious lack of recognition, both toward Soviet power and toward Romanian and international public opinions. It supplies a discourse of political legitimization whose nationalist accents are first perceptible and then resolute. Based on mass and opinion mobilization, this discourse sometimes contrasts with totalitarian propaganda, to assume the appearance of popular aspirations consideration

L’originalité de notre apport parmi les recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques roumaines porte sur l’analyse de la relation multidimensionnelle entre la migration et l’habitation rurale, mettant l’accent sur la compréhension du logement comme lieu de rencontre des modèles culturels différents. En effet, la maison doit être analysée comme un produit social et par rapport à la vie sociale et privée de la famille qui y réside. Donc, notre cadre théorique s’appuie sur le croisement entre l’analyse sociologique des processus migratoires et leur expression architecturale et matérielle. La question centrale de la recherche porte sur les continuités et discontinuités - observées par rapport à la tradition - qu’on trouve, après la chute du communisme, dans les habitations des migrants roumains, issus du milieu rural. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons choisi une approche anthropologique du logement, en menant des enquêtes de terrain, de type qualitatif (auprès de villageois et migrants de village de Marginea), durant les années 2009, 2010 et 2011. On remarque que les nouvelles maisons se présentent comme des formes hybrides, qui articulent les références locales aux éléments nouveaux, apportés par la migration. Ainsi, nous avons introduit deux dimensions essentielles dans l’analyse du concept de la maison du migrant: les «traces du passé» et les «traces de la migration». La première dimension se réfère aux influences des anciennes formes, modèles, pratiques, mentalité etc., alors que la deuxième dimension désigne les éléments nouveaux et les innovations qui ont pénétré dans la conception, la construction et l’utilisation des maisons
The originality of our contribution to the Romanian sociological and anthropological research concerns the analysis of the multidimensional relation between migration and the rural dwelling, emphasizing an understanding of the house as the meeting place of the different cultural models. Indeed, the house must be analyzed as a social product, with regard to the social and private life of the family which dwells there. Thus, our theoretical frame is based on the interplay between the sociological analysis of the migratory processes and their architectural and material expression. The central question of our research concerns the continuities and the discontinuities - observed with regard to the local tradition - which we find, after the fall of the communism regime, in the houses of the Romanian migrants, of rural origin. To answer this question, we chose an anthropological approach to the house, by conducting a qualitative field research (with villagers and migrants of Marginea village), in 2009, 2010 and 2011. We noticed that the new houses appear as hybrid forms, which articulate the local models to the new elements, brought by migration. So, we introduced two essential dimensions into the analysis of the concept of the migrant house: the "traces of the past" and the "traces of the migration". The first dimension refers to the influence of the old forms, models, practices, mentalities etc., while the second dimension indicates the new elements and innovations which penetrated the house design, its construction process and its exploitation
Originalitatea contributiei noastre noastre intre cercetarile sociologice si antropologice romanesti consta in analiza relatiei multidimensionale migratie-locuinta rurala, subliniind intelegerea locuintei migrantilor din tara de origine ca loc de intalnire a diferitelor modele culturale. Intr-adevar, casa trebuie vazuta ca un produs social si in relatie cu viata sociala si privata a familiei ce o locuieste. In consecinta, cadrul teoretic si de analiza imbina analiza sociologica a migratiei internationale cu expresia arhitecturala si materiala a acesteia. Intrebarea centrala a cercetarii priveste continuitatile si discontinuitatile - observate in raport cu modelele de dinainte de 1989 – ce se manifesta, dupa caderea regimului comunist, in proiectarea, realizarea si utilizarea locuintelor migrantilor din mediul rural. Pentru a raspunde la aceasta intrebare, am optat pentru o abordare antropologica a locuintelor migrantilor, realizand un studiu de caz in comuna Marginea, jud. Suceava. Anchetele de teren s-au desfasurat in intervalele iulie – octombrie 2009, iulie-octombrie 2010 si in august 2011. Am remarcat cum locuințele migrantilor se prezinta asemenea unor forme hibride ce combina elementele noi, aduse de migratie (« urmele migratiei »), cu referintele locale, de dinainte de 1989 (« urmele trecutului »). Am introdus astfel doua dimensiuni esentiale in analiza conceptului de locuinta a migrantului in tara de origine: « urmele trecutului » si « urmele migratiei ». Prima dimensiune se refera la influentele vechilor forme, modele, practici, mentalitati etc., in timp ce a doua dimensiune indica elementele noi si inovatiile ce au patruns in proiectarea, construirea si utilizarea acestor case

Orientador: Suzi Frankl Sperber
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A presente dissertação tem por objetivo propor um diálogo entre duas obras dramáticas de grande significância, Ricardo III e As Troianas, no cânone de seus autores, respectivamente, William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) e Lucius Annaeus Sêneca (4 a.C - 65 d.C). A premissa inicial é a relação tradicional entre ambos, que atribui ao tragediógrafo elisabetano uma influência textual, temática e estilística originária do filósofo e tragediógrafo latino. Para o estudo dessas relações, limitadas ao escopo de duas obras, o trabalho foi dividido em três partes. No primeiro capítulo é realizado um percurso sobre toda a historiografia da crítica da influência que Sêneca teria exercido sobre os dramaturgos que escreveram durante a segunda metade do século XVI, na Inglaterra. Observa-se, principalmente, como a visão e a metodologia de se tratar o tema da influência se altera, ao longo dos anos, chegando, por exemplo, a ser negada por alguns críticos durante certo tempo, além da observação do delineamento do próprio objeto. Toma-se o cuidado, durante todo o trabalho de não fazer opção a favor ou negar a presença de Sêneca para não incorrer em extremismos. No segundo capítulo, busca-se, com base nos resultados do primeiro capítulo, a leitura histórica dos elementos temáticos e estilísticos lidos como derivados de ou influenciados por Sêneca. Neste ponto o foco distancia-se do campo de discussão crítica do fenômeno para o campo de crítica histórico-literária e os objetos focados, agora, são exatamente aqueles que anteriormente foram levantados como ?"senequianos". No terceiro capítulo, conhecida a história da influência e tendo sido feita uma gama de opções e leituras sobre a época de Shakespeare, inicia-se a leitura das duas obras. Tal abordagem preambular se fez necessária para que houvesse um embasamento tanto da crítica da discussão da influência, como da leitura histórica da cultura que produziu Ricardo III. Foi feita a opção de seguir com a leitura de René Girard sobre os conceitos de Teoria Mimética e Crise de Diferenças, pois tocam em noções basilares do mundo Elisabetano, apresentando, portanto, uma atmosfera na qual os diálogos poderiam situar relações de aproximação e afastamento entre a dupla de obras escolhida. Observa-se uma leitura mítica, muito rica politicamente, ao trabalhar com a história/mito conhecidos por ambas as obras
Abstract: This dissertation aims to propose a dialogue between two dramatic works of great importance, Richard III and Trojan Women, both canonic for their authors, respectively, William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) and Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD). The initial premise is the traditional relationship between them, which presupposes that the Elizabethan tragedies have textual, thematic and stylistic influence of the Latin philosopher and tragedian. In order to study these relationships, restricted to the scope of the two referred plays, the dissertation was divided into three parts. The first chapter is about Seneca's influence on playwrights who wrote along the second half of the sixteenth century in England. It focuses mainly the vision and methodology used to study the issue of influence and changes of views over the years, reaching, for example, the fact that the influence was denied by some critics for some time. It also observes the outline of the object - the relation between plays - itself. Along these considerations, I was aware that I should not propose or deny the influence of Seneca in order not to incur in extremism. The second chapter, based on the results of the first chapter, seeks to read the historical interpretation of stylistic and thematic elements as derived from or influenced by Seneca. At this point, the analysis moves away from the critical discussion to approach the field of historical and literary criticism. The focused objects are exactly those that have previously been raised as "senequians", like the blank verse, the tyrant and the presence of ghosts. In the third chapter begins the interpretation of both tragedies. This preliminary approach was necessary in order to have a critical foundation for the discussion of influence, as that one produced by historical reading of Richard III. The mimetic theory of René Girard and the Crisis of Differences offered fundamental notions for the Elizabethan world, which presented interlocution between both tragedies, so that it was possible to examine approaches and distances between the two chosen plays. It was observed a very rich mythical and political relation among the plays using the known versions of history/myth
Mestrado
Teoria e Critica Literaria
Mestre em Teoria e História Literária

Titre de la Thèse : L'établissement des chemins de fer dans les Balkans à l'époque ottomane : structuration de l'espace et organisation des échanges (1856-1913)Rejoindre l'Orient, voici sans doute l'une des obsessions de l'Occident. Peut-être l'épopée d'Alexandre le Grand a t-elle contribué à construire cet objectif quasi mystique. Quoi qu'il en soit, le XIXe siècle est celui de sa rationalisation. L'invention de la locomotive et celle du navire à vapeur permettent d'amorcer un processus de mise en réseau du monde. Sur les cinq continents, les villages, les villes et les ports s'interconnectent progressivement, engendrant une mondialisation des flux commerciaux et humains. Ce mouvement est orchestré par les grandes puissances européennes, dont le pouvoir est fondé sur la conquête de nouveaux marchés et sur l'importation des matières premières essentielles à leur essor. Londres et Bombay forment alors deux pivots incontournables, permettant de rediriger les flux en circulation à l'échelle trans-continentale. Entre ces deux points, Suez joue le rôle d'interface entre la mer Rouge et la Méditerranée. Au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, l'espace balkanique est progressivement intégré à ce système-monde. L'introduction du rail y induit une profonde redéfinition des rapports de force, que ceux-ci soient d'ordre économique, militaire ou politique. A ce titre, la mise en place de voies ferrées dans les Balkans, à l'époque sous domination de l'Empire ottoman, résulte d'une imbrication de stratégies d'influence, s'exprimant à différentes échelles. Cette thèse se propose de les mettre en lumière
Reaching the East : this is undoubtedly one of the obsessions of the West. Maybe Alexander the Great's conquests contributed to forge this quasi-mystical aim. Wherever it comes from, the XIXth century is the one of its rationalization. Inventions such as steam locomotive and steamship allow to begin a global networking process. On five continents, villages, cities and ports, are progressively interconnected, generating a globalization of human and trade flows. This movement is orchestrated by the major European powers, whose expansion is based on the conquest of new markets and on the importation of natural resources required for their development. London and Mumbay play at that time a pivotal role, allowing to reroute flows in circulation at the inter-continental scale. Between these two major cities, Suez is an unavoidable crossing point between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. During the second half of the XIXth century, the Balkan space is progressively integrated to this world-system. In that region, the introduction of railway induces a radical restructuring of power relations, whether political, economical or military. For this reason, the establishment of railways in the Balkans results from an interlacing of influencing strategies, articulated at various scales. This thesis sets out to highlight them

Cette thèse analyse le développement des agences de presse en Roumanie ainsi que la circulation internationale de l'information, sur une période comprise entre 1877 et 1940. Les agences de presse sont étudiées comme acteurs et vecteurs de la communication internationale et,dans le même temps, comme rapporteurs de l'actualité.Les trois parties de l'étude détaillent cette problématique : la première partie examine les notions de l'événement, de l'information, de la circulation de l'information et de la dépêche dans le but de les confronter à l'activité de l'agence de presse ; sont aussi introduits les contextes géopolitiques, géoéconomiques et géotechnologiques dans lesquels ont évolué nos acteurs. La deuxième partie tente d'apporter des réponses au sujet de l'histoire, des actions et des interactions des agences de presse qui ont opérées sur le territoire roumain dans l'espace-temps analysé. Constatons que les agences de presse représentent un terrain privilégié sur lequel se sont exprimées des options de politiques étrangères. Dans notre cas, nous nous sommes davantage intéressés aux relations de la Roumanie avec la France et ses voisins. La troisième et dernière partie explore le processus de circulation de l'information de et vers la Roumanie, analysant les rapports étroits entre les agences de presse et les ministères des Affaires Étrangères ainsi que l'influence éventuelle sur les conditions de production et de diffusion de la dépêche d'agence. Ce parcours a été enrichi par deux études de cas.Notre conclusion est qu'une agence de presse joue un double rôle : celui de collecteur-producteur-diffuseur d'information et, éventuellement, celui d'acteur idéologique.

Keywords Mircea Eliade, the influence of India, Romanian literature Abstract The thesis deals with the influence of indian culture and philosophy on the Romanian writer, religionist and philosopher Mircea Eliade. He studied in Calcutta and after his return from India he graduated his doctoral studies of philosophy with thesis called Yoga. This master thesis is defining Indian aspects in Eliade's books. The first part of the thesis focuses on details from Mircea Eliade's life, his relationship to India and on Indian philosophy which is reflected in his writing. That includes the cyclic concept of time which doesn't explain death as the end of life. We talk about reincarnation. The quality of the next life is conditioned by the deeds of the previous life. Eliade is supporting yoga as a way how to separate the spirit from the material world and from the body. The second part of this thesis has an aim to describe some of the Eliade's books which are influenced by India, and to analyze those Indian aspects (The Secret of Dr. Honigberger, Isabel şi apele diavolului and 50 de conferinže radiofonice (1932 - 1938)).

This dissertation explores the transformation of a small town in South East Transylvania, Sighisoara, historically defined through a strong German presence. Despite the small number of Germans remaining in the region after the massive migrations of the last decades, historical German privilege (made visible through and materialized in the long-lasting architecture) is reformulated and re-configured in the present precisely through processes connected to valuing and producing this built landscape as historical heritage. Claims for stakes in the development of the area become entangled with an interest in heritage preservation publicly performed by a diverse set of (mostly foreign) actors. By analyzing a failed development project, the gentrification of the historical citadel, transformations in public spaces, and NGO and historical preservation funding, I argue that Germanness offers a discursive space in which local desires for a developed West are able to articulate, productively, with Western nostalgias for a developmental do-over, as well as with fears for an endangered European heritage at the 'margins' of Western civilization. This dissertation contributes to the anthropology of post-socialist transformations in Eastern Europe by drawing attention to the relationship between ethnicity and participation in a global capitalism. It shows how a continuous, living engagement with the "outside," the "West," with consumer capitalism has been part of local quotidian subjectivities and understandings of the world, all mediated by desire and access to mobility and possibility. Understandings of people's current relationship with development, consumption, the idea and reality of capitalism cannot be disentangled from these continuities, and I argue for locating analysis precisely in these relationships. This dissertation also brings a critical native voice to the body of English language Eastern European anthropology. At the same time, it attempts to both build on and disrupt historical approaches to the region by forging analytical and substantive continuities with discipline-wide approaches to ethnicity, development, and heritage tourism.
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La ricerca consente una conoscenza più approfondita dei complessi forensi: delle loro fasi edilizie, della loro evoluzione, delle loro funzioni e delle architetture più significative che si trovano al loro interno. Si attesta come il foro prenda forma in base alle esigenze della città in quel determinato momento in cui esiste. Si configura come un’entità, di certo caratterizzata da una più o meno variabile forma di monumentalità ma allo stesso tempo pronta ad adattarsi a ciò di cui i suoi fruitori hanno bisogno e ad esprimere ciò che i suoi costruttori (intesi come finanziatori) intendono comunicare. Sin dall'inizio, lo spazio forense si caratterizza per la varietà di funzioni che può ospitare, una peculiarità che lo distingue non solo come realtà di valore architettonico ma che gli fornisce anche un grande valore antropologico. Il foro costituiva il centro politico-religioso urbano, ma anche il luogo di mercato e di svolgimento di eventi e spettacoli pubblici. Progressivamente, però, si svolse il trasferimento di alcune funzioni, ossia quelle relative agli spettacoli ludici e quelle commerciali, in modo tale da isolare le funzioni amministrative e cultuali, conferendo ad esse sempre maggiore rilievo. Questo isolamento ha trovato come tipica espressione architettonica quella del complesso forense concepito come un monumento unitario e non più come un aggregato di strutture diverse e connesse tra loro in vario modo. Il foro si trasforma da centro di convergenza e di guida della vita economico-sociale di tutto il territorio della civitas, in luogo dove risiede e si espone l’autorità. In definitiva, il foro isolato e monumentale è anche una conseguenza del venire meno della partecipazione attiva del popolo alla vita politico-amministrativa della città, che sarà gestita da magistrati locali scelti tra una sempre più ristretta cerchia di persone. Questo tipo di foro si sviluppò soprattutto nelle aree provinciali. L’argomento più rilevante del lavoro è certamente quello che riguarda i percorsi strutturali dei complessi forensi, i quali variano a seconda della natura stessa dei fora. Il tipo di sintassi spaziale adottato definisce il carattere del messaggio che il complesso forense intende trasmettere nel momento in cui ha preso forma (prima edificazione o ristrutturazione che sia). È possibile riconoscere due diverse tipologie: la prima, a percorso diretto; la seconda a percorsi biassiali bipolari. In genere, il messaggio è di natura cultuale nei casi dei fora a percorso diretto mentre è di natura politica, nel senso di rappresentazione della grandiosità dell’impero e della sua efficacia funzionale, nei casi dei percorsi biassiali e bipolari. A partire dall'età di Augusto, la morfologia urbana divenne uno strumento per mobilitare l’opinione pubblica e i percorsi istituiti all'interno dei complessi forensi, ma anche della città in generale, dovevano condurre al suo consenso. Dall'età augustea, dunque, l’analisi dei percorsi strutturali costituisce un elemento fondamentale nello studio dei complessi forensi. La ricostruzione dei rapporti tra gli spazi e, di conseguenza, dei percorsi necessari per raggiungerli è, infatti, direttamente correlata a necessità funzionali e a significati politico-culturali che non si potrebbero individuare con la semplice analisi architettonica. Il fenomeno dell’evergetismo è strettamente collegato con quello del culto imperiale che, seppure in misura variabile, ha interessato tutte le piazze delle città romane di età imperiale. Le sistemazioni iniziali delle città erano realizzate a spese dello stato mentre un reale processo di monumentalizzazione, in genere, non poteva avvenire finché non si fosse formata una élite capace di impegnarsi nel finanziamento di grandi imprese costruttive. La costruzione o la monumentalizzazione di un foro, inoltre, può essere strettamente correlata alla necessità di fornire alla città tutte le nuove strutture necessarie a seguito di un cambiamento di status giuridico.
The research allows a more in-depth knowledge of the fora, about their construction phases, evolution, functions and most significant architectures which are located inside them. It attests how the forum takes shape according to the needs of the city at that moment in which it exists. It is configured as an entity, certainly characterized by a more or less variable form of monumentality, but at the same time, ready to adapt to what its users need and also to express what its builders (intended as financiers) intend to communicate. From the beginning the forum is characterized by various functions, a peculiarity that distinguishes it, not only as a reality of architectural value, but also provides great anthropological value. Certainly the forum constituted the urban political-religious center, but also the place of market and of events and public performances. Little by little, there is a transfer of some functions, namely, those related to ludic events and to commerce, in order to isolate the administrative function, giving it an increasingly greater importance. This isolation has found as a typical architectural expression, that of the forum conceived as a unitary monument and no longer as a set of different structures. The forum changes from a center of convergence and guidance of the economic and social life of the whole territory of the civitas, in a place where authority resides and exposes itself. The isolated and monumental forum is also a consequence of the disappearance of the active participation of the citizens in the political and administrative life of the city, which will be managed by local magistrates chosen from an increasingly narrow circle of people. This type of forum, conceived as a unitary complex, was developed mainly in the provincial areas. The most relevant topic of the work, concerns the structural paths of the fora. The type of spatial syntax adopted defines the character of the message that each forum intends to transmit when it takes shape (in its first construction or in its subsequent restructuring). It is possible to recognize two types of structural trajectories: the first, with a direct trajectory; the second with biaxial-bipolar trajectory. In general, the message is of a cultual type in the case of a direct trajectory, while it is of political nature in cases of biaxial-bipolar trajectories. From the time of Augustus, urban morphology became a useful tool to mobilize public opinion and even the internal paths of the fora had to lead to imperial consent. Therefore, from the Augustan age, the analysis of the structural paths is a fundamental element in the study of fora. In fact, the reconstruction of the relationships between the spaces and, consequently, the identification of the paths necessary to reach them, is directly related to functional needs and to political-cultural meanings that, generally, can not be identified with a simple architectural analysis. The phenomenon of the evergetism has involved all the Roman cities and it is a phenomenon closely related to that of the imperial cult that, although in varying degrees, has also interested all the squares of the Roman cities of the imperial era. The first structures in the fora were certainly built at the expense of the state, while a real process of monumentalization, in general, could not take place until an elite was formed, capable of engaging in the financing of large constructive companies. Furthermore, the construction or the monumentalisation of a forum can be closely linked to the need to provide the city with all the new structures necessary as a result of a change in legal status.