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1
The peacock elite: A subjective case study of the Congressional Black Caucus and its impact on national politics. [Jonesboro, Ark.?]: GrantHouse Publishers, 2011.
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2
Sanche, Natalie. La langue maternelle, le sexe et l'annéd'étude du bilingue influencent-ils l'évaluation subjective de l'imagerie visuelle associée à des substantifs fran?5ais? Sudbury, Ont: Université Laurentienne, 2007.
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3
Farnsworth, Judy. THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-ESTEEM ON THE SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING OF OLDER DIVORCED AND WIDOWED ADULTS. 1987.
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4
Beck, Rubye Wilkerson. The subjective well-being of widowed men and women: The influence of social support, social interaction and religion. 1986.
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5
Killeen, Mary Lee. THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS, COPING, AND PARTICIPATION IN HEALTH PROMOTION ACTIVITIES ON THE SUBJECTIVE HEALTH STATUS OF CAREGIVERS. 1986.
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6
Young, Ross McD, Barry T. Jones, Carey Walmsley, and Anthony Nutting. Opiate cognitions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198569299.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 discusses opiate cognitions, including psychopharmacological mechanisms that underpin the subjective effects of the opiates, socio-cultural influences on opiate use, the measurement of cognitions that represent drug reinforcement, the nature of opiate expectancy domains, how cognitive subsets operate to influence heroin use, and how similar opiate expectancies are to the expectancies associated with other drugs.
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Adkins, Victoria. Subjective Well-Being: Psychological Predictors, Social Influences and Economical Aspects. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.
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8
Raffnsøe, Sverre, Matias Møl Dalsgaard, and Marius Gudmand-Høyer. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). Edited by Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth, and Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0008.
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Søren Kierkegaard, a Danish theologian and philosopher of existence, proposed concepts that have challenged not only philosophy and theology but also psychology, literary criticism, social political thought, the humanities, social sciences, fiction, institutions, and organizations. In particular, he focused on the human self and human existence, will, choice, subjective truth, commitment and responsibility, and meaning as ineradicable concrete dimensions of reality. His emphasis on subjective becoming finds expression in an open critique of process philosophy and still presents a challenge to organizations and organization studies. This chapter examines Kierkegaard’s relevance for process philosophy in an organizational setting by discussing his thought and selected writings. It considers important facets of Kierkegaard’s philosophy, his consummation of the Lutheran-Protestant tradition, and his lifelong existential critique of Hegelian philosophy. Finally, it analyses Kierkegaard’s influence on later thinkers who have close affinity to process philosophy.
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Eller, Jonathan R. An Emerging Sense of Critical Judgment. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036293.003.0014.
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This chapter examines Ray Bradbury's emerging sense of critical judgment toward literary work. Bradbury had trouble maintaining objectivity in assessing an author's work. For Bradbury, literary work is the expression of the author, and one cannot be separated from the other. His literary criticism involved looking for a glimpse of the author's soul in every word he read, and this is evident in his treatment of writers such as Ernest Hemingway and Aldous Huxley. This chapter considers how Bradbury came to understand some aspects of the great turn-of-the-century changes in American literature that led from romanticism to realism and on to the more subjective experiments of Modernism, as well as the earlier but parallel transitions in modern art into subjective forms like impressionism, expressionism, and surrealism. It also discusses Bradbury's reading of Frederic Prokosch's novels The Asiatics (1935) and The Seven Who Fled (1937), and especially the former influence on his fanzine tale “The Piper”.
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Farb, Norman A. S., and Kyle Logie. Interoceptive appraisal and mental health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0012.
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Interoception is the process of sensing the body’s internal state. An emerging neurobiological model supports the idea that subjective well-being is influenced by how physiological changes are detected and appraised. Contemplative interventions such as mindfulness training, which appear efficacious in reducing emotional distress, may operate by promoting curiosity and flexibility in this appraisal process. This chapter reviews evidence about the relationship between interceptive appraisal and mental health, including an account of how contemplative training modulates interoceptive networks to alter interoceptive appraisal tendencies. New measures are needed to distinguish the effects of appraisal tendencies from more implicit effects of physiological change. To support this endeavour, pilot data is introduced from a novel, respiration-focused task that experimentally manipulates interoceptive awareness, and by extension the need for interoceptive appraisal, within a given level of physiological arousal. Potential applications of this task for exploring the influence of interoceptive appraisal on affect, cognition, and behavior are discussed.
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Ricciardi, Victor. The Financial Psychology of Players, Services, and Products. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the emerging cognitive and emotional themes of behavioral finance that influence individual behavior. The behavioral finance perspective of risk incorporates both qualitative (subjective) and quantitative (objective) aspects of the decision-making process. An emerging subject of research interest and investigation in behavioral finance is the inverse (negative) relation between perceived risk and expected return (perceived return). The chapter highlights important topics such as representativeness, framing, anchoring, mental accounting, control issues, familiarity bias, trust, worry, and regret theory. It also examines the role of negative affective reactions on financial decisions. A host of biases that depend on specific aspects of the financial product or investment service influence the judgment and decision-making process of most financial players.
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Gazis, George Alexander. The ‘Catalogue of Heroes’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787266.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the second and final part of Odyssey 11, in which Odysseus meets his ex-companions from Troy. The effect of the ‘Intermezzo’ and the success of Odysseus’ supplication are visible: the hero is now equipped with the confidence that he faces an audience that is firmly under his influence. The chapter deals with every meeting in turn—Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ajax—and demonstrates that the ‘poetics of Hades’, namely the individualized, subjective, and emotional take on the past already observed in the book, applies also, or perhaps more markedly, to the great heroic personas of the epic past. The chapter concludes with an epilogue.
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Lee, Jenny Y., and Matthew W. Gallagher. Hope and Well-Being. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.20.
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Snyder’s hope theory defines hope as a cognitively based construct that consists of two components: agency, the willpower to achieve a goal, and pathways, the perceived ability to generate ways to achieve that goal. Hope has been consistently linked to positive outcomes in many life domains, including aspects of positive mental health. This chapter reviews the literature on hope and positive aspects of mental health, including specific findings regarding the impact of hope on subjective, psychological, and social well-being. It also explores findings regarding the potential moderating role of gender, age, race, ethnicity, culture, and other demographic factors on the influence of hope on well-being. Future directions on hope and well-being research are discussed as well.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Malleability of Meta-Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0006.
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An astonishing volume and diversity of evidence is available for many hypotheses in medicine. Some of this evidence—usually from randomized trials—is amalgamated by meta-analysis. Despite the ongoing debate regarding whether or not randomized trials are the gold standard of evidence, the most reliable source of evidence in medical science is usually thought to come from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This chapter argues that meta-analyses are malleable. Different meta-analyses of the same evidence can reach contradictory conclusions. Meta-analysis fails to provide objective grounds for assessing the effectiveness and harms of medical interventions because numerous decisions must be made when performing a meta-analysis, which allow wide latitude for subjective idiosyncrasies to influence its outcome.
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Bruce, Tricia Colleen. Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190270315.003.0004.
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This chapter offers an insider look at how bishops make decisions to establish personal parishes, or not. No formal policy exists to regulate when and why bishops choose to start personal parishes, resulting in a high level of local discretion. Both top-down and grassroots sources influence personal parish outcomes. From the top, documents out of the Vatican and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops introduce personal parishes as one option among others. Interviews with bishops reveal key criteria they identify as prerequisites for personal parish establishment. From below, local Catholics mobilize, petition, and fundraise to convey parish need. Personal parish outcomes reveal that bishops assess an interlocking parish landscape and subjective considerations of lay need. Institutional authorities circumscribe lay preferences for local religious organization.
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Forster, Michael N. Philosophy of Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199588367.003.0006.
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Herder developed a very powerful and influential philosophy of mind. He was the source of Hegel’s famous threefold distinction between subjective, objective, and absolute mind (or Geist). Concerning the fundamental mind–body question he wavered between neutral monism and materialism, but developed a theory that has marked advantages over rival theories such as dualism, mind–brain identity, and behaviorism. Accordingly, he also developed a naturalized reconception of immortality. He also worked out an important theory of the unity of the mind’s faculties. In addition, he argued both that minds are fundamentally social and that they nonetheless include individuality. And finally, he developed a rich and original theory of the unconscious. These positions are not only of great intrinsic value, but also exercised a powerful influence on successors such as Hegel, Schleiermacher, and Nietzsche.
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Stuart, Heather, Julio Arboleda-Flórez, and Norman Sartorius. Paradigm 4: Science Is the Best Guide for Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797639.003.0005.
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Chapter 5 discusses a key assumption of the current paradigm governing anti-stigma work, which is that scientifically collected data, rather than subjective beliefs or personal wants, will be the yardstick against which funding priorities will be measured and program effectiveness will be judged. The important premise is that evidence-based policy and practice will eliminate potentially discriminatory variations in practice, remove political influence as a determinant of program worth, and ultimately lead to greater fairness and equity in service delivery. It is also predicted that evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of stigma-reduction programs that target local needs and build better practices will boost confidence among funders that such programs are worthy of their financial attention and make it increasingly difficult for policy makers to defend policies that disadvantage people with a mental illness.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Placebo, nocebo, and contextual effects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0027.
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Placebo effect is an example of ‘contextual’ effect and is the symptomatic improvement experienced by patients who have unknowingly received a placebo (inactive treatment) instead of an active drug. It occurs due to patient-specific factors such as expectation of improvement and is influenced by the context in which the treatment is delivered. Nocebo effect is the opposite of placebo effect and includes worsening of symptoms or incident adverse effects due to expectancy or negative contextual or practitioner influence. Placebo effect has been demonstrated in a range of musculoskeletal conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA), as well as other conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and asthma. In OA, the placebo effect is strongest for subjective outcomes like pain. In fact, the effect size (ES) of placebo analgesia in OA clinical trials (0.51) is clinically significant and higher than the ES (defined by the additional improvement above placebo) obtained from non-pharmacological (0.25) and pharmacological (0.39) treatments. A number of patient- and intervention-specific and contextual factors influence the magnitude of placebo-induced improvements. Placebo analgesia is real, not a ‘trick of the mind’, and results from central mechanisms that increase descending inhibition of pain. Contextual effects are an integral part of everyday clinical practice. While patient- and intervention-specific determinants cannot be changed easily, healthcare practitioners should optimize the physician-specific factors that enhance positive contextual response and minimize nocebo response. Such a strategy that will increase the overall improvement is particularly relevant for OA where there is no ‘cure’ and a predominance of negative beliefs.
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Ng, Karen. Hegel's Concept of Life. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947613.001.0001.
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This book defends a new interpretation of Hegel’s idealism as oriented by a philosophical and logical concept of life, focusing on Hegel’s Science of Logic. Beginning with the influence of Kant’s Critique of Judgment, Karen Ng argues that Hegel’s key philosophical contributions concerning self-consciousness, freedom, and logic all develop around the idea of internal purposiveness, which Hegel views as “Kant’s great service to philosophy.” Ng charts the development of the purposiveness theme in Kant and argues that its key innovation is the claim that the purposiveness of nature enables the operation of the power of judgment. Situating Hegel among contemporaries such as Fichte and Schelling, she further argues that this innovation is key for understanding Hegel’s philosophical method in the Differenzschrift (1801) and Phenomenology of Spirit (1807), in which the theory of self-consciousness plays a central role. In her new interpretation of Hegel’s Logic, Ng argues that the Subjective Logic can be understood as Hegel’s critique of judgment, where he defends the view that life opens up the possibility of intelligibility as such. She argues that Hegel’s theory of judgment is modeled on reflective, teleological judgments, in which something’s species or kind provides the objective context for predication. The Subjective Logic culminates in the argument that life is a primitive or original activity of judgment, the necessary presupposition for the actualization of self-conscious cognition. Ng demonstrates that absolute method is best interpreted as the ongoing dialectic between life and self-conscious cognition, providing a new way for understanding Hegel’s philosophical system.
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Chamberlen, Anastasia. Materializing and Feeling Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749240.003.0003.
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This chapter begins the book’s illustration of the empirical research findings of the study. The chapter argues that women’s experience of imprisonment is embodied largely because, in being the object of punishment within prison, bodies become acutely aware of the particulars of prison space and time to the extent that they materially and physically sense and feel punishment. The chapter focuses particularly on how the prisoner becomes aware of her punishment and confinement through odours and sounds, through movement in different prison spaces, and through the subjective passage of time in custody. Using these examples, the chapter explores how prisoner bodies subjectively adjust to prison, making their prisoner experiences situationally specific and influences by the participants’ pre-prison biographies.
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Cheng, Eileen Ka-May. Historiography: An Introductory Guide. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350246881.
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“What is historiography?” asked the American historian Carl Becker in 1938. Professional historians continue to argue over the meaning of the term. This book challenges the view of historiography as an esoteric subject by presenting an accessible and concise overview of the history of historical writing from the Renaissance to the present. Historiography plays an integral role in aiding undergraduate students to better understand the nature and purpose of historical analysis more generally by examining the many conflicting ways that historians have defined and approached history. By demonstrating how these historians have differed in both their interpretations of specific historical events and their definitions of history itself, this book conveys to students the interpretive character of history as a discipline and the way that the historian’s context and subjective perspective influence his or her understanding of the past.
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Senik, Claudia. Wealth and Happiness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0004.
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Does wealth accumulation impact subjective well-being? Within a country, household wealth has been shown to improve individual well-being by providing a safety net of protection against negative income shocks, by allowing current and expected consumption flows, and by its potential use as a collateral. At the aggregate level, direct evidence about the relationship between national wealth and happiness is almost non-existent, owing to data limitations and statistical identification problems. However, aggregate wealth impacts well-being indirectly, via positive channels such as institutional quality and improvement in health, life expectancy, and education. Wealth also brings about negative environmental degradations and other damages. The stock of accumulated wealth is also likely to affect happiness indirectly, via its influence on the rate of GDP growth, because both the level of income flows and the rate of income growth have been shown to be factors of higher well-being.
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Rigney, Gabrielle, Jason Isaacs, Shelly Weiss, Sarah Shea, and Penny Corkum. Sleep–Wake Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.25.
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Sleep is important for children’s physical, cognitive, and social functioning. The most common sleep disorder contributing to inadequate sleep and daytime impairments in pediatric populations is insomnia. There are both biological and behavioral factors that can contribute to insomnia; therefore, understanding sleep processes, how sleep changes throughout development, and which common behaviors influence sleep is important. Measurement of sleep through both objective and subjective measures plays an important role in the identification, diagnosis, and intervention of insomnia. First-line treatment for insomnia includes psychoeducation, healthy sleep practices, and behavioral and cognitive strategies. Children with special needs are at especially high risk for sleep problems, and treatment of insomnia in these populations should aim to minimize sleep disturbances without increasing other comorbid symptoms. Moving forward, healthcare professionals require access to more comprehensive education on pediatric sleep, and greater public awareness of the importance of sleep and health is needed.
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Suls, Jerry, Rebecca L. Collins, and Ladd Wheeler, eds. Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190629113.001.0001.
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This edited volume presents both classic and contemporary conceptual, empirical, and applied perspectives on the role of comparisons with other people—a core aspect of social life—that have implications for the self-concept, opinions, subjective and physical well-being, conformity, decision-making, group behavior, education, and social movements. The volume is comprised of original chapters, authored by noted experts, divided into three sections: basic comparison processes, neighboring fields, and applications. The first section is comprised of chapters that update classic theories and present advances, such as the dominating effect of local versus global comparisons, an analysis of the psychology of competition, how comparisons across different domains influence self-concept and achievement, and the integral connections between stereotyping and comparison. The second section introduces perspectives from neighboring fields that shed new light on social comparison. These chapters range from judgment and decision science, cognitive psychology, social network theory, and animal social behavior. The third section presents chapters that describe applications of comparison, including relative deprivation; health psychology; the effects of income inequality on well-being; the relationships among social hierarchies, power, and comparison; and the interconnections of psychological processes such as comparison and differential construal that favor the status quo and can discourage social action in the face of injustice and inequity.
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Lavery, Grace E. Quaint, Exquisite. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183626.001.0001.
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From the opening of trade with Britain in the 1850s, Japan occupied a unique and contradictory place in the Victorian imagination, regarded as both a rival empire and a cradle of exquisite beauty. This book explores the enduring impact of this dramatic encounter, showing how the rise of Japan led to a major transformation of Western aesthetics at the dawn of globalization. The book provides a radical new genealogy of aesthetic experience in modernity. It argues that the global popularity of Japanese art in the late nineteenth century reflected an imagined universal standard of taste that Kant described as the “subjective universal” condition of aesthetic judgment. It features illuminating cultural histories of Gilbert and Sullivan's Mikado, English derivations of the haiku, and retellings of the Madame Butterfly story, and sheds critical light on lesser-known figures such as Winnifred Eaton, an Anglo-Chinese novelist who wrote under the Japanese pseudonym Onoto Watanna, and Mikimoto Ryuzo, a Japanese enthusiast of the Victorian art critic John Ruskin. It also explains the importance and symbolic power of such material objects as W. B. Yeats's prized katana sword and the “Japanese vellum” luxury editions of Oscar Wilde. The book provides essential insights into the modern understanding of beauty as a vehicle for both intimacy and violence, and the lasting influence of Japanese forms today on writers and artists such as Quentin Tarantino.
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Duggan, Marian, ed. Revisiting the “Ideal Victim”. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338765.001.0001.
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Revisiting the ‘Ideal Victim’ is a collection of academic responses to the late Nils Christie’s (1986) seminal piece on the ‘ideal victim’ in which he addressed the socially constructed concept of an idealised form of victim status or identity. Highlighting the complex factors informing the application or rejection of victim status, Christie foregrounded the role of subjective and objective perspectives on personal and societal responses to victimisation. In sum, the ‘ideal victim’ is: “a person or category of individuals, who – when hit by crime – most readily are given the complete and legitimate status of being a victim” (1986: 18, original italics). This concept has become one of the most frequently cited themes of victimological (and, where relevant, criminological) academic scholarship over the past thirty years. In commemoration of his contribution, this volume analyses, evaluates and critiques the current nature and impact of victim identity, experience, policy and practice in light of Christie’s framework. Demonstrating how the very notion of what constitutes a ‘victim’ has undergone significant theorisation, evaluation and reconceptualization in the intervening three decades, the academic contributors in this volume excellently showcase the relevance of this ‘ideal victim’ concept to a range of contemporary victimological issues. In sum, the chapters critically evaluate the salience of Christie’s concept in a modern context while demonstrating its influence over the decades..
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Hallam, Lindsay. Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325642.001.0001.
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When David Lynch's film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, a prequel to the television series Twin Peaks, premiered at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, it was met with met with outright hostility. Subsequent reviews from critics were almost unanimously negative, and many fans of the show felt betrayed, as their beloved town was suddenly revealed as a personal hell. Yet in the years since the film's release, there has begun to be a gradual wave of reappraisal and appreciation, one that accelerated with the broadcast of Twin Peaks: The Return in 2017. What has been central to this reevaluation is the realization that what Lynch had created was not a parody of soap opera and detective television but a horror movie. This book argues that the horror genre aids Lynch's purpose in presenting the protagonist Laura Palmer's subjective experience leading to her death as the incorporation of horror tropes actually leads to a more accurate representation of a victim's suffering and confusion. The book goes on to explore how the film was an attempt by Lynch to take back ownership of the material and to examine the initial reaction and subsequent reevaluation of the film, as well as the paratexts that link to it and the influence that Fire Walk with Me now has on contemporary film and across popular culture.
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Hain, Richard D. W., and Satbir Singh Jassal. Pain: introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745457.003.0004.
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Pain is a subjective and multidimensional phenomenon. Diagnosis, assessment, and evaluation of pain are all complicated in children by the range of diagnoses and developmental levels, and by cultural influences. This chapter summarizes definitions and classifications of pain, including total pain. It looks at ways that children express pain, and measurement of pain severity. Pharmacological treatment of pain is considered, alongside the World Health Organization pain guidelines, which are considered to be the basis of managing pain in palliative care.
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Hain, Richard D. W., and Satbir Singh Jassal. Pain evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745457.003.0005.
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Pain is a subjective phenomenon. It is different for each individual who experiences it and, for any individual, will depend on a multiplicity of factors, including its cause, context, and meaning. The sensation of pain is influenced by innumerable factors, not only at the time of the stimulus, but also during the individual’s prior experience. Appropriate tools can report aspects of pain experience; this chapter provides detail of appropriate pain scales to use, describing characteristics of each. It also explains objective and behavioural measures of pain.
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Sass, Henning, and Umberto Volpe. Karl Jaspers’ hierarchical principle and current psychiatric classification. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609253.003.0013.
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The chapter aimed to provide a brief account of the clinical method of Karl Jaspers, along with a thorough presentation of his “hierarchical principle”, of his approach to systematic classification in psychiatry and of the aftermath of hierarchical classification concepts in the clinical psychiatric settings. A detailed historical perspective of how the Jaspers theories have influenced the subsequent classification systems and a comparison with operationalized diagnostic approaches are also presented, unveiling the most common shortcomings of the current diagnostic classifications in psychiatry. Furthermore, the role of the “inner perspective” and of the phenomenological description of subjective experiences in the clinical field is discussed, also in connection with the implications for research in psychiatry and the various intellectual frameworks for this scientific discipline.
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Rovira, Mónica García-Salmones. Natural Rights in Albert the Great. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805878.003.0008.
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Paying careful attention to his use of language, this chapter introduces Albert the Great’s contribution to natural rights into the scholarly debate between subjective and objective rights. Teacher of Thomas Aquinas, Albert’s work on ius naturale has been overshadowed in many aspects by the significance and impact of his student’s. However, Albert’s early appearance on the stage of empirical sciences as a student of nature has been widely recognized. Eclectic in his use of sources, Albert would generously use Stoic writings, and would become as well a first-rate commentator of Aristotle’s works. As a theologian, Albert’s Augustinian influences cannot be neglected. The text examined here, De bono (1242), constitutes an early and thorough elaboration of an original doctrine of natural right and, importantly, of natural rights.
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Admussen, Nick. Genre Occludes the Creation of Genre. Edited by Carlos Rojas and Andrea Bachner. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199383313.013.30.
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This chapter argues that one of the strongest influences on contemporary Chinese prose poetry is Bing Xin’s 1955 translation of Rabindranath Tagore’s poetry collectionGitanjali. By declining to reproduce the music of Tagore’s Bengali original, and suppressing the Biblical diction of his English version, Bing Xin created a version of his odes to the “religion of man” that implicitly opposes his insistence on poetry’s untranslatability. Instead, she argues that rejecting culturally specific prosodies allows her to faithfully reproduce the content of Tagore’s poetry. This paradigm exalts prose as a transparent, modern, and realist way to write; when it is used to render the subjective, passionate occasions ofGitanjali, the result is a mode of writing that treats transcendental feelings as concretely as it does the objects of daily life. The chapter ends with a call to study generic origins outside the bounds of the genres in question.
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Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. Idealism and Asexualism in the Age of Goethe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0016.
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The resurgence of asexualism in Germany in the nineteenth century coincided with the Naturphilosophie movement associated with Romanticism which arose in reaction to mechanical models of the universe, among them Baron d’Holbach’s. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a Kant disciple, claimed that the “absolute ego” creates it’s own reality, which we mistake for the “real world”. Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling, the “philosopher king” of the Romantics, attempted a balance between Fichte’s subjective idealism and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s (relative) objectivism. In general, nature philosophers granted equal weight to reason and to the imagination, and adopted a pantheistic theology, influenced by Baruch Spinoza. Franz Joseph Schelver believed the production of seeds was a vegetative process. August Henschell dismissed Koelreuter’s hybrids as artifacts resulting from experimental damage. He thought the release of pollen freed the spiritual essence of the plant from base matter. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel also challenged the sexual theory of plants.
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Weinel, Jonathan. Synaesthetic Overdrive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190671181.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses altered states of consciousness in audio-visual media, such as films, psychedelic light shows, and VJ performances. First, some background theory is introduced, explaining the main categories of film sound, and what research tells us regarding the way in which sound influences the perception of visual images and vice versa. Following this background section, a tour is provided through various films that represent altered states of consciousness, including surrealist movies, ‘trance films’, and Hollywood feature films. These demonstrate a progression, where more recent movies are able to make use of digital audio and visual effects to represent the subjective experience of altered states with improved accuracy. Meanwhile, beyond the traditional confines of the cinema, ‘expanded cinema’ works such as visual music, psychedelic light shows, and VJ performances have provided increasingly sophisticated synaesthetic experiences, which are designed to transform the consciousness of their audience.
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Byrne, Peter. ‘The Bowe of Ulysses’. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.40.
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This chapter traces the history of the artistic criticism—via retelling—of Shakespearean tragedy, beginning with Dryden and continuing throughout the works of, among others, Edward Bond, Akira Kurosawa, and Jane Smiley. Given Shakespeare’s cultural authority, subjecting his work to revision risks derision or dismissal; the act of reworking self-consciously encounters resistance from a collective predisposed to view Shakespeare as sacrosanct. In “reworking” Shakespeare’s tragic narrative, then, artists from disparate cultures and eras, often operating in different modes, are forced to confront the contemporary and local nature of tragedy and the degree to which Shakespeare either influences or suppresses that nature. This struggle against the cultural absolute of Shakespeare reflects the struggle with the cosmic absolute within tragedy itself, rendering the reworking an attempt to undo the tragic dynamic created between the contemporary author and the legacy of Shakespeare.
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Bose, Mandakranta, ed. The Oxford History of Hinduism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767022.001.0001.
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The central purpose of the book is the critical exposition of the Hindu idea of the divine feminine, or Devī, conceived as a singularity expressed in many forms. With the theological principles examined in the opening chapters, the book proceeds to describe and expound historically how individual manifestations of Devī have been imagined in Hindu religious culture and their impact upon Hindu social life. In this quest the authors draw upon the history and philosophy of major Hindu ideologies, such as the Purāṇic, Tantric, and Vaiṣṇava belief systems. A particular feature of the book is its attention not only to the major goddesses from the earliest period of Hindu religious history but also—and especially—to goddesses of later origin, in many cases of regional provenance and influence. Viewed through the lenses of worship practices, legend, and literature, belief in goddesses is discovered as the formative impulse of much of public and private life. The influence of the goddess culture is especially powerful on women’s life, often paradoxically situating women between veneration and subjection. This apparent contradiction arises from the humanization of goddesses while acknowledging their divinity, which is central to Hindu beliefs. In addition to studying the social and theological aspect of the goddess ideology, the essays in this book take anthropological, sociological, and literary approaches to delineate the emotional force of the goddess figure that claims intense human attachments and shapes personal and communal lives.
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Harding, Nancy. Jacques-Marie-Èmile Lacan (1901–1981). Edited by Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth, and Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0022.
Full textAbstract:
Jacques Lacan is a French psychoanalyst and philosopher who was both admired and loathed and regarded by some as a guru and by others as a charlatan. His work helps illuminate how the unconscious and the concept of organization are intertwined. By subjecting Sigmund Freud’s theories to an inspirational rereading, Lacan contributed in a major way to post-structuralist theory. Lacanian theory has emerged as a basis for interpreting various aspects of organizational life, from entrepreneurship and identity to power and resistance, embodied subjectivity, organizational burnout, and organizational dynamics. This chapter first provides a brief overview of Lacan’s life before discussing some of the major aspects of his work and their relevance to organization studies. It also examines Lacanian organization theory and how it is influenced by his notions of lack/desire/jouissance, focusing on the three registers of the Symbolic, Imaginary, and the Real.
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Tarsia, Paolo. Dyspnoea in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0083.
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Dyspnoea may be defined as a subjective experience of discomfort associated with breathing. Breathing discomfort arises as a result of complex interactions between signals relayed from the upper airways, the chest wall, the lungs, and the central nervous system. Integration of this information with higher brain centres provides further processing. The final aspects of the sensation of dyspnoea are influenced by contextual, environmental, behavioural, and cognitive factors. At least three qualitatively distinct sensations have been employed to describe discomfort in breathing—air hunger, increased effort of breathing, and chest tightness. Air hunger has been shown to be associated with stimulation of chemoreceptors. Increased effort of breathing may arise in clinical conditions that impair respiratory muscle performance through abnormal mechanical loads or when respiratory muscles are weakened (neuromuscular diseases). Chest tightness is often experienced by asthmatic patients during episodes of acute bronchoconstriction. Measurement of dyspnoea is essential in order to assess it adequately and monitor response to treatment. Dyspnoea assessment may be carried out thorough a number of different scales, questionnaires, or exercise tests. Strategies in controlling dyspnoea should not focus uniquely on decreasing dyspnoea intensity. Patients may profit from interventions that decrease the unpleasantness associated with breathlessness without necessarily affecting the intensity component of the symptom.