Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informal economy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Informal economy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Informal economy"

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Bagnasco, Arnaldo. "The Informal Economy." Current Sociology 38, no. 2 (September 1990): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001139290038002008.

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RADKA, RICH. "The Informal Economy." Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (September 2013): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-8918.2013.00064.x.

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Chen, Martha Alter. "The Informal Economy." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 26, no. 2 (June 2016): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291116652613.

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Himchenko, A. N., and S. V. Degtyarev. "Informal economy: employment in the informal sector of the economy." Society, Economy, Management 6, no. 2 (2021): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2618-9852-2021-16211.

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Saunders, S., and E. Loots. "Measuring the informal economy in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v8i1.1286.

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Measuring the size of the South African informal economy has received inadequate attention, making it difficult for policy-makers to assess the impact of policy measures to stimulate informal economic activity. This article aims to estimate the size of the informal economy by using the Currency Demand Approach. The empirical results reveal that the informal economy as a percentage of GDP decreased from 1967 to 1993, before levelling off. The growth in the informal econmy has also underperformed in comparison to formal economic growth. There appears to be a causal relationship running from the informal to the formal economy. Macro-economic policies aimed at the formal economy will not necessarily 'trickle down' to the informal, while these polcies aimed at the informal economy may have a profound effect on the formal economy.
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Ramos Soto, Ana Luz. "Sector informal, economía informal e informalidad / Informal sector, informal economy and informality." RIDE Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo 6, no. 11 (October 12, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23913/ride.v6i11.172.

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El objetivo de la presente propuesta es analizar la economía informal y cómo esta participa en la generación de autoempleo en la economía mexicana. Para ello se describen los conceptos del sector informal, la informalidad y la economía informal, y se analizan diferentes indicadores que permiten medir el fenómeno de estudio. En el trabajo de campo se utilizaron fuentes de información secundaria que permitieron identificar el porcentaje de la población ocupada en este sector durante el periodo 2003-2015, constatando así que 13.5 millones de personas formaron parte del sector informal en el año 2014.
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Carranco Paredes, Santiago Francisco. "informal Economy in Ecuador." INNOVA Research Journal 3, no. 9 (September 29, 2018): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33890/innova.v3.n9.2018.624.

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This paper will analyse the effects of the economic changes that Correa’s government introduced on Ecuadorian policies, mainly focussing on the consequence that this policy had on the informal sector and unemployment. There aims of this work is to discuss how this modification to the economical policies have contributed to the development of the country and analyse the sustainability of the mentioned policies in order to contribute to the understanding about the informal economy from a non-western perspective, in this case using as an example the case of Ecuador.
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Sęk, Małgorzata. "Informal Economy and VAT." Kwartalnik Prawa Podatkowego, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1509-877x.01.03.

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The aim of this paper is to discuss the interconnections between informal economy and Value Added Tax (VAT), as well as measures applied in the European Union (EU) Member States and other countries to counter VAT evasion and VAT fraud related to informal economy. It is shown in the article, that VAT and informal economy are strongly interconnected. VAT may be the cause for growth of the informal economy. But on the other hand, some VAT-related measures may be introduced to reduce or at least stop further growth of informal economy. Examples of such measures conclude the findings.
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MANNING, CLAUDIA. "South Africa's Informal Economy." African Affairs 92, no. 366 (January 1993): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098597.

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Fajana, Sola. "The Nigerian informal economy." Employee Relations 30, no. 4 (June 27, 2008): 372–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425450810879358.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informal economy"

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Onoshchenko, Olga. "Tackling the informal economy in Ukraine." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2858/.

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The problem of informal work and informal networks (blat) in Ukraine is long-standing. Until now, research on the informal economy in Ukraine has largely focused on measuring its size rather than exploring the nature and motives of the people engaged in informal activities. Moreover, few studies in relation to Ukraine have sought to evaluate the validity of the contrasting theorisations of the informal economy and no studies in Ukraine have considered the issue of contemporary informal networks (blat). The intention of this thesis is to fill these gaps. In doing so, the objective is to start to resolve the lack of knowledge on the nature of the informal economy which leads to ineffective and even destructive policy approaches to tackling it. The aim of this thesis is to critically evaluate the existing theorisations of the informal economy and their applicability to Ukrainian society in order to start to enable a move towards developing policy solutions for tackling the informal economy. To achieve this aim, a mixed methods approach is adopted in this thesis. The survey, consisting of 200 semi-structured interviews, was carried out in an urban area of Ukraine – the city of Mykolayiv. The data collected was analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the survey affirm that informal activities are diverse in nature and are driven by a variety of motives. Thus, no single existing theory fully explains the informal economy in Ukraine; instead, there is evidence to support each theory of the informal economy. As such, policy responses need to be tailored in order to effectively deal with the challenges faced by the different types of informal activity. Such a response is more likely to result in the formalisation of such activities by removing the barriers to formalisation and nurturing fledgling business activities rather than simply trying to eradicate them.
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Phala, Terrance Madiseng. "Constraints and opportunities in the informal economy." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019809.

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In spite of the fact that informal traders in the informal economy are viewed as having the greatest prospects for creating jobs and absorbing the unemployed in developing countries, informal traders in Limpopo Province in general, and the city of Polokwane in particular, face various constraints that negatively affect them on a daily basis. The aim of the study has been to explore the constraints and opportunities of informal traders, using the city of Polokwane as a case study. The study has attempted to identify and describe constraints that affect informal traders in the Polokwane city, as well as factors that can enhance their development and growth. The study is exploratory, descriptive and qualitative in nature. Semi-structured faceto-face interviews were conducted to gather data. Findings of the study suggest that the government should improve the effectiveness of its support mechanisms by initiating targeted support programmes specifically tailored for informal traders at the survivalist level.
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Weston, Alia. "Creativity in the informal economy of Zimbabwe." Thesis, Kingston University, 2012. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/24838/.

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My research explores the notion of creativity in the context of informal work. Existing literature on the subject has primarily focused on identifying the factors which enhance or constrain creativity in the organisational or work context. Most research has been developed and implemented in western contexts such as the United States or Europe, and there is limited explanation available of creativity in non-western contexts. There is also no research explicitly directed at explaining creativity in the informal sector, which presents a gap in the literature. I have therefore sought to enrich this literature by constructing a conceptual perspective that explains creative engagement in informal work, a methodology to explore this concept, and stories that illustrate how this occurs. I have constructed my conceptual perspective of creativity by drawing on de Certeau's (1988/1984) notion of creative tactics. I propose that creativity is the tactical subversion of space within an order, where a person uses constraints to their advantage, to take action. This involves the ability to engage in plurality, use what one has at hand, and take advantage of chance opportunities that arise. In order to explore my conceptual perspective, I carried out my research during the post-2000 crisis in Zimbabwe because there was a high prevalence of informal work during this time. I have developed my methodology - focused narrative ethnography - to capture the perspectives and dynamic engagement of people working in the informal sector, and intensively collected data in the form of narratives, observations, and visual material. In addition, I have written a series of stories to illustrate the different ways in which this occurs. These reflect changing attitudes and practices of work, as well as artistic and communal engagement in informal work. My findings reflect three main perspectives. First, informal work is a space that enables creative action. Second, creative engagement is a complex process that occurs in moments of creative action, wherein a person tactically uses their constraints to their advantage. Third, these moments shift and change in relation to the ongoing and changing nature of constraint that is inherent in many contexts of lnformal work. A further finding is that several parallels can be drawn between the literature referring to survival during difficult situations and my explanation of creativity, so it may be a useful addition to the vocabulary of work-related creativity literature. My findings are important because I highlight at the most basic level what people go through to identify opportunity, and my perspective of creativity may thus provide fresh insights into other areas linked to creativity, such as innovation or entrepreneurship.
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Mubarak, Marwan M. Mirghani. "Sudan : the urban informal economy and migration." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430702.

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Igudia, E. O. "The Nigerian informal economy : a regional analysis." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/81/.

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In recent years, particularly post 1990 and contrary to the expectation and predictions of many economists, there is ample evidence that the informal economy has expanded globally (Schneider et al., 2010). This, in addition to finding out the potential of the informal economy, has sparked renewed interest amongst researchers. Until now, however, most of the ‘empirical’ studies have concentrated on the Asian and Latin American countries (Debrah 2007), and most methodological approaches for studying the concept have remained debatable (Aryeetey, 2010). This thesis seeks to close a gap in the literature by developing two novel research frameworks: the Individual, Firm and State (IFS), and Four Circles (4Cs) to explain the link between theories and methods, as well as the impacts and benefits, of the informal economy. The study also utilises secondary and collected-primary data, modified-MIMIC and Currency approaches, to explore the determinants, characteristics, and regional prevalence of the Nigerian informal economy, as well as the relationships between the Nigerian informal economy and key macroeconomic variables/business enterprises. The results of the study demonstrate that the Nigerian informal economy has 65.4% participation rate, contributes an equivalent of 52-53% of official GDP, and provides cheap and easily accessible goods/services to members of the public, income generation for the government, and job, income and poverty reduction for informal participants. However, participants in the sector are confronted with many challenges: inadequate finances, inconsistent government policies, unfriendly business environment, and inadequate infrastructures. Similarly, the main determinants of the Nigerian informal economy are population growth, corruption, unemployment, and survival factors. Also, the study reports significant regional differences in participants’ income and education levels. Finally, the study finds the informal economy more prevalent in the north-west and south-west regions of Nigeria. Recommendations are proposed on the basis of the IFS; individuals and firms operating in the informal economy are encouraged to build up skills and become membership of relevant-trade unions. The government should implement policies which facilitate the creation of jobs, friendly business environment, entrepreneurial development, financial and training support for participants in the informal economy.
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Smith, Collin E. "The underground economy : estimation techniques and policy implications." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60089.

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This thesis analyzes the estimation procedures and policy implications of an underground economy. In completing this task, we reviewed the techniques developed by Gutmann, Ferge, Tanzi, and others. Further attention was also given to the estimation processes, such as the survey approaches, used by various governments.
In analyzing the policy implications of an underground economy, we examined the effects of fiscal and monetary policy, the aggregate statistics, the exchange rate, and other equally important indicators. We concluded that the consequences of a large and growing submerged sector can be devastating to the economic variables.
Finally, this paper attempts to examine the Canadian underground economy. However, since the studies performed on the Canadian underground economy are limited, the task of both reviewing the literature, and determining the Canadian policy implications was perplexing. We concluded that there is a definite need for further study of the Canadian hidden sector.
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Dyantyi, Unathi Sisikelelwe. "Revitalisation of the informal township economy in Mdantsane." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/15611.

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The main focus of this study was to perform an assessment of viable and sustainable means of creating a vibrant and sustainable economy in the Mdantsane Township. In order to perform the assessment objectives were formulated which aimed at assessing whether the informal small business sector of Mdantsane was generating wealth and livelihoods for the people running them. The study also looked at whether the informal business sector is a preferred option by most South Africans or people in the townships would rather seek employment. A number of data collection methods were used in completing this study such as literature reviews and a semi-structured questionnaire. The study revealed that Local Economic development can be implemented in the townships in order to assist in stimulating a vibrant local township economy. The study also revealed that the central focus of Local Economic Development is to support the development, growth and retention of private or co-operative enterprises. The survey conducted in the study further revealed that most businesses in the township are driven by necessity in order for them to start their businesses mainly due to unemployment. These businesses all agreed on the significant role that Local Economic Development can play in assisting township entrepreneurs and communities to grow and prosper.
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Vuletin, Guillermo Javier. "Essays on capital controls and the informal economy." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7333.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Rossis, Nicholas Michael. "The informal economy in Lebanon : dangers and benefits." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/733/.

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This thesis investigates through situational and empirical analysis the beneficial and detrimental characteristics of the informal economy in Lebanon and its impact on the public and state interest through its socio-economic associations. The informal economy is a polymorphous entity, and in order to determine its versatile contribution, has been separated into four different variables or key drivers. The four key drivers constitute the determinant variables of the informal economy. The main method used to explore the four determinant variables is the Force Field analysis. The first key driver is informal remittances as they represent a significant fraction of the informal economic activity in Lebanon and make a major contribution to Gross Domestic Product. The second driver is corruption, as this involves massive economic transactions on a daily basis, with an enormous impact at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The third key driver is the informal employment and commerce sector, as the unpaid VAT and corporate and income tax evasion results in a huge annual loss of government revenue in Lebanon. The fourth and last key driver is the illegal networks, as Lebanon represents an international hub for smuggling, drug and people trafficking and money-laundering, with strong links with, and implication for, its sectarian constituents. The current situation in Lebanon fuels the creation of a chaotic socio-economic environment where it is impossible to estimate accurately the significance of the informal economy, or indeed the size of the overall economy. As far as possible in this research all the key drivers have been independently and collectively evaluated through the data collected from the primary sources (users/public opinion, government officials and academics) and secondary material in order to assess each key driver’s input to the informal economy. Subsequently the thesis provides an estimation of the beneficial and detrimental contribution of the informal economy in Lebanon, as well as the overall perceptions of each of the respondent groups. Lastly, the primary and secondary materials are collectively assessed from a single perspective to build, using an inductive approach, a theoretical model of the factors which fuel and perpetuate the informal economy in the country. The present thesis may constitute the foundation for future analysis of the informal economy in Lebanon by providing unconventional recommendations. It is an attempt to present the possibility of an alternative approach to the informal economy, by stressing its merits and advantages, while also recognising the dangers and challenges it poses for both the state and the society.
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Tengüz, Alper Selman. "Strategies of the state towards the informal economy." Hamburg Kovač, 2008. http://d-nb.info/995316791/04.

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Books on the topic "Informal economy"

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Danesh, Abol Hassan. The informal economy: Underground economy, moonlighting, subcontracting, household economy, unorganized sector, barter, ghetto economy, second economy : a research guide. New York: Garland Pub., 1991.

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Boels, Dominique. The Informal Economy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43123-9.

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Lobato, Ramon. The informal media economy. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015.

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Eleanor, Preston-Whyte, and Rogerson C. M, eds. South Africa's informal economy. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Greenfield, Harry I. Invisible, outlawed, and untaxed: America's underground economy. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1993.

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Gasparėnienė, Ligita, Rita Remeikienė, and Colin C. Williams. Unemployment and the Informal Economy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96687-4.

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Yadav, Smita. Precarious Labour and Informal Economy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77971-3.

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1935-, Smith M. Estellie, and Society for Economic Anthropology (U.S.). Meeting, eds. Perspectives on the informal economy. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1990.

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Williams, Colin C. Formalization of the Informal Economy. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37928-4.

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Singh, D. P. (Dharam Pal), author, ed. Labour force in informal economy. New Delhi: Studera Press, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Informal economy"

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Hart, Keith. "Informal Economy." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 6481–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_804.

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Hart, Keith. "Informal Economy." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_804-1.

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Hart, Keith. "Informal Economy." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_804-2.

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Bremner, Caroline. "Informal economy." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 474–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01384-8_609.

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Dube, Engida Esayas. "Informal Economy." In The Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 1–5. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25900-5_77-1.

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Bremner, Caroline. "Informal Economy." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 534–35. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74923-1_609.

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Laguerre, Michel S. "The Informal Economy." In The Informal City, 47–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23540-7_3.

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Rasmussen, Rasmus Ole. "Informal Economy, Arctic." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 3270–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1468.

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Bremner, Caroline. "Informal economy, tourism." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_609-1.

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Rasmussen, Rasmus Ole. "Informal Economy, Arctic." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 3541–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_1468.

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Conference papers on the topic "Informal economy"

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BRAHOLLI, AURELA. "ISSUES OF INFORMAL ECONOMY REFORMATION IN ALBANIA." In The 4th International Virtual Conference on Advanced Scientific Results. Publishing Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18638/scieconf.2016.4.1.341.

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Suarmanayasa, I. Nengah, Gede Putu Agus Jana Susila, and Ida Suarmaja. "Role of Informal Employment to the Economy." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management, and Social Science (TEAMS 19). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/teams-19.2019.45.

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Skenderi, Besnik, and Diamanta Skenderi. "The spatial nature of entrepreneurship, economic prosperity and, the informal economy." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2014.50.

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Novikov, Andrey. "Influence Of Informal Institutional Factors On Regional Economy." In International Conference on Economic and Social Trends for Sustainability of Modern Society. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.03.146.

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Hamdoun, Salah. "Technology and the Formalization of the Informal Economy." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istas50296.2020.9462231.

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Lopez, Milena Legarda, Maria Luisa Villalba Morales, and Walter Ruiz Castaneda. "Understanding inclusive innovation in informal economy, a conceptual model." In 2022 IEEE 28th International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC) & 31st International Association For Management of Technology (IAMOT) Joint Conference. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ice/itmc-iamot55089.2022.10033205.

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Akvazba, E. O., T. E. Uhabina, and A. V. Starkova. "Informal Employment and the Shadow Economy: Essence and Social Functions." In International Scientific Conference "Far East Con" (ISCFEC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200312.284.

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Ghosh, Tilottama, Paul Sutton, Rebecca Powell, Sharolyn Anderson, and Christopher D. Elvidge. "Estimation of Mexico's informal economy using DMSP nighttime lights data." In 2009 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/urs.2009.5137751.

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Kasyan, A. V., and V. S. Istomin. "MECHANISMS FOR COUNTERING THE SHADOW ECONOMY AS A THREAT TO RUSSIA'S ECONOMIC SECURITY." In CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC PROBLEMS OF RUSSIA AND CHINA. Amur State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/medprh.56.

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The article examines the characteristics of the shadow economy in modern Russia, the reasons and scale of the transition of the population to the informal sector, assesses the scale of criminalization of the country's economy, as well as ways to counter the shadow economy
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Nenovski, Tome. "Causes and Effects of The Informal Economy – The Case of Macedonia." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. Pristina, Kosovo: University for Business and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2012.38.

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Reports on the topic "Informal economy"

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Harriss-White, Barbara. Innovation in India's Informal Economy. Council for Social Development, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii251.

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Peberdy, Sally. International migrants in Johannesburg's informal economy. Gauteng City-Region Observatory, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36634/oazc4558.

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Pappadà, Francesco, and Kenneth Rogoff. Rethinking the Informal Economy and the Hugo Effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w31963.

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Torero, Máximo, Miguel Robles, Manuel Hernández, Jorge De la Roca, Maureen Webber, and Desmond Thomas. The Informal Sector in Jamaica. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008747.

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The informal economy plays an important, yet often overlooked, role in economies throughout the world. Informal activities can provide a much needed source of income for a great number of people. At the same time, informality motivated by regulatory distortions, tax evasion, or in the pursuit of illegal activities can be a development trap that deprives governments of needed funds and leaves participants without legal protection. This paper is one output of a broader effort aimed at better understanding the informal sector in Jamaica. Using various techniques, this paper first estimates the size of the informal sector in Jamaica, finding that the informal economy represented a large and growing share of the overall economy, measuring in the vicinity of 40 percent of total economic activity as currently measured. This growing sector represents a diverse group of enterprises and workers, ranging from local peddlers to sophisticated small entrepreneurs. The second component of the paper explores these and other characteristics of the informal sector which should be taken into account when prescribing new policies or programs.
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Goldstein, G. A. MARKAL-MACRO: A methodology for informed energy, economy and environmental decision making. Informal report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/90675.

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Chen, Martha Alter. The Pandemic, Informality and Poverty: Rethinking Economic Policy Responses to the Informal Economy. Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cpan.2023.009.

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Informal workers, who represent over 60 per cent of all workers globally, were disproportionately impacted by the pandemic restrictions and recession. The pandemic exposed the pre-existing disadvantages that informal workers face as well as the essential goods and services they provide. To reduce poverty and inequality going forward, it is important to build on this new-found recognition of the contributions of informal workers and promote an enabling policy and regulatory environment towards them.
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7

Peters, Amos. Estimating the Size of the Informal Economy in Caribbean States. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000791.

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8

Termeer, Emma, Siemen van Berkum, Youri Dijkxhoorn, and Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters. Unpacking the informal midstream: how the informal economy can and should contribute to enhanced food system outcomes. Den Haag: Wageningen Economic Research, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/576754.

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9

Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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10

Collyer, Michael, Diana Mitlin, Robert Wilson, and Zaman Shahaduz. Covid-19: Community Resilience in Urban Informal Settlements. Institute of Development Studies, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.001.

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Around the world, the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated differences that already existed. Health outcomes and the economic impacts of resulting lockdowns have not been evenly distributed and inequalities have deepened. As the pandemic began, there were widespread concerns for the urban poor. Population density and limited service provision in informal neighbourhoods meant that standard measures to reduce transmission were difficult or impossible. Livelihoods based on day labour and the unskilled service economy were also most seriously affected by the resulting lockdowns.
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