Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Informal employment'
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Nezhyvenko, Oksana. "Informal employment in Ukraine and European Union transition countries." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0047/document.
Full textInformal employment became a serious challenge for the Ukrainian economy and economy of transition countries during the adjustment to market conditions. Trends of the number of workers participating in the informal sector have been rising for the last years. In my research I will present the current state of informal employment of Ukraine and transition countries. Detailed attention is paid to labour distribution across different population categories by dividing the individuals into five categories (formal employee, informal employee, formal self-employed, informal self-employed and unemployed) following the definition of informal employment from the ILO. We examine labour market using the data of the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for Ukraine and the Survey on Living and Income Conditions for transition countries and we design human capital earnings function for labour market by applying Mincer earnings distribution function in order to investigate the factors that determine the individual’s earnings and choice of the employment status both for Ukraine and transition countries
Gonzalez, Briseno Alfredo. "Informal employment in Mexico an analysis of returns in the formal and informal labor markets /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4411.
Full textPinsak, Samantha. "Everything is not sawa sawa: Abuse and informal employment in Kenya." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:106847.
Full textViolence against women and subsequent gender-based violence are issues that plague the world, harming women’s wellbeing as well as that of their families. Thirty-nine percent and twenty-one percent of Kenyan women have experienced physical and sexual violence, respectively, in their lifetimes. While there have been contested studies showing that employment can both increase and decrease the risk of suffering from violence, particularly in domestic settings, this study examines how a Kenyan woman’s experience of violence is likely to affect her level (formal or informal) of employment in the future. The results of this study indicate that emotional abuse, having a partner that drinks, educational attainment, living in a rural setting, and age are significant factors in a woman’s probability of working. Conditioned on working, experiencing controlling behaviors from a partner, educational attainment, justification of violence, ethnicity, income rank, partner’s occupation, and age at first marriage influence a woman’s probability of working informally. These results vary based on the type of employment studied, but can have wide-ranging consequences for the economic development of Kenya and empowerment of Kenyan women
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2016
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
Koike, Quintanar Sayuri Adriana. "Urban structure, labor market, informal employment and gender in Mexico City." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323361.
Full textThere is a significant portion of the literature that identifies the way the urban structure can affect labor market outcomes by means of two factors. The former is the spatial disconnection between workers and job opportunities, and the latter is residential segregation. At present, it is common for people to live far away from the place they work. Additionally, it is well known that individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics, such as income, tend to reside in the same neighborhood. Hence, residential segregation and the spatial disconnection between jobs’ location and individuals’ residence may have an influence on the labor market outcomes of individuals, and producing an impact on as the rate of employment, informal employment, and the level of wages. Moreover, if so, the geographic patterns of those labor market outcomes become less random and, then, involving the presence of spillover effects. The existence of spillovers means that spatial disconnection and residential segregation have a key role in determining the previous outcomes. In other words, the spatial concentration of either socio-economic disadvantages or advantages entails spillover effects both for individuals and for the neighborhoods in which they live. Under this perspective, Mexico City is an interesting case study, as we discuss extensively in this dissertation. Empirical evidence witnesses that this city suffers from spatial disconnection and residential segregation that affects the labor market outcomes of its residents. This is the core idea in which the discussion of this thesis will be built around. This dissertation targets two main objectives. The former is to analyze the relationship between urban structure, such as spatial disconnection and residential segregation, and labor market outcomes in Mexico City in 2010. The latter is to study the observed spatial patterns of selected labor marker outcomes from 1990 to 2010. Addressing these research questions is relevant because the residential choices of individuals affect an individual’s labor market outcomes through access to jobs, residential segregation, or neighborhood effects. Space turns to be an important economic factor. It can heighten either positive or negative effects of the spatial concentration of advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities, respectively. The dissertation contributes to the literature by studying the effects of access to informal jobs on employment. In order to prove this relationship, we estimate a probability model of being employed, including different types of job accessibility indices by level of education (basic and post-basic education) and labor status (formal and informal). We also estimate the decay parameter of the accessibility index. This decay parameter takes different values depending on the mode of transport and labor status. This condition indicates that job accessibility by labor status could affect the probability of being employed differently. Our results assess that the most affected by closest job opportunities were women, less educated workers and informal workers. Other contribution of this dissertation is to identify to which extent the effects of the urban structure impact on job opportunities according to the workers’ gender. We found that residential segregation has negative effects on labor-force participation for married women and that living in a deprived neighborhood decreases the probability of being a formal worker for men. Finally, we study the spatial patterns of three labor markets outcomes, namely non-employment rates, informal employment rates, and wages. We use different spatial econometric models to explain the spatial patterns of those variables, identifying endogenous and contextual effects (or global and local spillover effects, respectively). The major contribution of our analysis is studying the different kinds of labor market outcomes by gender, instead of limiting the scope to unemployment only.
Pelek, Selin. "Les effets du salaire minimum sur le marché du travail turc." Thesis, Paris 13, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA131001.
Full textMinimum wage is an important tool of social policy. It consists of four chapters: The first chapter presents the institutions of the minimum wage and the main results in the literature concerning the effects of minimum wages on the various economic and social variables in developing countries. The second chapter identifies empirically the profile of workers paid at minimum wage. The results indicate that the probability of receiving the minimum wage is high among the groups considered "fragile". The third chapter examines the impact of the minimum wage on employment in the context of demand and supply of labor and shows that the minimum wage has no negative impact on employment. Besides, a minimum wage increase has a positive effect on the probability of remaining employed. The last chapter analyzes the evolution of the wage distribution over the last decade in Turkey. The results show that the minimum wage increase in 2004 contributed to reduce wage inequality in this country
Tuc, Mis Sine. "Informal Sector Wage Gap In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613741/index.pdf.
Full textYilmaz, Emek. "How Does The State Promote Informal Employment: The Case Of A Kilim Workshop." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608087/index.pdf.
Full textIslam, Farzana. "Women, employment, and the family : poor informal sector women workers in Dhaka City." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418496.
Full textShao, Jing. "Essays on fertility, informal childcare, maternal employment and child health development in China." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16770/.
Full textMuttze, Takudzwa. "Transitions into informal employment: an analysis of South African panel data: 2008-2012." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/4498.
Full textSezer, Yasar. "Cohort Analysis Of Informal Sector In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612245/index.pdf.
Full textinformal employment rate decreases at young ages, relatively stable at middle ages and then increases rapidly at older ages. Moreover, strong cohort effects are found in many variables and the cross section profiles differ from the true life-cycle profiles remarkably.
Skira, Meghan. "Essays on Informal Care, Labor Supply and Wages." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2652.
Full textThesis advisor: Peter Gottschalk
This dissertation examines how caregiving for an elderly parent affects an adult child's labor supply and wages. In the first chapter (co-authored with Courtney H. Van Houtven and Norma B. Coe) we identify the relationship between informal care and labor force participation in the United States, both on the intensive and extensive margins, and examine wage effects. We control for time-invariant individual heterogeneity; rule out or control for endogeneity; examine effects for men and women separately; and analyze heterogeneous effects by task and intensity. We find modest decreases--1.4-2.4 percentage points--in the likelihood of working for caregivers providing personal care. Male and female chore caregivers, meanwhile, are more likely to retire. For female care providers who remain working, we find evidence that they decrease work by 3-10 hours per week and face a 2.3-2.6 percent wage penalty. We find little effect of caregiving on working men's hours or wages except for a wage premium for male intensive caregivers. In the second chapter I formulate and estimate a dynamic discrete choice model of elder parent care and work to analyze how caregiving affects a woman's current and future labor force participation and wages. Intertemporal tradeoffs, such as decreased future earning capacity due to a current reduction in labor market work, are central to the decision to provide care. The existing literature, however, overlooks such long-term considerations. I depart from the previous literature by modeling caregiving and work decisions in an explicitly intertemporal framework. The model incorporates dynamic elements such as the health of the elderly parent, human capital accumulation and job offer availability. I estimate the model on a sample of women from the Health and Retirement Study by efficient method of moments. The estimates indicate that intertemporal tradeoffs matter considerably. In particular, women face low probabilities of returning to work or increasing work hours after a caregiving spell. Using the estimates, I simulate several government sponsored elder care policy experiments: a longer unpaid leave than currently available under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993; a paid work leave; and a caregiver allowance. The leaves encourage more work among intensive care providers since they guarantee a woman can return to her job, while the caregiver allowance discourages work. A comparison of the welfare gains generated by the policies shows that half the value of the paid leave can be achieved with the unpaid leave, and the caregiver allowance generates gains comparable to the unpaid leave
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Carneiro, Francisco Galrao. "Labour market institutions, insider power and informal employment in Brazilian wage determination : 1980-1993." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308838.
Full textOlsson, Annika. "The Hidden Side of Enterprise : A Study of the Motivations Behind Informal Self Employment." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-126026.
Full textHormel, Leontina Marie. "Gender and informal work arrangements in post-Soviet Komsomolsk, Ukraine /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3136419.
Full textTypescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 286-304). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
Thoene, Ulf V. "Social protection and labour law : regulatory approaches to the informal employment sector in Latin America." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57756/.
Full textTan, Emrullah. "The impact of human capital and formal/informal networks on graduate employment in the UK." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/20791.
Full textO'Sullivan, Amy K. "Caregivers to the elderly with dementia informal care provided, employment choices, and formal care arranged /." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068193.
Full textKnight, Teagan. "A Nuanced Look at Gender Interactions on Informal Employment and Income in Argentina and Uruguay." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2191.
Full textRuiz, Contreras Marisol E. 1979. "Empleo informal y desigualdades en salud en Chile : un enfoque de investigación integrado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664849.
Full textThis thesis aims to understand the relationship between informal employment and health inequalities in Chile from a comprehensive perspective. By considering an abductive approach that includes mixed methodology, four papers have been developed combining: literature review, qualitative methodology and epidemiological quantitative methodology. Within the framework of social determinants of inequalities in health and based on a conceptual and empirical work, a new typology of informal employment, especially relevant to the Chilean context, was obtained. For this, the working population was categorized according to its formality or informality in employment, finding that, in general, informality is associated with poorer health status. The most disadvantaged groups of workers are informal dependent employees. The mechanisms that appear to be affecting this relationship are derived from their living conditions (according to two dimensions: uncertainty and material resources) and working conditions (according to three dimensions: psychosocial risks, safety at work, and intensification of working times). Some moderating factors that may reduce the negative effects of employment informality in health and health inequalities were also identified. The impact of informal employment may also vary according to the axes of inequality, such as gender, and the intersectionality among them.
Ustek, Funda. "Invisibility, struggle and visibility : women workers' strategies of survival in the informal sector." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:643e1d6f-6c32-4ae6-ac75-221d9dcb1b89.
Full textTondini, Alessandro. "Cash transfers, employment and informality in South Africa." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E014/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the employment effects of cash transfers in a segmented labor market. The first and main chapter shows that an unconditional cash transfer program targeted at mothers has lasting positive impacts on job quality. Five years after having received the cash transfer, treated mothers are more likely to be employed in the formal sector. This appears to be the result of changes in the way recipients search for a job, as treated mothers are unemployed for longer and target better jobs. The second chapter shows the employment effects of a reform in the means-tested, non-contributory pension system of South Africa, which lowered the age of retirement from 65 to 60 for men. The reform caused a large extensive-margin response, as informal workers stop working when they become eligible to the pension. Instead, formal workers do not quit their jobs nor switch to the informal sector to become eligible to the pension. Lastly, this dissertation discusses the lack of self-employment in South Africa. Building on the results of the first two chapters, the last chapter shows that South Africans do not increase entry to self-employment as a result of cash transfers. This indicates that liquidity constraints are not the main reason for the lack of self-employment in South Africa, which is likely to have historical roots stemming from Apartheid. The chapter discusses evidence and potential policy implications of this explanation, alongside possible avenues for future research on this phenomenon
Liang, Zhe. "An investigation in China on employment change between formal and informal sector : patterns, perceptions and achievements." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49443/.
Full textSilva, Anderson Lincoln Vital da. "Cidade e trabalho autônomo: um estudo sobre a percepção dos mototaxistas da cidade de Manaus/Am." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2015. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/4702.
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This study aimed to investigate the perceptions of motorcycle taxi drivers in the city of Manaus - AM on environmental health and the risks of their continued exposure to environmental elements. The research sought to describe the socioeconomic profile of these workers enabling discuss the relationship between town and work while conditioning the income and working conditions and also highlights the subjectivities in relation to environmental health through daily activities. The motorcycle taxi drivers express their perceptions of environmental risks and psychosocial health relating to the performance of its functions and raise environmental protection measures that these workers consider necessary. The interviewed were workers linked to the Cooperative of Manaus City motorcycle taxi drivers with at least two years of qualification in the respective category. Information was obtained from semi-structured interview that was applied to 25 workers (all men) in their operations bases (standby local users). Information were analyzed according to the content analysis technique proposed by Bardin (1997). The results show that participants are young adults, mostly in the age group 20-40 years old, completed high school, single, however they have children. About working hours, 64% of these, has a journey of up to twelve hours a day, as a salary of approximately R$ 2,000.00 monthly, and despite the legal requirement of their contribution to the INSS, only 20% of them make the contribution. To exercise the profession, they have to have a list of equipment required by law, but usually the only thing they have is the helmet; this increases the risk of their activity, not only for themselves and also the lives of their passengers, because they do prohibited maneuvers to save time. Due to their work conditions, streets, traffic, are exposed to an extensive working hours, alternating climate, fatigue and violence on traffic. So, despite recognizing the advantages of self-employment (freedom of hierarchical authority, daily financial gain, low investment on your motorcycle), they do not indicate this profession for their children. However, they realize that “mototaxismo” activity is a consequence of socioeconomic status because of unemployment, low education, and also the low investment to acquire the motorcycle; leading to many people to became motorcycle taxi drivers to provide for themselves, despite the risks inherent in it.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar as percepções dos mototaxistas na cidade de Manaus-AM em relação à saúde ambiental e aos riscos a partir do seu trabalho de exposição constante às intempéries ambientais. A pesquisa buscou delinear o perfil socioeconômico desses trabalhadores, possibilitando discutir a relação cidade e trabalho, enquanto condicionantes à renda e condições laborais além de evidenciar as subjetivações em relação à saúde ambiental a partir das atividades cotidianas. De modo especial, os mototaxistas expressam suas percepções sobre riscos ambientais e saúde psicossocial relacionando ao desempenho de suas funções, e suscitam medidas de proteção socioambiental que esses trabalhadores consideram necessárias. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram trabalhadores vinculados à Cooperativa dos Mototaxistas da Cidade de Manaus com no mínimo dois anos de habilitação na respectiva categoria. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de entrevista semiestruturada que foi aplicada a 25 trabalhadores (todos homens) em suas bases de atuação (locais de espera dos usuários). Os dados foram analisados segundo a técnica da análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (1997). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os participantes são adultos jovens, em sua maioria, na faixa etária de 20 a 40 anos de idade, com ensino médio completo, solteiros, porém com filhos. Quanto à jornada de trabalho, 64% destes têm uma jornada de até doze horas diárias, para obter um ganho na faixa de R$ 2.000,00 mensais, e apesar da exigência legal de sua contribuição para o INSS, apenas 20% destes o fazem. No exercício de sua profissão, são exigidos equipamentos obrigatórios, porém o único que todos eles possuem é o capacete; o que aumenta o risco de sua atividade, não somente para si e seus passageiros, pois realizam manobras arriscadas no trânsito para ganhar tempo. Devido às condições de seu trabalho, as ruas e o trânsito, são expostos a uma extensa jornada de trabalho, alternância climática, fadiga e violência do trânsito. Por isso, apesar de reconhecerem as vantagens do trabalho autônomo (liberdade de autoridade hierárquica, ganho financeiro diário, baixo investimento em sua motocicleta), não indicariam esta profissão para seus filhos. Deste modo, percebem que a atividade do mototaxismo é consequência da situação socioeconômica marcada pelo desemprego, baixa escolaridade, aliada ao baixo investimento para aquisição da motocicleta; a qual levou a vislumbrarem nesta profissão o meio para sustento próprio, apesar dos riscos inerentes a ela.
Mumtaz, Mehr. "Resettled: How Refugees Experience Employment and Unemployment in the U.S." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707322/.
Full textMelo, Francisco Carlos Nogueira. "An analysis on the impact of simple income generation and employment of enterprises in the informal sector." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5341.
Full textThis paper has as objective to investigate the effects of Simples Federal in the generation of employment and income of the informal sector enterprises. For that purpose we used the database from ECINF 2003, and were introduced two models: one to solve the problem of income, know how it is generated, which factors were arranged in the database and had relevance to this issue. The result was positive, indicating that as an expansionary fiscal policy, the Simples was successful, increasing the income of micro entrepreneurs. To the employment was set up a similar model, and the result was again positive, which strengthens the use of Simples and its facilitator framework as a tool for collecting tax. We are waiting for the next series, so we can capture even more clearly the effects of Simples as it has already become crowded between small firms that fit this profile.
A presente dissertaÃÃo tem como motivaÃÃo investigar os efeitos do Simples Federal na geraÃÃo de emprego e renda dos empreendimentos do setor informal. Para tal fim foi utilizada a base de dados da ECINF 2003, e foram introduzidos dois modelos: um para equacionar o problema da renda, saber de que forma ela à gerada, quais os fatores que eram dispostos na base de dados e que apresentavam relevÃncia a esta questÃo. O resultado foi positivo, indicando que como polÃtica fiscal expansionista, o Simples obteve Ãxito, aumentando a renda dos microempreendedores. Para o emprego, foi montado um modelo anÃlogo, e o resultado foi mais uma vez positivo o que fortalece a utilizaÃÃo do Simples e de seu arcabouÃo facilitador para a arrecadaÃÃo como ferramenta tributÃria. Ficamos, entÃo, no aguardo das prÃximas sÃries para que possamos capturar com mais clareza ainda os efeitos do Simples à medida que este tenha jà se tornado massificado entre as microempresas que se encaixam neste perfil.
Ahlinder, Isak. "The impact of labor market insecurity on mental health among immigrants in Europe." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-139991.
Full textIbrahim, Sabir M. "Assessing the impact of micro-lending programmes in the informal sector in Cape Town. A case study, The Nations Trust Organization." University of the Western Cape, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7810.
Full textThe promotion of widespread entrepreneurship through the setting up of small and medium sized enterprises (SMMEs ) is crucial for the transformation to a market economy and the democratisation of society in \the new South Africa. SMMEs are recognized as an engine of economic \ \growth and a source of sustainable development. Within this sector micro , 1nd small enterprises are of special importance because they are considered as the cradle of entrepreneurship, particularly in environments facing high ketllPIQYII'1:en!and poverty,. as j!) the case ~~.South Africg,
Damane, Moeti. "The implications of rural-urban migration on employment and household income with particular reference to Lesotho." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002737.
Full textKusi-Mensah, Rita. "A Gendered Analysis of Formal Vocational Education, Skills Development, and Self-employment in Accra, Ghana: Exploring enterprise development and outcomes of women’s self-employment in the feminized trades." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17344.
Full textLópez, Ruiz María 1982. "Empleo informal y salud en Centroamérica : una aproximación desde las desigualdades de género." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/396613.
Full textInformal employment is an important but seldom studied social determinant of health, affecting a large number of workers around the world. Women make up a major portion of the informal economy and they have used such employment as a way to enter the labor market because of the greater possibilities of combining employment and unpaid domestic and care work, among other reasons,. The main objective of this dissertation has been to assess the relationship between health status and different patterns of informal and formal employment among non-agricultural workers in Central America. Through two empirical studies conducted with the I Central American Survey of Working Conditions and Health of 2011 and on a sample of 8,823 non-agricultural workers, we have obtained the following main results. Both women and men in informal employment had poorer health compared to the most formal employment profile (employees covered by social security and a written contract). A lack of social security coverage is a key issue of informal employment and the strongest predictor of poor health status. Furthermore, the association between poor health and the combination of employment and care responsibilities is basically limited to women in informal employment. These results show that informal employment is a significant factor in social health inequalities among Central American non-agricultural workers. In addition, they also reveal health inequalities related to unpaid care work, which depends on the interaction between gender and informal employment. Therefore, and given the close relationship between the spheres of labor market and care, the implementation of polices focused on both spheres would be needed to act in order to reduce the inequalities found.
Correa, Renata Silveira. "O emprego sem carteira de trabalho no Brasil urbano." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285688.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta dissertação trata de uma das formas de informalidade do trabalho no Brasil: o emprego sem carteira de trabalho assinada. Seu objetivo é examinar o fenômeno da reprodução de empregos ilegais no país, que tem resistido a diminuir mesmo em situações de maior crescimento econômico e de tendência à formalização dos empregos. O estudo faz uma análise das principais mudanças na organização do trabalho e seus impactos sobre o emprego assalariado a partir da abertura da economia na década de 1990, bem como dos principais aspectos da evolução da economia e do mercado de trabalho após a mudança na orientação da política econômica em 1999. Para o período 2002-2008, é examinada em detalhe a evolução do emprego sem carteira e, com base nas especificidades ocupacionais, setoriais e regionais, são identificados os segmentos responsáveis pela reprodução do assalariamento ilegal. Embora o ritmo de expansão do emprego sem carteira tenha reduzido nos anos de maior crescimento econômico e de maior fiscalização do poder público desde 2000, ainda não se pode afirmar que houve uma reversão da utilização do emprego ilegal no país
Abstract: This dissertation deals with one of the forms of informal work in Brazil: the waged employment without a formal contract. Its goal is to examine the phenomenon of informal employment propagation nationwide, that has resisted to retreat even in higher economic climate and bias toward registered employees. It provides an analysis of the major changes in work organization and its impact on waged employment from the internationalization of the economy in the 1990s, as well as the evolution of the economy and the labor market after the shift in economic policy occurred in 1999. For the ages 2002-2008 is examined in detail the evolution of informal waged employment and are identified the segments responsible for the informal employment propagation, based on occupational, sectorial and regional peculiarities. Although the expansion rhythm of informal waged employment has reduced in the higher economic growth and greater public control since 2000, it can not be said that there was a reversal of the use of informal waged employment in Brasil
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
Oldridge, Louise. "An examination of the care and career experiences of mid-life women who combine formal employment and informal caring of dependent adults." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/17522.
Full textUrzi, Domenica. "Migrant workers, temporary labour and employment in Southern Europe : a case study on migrants working in the agricultural informal economy of Sicily." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28737/.
Full textHauenstein, Chloe R. "Policies for Employment Enhancement and Environmental Protection: The Integration of Waste Management Systems in Argentina and India." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/847.
Full textGarcía, Gómez Pilar. "Health, informal care and labour market outcomes in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7376.
Full textThis thesis aims to contribute to the literature with an attempt to identify the causal effects of health on labour market outcomes in the working-age population. I analyse the effects of the onset of a health shock on the individuals' labour market outcomes, and also the effects of caregiving on female labour participation. The first chapter uses a homogeneous empirical framework to estimate the first set of effects on nine European countries, which allows me to relate the empirical estimates to differences in social security arrangements across these countries. The second chapter analyses the role of health in exits out of and entries into employment and the results show that general health affects symmetrically entries into and exits out of employment, but changes in mental health status influence only the hazard of non-employment for the stock sample of workers. The third chapter examines the effects of various types of informal care on female labour behaviour and the results suggest the existence of labour opportunity costs for those women who live with the dependent person they care for, and the negative effects appear when caregiving for more than a year.
Hoffmann, Bettina Elisabeth. "Competent and unaware of it : the development of 'tacit forms of key competencies' among adults in unpaid, informal learning situations outside formal employment." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/691/.
Full textSantos, Anselmo Luis dos 1961. "Trabalho em pequenos negocios no Brasil : impactos da crise do final do seculo XX." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285498.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esta tese tem como objeto de estudo a evolução da ocupação e das condições de trabalho em pequenos negócios no Brasil no período 1980-2005. O conjunto dos ocupados em pequenos negócios é aqui entendido como o universo que compreende os trabalhadores assalariados - com e sem carteira de trabalho assinada - e empregadores nas micro e pequenas empresas, os trabalhadores por conta própria, os empreendedores sem empregados e os trabalhadores sem remuneração. A hipótese considerada é que esse conjunto de trabalhadores ampliou de forma expressiva sua participação na estrutura ocupacional brasileira, processo que aprofundou a precariedade das condições de trabalho neste segmento e que expressa parcela expressiva da deterioração das condições e das relações de trabalho do conjunto da estrutura ocupacional brasileira, no período analisado. O desenvolvimento do trabalho mostrou que este processo ocorreu principalmente em função das reduzidas taxas de crescimento econômico, das profundas transformações estruturais pelas quais passou a economia brasileira nos anos 90 e pelas transformações ocorridas nas estruturas social, cultural e de consumo que continuaram transformando aspectos importantes do aparelho produtivo e da estrutura ocupacional, mesmo num contexto de reduzido crescimento econômico. Confirmando a hipótese considerada, o trabalho mostrou que o maior ritmo de expansão dos ocupados neste segmento e a deterioração das condições de trabalho ocorreu de forma mais acentuada no período 1994-99, de maiores transformações estruturais na economia brasileira e que, no conjunto do período, este processo expressa principalmente uma forte expansão do trabalho assalariado, com e sem carteira de trabalho e dos trabalhadores por conta própria ? com piores condições e relações de trabalho, rendimentos mais reduzidos e menor proteção em termos de direitos trabalhistas e sociais. Por fim, o trabalho trata das limitações das políticas públicas para as MPE, assim como de novas propostas de políticas de corte liberal, destacando a impossibilidade de superação do quadro de precariedade revelado, sem considerar um processo de crescimento econômico acelerado e sustentado
Abstract: This dissertation has the occupational evolution and the labor conditions in small enterprises in Brazil in the 1980-2005 period as the study object. The occupied in small business set is understood as the universe of the wage laborers in small and micro enterprises, self-employed, the entrepreneurs without employees, and the workers without pay. The hypothesis considered here is that this set of workers has widened his participation in a very expressive manner in the Brazilian occupational structure, what has deepened the worsening of the labor conditions and labor relations of the whole Brazilian occupational structure in the period studied. The development of this dissertation shown that this process happened most of all in consequence of the low rates of economic growth, of the deep structural changes of the Brazilian economy in the nineties and of the transformations that occurred in the social, cultural and consumption structures that continually changed the productive sector and the occupational structure, even in a context of very low economic growth rates. Confirming the hereby considered hypothesis, this dissertation shown that the biggest part of the occupation expansion in this sector and the worsening of the labor conditions occurred within the period of the 1994-1999, in which happened the most important structural transformations in Brazilian economy. In the whole period, this process was expressed mostly by a strong expansion of the wage labor in the formal and informal sector and by the self-employment ? with the worst labor conditions and labor relations, lowest pay and weaker social and labor protection and rights. At the end, this dissertation deals with the public policies limits for the small and micro enterprises as well the neoliberal political proposals, underlining the impossibility of the overcoming of this situation without considering a process of sustained and accelerated economic growth
Doutorado
Teoria Economica
Doutor em Ciências Econômicas
Patsyurko, Nataliya. "Circumventing the state : illegal labour migration from Ukraine as a strategy within the informal economy." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115615.
Full textThe role of the informal economy in the development of migration is examined across several dimensions. First, I argue that the recent labour migration from Ukraine emerged as a strategy of the informal economy, continuing the previous strategies of cross-border trading and short-term migration to Central Europe. These economic practices were the innovative responses of the population to the decline of the state economy and to the absence of economic reforms. Migration developed in the space between the state and the market economy.
Second, the flows of labour migration were 'invisible' to states, and developed outside state control and regulation. This thesis demonstrates that the migration policies of the Ukrainian state disregarded the process of out-migration of Ukrainian citizens. Similarly, Italian immigration policies did not recognise the existing flows of labour migration. The informal economy of the receiving state resolved the contradiction between the economic demand for migrant workers and restrictive migration policies and enabled access to the receiving economy.
However, access to the receiving labour market through the informal economy contributed to the disadvantaged incorporation of migrants and prevented their integration into the receiving society. The analysis of economic incorporation demonstrates that the informal economy channelled Ukrainian migrants to the secondary labour market with low earnings, a lack of benefits, and no possibility of professional advancement. The mode of access to the receiving economy and the resulting illegality heavily influenced the position of Ukrainian migrants in the labour market.
Finally, the analysis of Ukrainian labour migration to Italy demonstrates that alternative migration-facilitating institutions were developed in the absence of the state recognition of labour migration. These institutions paralleled the institutions of the official labour markets and allowed migrants to implement income-generating projects. In addition, migration was facilitated by the supporting institutions of the receiving society, which counteracted the restrictive immigration laws and political controls on migration. The migration-supporting institutions were predicated on the strategies of circumventing state control which developed from participation in the informal economy of the sending country. Labour migration from the former Soviet Union would not be possible without these informal practices and the culture of avoiding state control in economic activities.
The proposed analysis answers the challenge posed by the recent Ukrainian labour migration to conventional theories on migration, whose approaches usually omit references to the meso-level of migration processes, and consider either the structural-economic or the micro- determinants of migration. This thesis presents the informal economy both as a structural factor which enables migration and as a characteristic of the migrant agency that facilitates it.
By doing that, the thesis also complements the literature on migration to Southern Europe and argues that migrations are not simply encouraged by the informal economies of the receiving countries, but they emerge from, and are facilitated by, the informal economies of the sending countries. To perpetuate migration migrants creatively use the resources of the informal economy in conjunction with strategies of circumventing the state. This argument holds for a number of ex-Soviet countries, which suffered severe economic crises during the disintegration of the state-controlled socialist economies, and consequently produced significant labour migrations to Western Europe.
Abugattas-Abusada, Said. "Los costos sociales de la legislación laboral." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad de Lima, 2015. http://repositorio.ulima.edu.pe/handle/123456789/1123.
Full textTesis
Souag, Ali. "Économie informelle et les politiques d’emploi en Algérie : quel impact ?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0059/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on impact evaluation of employment policies on the informal economy in Algeria. In the first chapter, we look to definitions and quantitative measures of the informal economy. We try to establish a standardized framework of analysis to reduce methodological conflicts. In the second and third chapters, we estimate the weight of the informal sector and informal employment in the labor market. We also describe those who are working in the informal economy. In the fourth chapter, we study their motivations and the reasons for this type of jobs. We look whether they are involved in a process of social exclusion or make a deliberate choice. We also discuss the heterogeneity of these jobs. In the two last chapters we examine if the employment policies in Algeria have contributed to reduce informality and employment. In the light of our results but also based on other experiences, we test economic policy measures. To do this we use data bases from household employment surveys conducted by the National Office of Statistics (ONS) from 1997 to 2013
Porthé, Victoria. "La precariedad laboral en inmigrantes en España y su relación con la salud: una aproximación cualitativa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7155.
Full textLa precariedad laboral no afecta de la misma manera al conjunto de la fuerza de trabajo sino que perjudica especialmente a ciertos grupos vulnerables, entre los que se encuentran los inmigrantes. Así, la precariedad está estrechamente relacionada con los ejes de la desigualdad, que permiten explicar cómo las desigualdades sociales se traducen en distintos niveles de salud. No obstante, existe escasa evidencia que permita entender, con la profundidad suficiente, la relación entre los factores estructurales que configuran la precariedad laboral y su relación con la salud de los trabajadores. Aún menor es la evidencia disponible que analice específicamente la situación de los trabajadores inmigrantes. Esta tesis se propone conocer las características y dimensiones de la precariedad laboral específicas de los trabajadores inmigrantes y analizar su relación con la salud y bienestar de los mismos. Para conseguirlo, propone una metodología cualitativa, con dos orientaciones en el análisis. En una primera parte, el método de análisis utilizado fue la inducción analítica, a partir del marco teórico desarrollado por Amable (2006) sobre la precariedad laboral en asalariados españoles.
La segunda parte del análisis es descriptiva e interpretativa siguiendo el método de la teoría fundamentada, utilizado para describir la relación de la precariedad con la salud y bienestar percibidos por los informantes. Los trabajadores inmigrantes caracterizan la precariedad laboral describiendo la elevada inestabilidad del empleo, escaso poder para negociar las condiciones de empleo, indefensión y una intensificación de la carga de trabajo. Perciben también, que sus ingresos son insuficientes para cubrir sus necesidades y que poseen escasos beneficios sociales que limitan su capacidad de ejercer derechos. Los trabajadores en situación irregular, comparten las características descritas de la precariedad, aunque perciben mayor indefensión y peores condiciones laborales. En la relación de la precariedad laboral con la salud, los informantes describieron no sólo problemas sobre su salud general (musculoesqueléticos, problemas alimentación, etc.) sino también problemas como la insatisfacción laboral, estrés, factores psicosociales, malas condiciones de vida y también hábitos poco saludables, como consumo de alcohol y medicamentos.
A partir de este estudio hemos observado que la principal diferencia entre el colectivo de trabajadores españoles y el de inmigrantes reside en la extensión de la precariedad laboral. Entre los inmigrantes, la precariedad se presenta en niveles muy altos o incluso extremos, que exceden el ámbito laboral e incluyen aspectos de precariedad social, relacionados a sus condiciones de vida, marginación y exclusión. En el caso de los trabajadores en situación irregular necesariamente entran en la precariedad lo que los ubica como un colectivo muy vulnerable.
Finalmente, si se considera que el trabajo es uno de los principales mecanismos de inserción en la sociedad, los inmigrantes que se hallan en situación de precariedad laboral podrían quedar expuestos a una inserción social igualmente precaria. Desde la perspectiva de Salud Pública es necesario considerar que aún y cuando la situación de la inmigración represente un impacto pequeño sobre la salud de los trabajadores, la magnitud de la inmigración a nivel mundial es muy elevada, por lo que el potencial impacto que ésta podría tener sobre la salud global de la población podría ser enorme.
Julià, Pérez Mireia 1981. "Precarització de les condicions d'ocupació a la Unió Europea: Precarietat, informalitat, i associació amb la salut." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406084.
Full textThe main aim of this dissertation was to describe the precaritzation of the labour market as it manifests itself in different types of contract (permanent, temporary and informal) as a proxy of employment conditions and to explore the association of precarious employment with workers’ health. Adopting different methodologies, three quantitative studies were performed using data from different surveys as well as two different types of literature reviews. Results confirm the precaritzation of employment conditions as a consequence of the labour market policies and an increase of the employers’ power. Employment precariousness is present in all types of contract studied, both in permanent employees and in temporary and informal employees, and a gradient exists between them. It has also shown that informal employment, one of the least studied employment condition from a public health stand point, is present in the European Union. These workers have worse working conditions and higher levels of precarious employment compared with permanent and temporary workers; but this is not reflected as having worse health. Our results confirm the importance of studying precarious employment through multidimensional measure. Including both measures of precarious and informal employment in epidemiological surveillance systems is of great importance in order to verify their evolution and allow for the design of public policies oriented to improve workers’ health and reduce existing health inequalities among them.
Mekherbeche, Ghalem. "Emploi et chômage en Algérie, évolution et transformaion de 1966 à 2014." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2012.
Full textThis study aims to analyze employment, unemployment and their evolution in Algeria from 1966 to 2014 and their socio-demographic point of view. The study of the Algerian workforce has shown that there has been a profound transformation due to demographic and economic events which stand out as milestones such as: the expansion of informal work, women in the workforce, decreasing public sector employment and the collapse of agriculture. The analysis of studies by the ONS show the impact of these elements on the rate of activity. The latter has shown a large increase during periods of crisis and particularlyduring the 1990's.This demand was the result of the increase of population and the development of women in the workforce. Unemployment reached its lowest level in 1984. This reduction is due to low population demand and the political and economic situation in the 1970's. From 1986, unemployment increased and reached its peak in the 1990's. This rise was due to a number of factors: the arrival of the baby-boomers and an increased number of women in the workplace, low petrol prices, and the political and security crisis. From 2000 to 2013 unemployment lessened. In fact, the high price of petrol in this period created a large number of precarious jobs and a drop in demand. From 2014, unemployment increased while the price of petrol fell.This work also studies the marketplace on a local level via 5 communes in wilaya d'Oran. The analysis of the information reveals a strong female participation, almost half of them have tertiary qualifications. That has influenced the total activity which is higher than the national average. Employment is low in the communes with an industrial structure and more important in built-up areas.The study shows that the level of education for first job seekers plays an important role between the employment of men and women: the age of tertiary educated men and women entering their first job is almost equal, where the level of education of men and women is equal or less than the average, women enter the workforce later than men. The study reveals that the level of job-seekers is higher than the national average. The level of unemployment is higher in the labour pool of the communes of wilaya d'Oran
Ben, Yahmed Sarra. "Inégalité entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail, les rôles du commerce international et du secteur informel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1089/document.
Full textThis dissertation consists of three essays on gender wage inequality. The two first chapters explore the impact of international trade on the gender wage gap, while the third chapter deals with the role of the informal sector in shaping the gender wage gap. By integrating the taste-based theory of discrimination and the oligopolistic trade literature, the first chapter shows that international trade can have two opposite effects on the gender wage gap through the channel of competition. The predictions of the models are confirmed by an empirical analysis of gender wage gaps in Uruguay following the Mercosur trade agreement. The second chapter investigates how international trade impacts the gender wage gap at different points of the skill distribution, by incorporating statistical discrimination into a model of trade with heterogeneous firms and workers. The model shows trade integration reduces the gender wage gap among high-skilled workers but reduces the gender wage gap among unskilled workers. The third chapter investigates whether the gender wage gap differs in the formal and the informal segments of the labour market in Brazil. It shows that the higher raw wage gap in the informal sector is an artificial effect of the different sorting of men and women into formal and informal jobs. First, the female advantage in observable productive characteristics is stronger among formal employees. Second, selection into work status differs between men and women. In the informal sector, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is reduced and not significant anymore. In the formal sector, however, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is large and highly significant
Gherbi, Hassiba. "Analyse de l'emploi informel féminin en Algérie : cas de la wilaya de Béjaia." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0101.
Full textThis work focuses on the position of women working in the informal economy. What gives these women the momentum and the courage to work in precarious and poor conditions? What are the distinctive features of the strategies that inspired them transcend their structurally disadvantaged position in the economy? What are the barriers they continue to face in their efforts to fight against society's injustices? To answer these questions, we conducted in 2012 a representative survey with a sample of 1016 households in the wilaya of Bejaia; among 783 women employed, one third exert informal activities. The cross-sectional analysis of the survey highlighted the heterogeneity of women in the informal sector. It appears that it is neither leading nor marginal. We distinguish two groups of informal women, those with subsistence activities and those who can barely meet their basic needs. Multivariate analysis identified different categories (homeworkers: dressmakers, sub-contracting food providers, nurses, hairdressers). Poor education, lack of qualifications, household wealth and the social norms play an important role in the integration of women in the informal labor market. These economic and socio cultural factors support the idea of the existence of an informal sector of survival for women and emphasize their role regarding social reproduction, not accumulation
Nobre, Letícia Coelho da Costa. "Trabalho precário e morte por acidente de trabalho: a outra face da violência e a invisibilidade do trabalho." Programa de pós-graduação em saúde coletiva, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10395.
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Estudo descritivo das mortes por causas externas, ocorridas em 2004, entre homens e mulheres, de 10 a 69 anos de idade, residentes na capital e dois outros municípios da Região Metropolitana de Salvador, com objetivos de determinar a magnitude da participação dos acidentes de trabalho dentre as mortes violentas; avaliar a validade da informação sobre a causa básica de óbitos por acidentes de trabalho, nas declarações de óbitos por causas externas. Realizadas entrevistas domiciliares a familiares das pessoas falecidas, investigando as circunstâncias da morte, as situações de trabalho, as ocupações e demais variáveis sócio-demográficas. A causa básica de óbito foi reconstituída e codificada segundo normas da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10). Foram estudados 648 óbitos por causas externas; 75,3% eram pessoas ocupadas; somente 26,5% tinham um contrato formal de trabalho. Foi estimado um percentual de 19,4% (126) de acidentes de trabalho em atividade lícita e 5,6% (36) em atividade ilícita; 56,8% dos óbitos foram devidos a homicídio; 27,2% acidentes de transporte; 14,2% outros acidentes e 1,9% suicídios. Estimados subregistro das mortes no trabalho (92,6%); sensibilidade (7,14%); especificidade (99,81%); valor preditivo positivo (90,0%); valor preditivo negativo (81,66%); elevado índice de discordância entre as causas básicas de óbito (52,8%), maior entre mulheres (61,4%); em maiores de 30 anos de idade (64,0%) e entre acidentes de transporte (84,7%) e suicídios (82,8%). O estudo demonstrou importante contribuição dos acidentes de trabalho nas mortes por causas externas, com proporções variáveis conforme o tipo de violência e identificou uma sensibilidade muito baixa do sistema oficial de informações sobre mortalidade para identificar as mortes no trabalho.
Salvador
Pick, Bernard. "The scope and extent of home-based business income relative to employment earnings in financing basic household expenditures:a study in the sub-economic housing area of Kleinvlei in the Cape Metropole." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1791.
Full textThe scope and extent of home-based businesses and the determination of the method by which the greater portion of household income is generated, in poor neighbourhoods, is the crux of this study. The study was undertaken among the 2245 households in the Kleinvlei sub-economic housing area located in the Oostenberg municipal substructure within the Cape Metropole. According to the municipal statistics the average income among these households is R75 (Rands 75) per month and the educational level of the population is of a low standard. A random sample of500 households was the basis of the research data. The size, necessity and importance of self-generated (business-derived) income in augmenting primary employment-related (wage-based) earnings is the focus ofthis research study. Declared sources of income are verified by measuring the percentage spent on essential household goods and services. Ancillary objectives are determining the motivation for starting these businesses as well as measuring household wealth (assets) through observations. The significance of this descriptive research is the determination of the relative contribution Of business income and the magnitude of the levels of poverty. It provides the primary data (base information) for policy formulation relating to social and economic development in this sub-economic. The results correlate with findings of national longitudinal studies. The level of job creation through businesses is minimal and the extent of unemployment is much greater than anticipated.
Basak, Zeynep. "Explaining Informalization Via Labor Market Segmentation Theory: Evidence From Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606551/index.pdf.
Full textflexible firm&rdquo
, as well. In order to find an answer to the question of &ldquo
how the dimensions of informality fit into the perception about labor market segmentation theory&rdquo
, the field surveys conducted by different authors are analyzed. The findings of these field surveys confirm a possible explanation of informalization via labor market segmentation theory in Turkey.
Padua, Andreia Aparecida Silva de. "MIGRAÇÃO, EXPANSÃO DEMOGRÁFICA E DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO EM GOIÁS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2008. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2847.
Full textThe present research has the purpose of analyzing the demographic growth of Goias, also approaching the growth of the State economy. It testifies that the Gross Domestic Product, in the last decades, has grown at rates higher than the national average. At the same time, it verifies that the population migration continues in an accelerated rhythm towards the territory of Goias. When the study makes a parallel between the economic growth and the demographic growth, the research concludes that the economic expansion has not been sufficient to expand the regional economically active population. While developing the research, methods of procedure called historical and comparative were used and the modality of research adopted was the bibliographic.
A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o crescimento demográfico de Goiás, abordando juntamente o crescimento da economia de Estado. Constata que o Produto Interno Bruto, nas últimas décadas, tem crescido a taxas superiores a média nacional. Ao mesmo tempo, verifica que a migração populacional continua acelerada para o território goiano. Ao fazer um paralelo entre crescimento econômico e crescimento demográfico, a pesquisa conclui que a expansão econômica não tem sido suficiente à expansão da população economicamente ativa regional. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foram utilizados os métodos de procedimento denominados histórico e comparativo e a modalidade da pesquisa adotada foi a bibliográfica.