Journal articles: 'Informal Recycling Sector Assessment'

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Khan, Inam Ullah, Wasif Ali Waseer, Sami Ullah, and Shakeel Ahmad Khan. "‘Wasteaware’ Indicators: an Assessment of the Current Solid Waste Management System in Lahore, Pakistan." Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v6i2.264.

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The present status of solid waste management reviewed into this article based in Lahore, Pakistan. Following UN-Habitat city profiling with involved systematic quantitative, qualitative assessment, governance features of the present waste management includes in and shows the present system, waste collection, transportation is the main concentration and producing 74,000 tons year-1 of organic compost. Lahore waste management system (LWMC) is low in their target market consulted in decision making (inclusivity) and bad performance (governance features). Formal waste management system having backward of the informal system, which is absolutely inconsistent with current waste management systems. Watchful arranging and organization proposed here to reduce the trouble by integrating informal waste management system into formal waste management system for shared advantages. The integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) indicators used for different levels of income class and LWMC performance in Lahore. Recommendation builds for the public awareness for recycling and to make the integrating informal sector sustainable system and fill the historical data gap.

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Butturi, Maria Angela, Simona Marinelli, Rita Gamberini, and Bianca Rimini. "Ecotoxicity of Plastics from Informal Waste Electric and Electronic Treatment and Recycling." Toxics 8, no. 4 (November 8, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics8040099.

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Plastic materials account for about 20% of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The recycling of this plastic fraction is a complex issue, heavily conditioned by the content of harmful additives, such as brominated flame retardants. Thus, the management and reprocessing of WEEE plastics pose environmental and human health concerns, mainly in developing countries, where informal recycling and disposal are practiced. The objective of this study was twofold. Firstly, it aimed to investigate some of the available options described in the literature for the re-use of WEEE plastic scraps in construction materials, a promising recycling route in the developing countries. Moreover, it presents an evaluation of the impact of these available end-of-life scenarios on the environment by means of the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In order to consider worker health and human and ecological risks, the LCA analysis focuses on ecotoxicity more than on climate change. The LCA evaluation confirmed that the plastic re-use in the construction sector has a lower toxicity impact on the environment and human health than common landfilling and incineration practices. It also shows that the unregulated handling and dismantling activities, as well as the re-use practices, contribute significantly to the impact of WEEE plastic treatments.

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Fischer, Damian, Fatima Seidu, Jennie Yang, Michael K. Felten, Cyryl Garus, Thomas Kraus, Julius N. Fobil, and Andrea Kaifie. "Health Consequences for E-Waste Workers and Bystanders—A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051534.

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Informal e-waste recycling is associated with several health hazards. Thus far, the main focus of research in the e-waste sector has been to assess the exposure site, such as the burden of heavy metals or organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the health consequences associated with informal e-waste recycling. A questionnaire-based assessment regarding occupational information, medical history, and current symptoms and complaints was carried out with a group of n = 84 e-waste workers and compared to a control cohort of n = 94 bystanders at the e-waste recycling site Agbogbloshie. E-waste workers suffered significantly more from work-related injuries, back pain, and red itchy eyes in comparison to the control group. In addition, regular drug use was more common in e-waste workers (25% vs. 6.4%). Both groups showed a noticeable high use of pain killers (all workers 79%). The higher frequency of symptoms in the e-waste group can be explained by the specific recycling tasks, such as burning or dismantling. However, the report also indicates that adverse health effects apply frequently to the control group. Occupational safety trainings and the provision of personal protection equipment are needed for all workers.

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Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Vijayageetha M, Manikandanesan Sakthivel, and Gokul Sarveswaran. "Emerging public health threat of e-waste management: global and Indian perspective." Reviews on Environmental Health 33, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2018-0021.

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Abstract Background Electrical and electronic waste or e-waste is emerging as a major public health threat worldwide because of rapid advances in technology leading to the generation of large amount of wastes and a lack of knowledge in handling of these wastes. Objective The current review discusses the current e-waste problem worldwide, as a public health concern, with a specific focus on India and recommendations to have effective e-waste management. Methods This is a traditional review study. The burden of e-waste, regulations and its impact on health and the environment at the global and country level were identified using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect. Books, case studies, legislation documents, reports, original articles and other documents from international organizations and specific governmental agency websites were retrieved. In total, 33 original articles, reports, case studies and documents were used for this review. Results In 2016, 44.7 million tonnes of e-waste was generated with 2 million tonnes produced in India alone. Out of this, only 20% of the e-waste generated globally was handled properly. The situation is worse in India where more than 90% of the e-waste was handled by informal sector workers. An important problem with the process is that they do not take necessary precautionary measures before handling e-waste. Components which are not suitable for reuse are burnt openly or disposed of through open dumping. Most of the informal sector workers are illiterate making them unaware of the hazardous chemicals that can be released later into the water sources and the environment. Conclusion The current review shows that the e-waste poses a serious global public health threat leading to significant environmental and health risks. Most of the developing countries including India were found to be lagging behind in the implementation of environmentally sound formal recycling processes. Hence, a better life cycle assessment model which have been successfully implemented in other developing countries should be introduced in India.

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Wilson, David C., Adebisi O. Araba, Kaine Chinwah, and Christopher R. Cheeseman. "Building recycling rates through the informal sector." Waste Management 29, no. 2 (February 2009): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.016.

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Salau, Oladipupo, Lalita Sen, Samuel Osho, and Oluwatoyin Adejonwo-Osho. "Empirical Investigation of Formal and Informal Sectors in Waste Recycling of the Municipal Waste Management System of Developing Countries: The Case Study of Lagos State." Journal of Environment and Ecology 7, no. 2 (September 22, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v7i2.10007.

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Municipalities in metropolitan cities of developing countries often find it difficult to cope with the onerous task of providing waste services to their citizens due to financial constraints and poor infrastructure. In most of these cities, waste collection services are grossly inadequate as less than half the population is served with regular and efficient waste services. However, the shortcomings of the formal waste management system are compensated by the activities of the informal sector engaged in waste collection and make significant contributions to the MWMS through material recovery and waste recycling. In view of this, the study focuses on the roles of the formal and informal sector in municipal waste management with regards to their impacts on the recycling rate of Lagos State. In this study, we measured and compared the recycling rates between the formal and informal sectors to determine their impacts on the recycling rates of Lagos State. The study relies on primary field data, site visits and observations backed by secondary sources to investigate the range of informal sector activities in comparison to the formal sector. The findings indicate that, while both sub-sectors play significant roles in the MWMS, the informal recycling activities contribute more to the recycling rate of Lagos state than the formal sector.

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Ogwueleka, Toochukwu Chibueze, and Naveen B P. "Activities of informal recycling sector in North-Central, Nigeria." Energy Nexus 1 (November 2021): 100003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100003.

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Villalba, Luciano. "Recent evolution of the informal recycling sector in Argentina within the ‘popular economy’: Measuring its impact through a case study in Tandil (Buenos Aires)." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, no. 9 (July 7, 2020): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20938437.

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The integration of the informal recycling sector into formal waste management systems is imperative to the implementation of the circular economy in the Global South. In Argentina, after the 2001 crisis, some large cities such as Buenos Aires greatly improved their informal recycling sector integration. In medium-size cities from the rest of the province, this was not the case. However, the formation of a national coalition between different sectors of what is now called the ‘popular economy’ forced the enactment, in the context of a new crisis, of a Social Emergency Law, which includes a Complementary Social Salary equivalent to half the minimum wage, among its main features. In this paper, we recap these recent changes and we use the InteRa framework in a case study to measure how, along with academic and civil society support actions, they influenced the informal recycling sector integration in an intermediate city of Buenos Aires province. Our results show that the inclusion of the informal recycling sector improved rapidly after the availability of the Complementary Social Salary. Nevertheless, we registered a hard-to-overcome stagnation in some indicators of the InteRa framework, related to the weak engagement of the local municipal government with the informal recycling sector. Importantly, the advent of the Complementary Social Salary was not reflected in any indicator because there is no specific action related to this aspect in the InteRa framework. This may give an insight into future methodology improvement.

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Liu, Huihui, Xiaolin Wu, Desheng Dou, Xu Tang, and G. Leong. "Determining Recycling Fees and Subsidies in China’s WEEE Disposal Fund with Formal and Informal Sectors." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10092979.

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At present, most of China’s waste electrical and electronic equipment (hereafter referred to as WEEE) flow into the informal recycling sector, which has no official disassembly certification. To regulate the WEEE recycling industry, the policy of the WEEE disposal fund has been implemented to levy recycling fees from producers and subsidize the formal recycling sector. This paper aims to solve the challenging problem of how to optimize recycling fees and subsidies. We first study the competition between the formal and informal sectors, and construct the game models of the dismantling and refurbishing processes. Based on the equilibrium outcomes, we then examine the impact of the disposal fund on producers, as well as the formal and informal recycling sectors. With the goal of maximizing social welfare and maintaining a balanced budget for the disposal fund, we study the optimal recycling fee levied on producers and the corresponding subsidy provided to the formal sector. Social welfare is a function of producer and formal-recycler profits, consumer surplus, and the negative externality caused by informal dismantling and refurbishing, such as environmental pollution and safety problems. Results show that the use of subsidy can increase the acquisition quantity of used products in the formal sector, but the increase will slow down with higher subsidy. If the recycling fee that producers are charged is small, social welfare will be improved. In addition, as the fee is increased, social welfare will rise first and then fall. As such, any excessive increase in recycling fees should be avoided.

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Warmadewanthi, IDAA, Dwi Wulandari, Mokhamad Nur Cahyadi, Ellina Sitepu Pandebesie, Maria Anityasari, Ni Made Utami Dwipayanti, I. Gede Herry Purnama, and Ainul Firdatun Nisaa. "Socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on waste bank closed-loop system in Surabaya, Indonesia." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 8 (May 8, 2021): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211017986.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused most waste recycling activities to be terminated due to several factors, such as concerns about the spread of coronavirus through the collected solid waste. This study investigates the socio-economic impact of the situation of the closed-loop system of solid waste recycling. Several recommendations for tackling this problem are presented in this research. Primary data collection for the waste bank and informal recycling sector was carried out in the eastern part of Surabaya during large-scale social restrictions. In-depth interviews were conducted with waste bank customers, waste bank unit representatives and the informal recycling sector to understand the pandemic’s socio-economic impact on the closed-loop system. Results show that this pandemic has significant impacts on individuals and stakeholders engaged in waste recycling activities. Customers of waste banks, who mostly belong to low-income communities, mentioned that the waste bank closure gave rise to social and economic problems, such as increasing unmanaged solid waste and decreasing income. This result also applied to the informal recycling sector. The government can use the recommendations in this study to generate related policies, such as enforcing the health protocol within solid waste management to keep the recycling system in place and the business alive.

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Steuer, Benjamin, Roland Ramusch, and Stefan Petrus Salhofer. "Can Beijing’s informal waste recycling sector survive amidst worsening circumstances?" Resources, Conservation and Recycling 128 (January 2018): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.026.

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Goldstein, Joshua. "A Pyrrhic Victory? The Limits to the Successful Crackdown on Informal-Sector Plastics Recycling in Wenan County, China." Modern China 43, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 3–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0097700416645882.

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Wenan county in Hebei province was “North China’s plastic waste recycling capital,” home to around ten thousand informal enterprises that together processed millions of tons of waste plastic annually until they were finally shut down in 2011. Based on fieldwork in North China’s informal recycling sector and data from gazetteers, government documents, news articles, and Chinese blogs, this article sketches how the informal waste sector developed in Wenan since the 1980s and analyzes how local government approaches to the sector changed as the devastating pollution and health effects of the industry became increasingly apparent. While the 2011 crackdown finally eliminated the sector from Wenan county, it predictably resulted in scattering these polluting enterprises throughout the region to work in more covert conditions, contributing to a “race to the bottom” dynamic in the sector. The conclusion proposes an alternative policy approach to the problem and briefly evaluates a national-scale initiative against the sector being planned for 2016.

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Yohannessen, Karla, Daniela Pinto-Galleguillos, Denisse Parra-Giordano, Amaranta Agost, Macarena Valdés, Lauren M. Smith, Katherine Galen, et al. "Health Assessment of Electronic Waste Workers in Chile: Participant Characterization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030386.

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Little research has been done to evaluate the occupational health of electronic waste (e-waste) recycling workers in Latin America. The objective of this study was to complete comprehensive health evaluations on e-waste recycling workers in Chile and to compare those that work in informal (i.e., independent) to those that work in formal (i.e., established company) settings. A cross-sectional study in the summer of 2017 recruited 78 informal recycling workers from two cities and 15 formal e-waste recycling workers from a single recycling facility to assess exposures and health outcomes. Participants completed a health questionnaire and underwent a full health assessment. Herein, only health questionnaire data are reported. Participants were primarily male, middle-aged, married with children, and had worked in e-waste recycling for an average of 12 years. Participants generally reported good health status, and their prevalence of chronic diseases was comparable to national rates. Workers frequently reported exposures to several occupational stressors, including noise and insufficient income, as well as other mental health stressors. Occupational injuries were commonly reported and use of safety equipment was low. Only a few significant differences, generally of a rather small magnitude, were found between informal and formal workers. In conclusion, from survey data, we did not identify major risks to health among e-waste workers, and only minor differences between workers in informal and formal settings.

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Ezeah, Chukwunonye, Jak A. Fazakerley, and Clive L. Roberts. "Emerging trends in informal sector recycling in developing and transition countries." Waste Management 33, no. 11 (November 2013): 2509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.06.020.

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Wilson, David C., Costas Velis, and Chris Cheeseman. "Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries." Habitat International 30, no. 4 (December 2006): 797–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.005.

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Yang, Hong, Mingguo Ma, Julian R. Thompson, and Roger J. Flower. "Waste management, informal recycling, environmental pollution and public health." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 3 (December 8, 2017): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208597.

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With rapid population growth, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, the generation of waste is increasing at an unprecedented rate. For example, annual global waste arising from waste electrical and electronic equipment alone will have increased from 33.8 to 49.8 million tonnes between 2010 and 2018. Despite incineration and other waste treatment techniques, landfill still dominates waste disposal in low-income and middle-income countries. There is usually insufficient funding for adequate waste management in these countries and uptake of more advanced waste treatment technologies is poor. Without proper management, many landfills represent serious hazards as typified by the landslide in Shenzhen, China on 20 December 2015. In addition to formal waste recycling systems, approximately 15million people around the world are involved in informal waste recycling, mainly for plastics, metals, glass and paper. This review examines emerging public health challenges, in particular within low-income and middle-income countries, associated with the informal sector. While informal recyclers contribute to waste recycling and reuse, the relatively primitive techniques they employ, combined with improper management of secondary pollutants, exacerbate environmental pollution of air, soil and water. Even worse, insufficient occupational health measures expose informal waste workers to a range of pollutants, injuries, respiratory and dermatological problems, infections and other serious health issues that contribute to low life expectancy. Integration of the informal sector with its formal counterparts could improve waste management while addressing these serious health and livelihood issues. Progress in this direction has already been made notably in several Latin American countries where integrating the informal and formal sectors has had a positive influence on both waste management and poverty alleviation.

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Chaturvedi, Bharati. "Waste-handlers and recycling in urban India: Policy, perception and the law." Social Change 33, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570303300304.

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All recycling in India is undertaken by (and via) the informal sector. This sector includes waste-pickers, small middlemen, transporters, larger middlemen and Anally, reprocessors. These self-employed people play a very important role in urban waste management as they provide a service which the urban municipalities cannot provide given their current institutional framework. Although the sector of informal waste managers is critical to solid waste-handling in India, the sector is unable to optimise its work due to lack of social legitimacy or legal rights over waste-processing, which makes it vulnerable to intimidation. Additionally, due to lack of awareness and specific skills, as well as very poor working conditions and poor access to basic facilities, this sector has so far been unable to make its recycling efficient and profitable. With certain changes in the policies relating to recycling and ownership of waste, there can be a synergetic relationship between the recycling sector, the existing relevant laws, and waste-handling in India that can significantly improve the efficiency of the sector and enhance financial returns to the waste-pickers and reprocessors. Such policy changes as provision of legal rights over solid waste to waste-pickers and organisation of waste-pickers into cooperative groups, can further the interests of these marginalised groups and maximise their profits, in addition to substantially improving solid waste management in the city.

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Steuer, Benjamin, Roland Ramusch, and Stefan Salhofer. "IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE INFORMAL RECYCLING SECTOR IN URBAN CHINA?" Detritus In Press (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13725.

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Chi, Xinwen, Martin Streicher-Porte, Mark Y. L. Wang, and Markus A. Reuter. "Informal electronic waste recycling: A sector review with special focus on China." Waste Management 31, no. 4 (April 2011): 731–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.006.

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Xue, Yanyan, Zongguo Wen, Hans Bressers, and Ning Ai. "Can intelligent collection integrate informal sector for urban resource recycling in China?" Journal of Cleaner Production 208 (January 2019): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.155.

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Zhang, Yajian, and Willie Tan. "Demolition waste recycling in China: New evidence from a demolition project for highway development." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 6 (February 20, 2020): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20904440.

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China’s rapid urbanization has led to rising construction and demolition waste (C&DW) amid a quoted recycling rate of only about 10%. Previous studies on C&DW recycling in China have focused on lack of awareness, weak regulation, limited markets for recycled products, and immature recycling technology. This paper investigates the recycling rate of demolition waste (DW) through a case study of the demolition process in a highway project in Taixing, Jiangsu Province, and data collected through analyses of past documents, field observations, and interviews with key stakeholders to provide contrary evidence that the recycling rate is much higher than reported. The reason for the discrepancy is that the reported recycling rate did not include the efforts of a myriad of relocated residents, small construction businesses, informal recycling establishments, developers, and road construction contractors. Proper estimation of the DW recycling rate in China should consider these efforts, especially from the informal sector.

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Miranda, Isabella Tamine Parra, Reginaldo Fidelis, Dayanne Aline de Souza Fidelis, Luiz Alberto Pilatti, and Claudia Tania Picinin. "The Integration of Recycling Cooperatives in the Formal Management of Municipal Solid Waste as a Strategy for the Circular Economy—The Case of Londrina, Brazil." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410513.

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In many developing countries, the informal recycling sector is responsible for reducing the amount of waste in landfills and supplying the needs of recycling industries. In the context of municipal solid waste (MSW) management, considering that developing countries aim to implement circular economy (CE) actions, it is essential to ensure the inclusion of waste pickers (catadores) in an adapted CE structure. This study analyzes the integration of recycling cooperatives in the formal management of municipal solid waste with recyclable potential (MSWRP) of a medium-sized municipality in Brazil, with the objective of ascertaining the contributions of cooperatives in an adapted CE structure and, at the same time, identifying a cooperative that can be used as a benchmarking option for other cooperatives, especially in relation to their organizational and operational practices. The results indicate that from this integration, cooperatives have legal responsibility in the management of MSWRP, resulting in the professionalization of its members and increasing their productivity. The results also revealed that the implementation of the CE in developing countries is, in a sense, conditioned to the performance of the informal sector in the recycling chain and, in addition, that the inclusion of cooperatives in the formal sector of MSWRP management can improve the rates of a municipality.

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Oduro-Appiah, Kwaku, Abraham Afful, Victor Neequaye Kotey, and Nanne De Vries. "Working with the Informal Service Chain as a Locally Appropriate Strategy for Sustainable Modernization of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Lower-Middle Income Cities: Lessons from Accra, Ghana." Resources 8, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010012.

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Twenty years of formal private sector participation in solid waste management in Ghana has failed to deliver an increase in collection coverage and recycling rates. This article shares lessons and experiences from Accra, Ghana, a middle-income city where researchers and municipal solid waste managers have collaborated to modernize the municipal solid waste management system by working together to develop a locally appropriate response to the informal waste service sector. Stakeholders have used inclusive decision-making and participatory research methods to bring formal service providers to work in partnership with their informal counterparts to improve collection and recycling. The Wasteaware benchmark indicator framework has been used to assess and compare the improvements in the physical and governance aspects of the municipal solid waste management system, supplemented by statistical analysis of responses to a survey on the socio-economic contribution of the informal service providers in the city. Within two years of their inclusion, the number of informal service providers has increased by 71 percent, from 350 to 600, creating new livelihoods and contributing to poverty reduction. The informal service providers have been able to increase collection coverage from 75% to 90%, waste capture from 53% to 90%, and recycling rates from 5% to 18%, saving the municipality US$5,460,000.00 in annual operational costs. The results have influenced the decision-makers to move towards structural integration of the informal service providers into the formal waste service system. The shift towards practical, locally responsive interventions in Accra provides a positive example of sustainable waste management modernization, and key lessons for cities in similar economies.

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Nastiti, Anindrya, Indrawan Prabaharyaka, Dwina Roosmini, and Tresna Dermawan Kunaefi. "Pre-Assessment: Health-Associated Cost of Urban Informal Industrial Sector." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 2, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v2i4.208.

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Marginalised urban migrants thrive in informal economies, where health and safety are often neglected. Findings on previous studies have listed several informal characteristics; occupational injuries and diseases in informal setting; and components of health expenditure. This paper attempts to assess the health-associated cost in an informal industry through a questionnaire containing basic information of the respondent and household members, as well as economic and occupational assessments. The challenges that must be addressed include the different types of jobs surveyed, target population, biases from occupational/non-occupational cost and household/individual expenditure, and the validation method. This paper serves as a policy-tool reference to improve the well-being of informal workers by improving the nationwide workforce survey. Keywords: informal sector; health expenditure eISSN 2514-7528 © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK . This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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Linzner, Roland, and Stefan Salhofer. "Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance of informal sector in urban China." Waste Management & Research 32, no. 9 (August 8, 2014): 896–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x14543555.

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Velis, Costas. "Waste pickers in Global South: Informal recycling sector in a circular economy era." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 4 (April 2017): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17702024.

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Silva de Souza Lima, Nathalia, and Sandro Donnini Mancini. "Integration of informal recycling sector in Brazil and the case of Sorocaba City." Waste Management & Research 35, no. 7 (June 3, 2017): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17708050.

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Ogando, Ana Carolina, Sally Roever, and Michael Rogan. "Gender and informal livelihoods." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 435–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2016-0077.

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Purpose This paper explores the perceptions and experiences of women and men who work as informal waste collectors in four different cities. The purpose of this paper is to map out how and to what extent occupational, political-legal, economic and social dynamics are experienced differently by gender in a highly vulnerable segment of the urban informal economy, and explore gender differences in these workers’ coping strategies and the levels of action they develop to protect their livelihoods. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on a mixed methods study which combined a quantitative survey of informal workers with a qualitative participatory methodology. Study participants were drawn from a purposive sample of informal workers who belong to, or are affiliated with, membership-based workers’ organisations. The sample consists of waste pickers (n=614) from Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Bogotá, Colombia; Durban, South Africa; and Nakuru, Kenya. Findings The data show that despite significant differences between women and men upon entry into (informal) employment, their perceptions of key drivers and impacts are largely similar, with the exception of concerns around various types of physical security among women. They also indicate that levels of action among men and women waste pickers are only moderately influenced by gender, but are strongly influenced by the degree of organisation in the sector and the symbolic assets held by workers. The findings also illustrate the way in which gendered power dynamics operate within the informal recycling sector and how different levels of sector organisation and development often contribute to opportunities for collective action and, in turn, a reduction in gendered vulnerabilities. Originality/value The study offers a new policy angle which connects the level of sector organisation and development with the levels of action taken by informal workers in adapting to different types of shocks, as well as what this means in terms of gender empowerment.

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Samadikun, Budi Prasetyo, Arya Rezagama, Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan, Pertiwi Andarani, and Erina Dwi Rumanti. "Understanding Informal Actors Of Plastic Waste Recycling In Semarang City." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 18, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.18.1.162-170.

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ABSTRAKKegiatan daur ulang sampah di Kota Semarang dapat dilakukan dengan cukup baik berkat campur tangan dari sektor informal. Sayangnya, kegiatan pengelolaan sampah formal tidak mempertimbangkan nilai pemulihan sampah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aliran sampah plastik di sektor informal di Kota Semarang. Peneliti menggunakan wawancara mendalam untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada 46 agen daur ulang, termasuk lima (5) pemulung, 17 pengepul 20 perusahaan skala kecil, tiga (3) perusahaan skala besar, dan 1 perantara (pabrik penggilingan plastik) yang telah diwawancarai. Data dari Badan Lingkungan Hidup Kota Semarang digunakan sebagai data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sampah plastik yang dihasilkan oleh masing-masing agen daur ulang diperkirakan 23,98 kg/ hari di tingkat pemulung, 54,74 kg/ hari di tingkat pengepul, 347,48 kg / hari di tingkat perusahaan skala kecil, 1.735,3 kg / hari di tingkat perusahaan skala besar, dan 2.160 kg / hari di tingkat perantara. Produsen bijih plastik daur ulang berlokasi di luar Kota Semarang, sedangkan bank sampah berbasis masyarakat adalah bagian dari pengelolaan sampah berbasis masyarakat yang tidak mencari keuntungan. Oleh karena itu, tidak dibahas secara mendalam di penelitian ini.Kata kunci: sampah plastik, aliran sampah, agen daur ulangABSTRACTWaste recycling activities in Semarang City can be conducted quite well due to the interference of the informal sector. Unfortunately, the formal waste management activities do not consider the utilization of waste recovery value. This study aims to identify the flow of plastic waste in the informal sector in Semarang City. We used in-depth interviews to collect data. There are 46 recycling agents, including five (5) scavengers, 17 scrap dealers, 20 small scale enterprises, three (3) large scale enterprises, and 1 intermediate (plastic grinding mill) that has been interviewed. Data from The Environment Agency of Semarang City obtained as secondary data. The results showed that the amount of plastic waste generated by each recycling agent was estimated at 23.98 kg/day at the scavenger level, 54.74 kg/day at the scrap dealer level, 347.48 kg/day at the small scale enterprise level, 1,735.3 kg / day days at large scale enterprise level, and 2,160 kg/day at the level of plastic waste intermediates. Recycled plastic ore producers are located outside Semarang City, whereas the community-based waste bank is part of community based solid waste management that is not looking for profit. Hence, it is not discussed in depth in this study.Keywords: plastic waste, waste flow, recycling agent

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Jaligot, Remi, David C. Wilson, Christopher R. Cheeseman, Berti Shaker, and Joachim Stretz. "Applying value chain analysis to informal sector recycling: A case study of the Zabaleen." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 114 (November 2016): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.07.006.

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Coelho, Taiane Ritta, Marcia Regina Martelozo Cassitas Hino, and Samara Machry Oliveira Vahldick. "The use of ICT in the informal recycling sector: The Brazilian case of Relix." Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries 85, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): e12078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/isd2.12078.

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Lee, Jaehong, Hans Han, Jong-Yoon Park, and David Lee. "Urban Informatics in Sustainable Waste Management: A Spatial Analysis of Korea’s Informal Recycling Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 3076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063076.

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Large-scale informal recycling networks often emerge among developing economies in response to the challenges of modern urban waste accumulation. South Korea, despite its highly industrialized, developed economy, still maintains an extensive informal recycling sector made up of networks of local junk shops and individual waste pickers. As cities’ large data sources have become more widely available, the use of urban informatics in sustainable smart waste management has become more widespread. In this paper, we use geographic information system (GIS) analysis in order to uncover patterns within Korea’s informal recycling system, looking at the relationship between population demographics, waste levels, and urban planning with the prevalence of junk shops across Korea. We then interviewed junk shop owners, urban planning researchers, and government officials in order to better understand the factors that led to the coexistence of the country’s informal and formal systems of waste management and how junk shops have changed their operations over time in response to recent developments in cities’ urban fabrics. We conclude by giving suggestions for how the usage of urban informatics could increase the efficiency and sustainability of the country’s waste management systems, while also discussing the possible pitfalls of using such existing datasets for future policy decisions.

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Wang, Kun, Junxi Qian, and Lixiong Liu. "Understanding Environmental Pollutions of Informal E-Waste Clustering in Global South via Multi-Scalar Regulatory Frameworks: A Case Study of Guiyu Town, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 2802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082802.

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The recycling of e-waste by the informal sector has brought countries in the Global South raw materials (e.g. metals and plastics), second-hand electronic equipment and components, and economic opportunities in conjunction with appalling environmental pollutions and health problems. Despite the longstanding international and national legislation regulating transnational trade and domestic recycling, informal e-waste economies are still clustering in many Global South countries. This study offers historically and geographically specific explanations of this conundrum, by interrogating the multi-scalar regulatory frameworks in which the informal e-waste economies and their pollutions are embedded, by drawing on China, particularly the former global e-waste hub-Guiyu town, as the case study. We argue that the contested and problematic application of current international and national legislation in regulating e-waste is in part pertaining to the slippery definition of what counts as “e-waste” and its paradoxical nature as both resources and pollutants. At the global scale, trajectories of global e-waste flows are shaped by the multitude of loopholes, contradictions and ambiguous articles left by the Basel Convention and by different countries’ disparate attitudes towards the e-waste trade. At the national scale, the ambiguities and contradictions in the Basel Convention have been passed on to and shaped China’s national e-waste regulatory frameworks. China’s equivocal legislation, paradoxical attitude, and formal enterprises’ weak competence contribute to the rise of informal e-waste recycling in Guiyu. Yet, China’s e-waste regime has been greatly restructured within the past decade, with formal recycling enterprises playing an increasingly significant role.

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Matsongoni, Herrison, and Emmanuel Mutambara. "An assessment of informal SMEs’ potential in an African economy – theoretical and conceptual framework." Public and Municipal Finance 7, no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.07(2).2018.01.

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Informal Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in their respective economies over the world particularly in the African continent. This paper reviews various theories on SMEs towards understanding the potential of the informal sector in the context of African countries. The paper uses a theoretical approach for the purpose of assessing the challenges that have affected the development of the informal SMEs sector over the years in both the developing and developed world. Economically developing countries in Africa pose unique challenges to informal SMEs development compared to the developed countries. The paper reviews the theories that define the rise to informality in Africa by identifying the key determinants for the emergence of informal SMEs. A conceptual framework for assessing informal SME’s potential for Africa is developed. The conceptual framework is based on the Fishbone diagram developed by Kaoru Ishikawa (1986). This paper discusses the intricacies of the applicability of the proposed conceptual framework to assess the potential of the informal SMEs in Africa and the way forward for the formalization debate.

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Borthakur, Anwesha, and Pardeep Singh. "Researches on informal E-waste recycling sector: It’s time for a ‘Lab to Land’ approach." Journal of Hazardous Materials 323 (February 2017): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.087.

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Gupt, Yamini. "Economic instruments and the efficient recycling of batteries in Delhi and the National Capital Region of India." Environment and Development Economics 20, no. 2 (May 20, 2014): 236–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x14000382.

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AbstractLead acid batteries generate hazardous lead waste with environmental and health implications. The deposit refund system for recycling in Delhi provides a discount to consumers on purchasing new batteries and returning used batteries to retailers for recycling. The retailers determine whether batteries are recycled in an environmentally friendly or unfriendly manner by selling them to manufacturers or to unorganized scrap dealers who then sell to unregistered smelters. This study finds that the economic instrument that brings used batteries into recycling works well. Organized recycling is limited, since retailers prefer selling used batteries to the informal sector because of higher prices, lower storage costs and taxes. In addition, we consider policy instruments like a green tax on batteries with a refund when the manufacturer ensures environment-friendly recycling and fiscal incentives to organized smelters to increase production.

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Nastiti, Anindrya, Indrawan Prabaharyaka, Dwina Roosmini, and Tresna Dermawan Kunaefi. "Health-associated Cost of Urban Informal Industrial Sector: An Assessment Tool." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 (2012): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.013.

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Rivera-Huerta, René. "Rational agent-based understanding of the informal sector: A critical assessment." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 6, no. 3 (May 4, 2014): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2014.940166.

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Bermudez, Juliette F., Ana M. Montoya-Ruiz, and Juan F. Saldarriaga. "Assessment of the Current Situation of Informal Recyclers and Recycling: Case Study Bogotá." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 6342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226342.

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The contribution of recyclers to the environment and the local economy is not recognized and they are not remunerated for the service they provide to the city. It is well known that informal collection contributes to the recycling of resources in a positive way, but it is also associated with several environmental, health, and social problems. In Colombia, these recyclers work informally. In 2016, Decree 596 was issued, which regulates the utilization of the public cleaning service and the transitory regime for the formalization of informal recyclers. The objective of this work is to evaluate the social and technical impact of recycling in the city of Bogotá three years after the regulations were issued. A study was carried out in order to study how recyclers have been affected by the new regulations after three years of validity as well as understand their perceptions of the evolution of recycling in the city. The study consisted of a series of surveys of recyclers from a statistical sample with 0.05 error that applied a mixed approach. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were included. This analysis was done in order to mix statistical results with deep analysis. The survey indicated that a low percentage of users (good 28%) performed good processes of separation at the source, which lowers the recovery of materials and prevents the potential use of many others. Likewise, it was evidenced that for a material to be sold or commercialized it depends significantly on the separation at the source. In addition, according to the perception of the respondents, society tends to discriminate against them, which leads to the conclusion that discrimination still exists between both the government and society. Finally, the current legislation has not been effective in its implementation and court declarations regarding recyclers as people with inherent rights have not yet been applied in Colombia.

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Andrianisa, Harinaivo A., Fanilo M. Randriatsiferana, Serge L. Rakotoson, and Fanja Rakotoaritera. "Socio-economic integration of the informal recycling sector through an NGO intervention at the Andralanitra dumpsite in Antananarivo, Madagascar." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 1 (November 16, 2017): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17739971.

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The social status improvement and the degree of integration of the informal recycling sector, by using InteRa, made by the AKAMASOA association interventions at the Andralanitra dumpsite (Antananarivo, Madagascar) was assessed. 20% of the workers from the three activities at the site were interviewed: 325 scavengers, 12 compost producers and three soap manufacturers. It was found that the incomes of Andralanitra workers are relatively low compared to that of people working in the same field in other countries (30–60 USD/month). However, with the social support from AKAMASOA, their living conditions were greatly improved, allowing them to own their house, have access to water and sanitation facilities and send their children to school or subscribe to health insurance and bank savings. Though they do not experience the common socio-economic issues faced by informal workers at dumpsites and their works are highly appreciated by the solid waste management (SWM) stakeholders, there is no official planned intervention to formalise their situation. Thus, InteRa has shown low scores in SWM and organisational interfaces and high scores in materials/value chain and social interfaces. AKAMASOA actions are good examples of successful NGO interventions to improve the dumpsites’ informal recycling social status. The findings suggest that full integration into the SWM system should be supported by municipalities through the setting of policy and regulations on the access to dumpsites and the exploitation of the wastes.

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Russo, Sofia, Alicia Valero, Antonio Valero, and Marta Iglesias-Émbil. "Exergy-Based Assessment of Polymers Production and Recycling: An Application to the Automotive Sector." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020363.

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In the last century, the economic growth has been accompanied by a worldwide diffusion of polymers for multiple applications. However, there is a growing attention to the environmental pollution and energy consumption linked to the unconditional use of plastic. In the present work, exergy is used as a measure of the resource consumption during the life cycle of polymers. Nine commercially diffused polymers are chosen, and their production chains are identified according to the “grave to cradle” approach. The global Embodied Exergy (EE) is calculated as the sum of the contribution of each step of the chain, including the production process and the Exergy Replacement Cost (ERC) of the fossil fuel. Then, recycling routes and the associated exergy consumption are analysed. Thermodynamic recycling indexes are developed depending on the final product, namely the crude polymeric material and the oil derivatives or structural molecules. The main results show that some commonly used polymers have a considerable impact in terms of EE (e.g., PET). Recycling indexes encourage the recycling processes, which are always energetically convenient (from 10% to 60% of exergy savings) compared with the production from virgin raw material. Results from EE calculation are used for the thermodynamic assessment of the plastic content of vehicle components, to obtain useful information for recycling practices development.

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Meyer, Günter. "Waste-recycling as a livelihood in the informal sector. The example of refuse collectors in Cairo." Égypte/Monde arabe, no. 19 (January 1, 2019): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ema.4576.

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Tarupiwa, Tafadzwa Telmore. "The Analysis of Zimbabwe`s informal Sector`s Economic Sustainability Subject to Lockdown Effects." iRASD Journal of Economics 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2020.0101.0015.

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Zimbabwe`s economic society had been dominated by the informal sector as the main source and substitute for formal employment. It comprises of vendors, crosses border traders, cottage industries, artisanal miners and many others conducting lawful but unregistered economic activities. Given it being seen as a new normal for Zimbabwe`s economic structure, the 2020 national lockdown necessitated the analysis on the economic sustainability of Zimbabwe`s informal sector given the hardship experienced. Applying extensive literature review, content analysis and critical assessment of theory and practice as the methodology, the informal sector is deemed highly unsustainable economically. This paper proposes a total restructuring of Zimbabwe`s sector structure, through the creation of a total development strategy that enables refocusing government expenditure and policy towards realignment of informal structure to formal. Furthermore, this paper advocate for a balanced development strategy, that incorporates all sectors which accelerate growth and a stable formal sector through technological innovations and modernisation such that there is technology transfer to the informal sector, as opposed to arbitraging and vending activities as they are prone to stagnation and vulnerability.

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Kituku, Wambua, Collins Odote, Charles Okidi, and Patricia Kameri-Mbote. "Entrenching Waste Hierarchy for Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kenya." Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy (The) 11, no. 2 (March 18, 2021): 300–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jsdlp.v11i2.2.

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Prioritizing waste prevention, reuse, recycling and recovery of materials and energy over disposal through landfilling, offers the waste hierarchy approach (WHA) a sustainable pathway to the management of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and realization of a circular economy. The concept is now part of the legal framework in some developing countries and its implementation has been credited for addressing waste problems linked to high rates of economic growth and urbanization. Even though Africa Vision 2063 prioritizes improvements in urban waste recycling in the continent, much of the MSW generated on the continent is disposed through landfilling evidencing weak adoption of the WHA. This article contends that because WHA is not adequately incorporated in the current legal framework at national and sub-national levels of government, Kenya is unlikely to achieve a circular economy approach necessary for realizing sustainable waste management. Operationalization of the WHA is impeded by inadequate financing, weak institutional coordination, gaps in private sector and informal actors’ engagement and risks associated with investments in large-scale waste recovery initiatives. It is therefore necessary for Kenya to elaborate the WHA in its legal framework at both national and county level, while ensuring adequate financing, involvement of informal actors, incentivization of private sector and adoption of waste planning procedures.

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Utit, Chakrin, Anitha Rosland, M. Yusof Saari, and Muhammad Daaniyall Abd Rahman. "From Waste to Wealth: Identifying the Economic Impact of the Recycling Sector in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies 58, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjes.vol58no1.7.

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This paper assesses the economic impact of the recycling sector in Malaysia to gauge its potential for strengthening green-based economic growth in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study employs a comparative impact assessment to analyse the input-output multiplier and linkages using the national input-output tables for 2005, 2010 and 2015. Our results indicate that the recycling sector has high potential to transform waste to wealth from which its value-added multiplier is sufficiently high and is also reinforced with high spillover effects. The recycling sector is identified as a strategic sector, where approximately 70% of its products are embodied in intermediate demand. This sector conforms to circular economy practices as other sectors in the economy are utilising recyclables for remanufacturing purposes. The value-added footprint level of the recycling sector also shows an increasing trend that implies its growing importance in supporting the growth of other production sectors in the economy. At the sectoral level, most of the recyclables are utilised by the Wholesale and Retail Trade sector. Hence, our work emphasises the importance of prioritising the recycling sector in development plans, as well as improving and strengthening the backward linkages between the recycling sector with other production sectors.

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Ogunseye, Nathaniel O., Bashir O. Odufuwa, Muhydeen A. Owolabi, and Idris O. Tella. "Solid Waste Recycling: A Severe Problem in Nigeria." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 442–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2020.442.

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Solid waste management is a disturbing issue in Nigerian cities as waste generation is increasing. The informal waste management sector has intensified efforts partly due to failure of government to manage waste effectively in the country. Hence, this study focuses on activities of waste recyclers in a rapidly growing city of Nigeria Ota in Ogun State. Its specific objectives are to examine spatial attributes of recycling depots, and examine recycling potentials and challenges. Data were obtained through semi-structured interview and observation. 11 recycling depot operators (recyclers) were purposively interviewed out of 20 operators making up the Recyclers Association. Majority of recycling depots are secured on a lease agreement with monthly rent ranging from N4,000 (US$11.11) to N21,667 (US$60.19). 72.7% recyclers are motivated by job opportunities made possible by recycling: 65% of recycling workers at the recymonthly salary is between N4,500 (US$12.50) and N15,000 (US$41.67). Major challenges of recyclers are lack of funds, complaint by neighbors and non-recognition by the government. Recycling depots are not regulated by government agencies and thus, recycling depots develop without planning permits. Finally, recommendations toward achieving sustainable recycling were presented.

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Karasov, O., and I. Chervanyov. "INTANGIBLE NATURE USE: «INFORMAL SECTOR» IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES." Ukrainian Geographical Journal, no. 2 (2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2021.02.050.

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The goal was to substantiate the concept of intangible nature use and review the methodological approaches to quantitative assessment of intangible natural resources. We reviewed a state-of-the-art body of knowledge in environmental protection and transformation of economic policy responding to the sustainable development goals. In this paper, we generalised a large research direction regarding relational values of nature – intangible nature use. This research direction has been increasingly recognised within the natural resources frameworks, as evident from the experience of intergovernmental (IPBES) and national initiatives, and a recent shift of global GDP’s structure towards intangible components. Such a research direction is fruitful in the context of reprioritisation of values of nature of industrial era towards informational industries to resolve the contradictions between the potentially endless economic growth (based on instrumental values of nature) and nature protection activities. For the first time, we demonstrate how the international academic community (using diverse terminology and methodological frameworks, and often indirectly), gradually constitutes a new research domain on intangible nature use. We also highlight the prospects for decision-making and implementation of sustainable development practises in Ukraine.

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de Bercegol, Rémi, Jérémie Cavé, and Arch Nguyen Thai Huyen. "Waste Municipal Service and Informal Recycling Sector in Fast-Growing Asian Cities: Co-Existence, Opposition or Integration?" Resources 6, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources6040070.

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Matter, Anne, Martin Dietschi, and Christian Zurbrügg. "Improving the informal recycling sector through segregation of waste in the household – The case of Dhaka Bangladesh." Habitat International 38 (April 2013): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.06.001.

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Mashau, Pfano, and Jennifer Houghton. "The potential for reducing youth unemployment through informal business development in the eThekwini municipality, KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 596–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c5_p4.

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Youth unemployment is a problem that requires different diagnoses from different stakeholders, and informal business is important for local economic development. However, the youth are not much involved in the informal sector. Youth involvement in the informal sector will help address youth unemployment. This article aims to evaluate the impact of informal business development on reducing youth unemployment in the eThekwini Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Through in-depth interviews with eThekwini Municipality officials, business support organisations and unemployed youth, assessment of supporting documents and site visits, enough data were collected to support the notion that informal business development can work to address unemployment in the municipality. The findings showed that the informal economy does not have a significant impact on completely mitigating the unemployment problem in the municipality. However, the sector is very important for economic growth and development, as well as job creation, which will begin to alleviate the unemployment problem. Thus both the formal and informal sectors of the economy need to be examined as potentially providing the first steps to achieving the long-term employment goals for the eThekwini Municipality.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Informal Recycling Sector Assessment'

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