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Ozoemena, Idoko Cordelia, Ohabuenyi Jonas, and Ozor Adanne Chioma. "Trade Openness and the Development of Informal Economy in Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Social Sciences Research, no. 73 (August 9, 2021): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.73.126.134.
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This study examines the neoliberal thesis which contends that trade openness could support the economic recuperation and development of the peripheral states. Particularly, it reviews the current trade regimes in Nigeria with a view to understanding how they impacted the livelihood of informal economy operators in Enugu state. The study argues that the dismantling of Nigeria’s territorial borders through various trade policies of government negates the development of the informal economy in Enugu state by stifling the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMES) and leading to a general decline in the income and wellbeing of small scale business operators. It notes that trade openness is a ploy by the western capitalist states to perpetuate their dominance in the international political economy to the detriment of peripheral states, whose productive forces are still at a rudimentary stage. The theoretical foundation of the study was situated within the prismatic compass of Dependency theory while triangulation of data, involving review of official documents and other relevant literature as well as the use of questionnaire was deployed in this study. From the findings, the study recommends that Nigeria should reappraise its trade policies to stimulate the development of the informal sector and enhance the wellbeing of the indigenous entrepreneurs.
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TELLA, S. A. "The Consumption Function and Informal Sector Credit in Nigeria." South African Journal of Economics 66, no. 4 (December 1998): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1998.tb01266.x.
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SOLOMON, OFFIONG HELEN. "ACCOUNTING FOR THE SIZE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN NIGERIA." South African Journal of Economics 79, no. 4 (December 2011): 470–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2011.01304.x.
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Egbenta, Idu R., Smart N. Uchegbu, Ejike Ubani, and Okwuchi Juliet Akalemeaku. "Effects of Noise Pollution on Residential Property Value in Enugu Urban, Nigeria." SAGE Open 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 215824402110321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211032167.
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One of the persistent environmental issues today is high noise levels in residential areas especially in the developing countries. There are several unorganized informal sector activities such as recreational, road traffic, household and religious activities, operation of power generating sets, incompatible uses in space among others that are the sources of noise pollution in residential areas. A number of empirical studies have been carried out on the impact of noise on residential property values. However, one finds it very difficult to ascertain whether noise pollution affects residential property value in Enugu Urban. The aim of this study is to ascertain whether noise pollution has significant influence on residential rental values in the study area. The study has discovered that residential properties affected by noise pollution have lower rental value compared to those unaffected by 3.1% of its rental value. The study has provided some insight to guide property buyers or users, investors, property managers, and valuers as regards property transactions. The study has suggested that property value spatial index of noise pollution in the study area can be built and use as a guide for urban management strategy to achieve sustainable development.
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Okechukwu Enibe, David, and Chinecherem Joan Raphael. "Economics of pineapple production in Awgu Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33495/jacr_v8i11.20.133.
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The study analyzed the economics of pineapple production in Awgu Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected from 50 respondents from Amoli and Ihe communities of the LGA through a simple random sampling technique. The communities were purposively selected because they contain higher concentration of pineapple farmers. Primary data were collected using interview schedule administered to the respondents. Data were realized with descriptive statistics, enterprise budgeting techniques and multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that (36%) of the farmers had farming experience of 1 to 10 years’ experience in pineapple production, indicating that new farmers entered the crop’s production sector within the last decade. The enterprise proved profitable with farmers’ net return on investment value of 1.7. Farm size, cost of input, level of education and household size significantly determined net farm income. It was further revealed that poor access road and high transportation cost were the main constraints of the pineapple producers. The study concluded that profitable production opportunities exist on the crop. The study recommends that extension agencies should encourage more new farmers to exploit pineapple production potentials while encouraging its existing farmers to scale up production through farm size increment, reinvestment of their gains and production knowledge increase.
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LADAN, USMAN, and COLIN C. WILLIAMS. "EVALUATING THEORIZATIONS OF INFORMAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP: SOME LESSONS FROM ZAMFARA, NIGERIA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 24, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946719500225.
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically four competing theories that variously explain informal sector entrepreneurship as a traditional activity that has not yet been incorporated into the modern system (modernization theory), a form of production integral to contemporary capitalism conducted by marginalized population groups as a survival strategy (structuralist theory), a voluntarily chosen endeavor and popular reaction to excessive regulation by the state (neo[Formula: see text]liberal theory) or a voluntarily chosen practice conducted for social, redistributive, political resistance or identity reasons (post-structuralist theory). Reporting the results of face[Formula: see text]to[Formula: see text]face interviews with 215 informal entrepreneurs in Zamfara, a tropical region in Nigeria, the finding is that no one theory is universally valid. Instead, each theory is valid in relation to different groups of entrepreneur and only by combining all of them can a finer-grained and more nuanced explanation of the complex and heterogeneous character of informal sector entrepreneurship be achieved.
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Bello, Aminu. "Review of the Housing Policies and Programmes in Nigeria." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 10, no. 02 (February 17, 2019): 20603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i02.671.
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Problem of inadequate housing faced by poor people around the world has been a matter of concern to governments in various countries especially in the developing world whereby significant portion of the population is mostly characterized by poverty. In such countries, the housing problem is not only that of quantity but also of the poor quality of available housing units. Private sector development in the Nigerian housing sector has been a standstill for more than a decade. With few exceptions, the private sector transactions that have taken place have been informal and on the fringe of legality. At the opposite of the spectrum, public sector activity is plagued with many problems. Instead of operating as a social policy, it operates more like a regressive lottery or patronage system. The results have been the simultaneous construction of some of the most luxurious subsidized housing in Africa, and general deterioration in housing conditions of most Nigerians, particularly the housing conditions of the poor. The recorded history of formal intervention into the housing sector in Nigeria dated back to the colonial administration, after the unfortunate outbreak of the bubonic plaque of 1928 in Lagos. This necessitated the establishment of the Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB). This signifies the ushering of Nigerian public housing programmes intervention; which was during colonial era. The policies are modest with the ultimate aim of addressing the housing problem at a National scale. The policy focus then, was on the provision of expatriate quarters and some selected indigenous staff in Rail ways, Marine, Police and Armed forces. The construction of senior civil servant quarters in the capital city of Lagos and regional headquarters like Kaduna, Ibadan and Enugu are some of the practical efforts made at the same time some form of rent subsidy and housing loans.
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Onyekuru, N. A., I. C. Ukwuaba, and E. O. Aka. "Economics of piggery enterprise in Nigeria: A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria." Agro-Science 19, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v19i2.2.
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The study examined the economics of pig enterprise in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Despite the economic leverage and nutritional advantages of pig, its production still remains the least when compared to other livestock sub-sector. The study specifically described the socioeconomics characteristics of pig farmers, examined the factors influencing revenue from pig production, estimated the costs and returns in pig production and examined the problems faced by pig farmers in the area. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the selection of 60 farmers for the study. Primary data were collected from the selected farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. Results showed that majority of the respondents (85%) were male, married (81.7%), literate (100%) with mean age and household size of 48 years and five persons, respectively. Majority (88.3%) of the respondents sourced their capital from personal savings and 95% of them had crossed breeds of pigs. The determinants of net income from pig production were education (−0.271), cost of feed (0.687) and cost of labour (0.329). The profitability and the viability of piggery enterprise in the study area were shown by the gross margin, net farm income and the return on investment of ₦824,395.30 ($2,269.56), N747,797.42 ($2,058.69) and 0.84 (84%), respectively. Huge capital required for the investment, inadequate extension education, high cost of feed, diseases and parasite infestation, poor farm management, high cost of veterinary services, insufficient credit facilities and subsidies, and infant mortality and cannibalism were the major constraints faced by the farmers in the piggery enterprise. The study recommends that the government and other relevant agencies should provide subsidies and make credit facilities available and accessible to pig farmers in the study area.
Key words: pig production, enterprise, gross margin, profitability, Nigeria
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ESEYIN, Oluwasegun, Barnabas O. OBASAJU, Damilola ELUYELA, Ademola A. ONABOTE, and Joseph FALAYE. "Determinants of Private Investment in the Informal Sector of Urban Areas in Nigeria." Asian Economic and Financial Review 11, no. 2 (2021): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2021.112.173.190.
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Ogbu, S. Okonkwo, J. C. Ajadike, and Hillary Ndubuisi Ugwu. "Waste Recycling, An Example Of Refuse Collecting As A Means Of Livelihood In The Informal Sector Of Nsukka Urban Area, Enugu State, Nigeria." Archives of Business Research 7, no. 11 (November 24, 2019): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.711.7219.
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This study explored how picking waste materials has aided sustenance in the livelihood of scavengers, an informal sector in Nsukka urban area of Enugu State, Nigeria. It aimed at identifying the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of scavengers as well as the type and uses of collected waste materials. Survey research design was adopted in this study. A total of 411 scavengers (45.7%) were sampled out of the available 900 scavengers in the four administrative units of Nsukka Urban area as follows; Ihe/Owerre (165), Obukpa (82), Nru (82) and Mpkunano (82). The data were collected using the instrument of questionnaire, oral interview, and field observation. Data obtained were analyzed using percentage and rank methods, graphs (especially bar and pie graphs), and KrusKal-Wallis statistical techniques. The socioeconomic features of the respondents identified were; gender (males, 88.8% and females 11.2%); age (5-25years (19.4%), 26-45years (47.2%), and above 46 years (33.4%)); education (non-formal education (13.4%), FSLC (46.6%), GCE/SSCE (36.4%), OND (2.0%), HND (1.0%) and B Sc/B.A. (0.6%)); and Marital status (single (64.4%),and married (6.6%), widowed (17.8%) and divorced (11.2%)). The results obtained reveal that useful materials collected in the area originate in descending order from metals (54.6%), glass (23.8%), Plastics (10.4%), foods (6.2%), and papers (5.0%). These materials are found to be useful in two major areas of sales as source of income (78.2%), and for domestic purposes (21.8%). The ranges of income derived from scavenging in the area vary from below N2, 000.00 to above N20, 000.00 per month with N10, 001.00 - N20, 000.00 (39.2%) dominating other income levels. From these results, it is recommended that scavenging business should be encouraged by government and industrialist through the establishment of industrial activities that recycle and use recycled materials as input materials in the study area.
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Omobowale, Ayokunle Olumuyiwa, Olufikayo Kunle Oyelade, Mofeyisara Oluwatoyin Omobowale, and Olugbenga Samuel Falase. "Contextual reflections on COVID-19 and informal workers in Nigeria." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 9/10 (October 23, 2020): 1041–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-05-2020-0150.
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PurposeThe index case of COVID-19 in Nigeria was reported on 27 February 2020. Subsequently, the exponential increase in cases has brought about the partial and total lockdown of cities, the closure of all schools and the shutdown of government offices in order to curtail the spread of COVID-19. COVID-19 and its subsequent drastic curtailment policies have implications on vulnerable groups, especially, informal workers who constitute about 70% of the active working population in Nigeria. This reflective discourse critically engages the plight of informal workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria.Design/methodology/approachThe research was guided by the epistemology of pandemic interpretationism. It engages contextual reflections of the plight of economically vulnerable informal workers in Nigeria. Data were collected from secondary sources while rapid case studies were conducted with ten informal workers in Lagos and Ibadan. Afterwards, data were contextually analysed.FindingsEconomically vulnerable informal workers in Nigeria have contextually interpreted COVID-19 as an elite disease, imported into Nigeria by the wealthy. In addition, the mass population views COVID-19 containment measures such as lockdowns, movement restrictions and stay-at-home orders as elitist policies, which are aimed at protecting the wealthy and frustrating the poor and economically vulnerable who live on the fringes of poverty. Many informal workers have slipped below the poverty line while struggling to supply livelihood needs, as they were unable to earn daily income and cannot access palliatives. Consequently, they are of the opinion that “Hunger Virus is deadlier than Corona Virus”.Originality/valueThis paper is a contextual reflection on the plight of economically vulnerable informal workers during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and movement restrictions in Nigeria. It presents pandemic interpretationism as an epistemological guide and reflectively examines the poverty impact of COVID-19 on the Nigerian informal sector via contextual analyses of secondary data and rapid case studies. The paper uncovers various COVID-19 livelihood experiences and the responses of the informal workers; furthermore, it provides policy recommendations.
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Dell'Anno, Roberto, and Omobola Adu. "The size of the informal economy in Nigeria: a structural equation approach." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 8 (July 25, 2020): 1063–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2019-0747.
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PurposeThis paper contributes to the literature concerning the Nigerian informal economy (IE) by estimating its size from 1991 to 2017 and identifying the major causes.Design/methodology/approachA structural equation approach in the form of the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) method is used to estimate the size of the Nigerian IE.FindingsThe results indicate that vulnerable employment and urban population as a percentage of the total population are the main drivers of the IE in Nigeria. The IE in Nigeria ranges from 38.83% to 57.55% of gross domestic product (GDP).Research limitations/implicationsAs a result of the empirical challenges in the estimation of the IE, the estimates of Nigeria's IE are considered to be rough estimates.Originality/valueThe authors calibrated the MIMIC model with the official estimate of the informal sector published by the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). This was an attempt to combine the national accounting approach, to estimate the size of IE, with the MIMIC approach, and to estimate the trend of informality.
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Ogungbade, Oluyinka Isaiah, Adekunle Enitan, and Adeleke Clement Adekoya. "Tax Awareness, Taxpayers’ Perceptions and Attitudes and Tax Evasion in Informal Sector of Ekiti State, Nigeria." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 5 (June 22, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n5p24.
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Nigeria has been desperately seeking tax revenues since 2016 due to a persistent fall in oil price and production. However, many Nigerians are not tax compliant since there was little or no emphasis on tax revenue, particularly in the informal sector during the oil boom. This paper examined the effect of Tax awareness and Taxpayers' perception of government spending on Tax evasion in the informal sector of Ekiti state. Also, the moderating effect of Taxpayers' attitude was examined. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 respondents, but only 108 returned the completed questionnaire, and only 100 respondents’ data were useful. The findings show that Taxpayers' awareness considerably reduced tax evasion, but the effect of Taxpayers' perception lacks analytical support. The findings also reveal that taxpayers' attitude has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between taxpayers' awareness and tax evasion. However, the moderating effect of Taxpayers' attitude on the relationship between Taxpayers' perception about government spending and Tax evasion was not statistically significant.
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Aderemi, Taiwo, and Fidelis Ogwumike. "Welfare implications of minimum wage increase in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2016-0198.
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Purpose The primary motive of a minimum wage policy is to provide a wage floor for poorly paid workers and improve their welfare. In Nigeria, real minimum wage declined by 60 per cent between 1974 and 2011, thus reducing the welfare of workers. The wage gap between low skilled and high skilled workers have also widened over the years in favour of the latter. There are concerns that the series of minimum wage increase in Nigeria may not be welfare-enhancing. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study examined the welfare effects of minimum wage increase in Nigeria using a computable general equilibrium model. The model was calibrated using a 2006 Social Accounting Matrix and four sets of scenarios (20, 35, 50 and 140 per cent wage increases), were simulated. Findings The findings show that employers substituted other labour categories for minimum wage workers. This increases the wage rates of other labour. The consumer price index also increased as firms partly pass-on increased labour cost to consumers. Generally, the simulations show that minimum wage policies worsen the welfare of its intended beneficiaries, due to negative impact on prices and employment. Originality/value This study deviates from existing studies on minimum wage in Nigeria, by providing a proper disaggregation of the labour market that represents the Nigerian economy. In this regard, the informal sector was accommodated and the potential impact of the minimum wage on this sector determined. It also adopted the equivalent variation welfare measure which incorporates price and consumption effects in measuring welfare.
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Omede, P. I. "A Tale of Two Markets: How Lower-end Borrowers Are Punished for Bank Regulatory Failures in Nigeria." Journal of Consumer Policy 43, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 519–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-019-09439-8.
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AbstractIn 2009, the Nigerian banking system witnessed a financial crisis caused by elite borrowers in the financial market. Regulatory response to the Nigerian crisis closely mirrored the international response with increased capital and liquidity thresholds for commercial banks. While the rise of consumer protection on the agenda of prudential supervisors internationally was logical in that consumer debt was the main cause of the global recession, the Nigerian banking reforms of 2009 disproportionately affected access by poorer consumers, who ironically had little to do with the underlying causes of the crisis. As lending criteria become more stringent, poorer consumers of credit products are pushed into informal markets because of liquidity-induced credit rationing. Overall, consumer protection is compromised because stronger consumer protection rules for the formal sector benefits borrowers from formal institutions who constitute the minority of borrowers in all markets. While the passage of regulation establishing credit bureaux and the National Collateral Registry will, in theory, ease access to credit especially by lower-end borrowers, the vast size of the informal market continues to compound the information asymmetry problem, fiscal policies to tackle structural economic issues such as unemployment and illiteracy remain to be initiated, and bank regulators continue to pander to elite customers with policy responses that endorse too big to fail but deems lower-end consumers too irrelevant to save. The essay concluded that addressing the wide disparity in access to credit between the rich and poor through property rights reforms to capture the capital of the informal class, promoting regulation to check loan concentration, and stimulating competition by allowing Telecommunication Companies (TELCOs) and fintech companies to carry on lending activities because of their superior knowledge of lower-end markets will facilitate greater access. The risk of systemic failure deriving from consumer credit in Nigeria is insignificant compared to the consumer vulnerabilities resulting from the exposure of consumers to unregulated products in the informal market.
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Osazevbaru, Henry. "Interest rate and exchange rate volatility and the performance of the Nigerian informal sector: Evidence from small and medium-sized enterprises." Ekonomski horizonti 23, no. 1 (2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonhor2101019o.
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This paper investigates the joint impact of interest rate and exchange rate volatility on the performance of the informal sector in Nigeria, focusing on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). The annual time-series data on the exchange and interest rates for the period 1981-2018 were obtained from where exchange and interest rates volatility data were computed. The data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, correlation, a unit root test, an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test for cointegration and the ARCH regression model. The results obtained by the ARDL bound test confirmed the presence of the long-term relationship between interest and exchange rates volatility and SMEs' performance, which suggests that all the variables of interest move together in the long run. Moreover, the ARCH regression model showed a positive impact of exchange and interest rates volatility on SMEs' performance. However, only exchange rate volatility was significant. Thus, policy makers should pursue the interest rate and exchange rate regimes that will encourage massive investments in SMEs. This, in turn, would increase the performance of SMEs. Also, the monetary authorities should implement the policies aimed at curtailing incessant volatility in the exchange rate and the interest rate so as to protect SMEs from the external perturbations of the movements of the exchange rate and the interest rate.
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Kofarmata, Yusuf Ibrahim, and Abubakar Hamid Danlami. "Determinants of credit rationing among rural farmers in developing areas." Agricultural Finance Review 79, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2018-0023.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to model credit rationing among farmers in rural developing areas, based on micro level data of Kano State, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach A total of 835 households and 45 microfinance banks were utilized as the samples of the study which were selected using multi-stage stratified sampling technique. Multinomial logit model was used to estimate the factors that determine credit rationing among the rural farmers in Nigeria. Findings The result of the discrete choice model shows that farmers who are either being engaged in subsistence farming or trading have a significant effect on credit rationing with the greatest impacts found on the farm profit and farmers’ location. Research limitations/implications This study failed to carry out a dynamic analysis regarding agricultural credit rationing. Also, it is well known that formal credit interacts with informal credit sector; nevertheless, this interaction was unaccounted for in this study. Therefore, future studies can expand the scope of this research to account for this interaction. In fact, investigating heterogeneity among credit providers will be an important topic in the future. Practical implications Clear and sound policies are required for the establishment of new agencies and financial institutions devoted to agricultural sector. Similarly, an integrated system of forward-looking policies based on tax and subsidy-regimes to augment desired incentives for private financial sector and NGOs to lend money to the farmers are needed. Originality/value Consistent with risk-balancing theory, the good story for farmers is that profit making farmers are less likely to be among the constrained borrowers. It turned out from the credit rationing model that urban farmers had a greater chance of being successful applicants in the Nigerian agricultural credit market. In comparison to farmers at periphery, urban residents are less likely to be associated with being constrained borrowers.
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Nwuba, Chukwuma Christopher, Iche U. Kalu, and John A. Umeh. "Determinants of homeownership affordability in Nigeria’s urban housing markets." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-06-2014-0020.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate homeownership affordability in Nigeria’s urban housing market to establish the determinants of households’ affordability outcomes, and the nature of their impact. Design/methodology/approach – The cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of households selected through a stratified random technique across Kaduna State, the study area. The binary logistic regression was used to model the probability of homeownership affordability as a function of specified explanatory variables. Findings – Household income, savings, construction period and education are determinants of homeownership affordability with positive impact. Conversely, household size, cost of land, building cost inflation, current rental housing expenditures, non-housing expenditures and building cost relative to income are determinants of affordability with negative impact. Practical implications – The findings have the potential to provide a framework for formulation of policy measures to improve access to homeownership. Social implications – Delayed access to homeownership places pressure on the rented sector with the potential for rental housing affordability problems. It is a deferment of the actualisation of a strong aspiration which is detrimental to individual and family well-being and stability. Originality/value – The study extends the housing affordability debate to housing markets operating on informal financing where households build rather than buy their homes, an area hitherto not deeply explored. It provides empirical basis for problem-solving on housing affordability and can be a framework for housing policy reforms in Nigeria.
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Omeje, Ambrose Nnaemeka, Augustine Jideofor Mba, Michael Okike Ugwu, Joseph Amuka, and Perpetual Ngozi Agamah. "Examining the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector: evidence from small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria." Agricultural Finance Review ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (March 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2020-0074.
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PurposeThe study examined the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector, using small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria, as evidence.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized survey data generated from 425 questionnaires administered to small-scale farmers in both rural and urban locations in Enugu State. The study applied the adequacy gap, timeliness gap and penetration gap indices to measure the penetration of financial inclusion among the small-scale farmers in Enugu State.FindingsIt was found that different lending agencies, except for some cooperative societies, were unable to meet the credit needs of small-scale farmers in Enugu State as shown by the adequacy gap index. The timeliness gap index revealed the existence of time gap in the credit receipt of small-scale farmers given that agriculture is rain-fed in Enugu. The penetration gap index indicated that there is gap in the penetration of agricultural credit grants to small-scale farmers in Enugu State, showing a shallow penetration of financial inclusion in agricultural sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited in scope as a result of data and the desire to study small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria.Practical implicationsThe study recommended among others that government should encourage cooperatives more to meet credit needs of farmers in order to raise the level of financial inclusion penetration.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the only study that examines the penetration of financial inclusion among small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. This study contributes to the growing literature on financial inclusion in the agricultural sector as there is dearth of literature in this study area.
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CHUKUEZI, COMFORT ONYEMAECHI. "Urban informal sector and unemployment in third world cities: The situation in Nigeria." Asian Social Science 6, no. 8 (July 18, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v6n8p131.
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"Framework for Codification of Informal and Non-Formal Knowledge and Skills in the Formal Education System in Nigeria." American International Journal of Education and Linguistics Research, July 1, 2019, 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46545/aijelr.v2i2.187.
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Formal education is provided for a segment (children and adolescents) of the society. While workers in the formal sector enjoy professional and continuing education; those in the informal and non-formal sectors of the economy do not have any opportunity of taking part in any form of adult education. Many artisans, professionals and artists display dexterity in their various callings. This act of display may sometimes refer to as tacit knowledge, that is, knowledge that may be difficult to codify except through training of adult learners. If this group of people is not catered for in terms of adult learning, it may be difficult for them to make contributions to economic growth in the society. Therefore, the study entitled “Framework for Codification of Informal and Non-Formal Knowledge and Skills in the Formal Education System in Nigeria” is embarked upon. The purpose of the study is to identify and discuss framework for codification of knowledge and skills in the informal and non-formal sector; and to establish the probable benefit that may be derived from codification of knowledge and skills of informal and non-formal learners. The study was carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Some artisans, professionals and artists were interviewed, using focus group discussion. Respondents were enthusiastic on codification of their knowledge and skills and award of appropriate certificates. Some of the framework identified in the study include: organising literacy competence to complement the tacit knowledge of the recipients; sensitisation of members of the public by the NNCAE; and collaborative efforts between NUC and departments of adult education in universities.
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Osakede, Uche Abamba. "Public health spending and health outcome in Nigeria: the role of governance." International Journal of Development Issues ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (June 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-10-2019-0169.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the relationship between public health spending and health outcome using time series data in Nigeria over the period 1980 to 2017, taking into account the role of governance by assessing how the quality of governance directly affects health status and indirectly as a mediator for the effectiveness of public health spending. Design/methodology/approach Using the Hausman statistical tests to check for the existence of endogeneity, the proper method for estimating the model for this study is the two-stage least square regression model. The two-stage least squares regression model addresses the problem of endogeneity using instrumental variables. The mediating role of governance on the effectiveness of public health spending on health was considered by an interaction of governance indicators with public health spending. Findings The results showed that public health spending had no significant effect on health outcome except when interacted with governance quality. The interaction of government health spending with governance effectiveness as well as that for control of corruption improved health by inducing a fall in maternal deaths, whereas government health expenditure interacted with rule of law raised maternal mortality. Public health spending interacted with regulatory quality improved life expectancy while that for political stability with public health spending induced a fall in life expectancy, poor maternal and infant health. Political stability and the control of corruption had direct influence on maternal health. Practical implications Given the predominance of public health spending in promoting access to health care and population health status for developing economies, the effectiveness of such spending should be top priority in policy makers’ agenda. This again is important because for developing economies, government revenue is generated from a small tax base due to their highly informal nature. To improve health status from public intervention in the health sector, there is indeed need for improvement in the overall state of governance in Nigeria. Originality/value This paper is one of the few country case studies which uses time series data to examine the role of governance on the efficacy of public health spending with extension of findings to maternal health and covering more measures of governance quality. The results fundamentally illuminate the importance of governance in fostering development in health and consequently enhancing economic development and growth.