Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informal sector studies

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Informal sector studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Informal sector studies"

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Kabra, Kamal Nayan. "The informal sector: A reappraisal." Journal of Contemporary Asia 25, no. 2 (January 1995): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339580000121.

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Doan, Rebecca Miles. "Class Differentiation and the Informal Sector in Amman, Jordan." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1992): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800001409.

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Studies of economic activities among the urban poor in various parts of the world have found more variation in the so-called informal sector than they had expected. The urban poor had typically been thought of as a kind of “reserve army” for the formal sector, an underclass at the margins of survival. Even early work that recognized the links between the formal and informal sectors lumped them together as a single class that ranked below all the others. The tendency to regard workers in the informal sector as members of an underclass masked the tremendous variations among them and between informal sectors in different places.
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Stepick, Alex. "The Haitian Informal Sector in Miami." City Society 5, no. 1 (June 1991): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.1991.5.1.10.

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Crush, Jonathan, and Graeme Young. "Resituating Africa’s Urban Informal Food Sector." Urban Forum 30, no. 4 (July 11, 2019): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-019-09374-4.

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S. M. P., Senanayake, Wimalaratana W., and Premaratne S. P. "Informal Sector and the Economy in Sri Lanka: A Survey of Literature." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 22, no. 03 (July 1, 2015): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2015.22.3.07.

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It is customary to include all economic activities that are not officially regulated as informal sector activities. The usual definitions used to distinguish the informal sector from the formal one appear to be problematic or fussy at their edges. This dichotomy is not mutually exclusive as often thought but is in fact interdependent in many respects. It is also argued that informal enterprises often move upwards in a hierarchy of organizational forms and finally end up as formal sector units through vertical linkages. The informal sector provides jobs for very vulnerable low-income groups in rural and urban sectors while contributing to the GDP immensely in developing countries. This paper critically examines the nature of the informal sector in Sri Lanka and studies the links between the informal sector and its economy. The analysis entirely employs secondary data and information. The findings of the study demonstrate that the domestic (traditional) agriculture and related activities in Sri Lanka are dominated by the informal sector, which in turn is further strengthened by underworld activities. The fear of tax burden, bribes, bureaucratic bungling, archaic rules and regulations, and lack of dividends in formal activities drive many people from the formal sector to the informal one. The informal sector provides jobs and reduces unemployment and underemployment, but in many cases the jobs are low paying and job security is poor. It bolsters entrepreneurial activities, but at the detriment of state regulations’ compliance, particularly regarding tax and labor regulations.
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Parajuli, Resham Bahadur Thapa. "Determinants of Informal Employment and Wage Differential in Nepal." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 22, no. 1-2 (September 22, 2015): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v22i1-2.13463.

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Wage discrimination in formal and informal sectors is one of the pressing issues that might perpetuate uneven livelihood options and human capital formation at household level. This paper analyzes on what determines whether a person works in informal sector. It also gauzes the degree of wage discrimination in formal and informal sectors in Nepal using country representative labor force survey based cross-section data produced by ILO in 2008. It is found that the gender, geography, educational status, marital status, age of the employee and ethnicity of the employee definitely matter whether an individual works in informal or formal sector. These variables need to be considered while formulating social security policies. Since the wages for relatively educated workers are significantly low in informal sector than formal one, it demands a suitable policy intervention to check probable working poverty in Nepal.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1-2, pp. 37-50, 2014
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Williams, Colin C., and Anjula Gurtoo. "Women entrepreneurs in the Indian informal sector." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2011): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566261111114953.

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Sheikh ⶁ, Fayaz Ahmad, and Saradindu Bhaduri. "Policy space for informal sector grassroots innovations: towards a ‘bottom-up’ narrative." International Development Planning Review: Volume 43, Issue 1 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2019.34.

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Of late, innovation studies have taken a keen interest in exploring various components of informal sector grassroots innovations. While recognising the immense contribution of this scholarship in sensitising researchers and generating awareness, its connections to policymaking remain inadequate. In the absence of comprehensive policy discussions, the policy makers have often attempted to extrapolate the policies meant for formal sectors to suit the innovation requirements of the informal economy. The diverse, idiosyncratic nature of the informal grassroots innovation processes have not received adequate attention. Keeping in view the divergent motives, underpinnings and the nuances of informal sector grassroots innovations, this paper has undertaken a critical review of the various policy suggestions including intellectual property rights, commercialisation and standardisation on a mass scale, the role of awards and recognition for informal sector innovations, and the importance of feedback and standardisation. Based on ten years of ethnographic research in Kashmir, we identify key thematic insights into policy formulations for these innovations.
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A. Hidalgo, Hanilyn, and Michael Cuesta. "Remodeling Livelihood Vulnerability Indicators for The Informal Food Microentrepreneurs." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.2.1.672.1-9.

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Abstract The informal sector consists of business enterprises that operate outside legal business frameworks. With the huge contribution of the informal sector in economic development, local authorities regard the sector as partners in local development initiatives. Among the industries in the informal sector, the role of the informal food sector in the food value chain is vital in addressing food security issues in the urban community. However, the absence of social protection in the informal sector makes their livelihood more vulnerable to economic losses. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) approach is a practical tool for assessing how vulnerable the sector is and which livelihood component contributes to its vulnerability. Inopportunely, studies on LVI are only centered to farming communities. This paper explores the development of livelihood vulnerability indicators that can be utilized to off-farm enterprises predominantly to the informal food microenterprises. The indicators were sourced from LVI and entrepreneurship studies using the major vulnerability factors such as adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure. The developed livelihood vulnerability indicators quantify the seven livelihood components of the informal food microenterprises such as the demographic profile, social network, livelihood strategies, health security, food security, access to utilities and disaster experience. Keywords: remodeling, livelihood vulnerability index, microentrepreneurs.
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Sargana, Muhammad Arif. "The Urban Informal Sector in an Adjusting Economy: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 977–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.977-994.

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The concept of the informal sector has gained popularity since the well-known study by International Labour Organisation [ILO] in 1972 Kenya. Since then it has become a centre stage in policy discussion regarding unemployment and poverty alleviation. Though economists are still not able to give an authentic and unanimous definition of the informal sector, it is commonly known as the non-regulated sector of the economy. Despite the fact that the informal sector provides a large chunk of GDP and employment in the national economy, this sector is very much neglected in Pakistan. A few studies have been conducted to measure the size and the role of urban informal sector in past. However, the employment estimates provided by these studies have always been controversial. In addition, in all of these studies attention has been focused mainly to the manufacturing sector. Though the importance of the manufacturing sector cannot be denied, the services sector is also of significant importance as well, however it has received relatively less attention in the past. In this study, sufficient attention has been given to this neglected sector and focus is given to its role in employment in the urban informal sector. As Pakistan is a signatory of the World Bank and IMF’s stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes, which aim to reduce the budget deficit and restructuring of public sector employment, in the compliance with these programmes, retrenchment policies have been adopted in the government jobs by the respective governments. It is estimated that employment in the public sector has declined by about 10.6 per cent in period 1990 to 1992 only [Kemal.1995]. All of these measures have exacerbated the employment situation in Pakistan. In the light of above mentioned facts, it may be viewed that the urban informal sector has become more important in absorbing this surplus labour.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informal sector studies"

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Gonçalves, Armindo. "The informal sector in Cuernavaca." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66770.

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Kahyalar, Neslihan. "Three empirical essays on the informal economy : the Turkish case." Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678357.

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Diaz, Ruiz Claudia E. (Claudia Esperanza). "Formal informal sector responses for housing low-income people in Colombia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65696.

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Mandela, Mabel. "The informal sector and youth unemployment : prospects for labour absorption in Zambia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278429.

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The thesis discusses characteristics of youth unemployment in Zambia and the prospects of absorption of youth labour in the urban informal sector. This is done on the basis of both primary survey and secondary sources. The informal sector given the right support has the potential to generate economic growth. Unemployment is severe among the youth who are newcomers to the labour market. The problem of labour absorption in Zambia is investigated especially since the fall in copper prices and structural adjustment which has not created jobs. A combination of inadequacies of domestic policies and international recession have certainly contributed to the economic decline. The government mismanaged the initial copper boom. The country has relied on a single export commodity, copper. The employment problem has to be crucial in the context of a dual economy. Many variants e.g. population growth, rural urban migration and the paper qualification syndrome explain the supply of labour. The population is skewed in favour of the youth and most migrants are educated in search of an urban job. This helps to explain the high unemployment rate among the youth. The thesis concentrates on formal and informal sectors as evidence of dualism. Formal sector prospects are limited for well known reasons e.g. shortages of resources, fall in copper prices, price distortions, import substitution policies, development patterns and capital intensive technology which restrict employment potential. On the other hand, the informal sector which is labour intensive appear to have employment potential. Lack of minimal skill and capital among the youth, which are prerequisite in the informal sector act entry as barriers. This is in particular substantiated in the thesis on labour demand. The youth's views towards the informal appear to be negative. The mismatch between the youth's education and expectations explain this attitude. The possession of a school certificate raises expectations which make youngsters withhold their labour during their first job search. The youth desire white collar employment. The approach adopted is qualitative rather than quantitative because of nature and limitation of data. For instance, unemployment is not without statistical and definitional problems.
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El-Bakly, Ahmed Abdel-Aziz. "The informal sector and urban labour markets in Egypt : a life path approach." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369019.

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Mitter, Anjali 1973. "Water for the urban poor : Côte d'Ivoire's experiment with private and informal sector cooperation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9325.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).
The urban poor in developing countries, many of whom live in illegal squatter settlements at the periphery of the city, often have insufficient access to affordable, clean water. Both public and private utilities are often unable or unwilling to install piped water connections in these neighborhoods, and, as a result, the poor tend to rely on individual, informal vendors who sell water at very high prices. In an effort to bridge this service gap and provide the urban poor with easy and affordable access to water without investing in costly infrastructure, some public utilities have tried to form agreements with vendors to use them as an extension of their distribution network. In an era of increasing private sector participation in water treatment and distribution, some private companies are considering similar arrangements. This thesis presents the results of field-work conducted in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, where the private water utility has, since 1960, attempted to forge a partnership with vendors in the informal sector. The system of "registered vending" that the utility has implemented is promising in that, as long as the utility is prohibited by law from extending the network into illegally settled neighborhoods, it enables the residents of these neighborhoods to obtain at least a minimal amount of clean water. However, the system could be strengthened, and the lessons learned from this experiment may be helpful for other private utilities considering similar cooperative arrangements with water vendors in the informal sector.
by Anjali Mitter.
M.C.P.
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Qase, Nomawethu. "Energy policy, informal sector and urban household livelihoods : a case study of meat traders in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5283.

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Bibliography: leaves 77-81.
This dissertation highlights the links between energy, informal sector and urban household livelihoods. The critical argument is that energy is a key input in some of the informal sector activities such as street food vending which is dominant in urban environments. The energy needs of the street food vendors are easily visible to the eye, because street food vendors are found everywhere on the street comers, taxi ranks, and other places where there is a proven flow of people. Despite this, the energy needs for informal sector activities are not well integrated into policies and strategies aimed at supporting the development of the informal sector. To address this situation, it is recommended that energy policy makers need to revise the current conceptualisation of the household sub-sector in order to incorporate energy planning for income generation.
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Richman, Kathy A. "The Annapurna Mahila Mandal of Bombay : a caterers' paradise or a case of inlvolutionary growth in the informal sector?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77305.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 78-80.
by Kathy A. Richman.
M.C.P.
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Azad, Mithila. "Social insurance provision for women in the urban informal sector : interpreting the successful strategy of Working Women's Forum, India." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37464.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-75).
Since the late-1980s, the world's workers have experienced two strikingly coordinated global trends. The first is an unpredicted decline in secure, formally employed labor, and subsequent growth in informal labor. The second is an unprecedented decline in state welfare rhetoric and policy. These simultaneous trends have resulted in an increase in the proportion of workers that do not receive secure wages or social benefits from either the employer or the state. As this notion of the "benevolent" state purported in the 1950's disintegrates, one finds development literature focusing squarely on formation of social movements as solutions. This study examines the efforts of one such social movement-Working Women's Forum, India (WWF)-which has been successful in providing social protection (insurance) for over 8,00,000 women in the urban informal sector in Tamilnadu, Andhra and Karnataka. This case study looks at linkages between WWF and insurers: Government and Private owned. The curiosity that guides the research is regarding a) opportunities involved in such linkages towards a wider coverage of women in the informal sector, and b) identifying different state characteristics that influence different levels of success among informal workers organizations' ability to secure labor benefits.
(cont.) The latter is marked by continuous negotiations, sometimes confrontational, and other times enabling. This necessitates knowledge of the larger political, legislative and policy environment under which such struggles become successful movements. The reason to study this organization was multifold. First, the organization has been operational in more than one State (of India), aiding comparative analysis of outcomes with respect to different governmental set ups. Second, owing to its large coverage, it was useful to understand the kind of strength it wields in influencing policy decisions (Social Security Bill for Unorganized Sector Workers, 2006). All these issues are analyzed in the backdrop of reformatory struggles through the 1970's, definitions of social protection, current legislations, organizational modifications over the years, and the micro-insurance programmes. The intention of the thesis is mainly to identify factors that have contributed to bringing about an enabling environment for social protection for women in the urban informal sector.
by Mithila Azad.
M.C.P.
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Madhavan, Jaswanth. "Unconventional wisdom from below : understanding social and technical determinants of ergonomic risk in the Indian informal textile and clothing sector." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111394.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 66-68).
In many parts of the Global South, including India, a significant number of informal workers, particularly women in the informal economy, engage in sewing, embroidery, and other forms of manufacturing work within informal segments of the textile and clothing sector. Despite substantial progress in labor rights and workplace safety regulations, the persistence of hazardous workplace conditions renders such workers vulnerable to potentially disabling forms of 'Repetitive strain injuries'. 'Repetitive strain injuries' frequently result from poor ergonomic design of workplace equipment. This thesis on India's informal textile and clothing sector studies the usage characteristics of workplace technologies at the organizational and individual levels, and their interactions with broader social and institutional arrangements that characterize informal sewing units. In partnership with Usha International Ltd. and SEWA (Self Employed Women's Association) Bharat, the thesis demonstrates how context-sensitive ergonomic interventions can be developed for and with those working within the informal textile and clothing economy. The thesis achieves this by studying ergonomic risk from the bottom-up by using focus group discussions and key informant interviews, with the goal of (1) collecting both qualitative and quantitative information and (2) facilitating the unveiling of hidden rationalities that influence workplace decision making and studying their implications for technical and policy solutions.
by Jaswanth Madhavan.
M.C.P.
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Books on the topic "Informal sector studies"

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Samal, Kishor C. Urban informal sector: An exploration of the informal sector in a small city of Orissa. New Delhi: Manak Publications, 1990.

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APO Study Meeting on Productivity Improvement in Informal Sector (1993 India). Strategies for developing the informal sector. Tokyo, Japan: Asian Productivity Organization, 1995.

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Rogerson, C. M. The first decade of informal sector studies: Review and synthesis. Johannesburg, South Africa: Dept. of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, 1985.

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Mittar, Vishwa. Growth of urban informal sector in a developing economy. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1988.

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Mittar, Vishwa. Growth of urban informal sector in a developing economy. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1988.

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Montréal, Groupe interuniversitaire de, ed. Survivre dans les pays en développement: Approches du secteur informel. Paris: Harmattan, 2003.

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Weihert, Uwe. Reflexiones sobre el sistema informal a propósito de dos estudios de casos en Santiago y Lima. [Santiago, Chile]: Oficina International del Trabajo, PREALC, 1988.

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Schneider, Friedrich. Shadow economies and corruption all over the world: What do we really know? Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Mālikī, Majdī. Mashārīʻ al-qiṭāʻ ghayr al-munaẓẓam fī al-Ḍiffah al-Gharbīyah wa-Qiṭāʻ Ghazzah: Dirāsat ḥālāt. al-Quds: Maʻhad Abḥāth al-Siyāsāt al-Iqtiṣādīyah al-Filasṭīnī, Mās, 2000.

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Sáinz, Juan Pablo Pérez. Neoinformalidad en Centroamérica. San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Informal sector studies"

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Raihan, Selim, K. M. Nafiz Ifteakhar, and Mir Tanzim Nur Angkur. "Dynamics of Employment in the Urban Informal Sector in Bangladesh." In South Asia Economic and Policy Studies, 79–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2071-2_6.

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Singh, Udai Bhan. "Subcontracting Linkages in the Informal Manufacturing Sector in Uttar Pradesh." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 261–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8265-3_14.

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Anant, T. C. A. "Informal Sector in National Accounts Estimation: Importance of Workforce and Productivity." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 253–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9397-7_11.

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Visvanathan, C. "The Business of Waste Management: Opportunities for (Informal and Formal) Private Sector." In Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies, 671–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_60.

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Raina, Rajeswari S. "Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Nurturing the Institutional Sine Qua Non for the Informal Sector." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 203–30. New Delhi: Springer India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3929-1_10.

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Marois, Guillaume, and Samir KC. "Adding New Dimensions." In SpringerBriefs in Population Studies, 51–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79111-7_4.

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AbstractThis chapter shows how implementing new dimensions into the microsimulation model. As examples, we add two dimensions that can hardly be implemented in a classical projection model: the labour force participation and the sector of activity (formal/informal). Those modules are implemented through statistical modeling using regression parameters. They use as predictors individual characteristics, such as age, sex, region, education, and for women, a binary variable indicating if she gave birth to a child within the last five years. Those two new variables are thus dynamically implemented, as assumptions on fertility have a direct impact on their outcomes.
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Durand-Lasserve, Alaln. "7. Partnerships between public sector and informal actors: Some comments on Asian and subSaharan African case studies." In Making Common Ground, 134–52. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445373.007.

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Singh, Priyamvada. "Private Sector Startups and Solid Waste Management in India: Their Emerging Role in Unburdening the Burden of Formal and Informal Workforce." In Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies, 107–14. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_9.

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Aidara, Rockaya, and Mbarou Gassama Mbaye. "Practice Note: Menstrual Hygiene Management—Breaking Taboos and Supporting Policy Change in West and Central Africa." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 529–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_40.

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Abstract This chapter shares the policies and practices enacted as a result of a pilot program in menstrual hygiene management undertaken from 2014 to 2018 in West and Central Africa. Aidara and Gassame Mbaye describe a culture of silence and taboo around menstruation. The pilot program, implemented by the UN Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) and UN Women, sought to address women’s and girls’ needs, specifically in the WASH sector. In reviewing results from the program, Aidara and Gassama Mbaye show that operational research in and with communities is key to inform public policies. The authors especially focus on the policy dialogue and sensitization efforts undertaken to promote gender equality in the WASH sector.
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Manirakiza, Pacifique. "Asserting the Principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Extractive Industry Sector." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 219–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11382-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Informal sector studies"

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Nurbaiti, Beti, and Chotib Chotib. "The Impact of Group and Network on Welfare: Finding of Gender Identity in The Urban Informal Sector In East Flood Canal (BKT), Jakarta." In Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies, ICSGS 2019, 6-7 November 2019, Sari Pacific, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-11-2019.2297265.

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van den Eijkel, Stefan, Dorien Foppen-de Graaf, Robbert Schuurmans, Stefan van Genderen, Koen Smit, and Sam Leewis. "Social robots in elderly healthcare: a burden or a gift?" In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.37.

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The healthcare sector is currently under enormous pressure and the COVID-19 pandemic does not improve this situation. The quality of healthcare will be negatively impacted when this pressure continues in the longer term. In 2050 it is expected that a total of 2.1 billion people will be aged 60+ years old. To overcome the increasing demand for healthcare by this age group, various studies are being conducted into various technological solutions, such as social robots. In this study, the Alpha Mini social robot was used in an experiment to research which tasks a social robot could assist with, to reduce the work pressure of healthcare professionals and to help the elderly live longer at their own homes. The experiment was carried out using interviews with healthcare professionals and informal caregivers about the demonstrated Alpha Mini. In addition to the experiment and interviews a survey was sent out to 237 healthcare organizations in the Netherlands to identify the 1) work pressure, 2) daily tasks, 3) social robot experiences, and 4) the features a social robot should have to gather requirements. The experiment failed due to work pressure at the healthcare organization. The survey resulted in 181 respondents. The results suggest that tasks such as reminders, setting alarms and physiotherapy have a great potential to help the healthcare professional in reducing their work pressure and tasks, and the elderly to be able to stay living longer at their own home.
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Boggess, Cheryl L., Bruce A. Bishop, Nathan A. Palm, and Owen F. Hedden. "Risk-Informed Pressurized Water Reactor Vessel Inspection Interval Extension." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49429.

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The methodology discussed in this paper provides a risk informed basis for decreasing the frequency of inspection for the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The decrease in frequency is based on extending the interval between inspections from the current interval of 10 years to 20 years. Results of pilot studies on typical designs of PWR vessels show that the change in risk associated with extending the inspection interval by more than 10 years is within the guidelines specified in U.S. Regulatory Guide 1.174 for insignificant change in risk. The current requirements for inspection of reactor vessel pressure-containing welds have been in effect since the 1989 Edition of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section XI, supplemented by U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guide 1.150, June 1981. The manner in which these examinations are conducted has recently been augmented by Appendix VIII of Section XI, 1996 Addenda, as implemented by the NRC in amendment to 10CFR50.55a effective November 22, 1999. This paper summarizes the insignificant change in risk results for the PWR pilot-plant studies, including the effects of fatigue crack growth and in-service inspection of postulated surface-breaking flaws. These results demonstrate that the proposed RPV inspection interval extension is a viable option for the industry.
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Mycoo, Michelle. "OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRANSFORMING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/bhck8814.

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Informal settlements are quite complex because they consist of economically disadvantaged, often landless households located on steep hillsides, floodplains and swamps, which contribute to their exclusion from accessing infrastructure. These challenges need not be constraints; rather they offer opportunities for transformation. Such communities are generally characterised by inadequate access to safe water; inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure; poor structural quality of housing; overcrowding and insecure residential status. This paper uses primary and secondary data to determine the drivers which impact on the burgeoning of informal settlements in the Caribbean and analyses their implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 which focuses on achieving safer, sustainable and resilient human settlements. The main findings of the paper are that housing shortages, delays in obtaining planning approvals, inflated land values and poverty contribute to the growth of informal settlements. However, such settlements occupy vulnerable sites where infrastructure is sometimes lacking and they help trigger environmental hazards which may be further exacerbated by climate change. Based on the key findings of the empirical evidence, the paper raises what is the critical role of engineering and engineering education in improving access by informal settlements to basic services that are fundamental in achieving sustainable, resilient human settlements and human well-being? These questions are answered within the Caribbean Small Island Developing States context and draws from a cross-section of case studies within the region.
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Baraba, Ridwan. "Efikasi Diri Dan Sikap Pada Intensi Berwirausaha (Studi pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo)." In SEMINAR NASIONAL DAN CALL FOR PAPER 2020 FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH JEMBER. UM Jember Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/psneb.v0i0.5178.

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Kondisi perekonomian yang kian tidak menentu berdampak pada ketersediaan lapangan pekerjaan baik sector formal ataupun informal semakin berkurang disisi lain angkatan kerja semakin pesat pula pertumbuhannya hal ini menuntut dibukanya lebih luas lagi lapangan pekerjaan yang ada secara mandiri dalam bentuk kegiatan wirausaha. Generasi muda diantaranya mahasiswa memiliki beban untuk merencanakan berwirausaha sejak dini. Minat berwirausaha harus ditumbuh kembangkan sejak dini agar kedepan lebih siap membuka suatu usaha baru. Banyak hal yang bisa menjadi pengaruh menumbuhkan minat berwirausaha pada diri mahasiswa diantaranya sikap dan efikasi diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh efikasi diri dan sikap terhadap intensi berwirausaha pada mahasiswa Program studi Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa semester V tahun akademik 2020/2021 yang telah menempuh matakuliah Entrepreneurship and Business Planning sebanyak 169 orang, jumlah sampel yang diambil yaitu 120 responden berdasarkan rumus slovin.. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan tekhnik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan alternatif pilihan jawaban menggunakan skala Likert yang terdiri dari lima pilihan jawaban. Kuesioner telah diuji cobakan dan telah memenuhi syarat validitas dan reliabilitas. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan regresi linier berganda menggunakan program SPSS 25.0. Berdasarkan hasil analisis disimpulkan Efikasi diri secara parsial berpengaruh positif terhadap intensitas berwirausaha meskipun tidak signifikan begitu juga Sikap secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Intensi Berwirausaha.
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Cap, Constant. "The Importance of Participation and Inclusion in African Urbanization. A focused look at Transport and Housing Projects." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dmcz6151.

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According to the World Bank (2015) Africa’s urbanization rate has surpassed other parts of the world. It is believed that by 2030, over 50% of Africans will reside in Urban Centres. Kenya is among the African counties that has experienced a tremendous increase in her urban population. This is most visible in the capital, the primate city of Nairobi. The growth has led to increased pressure on basic needs like housing, transport, water, education and security. Coupled with unequal economic development and social benefits, the result has been the tremendous expansion of informal sectors across fields. To respond to some of this pressure, the central government has vowed initiate large projects in housing, transport, water and others (Republic of Kenya, 2018). Newly enacted legislation also provides for the establishment of multi-sectoral urban boards to oversee the delivery of some services. Among the major projects coming up include Affordable Housing schemes and Mass Rapid Transport investments such as Bus Rapid Transit and expanded commuter rail systems. However, experience from the past both in Nairobi and other Cities has taught us the importance of inclusion, empathy and participation in such projects. Recent times have shown that public projects tend to ignore these and other key elements leading to massive failure of investment. The paper investigates case studies from similar projects in other parts of Africa, Bus Rapid Transit Projects in Lagos, Dar es Salaam and South African Cities; past Slum Upgrading and Housing Projects in Nairobi and other parts of the continent. The research methods also involve data collection on inclusion and participation from those who are affected directly by these proposed projects as well as the impacts that previous projects have had. The results from the study show that without proper communication and participation there are several misunderstandings on liveable spaces in cities. These include misinterpretations of the challenge’s citizens face, on the intentions of proposed solutions as well as the socioeconomic decision-making process of citizens. The implication of this leaves an unhealthy competition between existing informal ‘structures’ in various sectors against the new government driven proposals. The results are that those meant to benefit end up not being the primary beneficiaries. In conclusion, the role of putting people primarily as the centre objective of planning remains critical and key. For African planners, diverting from this will increase the existing inequalities and lead to further social divisions.
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Parker, Stephen M., Nathan A. Palm, Paul R. Stevenson, and Bruce A. Bishop. "Risk-Informed Extension of the Reactor Vessel Nozzle Inservice Inspection Interval." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57971.

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Section XI of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code specifies a 10-year interval between reactor vessel (RV) nozzle weld inspections. The industry has expended significant cost and man-rem exposure performing inspections that have found no service-induced flaws in ASME Section XI Category B-F or B-J RV nozzle welds that do not contain Alloy 82/182. Furthermore, many plants have implemented a 20-year inspection interval for the RV shell-to-shell and shell-to-nozzle welds in accordance with WCAP-16168-NP-A, Revision 2. For many of these plants, continuing to inspect the RV nozzle welds on a 10-year interval presents a significant hardship without a corresponding increase in safety from performing the inspections. This paper will provide a summary of the technical basis and methodology developed by Westinghouse for extending the Section XI inspection interval from the current 10 years to 20 years for Category B-F and B-J RV nozzle-to-safe-end and safe-end-to-pipe welds that are not fabricated with Alloy 82/182 materials. Bounding change-in-failure-frequency values have been calculated for use in plant-specific implementation of the extended inspection interval. Plant-specific pilot studies have been performed and the results show that the change in risk associated with extending the interval from 10 to 20 years after the initial 10-year inservice inspection (ISI) satisfies the guidelines specified in Regulatory Guide 1.174 for an acceptably low change in risk for core damage frequency (CDF) and large early release frequency (LERF). Further, the pilot-plant results show that the effect of the extended inspection interval on the plant’s risk-informed inservice inspection (RI-ISI) program for piping, if any, would also be acceptable.
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Wilkowski, G., H. Xu, P. Krishnaswamy, N. Chokshi, S. Shaukat, A. Hiser, G. DeGrassi, J. J. Johnson, and R. Olson. "Seismic Considerations for the Transition Break Size: An Overview of the Methodology." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93994.

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This paper describes the results of a study, sponsored by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), to assess potential seismic effects on the postulated transition break size (TBS) in the proposed risk-informed revision of the regulatory requirements for the emergency core cooling system (ECCS) contained in Title 10, Section 50.46, of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR 50.46). The full report was provided on the NRC web site in mid-December 2005. The primary focus of this paper is to provide a summary of the study’s approach and results which was conducted to facilitate review and comment concerning the proposed rule and statement of considerations (SOC), entitled “Risk-Informed Changes to Loss-of-Coolant Accident Technical Requirements; Proposed Rule,” which the NRC published in the Federal Register (70 FR 67598) on November 7, 2005.
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Winther, Tonje, Guillermo Andres Obando Palacio, and Amit Govil. "Optimizing Casing Cut and Pull Operations Efficiency Using Ultrasonic Logging Data." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205431-ms.

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Abstract Thousands of wells will enter the plug and abandonment (P&A) phase across the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), either for permanent well abandonment or section abandonment with subsequent sidetracks. In the medium and long term, more wells will be added to follow the same path as exploration, drilling, and production continues. The cost of abandonment operations demands improvement of how P&A operations are performed. A critical, and often time-consuming operation, of well or section abandonment is to cut and pull (C&P) some of the casing strings. Uncertainties about the status of the annular contents and the material within it, such as settled solids, contaminated cement, or well geometry might pose restraints that could hinder the C&P efficiency. The uncertainties may cause operations to deviate from the plan, increasing the time and the costs required. New-generation ultrasonic tools, in combination with sonic tools, provide information about the annulus material with a detailed map of the axial and azimuthal variations of the annulus contents. The geometric position of the inner pipe can be determined relative to the outer casing or borehole using advanced measurements. Logging with ultrasonic and sonic tools is a noninvasive method that can increase the efficiency of C&P operations. In this paper we discuss three case studies of wells ranging from 2 to 40 years old. Some of the wells have reached the end of their economic life and are now ready for permanent plug and abandonment (PP&A) or slot recovery. Each case is unique with different casing sizes being retrieved, along with varied annulus contents observed from ultrasonic and sonic log data. The innovative use of the data interpretation with advanced workflows decreased uncertainties about the annulus contents and enabled following an informed C&P strategy. In all three cases, the casing sections were retrieved without difficulties from the recommended depths of the analysis. Casing milling was performed in intervals where C&P was not supported by the data analysis.
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Fong, Jeffrey T., N. Alan Heckert, James J. Filliben, and Steven R. Doctor. "Three Approaches to Quantification of NDE Uncertainty and a Detailed Exposition of the Expert Panel Approach Using the Sheffield Elicitation Framework." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84771.

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The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section XI Committee is currently developing a new Division 2 nuclear code entitled the “Reliability and Integrity Management (RIM) program,” with which one is able to arrive at a risk-informed, NDE-based engineering maintenance decision by estimating and managing all uncertainties for the entire life cycle including design, material selection, degradation processes, operation and non-destructive examination (NDE). This paper focuses on the uncertainty of the NDE methods employed for preservice and inservice inspections due to a large number of factors such as the NDE equipment type and age, the operator’s level and years of experience, the angle of probe, the flaw type, etc. In this paper, we describe three approaches with which uncertainty in NDE-risk-informed decision making can be quantified: (1) A regression model approach in analyzing round-robin experimental data such as the 1981–82 Piping Inspection Round Robin (PIRR), the 1986 Mini-Round Robin (MRR) on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) detection and sizing, and the 1989–90 international Programme for the Inspection of Steel Components III-Austenitic Steel Testing (PISC-AST). (2) A statistical design of experiments approach. (3) An expert knowledge elicitation approach. Based on a 2003 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) report by Heasler and Doctor (NUREG/CR-6795), we observe that the first approach utilized round robin studies that gave NDE uncertainty information on the state of the art of the NDE technology employed from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. This approach is very time-consuming and expensive to implement. The second approach is based on a design-of-experiments (DEX) of eight field inspection exercises for finding the length of a subsurface crack in a pressure vessel head using ultrasonic testing (UT), where five factors (operator’s service experience, UT machine age, cable length, probe angle, and plastic shim thickness), were chosen to quantify the sizing uncertainty of the UT method. The DEX approach is also time-consuming and costly, but has the advantage that it can be tailored to a specific defect-detection and defect-sizing problem. The third approach using an expert panel is the most efficient and least costly approach. Using the crack length results of the second approach, we introduce in this paper how the expert panel approach can be implemented with the application of a software package named the Sheffield Elicitation Framework (SHELF). The crack length estimation with uncertainty results of the three approaches are compared and discussed. Significance and limitations of the three uncertainty quantification approaches to risk assessment of NDE-based engineering decisions are presented and discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Informal sector studies"

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Hartoto, Annisa Sabrina, and Ken M. P. Setiawan. Membuka Jalan untuk Pembangunan Inklusif Gender di Daerah Perdesaan Indonesia: Bunga Rampai Kajian Aksi Kolektif Perempuan dan Pengaruhnya pada Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Desa [Forging Pathways for Gender-inclusive Development in Rural Indonesia: Case Studies of Women’s Collective Action and Influence on Village Law Implementation]. Edited by Amalinda Savirani and Rachael Diprose. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124328.

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An edited volume (180K) of 12 analysis case studies (what we call stories of change - SOCs but these are village/region stories not individual stories). The case studies draw on multiple sources of data. These were originally written in Bahasa Indonesia, with abstracts in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. The volume also has an introductory analysis article that has its own analysis and illustrates core points from the case studies – separate and citable (see below). Case studies are organised by the five sectoral themes of the work covered by CSOs (e.g. supporting migrant workers, targeting reproductive health and nutrition, targeting social protection, targeting reductions in domestic and other gender-based violence, and support for informal sector workers who work at home).
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Hartoto, Annisa Sabrina, and Ken M. P. Setiawan. Membuka Jalan untuk Pembangunan Inklusif Gender di Daerah Perdesaan Indonesia: Bunga Rampai Kajian Aksi Kolektif Perempuan dan Pengaruhnya pada Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Desa [Forging Pathways for Gender-inclusive Development in Rural Indonesia: Case Studies of Women’s Collective Action and Influence on Village Law Implementation]. Edited by Amalinda Savirani and Rachael Diprose. University of Melbourne with Universitas Gadjah Mada and MAMPU, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124328.

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An edited volume (180K) of 12 analysis case studies (what we call stories of change - SOCs but these are village/region stories not individual stories). The case studies draw on multiple sources of data. These were originally written in Bahasa Indonesia, with abstracts in both English and Bahasa Indonesia. The volume also has an introductory analysis article that has its own analysis and illustrates core points from the case studies – separate and citable (see below). Case studies are organised by the five sectoral themes of the work covered by CSOs (e.g. supporting migrant workers, targeting reproductive health and nutrition, targeting social protection, targeting reductions in domestic and other gender-based violence, and support for informal sector workers who work at home).
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Muhoza, Cassilde, Wikman Anna, and Rocio Diaz-Chavez. Mainstreaming gender in urban public transport: lessons from Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Stockholm Environment Institute, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.006.

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The urban population of Africa, the fastest urbanizing continent, has increased from 19% to 39% in the past 50 years, and the number of urban dwellers is projected to reach 770 million by 2030. However, while rapid urbanization has increased mobility and created a subsequent growth in demand for public transport in cities, this has not been met by the provision of adequate and sustainable infrastructure and services. The majority of low-income residents and the urban poor still lack access to adequate transport services and rely on non-motorized and public transport, which is often informal and characterized by poor service delivery. Lack of access to transport services limits access to opportunities that aren’t in the proximity of residential areas, such as education, healthcare, and employment. The urban public transport sector not only faces the challenge of poor service provision, but also of gender inequality. Research shows that, in the existing urban transport systems, there are significant differences in the travel patterns of and modes of transport used by women and men, and that these differences are associated with their roles and responsibilities in society. Moreover, the differences in travel patterns are characterized by unequal access to transport facilities and services. Women are generally underrepresented in the sector, in both its operation and decision-making. Women’s mobility needs and patterns are rarely integrated into transport infrastructure design and services and female users are often victims of harassment and assault. As cities rapidly expand, meeting the transport needs of their growing populations while paying attention to gender-differentiated mobility patterns is a prerequisite to achieving sustainability, livability and inclusivity. Gender mainstreaming in urban public transport is therefore a critical issue, but one which is under-researched in East Africa. This research explores gender issues in public transport in East Africa, focusing in particular on women’s inclusion in both public transport systems and transport policy decision-making processes and using case studies from three cities: Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam.
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Gordon, Eleanor, and Briony Jones. Building Success in Development and Peacebuilding by Caring for Carers: A Guide to Research, Policy and Practice to Ensure Effective, Inclusive and Responsive Interventions. University of Warwick Press, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-00-6.

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The experiences and marginalisation of international organisation employees with caring responsibilities has a direct negative impact on the type of security and justice being built in conflict-affected environments. This is in large part because international organisations fail to respond to the needs of those with caring responsibilities, which leads to their early departure from the field, and negatively affects their work while in post. In this toolkit we describe this problem, the exacerbating factors, and challenges to overcoming it. We offer a theory of change demonstrating how caring for carers can both improve the working conditions of employees of international organisations as well as the effectiveness, inclusivity and responsiveness of peace and justice interventions. This is important because it raises awareness among employers in the sector of the severity of the problem and its consequences. We also offer a guide for employers for how to take the caring responsibilities of their employees into account when developing human resource policies and practices, designing working conditions and planning interventions. Finally, we underscore the importance of conducting research on the gendered impacts of the marginalisation of employees with caring responsibilities, not least because of the breadth and depth of resultant individual, organisational and sectoral harms. In this regard, we also draw attention to the way in which gender stereotypes and gender biases not only inform and undermine peacebuilding efforts, but also permeate research in this field. Our toolkit is aimed at international organisation employees, employers and human resources personnel, as well as students and scholars of peacebuilding and international development. We see these communities of knowledge and action as overlapping, with insights to be brought to bear as well as challenges to be overcome in this area. The content of the toolkit is equally relevant across these knowledge communities as well as between different specialisms and disciplines. Peacebuilding and development draw in experts from economics, politics, anthropology, sociology and law, to name but a few. The authors of this toolkit have come together from gender studies, political science, and development studies to develop a theory of change informed by interdisciplinary insights. We hope, therefore, that this toolkit will be useful to an inclusive and interdisciplinary set of knowledge communities. Our core argument - that caring for carers benefits the individual, the sectors, and the intended beneficiaries of interventions - is relevant for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners alike.
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Bolton, Laura. Lessons for FCDO Climate Change Programming in East Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.085.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on FCDO climate projects across the East African region in the following countries; Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Tanzania. This review established that sector stakeholders in countries like Rwanda lacked climate impact information. This highlights the need of providing the right information in the right form to meet the end users need. The above case studies have shown the need for consistent and harmonised future climate projections that are country specific. According to a study undertaken in Tanzania and Malawi, understanding the likely future characteristics of climate risk is a key component of adaptation and climate-resilient planning, but given future uncertainty it is important to design approaches that are strongly informed by local considerations and robust to uncertainty. According to the findings from the research, policy incoherence, over-reliance on donor funding, change in leadership roles is a barrier to adaptation. There is also an urgent need for mechanisms for sharing experience and learning from methodologies, technologies, and challenges. Further, Stakeholder dialogue and iterative climate service processes need to be facilitated. This review also explores approaches to communicating climatic uncertainties with decision-makers. Particularly, presentation of data using slide-sets, and stories about possible futures.
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286915.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be protected and conserved for researchers to study and evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers...
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Henderson, Tim, Mincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285306.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile for this unit. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be recorded such that other researchers may evaluate it in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN, methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285337.

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A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...
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9

Community Land Rights in Kenya: A Summary of 2020 Analyses. Rights and Resources Initiative, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/lwgg3510.

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This summary highlights Kenya-specific findings of three RRI studies conducted in 2020. This document will explain what the findings of these three studies mean for Kenya, and aims to equip local communities and civil society organizations (CSOs) with data to advance their advocacy work to influence future reforms and help the government, donors, private sector actors, and conservationists make informed decisions.
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