Journal articles: 'Informal sector studies'

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Kabra, Kamal Nayan. "The informal sector: A reappraisal." Journal of Contemporary Asia 25, no. 2 (January 1995): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339580000121.

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Doan, Rebecca Miles. "Class Differentiation and the Informal Sector in Amman, Jordan." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1992): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800001409.

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Studies of economic activities among the urban poor in various parts of the world have found more variation in the so-called informal sector than they had expected. The urban poor had typically been thought of as a kind of “reserve army” for the formal sector, an underclass at the margins of survival. Even early work that recognized the links between the formal and informal sectors lumped them together as a single class that ranked below all the others. The tendency to regard workers in the informal sector as members of an underclass masked the tremendous variations among them and between informal sectors in different places.

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Stepick, Alex. "The Haitian Informal Sector in Miami." City Society 5, no. 1 (June 1991): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.1991.5.1.10.

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Crush, Jonathan, and Graeme Young. "Resituating Africa’s Urban Informal Food Sector." Urban Forum 30, no. 4 (July 11, 2019): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-019-09374-4.

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S. M. P., Senanayake, Wimalaratana W., and Premaratne S. P. "Informal Sector and the Economy in Sri Lanka: A Survey of Literature." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 22, no. 03 (July 1, 2015): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2015.22.3.07.

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It is customary to include all economic activities that are not officially regulated as informal sector activities. The usual definitions used to distinguish the informal sector from the formal one appear to be problematic or fussy at their edges. This dichotomy is not mutually exclusive as often thought but is in fact interdependent in many respects. It is also argued that informal enterprises often move upwards in a hierarchy of organizational forms and finally end up as formal sector units through vertical linkages. The informal sector provides jobs for very vulnerable low-income groups in rural and urban sectors while contributing to the GDP immensely in developing countries. This paper critically examines the nature of the informal sector in Sri Lanka and studies the links between the informal sector and its economy. The analysis entirely employs secondary data and information. The findings of the study demonstrate that the domestic (traditional) agriculture and related activities in Sri Lanka are dominated by the informal sector, which in turn is further strengthened by underworld activities. The fear of tax burden, bribes, bureaucratic bungling, archaic rules and regulations, and lack of dividends in formal activities drive many people from the formal sector to the informal one. The informal sector provides jobs and reduces unemployment and underemployment, but in many cases the jobs are low paying and job security is poor. It bolsters entrepreneurial activities, but at the detriment of state regulations’ compliance, particularly regarding tax and labor regulations.

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Parajuli, Resham Bahadur Thapa. "Determinants of Informal Employment and Wage Differential in Nepal." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 22, no. 1-2 (September 22, 2015): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v22i1-2.13463.

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Wage discrimination in formal and informal sectors is one of the pressing issues that might perpetuate uneven livelihood options and human capital formation at household level. This paper analyzes on what determines whether a person works in informal sector. It also gauzes the degree of wage discrimination in formal and informal sectors in Nepal using country representative labor force survey based cross-section data produced by ILO in 2008. It is found that the gender, geography, educational status, marital status, age of the employee and ethnicity of the employee definitely matter whether an individual works in informal or formal sector. These variables need to be considered while formulating social security policies. Since the wages for relatively educated workers are significantly low in informal sector than formal one, it demands a suitable policy intervention to check probable working poverty in Nepal.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1-2, pp. 37-50, 2014

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Williams, Colin C., and Anjula Gurtoo. "Women entrepreneurs in the Indian informal sector." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2011): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17566261111114953.

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Sheikh ⶁ, Fayaz Ahmad, and Saradindu Bhaduri. "Policy space for informal sector grassroots innovations: towards a ‘bottom-up’ narrative." International Development Planning Review: Volume 43, Issue 1 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2019.34.

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Of late, innovation studies have taken a keen interest in exploring various components of informal sector grassroots innovations. While recognising the immense contribution of this scholarship in sensitising researchers and generating awareness, its connections to policymaking remain inadequate. In the absence of comprehensive policy discussions, the policy makers have often attempted to extrapolate the policies meant for formal sectors to suit the innovation requirements of the informal economy. The diverse, idiosyncratic nature of the informal grassroots innovation processes have not received adequate attention. Keeping in view the divergent motives, underpinnings and the nuances of informal sector grassroots innovations, this paper has undertaken a critical review of the various policy suggestions including intellectual property rights, commercialisation and standardisation on a mass scale, the role of awards and recognition for informal sector innovations, and the importance of feedback and standardisation. Based on ten years of ethnographic research in Kashmir, we identify key thematic insights into policy formulations for these innovations.

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A. Hidalgo, Hanilyn, and Michael Cuesta. "Remodeling Livelihood Vulnerability Indicators for The Informal Food Microentrepreneurs." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.2.1.672.1-9.

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Abstract The informal sector consists of business enterprises that operate outside legal business frameworks. With the huge contribution of the informal sector in economic development, local authorities regard the sector as partners in local development initiatives. Among the industries in the informal sector, the role of the informal food sector in the food value chain is vital in addressing food security issues in the urban community. However, the absence of social protection in the informal sector makes their livelihood more vulnerable to economic losses. The Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) approach is a practical tool for assessing how vulnerable the sector is and which livelihood component contributes to its vulnerability. Inopportunely, studies on LVI are only centered to farming communities. This paper explores the development of livelihood vulnerability indicators that can be utilized to off-farm enterprises predominantly to the informal food microenterprises. The indicators were sourced from LVI and entrepreneurship studies using the major vulnerability factors such as adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and exposure. The developed livelihood vulnerability indicators quantify the seven livelihood components of the informal food microenterprises such as the demographic profile, social network, livelihood strategies, health security, food security, access to utilities and disaster experience. Keywords: remodeling, livelihood vulnerability index, microentrepreneurs.

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Sargana, Muhammad Arif. "The Urban Informal Sector in an Adjusting Economy: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 977–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.977-994.

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The concept of the informal sector has gained popularity since the well-known study by International Labour Organisation [ILO] in 1972 Kenya. Since then it has become a centre stage in policy discussion regarding unemployment and poverty alleviation. Though economists are still not able to give an authentic and unanimous definition of the informal sector, it is commonly known as the non-regulated sector of the economy. Despite the fact that the informal sector provides a large chunk of GDP and employment in the national economy, this sector is very much neglected in Pakistan. A few studies have been conducted to measure the size and the role of urban informal sector in past. However, the employment estimates provided by these studies have always been controversial. In addition, in all of these studies attention has been focused mainly to the manufacturing sector. Though the importance of the manufacturing sector cannot be denied, the services sector is also of significant importance as well, however it has received relatively less attention in the past. In this study, sufficient attention has been given to this neglected sector and focus is given to its role in employment in the urban informal sector. As Pakistan is a signatory of the World Bank and IMF’s stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes, which aim to reduce the budget deficit and restructuring of public sector employment, in the compliance with these programmes, retrenchment policies have been adopted in the government jobs by the respective governments. It is estimated that employment in the public sector has declined by about 10.6 per cent in period 1990 to 1992 only [Kemal.1995]. All of these measures have exacerbated the employment situation in Pakistan. In the light of above mentioned facts, it may be viewed that the urban informal sector has become more important in absorbing this surplus labour.

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Nastiti, Anindrya, Indrawan Prabaharyaka, Dwina Roosmini, and Tresna Dermawan Kunaefi. "Pre-Assessment: Health-Associated Cost of Urban Informal Industrial Sector." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 2, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v2i4.208.

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Marginalised urban migrants thrive in informal economies, where health and safety are often neglected. Findings on previous studies have listed several informal characteristics; occupational injuries and diseases in informal setting; and components of health expenditure. This paper attempts to assess the health-associated cost in an informal industry through a questionnaire containing basic information of the respondent and household members, as well as economic and occupational assessments. The challenges that must be addressed include the different types of jobs surveyed, target population, biases from occupational/non-occupational cost and household/individual expenditure, and the validation method. This paper serves as a policy-tool reference to improve the well-being of informal workers by improving the nationwide workforce survey. Keywords: informal sector; health expenditure eISSN 2514-7528 © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK . This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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Abraham, Abena Yeboah, Fidelia Nana Akom Ohemeng, and Williams Ohemeng. "Female labour force participation: evidence from Ghana." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 11 (November 6, 2017): 1489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2015-0159.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine female labour force participation (FLFP) and their employment choice between the formal and informal sectors after several institutional and social reforms such as Millennium Development Goal 3 aimed at promoting gender equality and empowerment of women by 2015, using data from Ghana’s 2010 Population and Housing Census. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, logit regression and multinomial logit techniques were employed. Findings The results show that FLFP has declined marginally from the 2005 figures; education remains the important factor in determining women’s participation in the formal sector. Strikingly 91 per cent of the FLFP is engaged in the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy, a sector with a very low contribution per head. Practical implications Interventions such as encouraging female education and retraining of self-employed females to improve upon their efficiency ought to be pursued vigorously; whiles developing rural areas for females to get equal labour opportunities and many others aimed at enhancing the efficiency and by inference earning per head of the informal sector is highly recommended. Originality/value The literature on the FLFP is thin in Ghana. The current study uses a census data unlike the previous studies and as such employed a huge sample size that reflects the reality in Ghana. The study contributed immensely to policy having established that 91 per cent of the female labour force is engaged in the informal sectors of the economy, and therefore any intervention targeting at reducing poverty and meeting the MDG 3 should be targeted at the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy.

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Wilson, David C., Costas Velis, and Chris Cheeseman. "Role of informal sector recycling in waste management in developing countries." Habitat International 30, no. 4 (December 2006): 797–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.005.

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Kus, Basak. "The informal road to markets." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 4 (April 8, 2014): 278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2012-0209.

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Purpose – The informal economy has expanded across developing countries during the last decades. Focussing on the Turkish case, the purpose of this paper is to examine the role of neoliberal reforms in this development. The author argues that neoliberal reforms produced a double-edged transformation in the regulatory environment of Turkey. On the one hand, the legal rules that constrain the operation of market forces decreased giving way to more entrepreneurial activity; while on the other hand, the state's effectiveness in “policing” the market declined. As the regulatory barriers to private entrepreneurship decreased, the regulatory barriers to informality also decreased. Private sector growth and informalization emerged as the concomitant outcomes of neoliberal reforms. Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines how the state's changing regulatory relationship to the private sector under neoliberal reforms fostered informal economic activities through a close study of the Turkish case. Findings – At the end of the 1980s, the Peruvian economist Hernando De Soto popularized the view that informalization resulted from government regulations imposing rigid constraints and costs on economic actors, and so would be restrained by decreasing or eliminating them. The economic developments of the past few decades challenge this view, however. The size of the informal economy has expanded in developing nations at a period when government regulations have been declining. How can we explain the increasing volume of informal economic activity in developing nations over the past few decades? And more, how can we explain that this has happened during a period when the private sector has grown, and regulatory rigidities have declined? This paper argues that the state's changing regulatory relationship to the private sector under neoliberal reforms was an important factor in the expansion of informal economic activities. Originality/value – The implications of neoliberal reforms for economic processes have been widely studied in the social scientific literature. Only a handful of studies have explored their implications for the informal economy, however. These studies singled out factors such as the decline in public employment, weakening of labor unions, or capital's enhanced ability to exploit labor in contributing to informalization of developing country economies in the neoliberal era. By discussing how the changing regulatory contours of the state-economy relationship played a role in the growth of informally operating private enterprises, this paper adds to the existing knowledge of this relationship.

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Ferry, Harper's, and Jane Gray. "Conference on the Comparative Study of the Informal Sector." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1987.tb00059.x.

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Charmes, Jacques, Fred Gault, and Sacha Wunsch-Vincent. "Measuring innovation in the informal economy – formulating an agenda for Africa." Journal of Intellectual Capital 19, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-11-2016-0126.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review options for measuring innovation in the informal sector and proposes an agenda for future work. Design/methodology/approach It starts with a review of surveys of innovation in the formal business sector, and related definitions, as sources of questions and definitions which could be applied to the informal sector. Then, labor force surveys, and those that are combined with establishment surveys to measure informal sector activities, are examined with a view to adding questions, or modules, on the measurement of innovation in the informal sector. In addition, the advantages of using semi-structured interviews and ad hoc questionnaires in specific sub-sectors of the informal sector are explored. Findings The discussion leads to a possible agenda for future work on the development of policy relevant indicators of innovation in the informal economy. Two viable scenarios emerge: first, adding innovation questions to existing large-scale surveys of the informal economy; and/or second, conducting ad hoc questionnaire- and interview-based sectoral studies in selected countries. Research limitations/implications The proposed course of actions suffers from a few shortcomings: first, amending existing surveys as proposed here is always a challenging undertaking. A new survey questions have to be tested (cognitive and other testing); their deployment also depends on the willingness of countries to include new questions. Second, surveying the informal economy and applying proper sampling will remain an issue, no matter how good the survey design, and not matter how sincere the effort. Third, and finally, conducting these new survey techniques will require substantial resources over time. Practical implications In the coming years, new efforts are planned to gather data and better measure innovation in developing countries, such as the third edition of the African Innovation Outlook. This will widen the scope of reporting and analysis to include coverage of innovations in the informal sector (AU-NEPAD 2014). The suggestions in this chapter are intended to lay important groundwork for future empirical work, to help develop appropriate indicators and support new approaches to innovation policy in developing countries. Pragmatic suggestions are formulated, pointing to potential opportunities and challenges. Social implications The informal economy is a hugely important contributor to economic growth and social well-being in Africa and other developing countries. Better measurement and contributing to a better understanding of innovation in the informal economy will be important progress. Originality/value The contribution of the paper lies in the novel combination of tested approaches in informal sector surveys, on the one hand, and innovation surveys in the formal sector, on the other hand. The approaches provide ways forward to gain better understanding of the innovation in the informal economy, and to support innovation policy in African countries and beyond.

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Kavan, Philip Sawi. "Factors impacting on the urban informal sector: seven country studies including PNG." International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies 6, no. 3 (2013): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijepee.2013.056931.

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Ben Yahmed, Sarra, and Pamela Bombarda. "Gender, Informal Employment and Trade Liberalization in Mexico." World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy020.

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Abstract This paper studies how import liberalization affects formal employment across gender. The theory offers a mechanism to explain how male and female formal employment shares can respond differently to trade liberalization through labor reallocation across tradable and nontradable sectors. Using Mexican data over the period 1993–2001, we find that Mexican tariff cuts increase the probability of working formally for both men and women within four-digit manufacturing industries. The formalization of jobs within tradable sectors is driven by large firms. Constructing a regional tariff measure, we find that regional exposure to import liberalization increases the probability of working formally in the manufacturing sector for both men and women, and especially for men. However in the service sectors, the probability of working formally decreases for low-skilled women.

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Stillerman, Joel. "Private, Parochial, and Public Realms in Santiago, Chile's Retail Sector." City & Community 5, no. 3 (September 2006): 293–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2006.00182.x.

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Recent scholarship contends that the rise of shopping malls, gated communities, and gentrification as well as citizens' withdrawal to the private realm have eroded public life in U.S. and Latin American cities. Malls' suburban location and security policies exclude the poor and restrict free speech; residents and fences in gated communities exclude outsiders; and police and businesses in downtowns and high‐rent districts limit poor people's access to public areas. I expand this discussion with an analysis of the accessibility of Santiago, Chile's retail areas, the social relationships present there, and marginalized groups' informal resistance to their exclusion. The city's distinct segregation pattern, transit system, and state‐licensed street markets permit greater contact between rich and poor and foster vital public spaces. I adapt Lofland's typology of fleeting, quasi‐primary, and intimate secondary relations in public to examine social interactions in street markets, flea markets, and shopping malls. The distinct mix of relationships within these markets reflects the characteristics of users, varying degrees of accessibility to diverse populations, and state policies toward markets. Marginalized groups' informal resistance is pervasive in each setting. In contrast to the dominant view that public space is declining in contemporary cities, Santiago residents are not universally reclusive, antisocial, or reluctant to engage in cross‐class public encounters, and the city retains vital public areas. The findings demonstrate that our understanding of public space is incomplete without an awareness of social relationships and informal resistance alongside structural constraints to the accessibility of urban locales.

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Cervantes Niño, José Juan, Esthela Gutiérrez Garza, and Lylia Palacios. "El concepto de economía informal y su aplicación en México: factibilidad, inconvenientes y propuestas / The Concept of the Informal Economy and its Application in Mexico: Feasibility, Disadvantages and Proposals." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v23i1.1302.

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Teniendo como base una revisión histórica de los postulados teórico metodológicos de la OIT para cuantificar el sector informal desde las perspectivas global, regional (América Latina) y de México, se argumenta sobre la necesidad de resolver una serie de inconvenientes socioeconómicos que evitan la aplicación en este país de la tesis de la economía informal. Se justifica dicha necesidad mediante la demostración de que la metodología de la economía informal refleja una realidad más exacta de la informalidad en México que la difundida por la metodología tradicional; asimismo se proponen algunas estrategias para incentivar la aplicación de esta metodología. AbstractOn the basis of a historical review of ILO’s theoretical and methodological postulates for quantifying the informal sector from a global, regional (Latin America) and Mexican perspective, the authors argue the need to deal with a series of socio-economic disadvantages that prevent the application of the thesis of the informal economy in Mexico. This need is justified by proving that the methodology of the informal economy provides a far more accurate picture of informality in Mexico than that offered by traditional methodology; a number of strategies to encourage the implementation of this methodology are also proposed.

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Cohen, S. I., and Ivo C. H. Avinga. "Microeconomic Analysis of the Informal Sector - Results of Sample Surveys." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (December 1, 1988): 605–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.605-619.

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In earlier studies of the informal sector, and in particular in its association with small-scale, cottage and household manufacturing industries (HM), this sector was commonly considered as economically backward, low-income and offering few possibilities for raising productive employment. Later studies, by Allal and Chutta (1982) questioned this view , and noted, in addition, that informal activities are an important source of income and employment for a large portion of the population and will remain so over a long period to come and cannot be neglected , therefore, in t he design of development policies. The recognition of the importance of this sector has not removed two major obstacles in the investigation of the sector: data and viable analytical frameworks. Additional insight in the sector requires primary data collection of an unregistered population, and developing an analytical framework for studying settings with significant institutional influences. ll1is paper reports on the collection of primary data and on an analytical framework which were applied in a field survey of the informal sector in the context of urban areas in Pakistan

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WILLIAMS, COLIN C., and ANJULA GURTOO. "EVALUATING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR: SOME EVIDENCE FROM INDIA." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 16, no. 03 (September 2011): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946711001914.

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Studies on women entrepreneurs in the informal economy no longer view them merely as a residue from some pre-modern mode of production that is disappearing. Instead, they are either read through a structuralist lens as marginalized populations engaged in low quality work conducted under poor conditions for low pay out of necessity in the absence of alternative means of livelihood, or through a neo-liberal lens as engaged in relatively higher quality endeavours more as a rational choice. The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically these contrasting explanations. To do this, the results of face-to-face interviews with 323 women entrepreneurs operating in the Indian informal economy are analyzed. The finding is that although the structuralist representation is largely appropriate for women engaged in informal waged work, it is not as valid for women informal entrepreneurs working on a self-employed basis where incomes are higher, they receive more credit from informal institutions, union membership is higher, and such work is more likely to be a rational choice. The outcome is a call to recognize the diversity of women's experiences in the informal sector and that not all informal entrepreneurship by women in developing nations is a low-paid, necessity-oriented endeavour carried out as a last resort.

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Mlinga, R. S., and Jill Wells. "Collaboration between formal and informal enterprises in the construction sector in Tanzania." Habitat International 26, no. 2 (June 2002): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-3975(01)00048-0.

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Rogerson, Christian M. "The waste sector and informal entrepreneurship in developing world cities." Urban Forum 12, no. 2 (April 2001): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-001-0018-2.

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WALDINGER, ROGER, and MICHAEL LAPP. "Back to the Sweatshop or Ahead to the Informal Sector?" International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17, no. 1 (March 1993): 6–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1993.tb00209.x.

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Sami, Lylia, and Moundir Lassassi. "Investigating the effect of trust in institutions on the decision of young people in selected MENA countries to opt for an informal economic activity: Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia." International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tmsd_00021_1.

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Several empirical studies have analysed the determinants of being in the informal sector. Most of these studies have focused on the effect of demographic and socio-economic factors such as level of education, regions of residence, skills acquired and gender and household characteristics such as parents’ education level. Other authors have found that institutional factors, such as corruption, regulations, legislation and tax burden can influence the decisions to undertake activities in the informal sector. More recent studies have also highlighted the effect of institutional trust (considered as informal institution) on the emergence of informality. This article attempts to explain the behaviour that motivates individuals to engage in the informal sector. It presents an empirical analysis of the determinants of being in informality for youth in the selected MENA countries (Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia) focusing on the effect of institutional trust. Our results confirm that the general level of young people’s trust in the different institutions is low. Furthermore, we note that youth’s trusts in institutions have a significant effect on the likelihood of being in informality. However, it seems to differ according to which institutions are considered and by which countries.

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Yapi-Diahou, Alphonse. "The informal housing sector in the metropolis of Abidjan, Ivory Coast." Environment and Urbanization 7, no. 2 (October 1995): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789500700220.

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Meagher, Kate. "ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES." African Studies Review 56, no. 3 (November 20, 2013): 209–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2013.86.

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Abstract:This article examines processes of economic inclusion in divided societies, with a focus on both religious and formal–informal divides. Drawing on recent fieldwork in the northern Nigerian cities of Kano and Kaduna, the article challenges the assumption that identity-based informal organization intensifies violent social divisions, and that taxation and linkages with the state foster more stable and inclusive governance. A range of informal sector activities provides insights into escalating religious conflict and uneven patterns of formal inclusion in interreligious relations. Attention is focused on the relative role of informal institutions and formal interventions such as taxation in diffusing or exacerbating conflict at the grassroots level.

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Etim, Ernest, and Olawande Daramola. "The Informal Sector and Economic Growth of South Africa and Nigeria: A Comparative Systematic Review." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040134.

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The informal sector is an integral part of several sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries and plays a key role in the economic growth of these countries. This article used a comparative systematic review to explore the factors that act as drivers to informality in South Africa (SA) and Nigeria, the challenges that impede the growth dynamics of the informal sector, the dominant subsectors, and policy initiatives targeting informal sector providers. A systematic search of Google Scholar, Scopus, ResearchGate was performed together with secondary data collated from grey literature. Using Boolean string search protocols facilitated the elucidation of research questions (RQs) raised in this study. An inclusion and exclusion criteria became necessary for rigour, comprehensiveness and limitation of publication bias. The data collated from thirty-one (31) primary studies (17 for SA and 14 for Nigeria) revealed that unemployment, income disparity among citizens, excessive tax burdens, excessive bureaucratic hurdles from government, inflationary tendencies, poor corruption control, GDP per capita, and lack of social protection survival tendencies all act as drivers to the informal sector in SA and Nigeria. Several challenges are given for both economies and policy incentives that might help sustain and improve the informal sector in these two countries.

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Münke-Svendsen, C., V. Ao, T. Lach, C. Chamnan, C. N. Hjortsø, and N. Roos. "An explorative study of the practice of light trapping and the informal market for crickets in Cambodia." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0063.

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Edible insects are an integrated part of the food sector in many South-East Asian countries. While the majority of studies focus on Thailand and its cricket farming sector, neighbouring countries like Cambodia and Laos also form a regional market for edible insects. The aim of this research was to describe the informal food sector for wild caught crickets in Cambodia. The information was collected in April-May 2012. Information on collection equipment and techniques, processing and trade were obtained from light trap owners, traders, market vendors and governmental representatives. Five cricket species were identified to be the main trade object. Cricket trapping contributed to livelihoods of rural households operating in a self-governing market. As the crickets are caught from the wild, the sustainability of the market has to be questioned. The use of a framework to structure future studies on edible insects in South-East Asia is discussed. Insect trapping and trading is not institutionally anchored as either agriculture or fisheries – or another sector – and provides an interesting case of a food market operating in between the institutionalised sectors.

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Scheba, Andreas, and Ivan Turok. "Informal rental housing in the South: dynamic but neglected." Environment and Urbanization 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 109–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247819895958.

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Informal rental housing is growing rapidly in cities of the global South. Changing needs and circumstances of diverse urban populations produce new forms of rental accommodation and landlord–tenant relations. Focusing on the case of backyard renting in South Africa, this paper illustrates how informal rental is undergoing a dynamic process of expansion and upgrading that both reflects and contributes to improved socioeconomic conditions. Commercialization is transforming the material quality and social dynamics of informal rental housing. While there are signs of formalization and professionalization, the government’s neglect of this sector has contributed to the strong persistence of informality, with its associated risks. This paper argues that the informal rental sector deserves more government attention to augment the public benefits and mitigate the costs. The paper ends with suggestions of how a developmental approach by the government could help to convert the negative externalities into a positive dynamic with more equitable and sustainable outcomes.

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Maurya, Prateeksha, and Pratap Chandra Mohanty. "What restricts credit to women enterprises? Evidence from India’s informal sector." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 7 (July 8, 2019): 920–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2018-0422.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors which affect the financial access of the female-owned informal enterprises (FOIEs) in India. There has been a dearth of studies particularly targeting determinants of credit access by the women-owned informal enterprises. Demand side factors affecting financial access have been studied. The study of major factors affecting access to credit by unorganized women enterprises will be useful for policy making perspectives. Design/methodology/approach The study uses nationalized micro data set on the non-agricultural informal enterprises and probit estimation has been used to identify the factors which affect the probabilities of access to credit for the FOIEs. Findings The study highlights what facilitates and hinders the financial access for the FOIEs particularly in India. These enterprises in rural areas have better chances to avail credit from formal sources. Firm size, measured by policy-making size of employment and gross profit, involvement in diversified activities, maintenance of accounting record, has positive and significant impact on access to formal credit. The younger firms and the firms operating in the southern states of the country have higher probabilities to avail credit from institutional sources. Originality/value The study used the latest data set available on Indian informal enterprises, thus provides important insights about the status of financing of enterprises in India. This study highlights the regional variations and gender disparities that are prevalent in the Indian economy.

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Winter, Mary, Earl W. Morris, and Arthur D. Murphy. "Planning and Implementation in the Informal Sector Evidence from Oaxaca, Mexico." City Society 4, no. 2 (December 1990): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.1990.4.2.131.

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Nickanor, Ndeyapo, Jonathan Crush, and Lawrence Kazembe. "The Informal Food Sector and Cohabitation with Supermarkets in Windhoek, Namibia." Urban Forum 30, no. 4 (June 22, 2019): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-019-09369-1.

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Susanto, Eri, and Fachry Arsyad. "COPING STRATEGIES AMONG INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS OF MICRO ENTERPRISES: A CASE IN THE CIBURIAL VILLAGE OF KECAMATAN CIMENYAN, BANDUNG DISTRICT." Indonesian Journal of Social Work 4, no. 1 (September 20, 2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31595/ijsw.v4i1.289.

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Coping strategy among informal sector workers of micro-enterprises is motivated by the problem of workers in the informal sector that generally has very low-income levels. In addition, micro-scale informal sector workers also do not have social protection and are vulnerable to work safety such as tire patching, road vendors, roadside stalls, and parking attendants. This study aims to describe the coping strategy undertaken by workers in the informal micro-enterprises sector which includes characteristics, emotional and problems focused coping. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with case studies of tire patch workers, food stall waiters, and parking attendants. The informants in this study consisted of 3 (three) main informants and 3 (three) supporting informants. Data collection techniques use interview, observation, and documentation study. The results of the study use qualitative data analysis. Data were tested through the perseverance of observation, the extension of participation, triangulation, and reference material. The results showed that the coping strategy undertaken by informal sector workers of micro-enterprises in handling the problem was not good enough. The emotional focused coping aspect carried out by the informants was more accepting / resigned, thus affecting the problem-focused coping, i.e. there was no planning to find a solution to the problem, less initiative. The action is more about asking for help, borrowing money, that does not solve the problems they are experiencing.

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Rogerson, C. M. "THE UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR: STREET HAWKING IN JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA." Urban Geography 9, no. 6 (November 1988): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.9.6.549.

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Rogerson, Christian M., and Tokelo Letsie. "Informal Sector Business Tourism in the Global South: Evidence from Maseru, Lesotho." Urban Forum 24, no. 4 (April 9, 2013): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-013-9196-y.

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Gordeev, Vladimir S., Milena Pavlova, and Wim Groot. "Informal payments for health care services in Russia: old issue in new realities." Health Economics, Policy and Law 9, no. 1 (May 21, 2013): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133113000212.

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AbstractInformal payments can be found across Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. Despite its hidden nature, they pose an important policy issue. Reported as being widespread, the true scale and scope of informal payment are unknown, and estimations differ among studies. We look at the Russian health care sector where the existence of informal payments has persisted for decades. We present the scale and scope of informal payments, as well as patterns of informal payments and their determinants. We discuss the reasons for discrepancies in estimations and implications for the ongoing reforms.

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Trager, Lillian. "A Re-Examination of the Urban Informal Sector in West Africa." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 21, no. 2 (1987): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/484374.

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Polese, Abel, Tetiana Stepurko, Svitlana Oksamytna, Tanel Kerikmae, Archil Chochia, and Olena Levenets. "Informality and Ukrainian higher educational institutions: Happy together?" Policy Futures in Education 16, no. 4 (March 13, 2018): 482–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478210318758812.

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In post-socialist spaces, informal payments in educational institutions have often been at the centre of anti-corruption campaigns. A direct consequence, so far, has been that reforms in the public sector have largely been based on attempts to eradicate, or at least minimize, the phenomenon of informal payments. Ukraine is no exception. According to several independent surveys, educational institutions are second only to health care providers for the number of informal transactions recorded. While more than two in three of Ukrainians claim to have engaged with informal exchanges in the past 12 months, almost half of them has made an informal payment in an educational institution, be this a university or a school. The goal of this paper is two-fold. First, we explore the nature and relevance of the phenomenon of informal payments in the educational sector. We rely for this on quantitative studies showing how widespread informal payments are. Second, we provide an alternative explanation on informal payments by suggesting that they have an ambiguous function: while often regarded as a legacy of the socialist period, they can also be seen as a way to cope with an ineffective system that is mostly based on informal rules. By doing this we will provide some recommendations on how anti-corruption policies, and in general reforms aimed at decreasing the amount of informal payments in the country, could be improved.

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VILLANUEVA, CRISTIAN E., ADRIANELA ANGELES, and LUZ CECILIA REVILLA. "SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AMONG INFORMAL ENTREPRENEURS: EVIDENCE FROM MEXICO." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 25, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946720500211.

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Social responsibility (SR) has been widely studied within formal organizations, especially in large companies in developed countries. However, studies about SR in the informal sector is still insufficient. Addressing this gap is relevant for developing countries where informality is becoming extensive and is growing faster than the formal economy. This research has two main objectives: (1) determine whether in an informal economy context, entrepreneurs could perform SR and (2) if it is possible to have SR, to examine critically the way informal entrepreneurs perform it. To achieve these objectives, this study conducted 50 face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with informal entrepreneurs (IEs) in Mexico City. The outcome of this research shows evidence that IEs can perform SR in an implicit form, despite their adverse and vulnerable conditions.

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Zolkover, Andrii, and Venelin Terziev. "The Shadow Economy: A Bibliometric Analysis." Business Ethics and Leadership 4, no. 3 (2020): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.4(3).107-118.2020.

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The article deals with the analysis of the areas of research related to the shadow economy. The results of analyses show that financial market and financial intermediates become an essential part of the issues and that the topic of the problem of poverty among the urban population, low income, drugs abuse and problems of female employment, gender inequity in income in the papers which analyzed the shadow economy issues are very popular. The aim of the paper is to analyze the tendency in the scientific literature on the shadow economy to identify future research directions. For the analysis, the tools of VOSviewer, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) analyses were used. This study is based on 5361 papers from Scopus and 3773 papers from Web of Science. The time sample of research was not limited for analysis. Time analysis showed that in 2014-2015 the number of papers dealing the shadow economy began to increase. At the same time, the focal point of research moved from general issues (estimation of shadow sector, impact on labour market etc.) to problem of transition from the informal to the formal Economy. In 2019 the number of papers which analyzed the the shadow economy was increased by 95 % compared with the 2014 year, according to Scopus database – by 29%. Mostly the papers with keyword “shadow” (informal, hidden etc.) economy were published under the following subject area, according to Scopus: Social science; Economics, Econometrics and Finance; Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Arts and Humanities, and according to WoS: Business Economics; Sociology; Public Administration; Government Law; Development Studies; Social Sciences Other Topics; Environmental Sciences Ecology; Area Studies. Most articles focused on shadow economy were published by the scientists from the USA, United Kingdom, India, Germany and South Africa. In 2019 considering the findings from Scopus the high ranked Studies in Systems Decision and Control, Journal of Business Ethics, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Cities stated to publish papers devoted to shadow economy. Such results prove that informal economy theme and its transition to formal is in the ongoing trends of the modern regulation. The findings from VOSviewer identified six clusters of the papers which investigate the shadow economy from the different points of views. The first most significant cluster merged the paper which contained the keywords as follows: informal sector, informal economy, unemployment, gender, urban economy, labour market, corruption etc. The papers in the second largest cluster deal with poverty among urban population, low income, drugs abuse and problems of female employment, gender inequity in income. The third biggest cluster focuses on criminal and ecological aspects of shadow economy. Keywords: Shadow Economy, Shadow Sector of Economy, Informal Economy, Informal Sector of Economy, Underground Economy, Underground Sector of Economy, Hidden Economy, Hidden Sector of Economy.

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Forkuor, John Boulard, Mavis Ama Buari, and Clifford Kwaku Agbenyo Aheto. "Breaking Barriers: The Experiences of Women in Male Dominated Informal Sector Occupations in Urban Ghana." Gender Issues 37, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12147-019-09231-5.

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Khan, Amir, Naureen Akhtar, Muhammad Danyal Khan, and Rao Imran Habib. "Informal Economy Enabling Tax Evasion and Money Laundering in Pakistan: An Analytical Study." Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/rope.v2i2.1760.

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Purpose: The primary objective of this article is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the informal economy in Pakistan enabling money laundering and tax evasion in Pakistan. Furthermore, it also looks into the informal economy’s implications for the economic growth of Pakistan. Finally, this article recommends potential reforms for formalization of economy of Pakistan for prevention of such crimes. Methodology: A review regarding informal economy in Pakistan enabling money laundering and tax evasion with the help of prior studies has been conducted. Findings: The formalization of the informal sector, according to this article, is important not only for raising tax revenues, but also for digital, skilled-based improvement of business activities, ramping up the operations and maintenance size of small businesses, increasing and diversifying production, and enhancing the lot of low-wage earners. Implications: Lawmakers should focus on the implications of informal financial channels like hawala and hundi, which continue to operate beneath the radar of the informal sector. In order to identify money laundering, the Pakistani government must focus on strengthening and encouraging the digitization of the economy. The digitization of the economy is critical to the formalization of Pakistan's economy.

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Mpembamoto, Kelvin, Wilma Nchito, Gilbert Siame, and Emma Wragg. "Impact of sector-based upgrading on home-based enterprises: a case study of Chaisa Settlement." Environment and Urbanization 29, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 597–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247817701087.

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While upgrading approaches have evolved over the years, and often include a focus on improving the livelihoods of people living in informal settlements, there remains little attention or understanding in the literature of how upgrading can influence the livelihoods of residents in informal settlements. This paper examines the extent to which upgrading can contribute to improvement in economic activities, looking specifically at the case of the Chaisa settlement in Zambia, where various upgrading projects were conducted in recent years. It investigates the extent to which this upgrading has contributed to the establishment and expansion of such home-based enterprises as shops, kiosks, saloons and barbershops, as well as its impact on room renting and on livelihoods generally, and discusses the dynamics underlying these improvements.

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Waffo Tchounga, Christelle Ange, Pierre-Yves Sacré, Patient Ciza Hamuli, Rose Ngono Mballa, Emmanuel Nnanga Nga, Philippe Hubert, and Roland Marini Djang’eing’a. "Poor-Quality Medicines in Cameroon: A Critical Review." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1346.

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ABSTRACT. Poor-quality medicines are the cause of many public health and socioeconomic problems. We conducted a review to acquire an overview of the situation concerning such medicines in Cameroon. Different searches were performed on databases from several websites of the WHO, the Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon, the Anti-Counterfeit Medicine Research Institute, the Global Pharma Health Fund, and the Infectious Disease Data Observatory. We identified 92 publications comprised of 19 peer-reviewed studies and 73 alerts. Based on studies completed, 1,664 samples were analyzed, and the prevalence of substandard and falsified (SF) medicines could be estimated for 1,440 samples. A total of 67.5% of these samples were collected from the informal sector, 20.9% from the formal sector, and 11.6% from both sectors. We found a prevalence of SF medicines across the peer-reviewed studies of 26.9%, whereas most of the SF medicines belonged to the anti-infective class. The problem of SF medicines is not studied sufficiently in Cameroon; therefore, efforts should be made to conduct adequate studies in terms of representativity and methodology.

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Jha, Sunanda, and Dinabandhu Bag. "The service sector: migration, technology and productivity." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, no. 1/2 (March 11, 2019): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2017-0141.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics of the workers in the informal economy and explore the reasons for workers migrating from rural to urban area. The authors also explore and enumerate various reasons why the migrants choose to work informally and study whether internal migrants treat this sector as temporary or transitory before moving to the formal sector. The authors reconnoitre the issues in coverage of factors in unregistered service, this research is carried out at a smaller scale of operations of the service enterprises having a minimum of three (or more) employees, which poses significant issues in the enumeration. This work further emphasises on the reasons why people migrate and choose the informal sector (IS) and to estimate the contribution of technology towards productivity of this sector.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on empirical data collected through interviews with the migrants, who are now part of the informal service enterprises of Delhi and peripheral areas, this paper presents the results of a survey conducted in 2017. This research is based on appropriate scale driven by the instrument of choice by the sampling of units. Data were collected by conducting field survey using structured questionnaire. By performing the estimation at the unit rather than the industry level, the authors reduce difficulties of mis-measured output and inputs, thus, potentially obtaining a more accurate estimate of technologies contributions towards the firm productivity.FindingsThe small service enterprises are making poorer value addition towards measured productivity due to the factors such as lack of equipment or technical know-how. The authors find that marginalisation thesis holds true only partially and the rest are in this sector by choice, considering it as an opportunity. Maximum number of entrants had been attracted by opportunities in this sector itself; actual and potential mobility from the informality towards formalisation is quite low; education is one of the important determinants for entrepreneurs shifting from informality towards formalisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited only to informal service enterprises located in Delhi, the national capital of India and the peripheral areas.Practical implicationsBy identifying the factors, proper policy measures can be designed which will be in a focused direction to reduce the size of the IS and to improve the working condition of the migrants who are part of this sector. The estimation is at the unit level using primary data.Originality/valueThe estimation is at the unit level using primary data, the research contributes to the literature on informal service sector, and this sector needs more intensive large-scale studies in order to design policies which can result in betterment of the society as a whole, benefiting the segment that needs immediate attention from government and society as well.

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Miti, Jairous Joseph, Mikko Perkio, Anna Metteri, and Salla Atkins. "Factors associated with willingness to pay for health insurance and pension scheme among informal economy workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review." International Journal of Social Economics 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2020-0165.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish the main factors influencing willingness to pay for health insurance and pension schemes among informal workers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Historically, informal economy workers have been excluded from social protection coverage. There is a growing need, interest and policy discourse in LMICs to extend social security to informal economy workers. However, little is known about informal workers' willingness to pay (WTP) for social security services in different LMIC settings.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a systematic review and searched five databases from 1987 to 2017. Included papers focused on “social security”, “social insurance”, “pension”, “informal economy”, “informal sector” and “informal workers” in LMICs. Authors conducted independent data appraisal and data extraction. A total of 1790 papers were identified. After exclusion, 34 papers were included in the analysis. Given the heterogeneous results, the authors performed a narrative synthesis to consolidate the findings of the different studies.FindingsIn total, 34 studies from 17 countries were included in the review, out of which 23 studies focused on health insurance, 7 studies on pension schemes and 4 studies on social security in general. The study showed that income and trust were associated with WTP for both health insurance and pension schemes. In addition, family size, age, education and residential area were common factors for both forms of social security. For health insurance, experience of sickness, attitude and presence of medical doctors as well as distance from the healthcare facility all played a role in determining WTP. For pension schemes, low and flexible contribution rates, benefit package, government subsidies and quality of administration of the schemes influenced enrolment and contributions.Research limitations/implicationsMore evidence is needed for WTP for pensions among informal workers.Practical implicationsThe findings show that socio-economic differences, scheme-type (health or pension) and level of trust influence WTP for health insurance or pension among informal sector workers. The review results suggest that the factors influencing WTP for health insurance and pensions interplay in a complex web of relations. More evidence is needed on WTP for pensions among informal workers.Social implicationsFurther studies are particularly needed on the interrelationship of the influences to WTP, including gender issues, access barriers and socioeconomic factors, among program design issues for social security.Originality/valueThis paper is based on a systematic review methodology and contributes to the discourse on extending social security to informal economy workers based on evidence from various countries.

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Salamanca, Juan David Guevara, and Gonzalo Vargas. "Quarantine and Informality: Reflections on the Colombian Case." Space and Culture 23, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331220938626.

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The spread of the COVID-19 has generated a global rupture of routines and everyday life. The situation for informal settlements is exceptionally delicate due to their socio-economic conditions and the restrictions imposed by the quarantine to contain the virus. In this brief piece, we present our reflections about the quarantine in relation to urban informality. Most of our discussion is centered on an informal settlement in Bogotá: El Codito sector. We reflect on the quarantine as a privilege that not everyone possesses, as well as on the materiality of the quarantine and the possible suspensions of informal powers. We suggest considering the potentialities and capacities of informal settlements to help flatten the curve and navigate the crisis.

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Asongu, Simplice, and Jacinta Nwachukwu. "Information asymmetry and conditional financial sector development." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 9, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-11-2016-0087.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the role of reducing information asymmetry (IA) on conditional financial sector development in 53 African countries for the period 2004-2011. Design/methodology/approach The empirical evidence is based on contemporary and non-contemporary quantile regressions. Instruments for reducing IA include public credit registries (PCRs) and private credit bureaus (PCBs). Hitherto unexplored dimensions of financial sector development are used, namely, financial sector dynamics of formalization, informalization, semi-formalization and non-formalization. Findings The following findings are established. First, the positive (negative) effect of information sharing offices (ISO) on formal (informal) financial development is consistent with theory. Second, ISOs consistently increase formal financial development, with the incidence of PCRs higher in terms of magnitude, and financial sector formalization, with the impact of PCBs higher for the most part. Third, only PCBs significantly decrease informal financial development and both ISOs decrease financial sector informalization. Policy implications are discussed. Originality/value The study assesses the effect of reducing IA on financial development when existing levels of it matter because current studies based on mean values of financial development provide blanket policy implications which are unlikely to be effective unless they are contingent on prevailing levels of financial development and tailored differently across countries with high, intermediate and low initial levels of financial development.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Informal sector studies'

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