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Journal articles on the topic 'Informal sector'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 April 2025

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1

Ramos Soto, Ana Luz. "Sector informal, economía informal e informalidad / Informal sector, informal economy and informality." RIDE Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo 6, no. 11 (October 12, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23913/ride.v6i11.172.

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El objetivo de la presente propuesta es analizar la economía informal y cómo esta participa en la generación de autoempleo en la economía mexicana. Para ello se describen los conceptos del sector informal, la informalidad y la economía informal, y se analizan diferentes indicadores que permiten medir el fenómeno de estudio. En el trabajo de campo se utilizaron fuentes de información secundaria que permitieron identificar el porcentaje de la población ocupada en este sector durante el periodo 2003-2015, constatando así que 13.5 millones de personas formaron parte del sector informal en el año 2014.
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2

Bairagya, Indrajit. "Distinction between Informal and Unorganized Sector: A Study of Total Factor Productivity Growth for Manufacturing Sector in India." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 3, no. 5 (November 15, 2011): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v3i5.283.

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Since its very onset, the concept and definition of the informal sector has been a subject of debate both at the national and international levels. Existing literature uses the terms ‘informal sector’ and ‘unorganized sector’ interchangeably. However, in India, the characteristics of enterprises in the informal and non-informal unorganized manufacturing sectors are different and, thus, it is not justifiable to consider the informal and unorganized sector interchangeably for the manufacturing sector. Thus, the objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis on whether or not the total factor productivity growth (TFPG) of the informal manufacturing sector is different from the non-informal unorganized manufacturing sector. TFPG is decomposed into technical efficiency change and technological change. Later, technical efficiency change is further decomposed by pure efficiency change and scale efficiency change. Results show that the average TFPG of the non-informal sector is higher than the informal sector. The informal sector heavily concentrates in own account small enterprises, whereas the non-informal unorganized sector concentrates only in directory manufacturing enterprises (DME). Due to large in size, DME avails the advantages of economies of scale, which, in turn, helps the units for more growth in terms of total factor productivity growth. The main reason for productivity decrease of the enterprises, besides technology regress and the lack of adequate investments, is the limitation of activities and scale along with the optimal allocation of resources. This study provides a basis on how policies can be designed for enhancing the total factor productivity growth of the informal sector.
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3

Biplab, Dasgupta. "Calcutta's ‘Informal Sector’." Institute of Development Studies Bulletin 5, no. 2-3 (May 22, 2009): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1973.mp52-3005.x.

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4

Lopez-Martin, Bernabe. "INFORMAL SECTOR MISALLOCATION." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 8 (June 1, 2018): 3065–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517001055.

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A quantitative framework of firm dynamics is developed where the size of the informal sector is determined by financial constraints and the burden of taxation. Improving access to credit for formal sector firms increases aggregate total factor productivity and output while reducing the size of the informal sector. Introducing size-dependent taxes reduces the gains from financial development as they incentivize firms to produce at a relatively limited scale. The aggregate effects of eliminating formal sector registration costs are positive but modest relative to previous theoretical models and the gains generated by financial development, and consistent with empirical evidence based on micro-level data.
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5

Naidoo, GP, and TI Fenyes. "Quantitative linkages between the formal and informal sectors in the South African economy." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 6, no. 4 (November 15, 2003): 693–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v6i4.1513.

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The need to quantify the impact of the informal sector has thus far not received adequate attention so as to allow policy makers, informal sector enterprises and the formal sector to determine which specific areas of the economy should be further analysed for the purposes of ascertaining the linkages that exist between the formal and informal sectors. In this study, an attempt is made to quantify the linkages between the formal and informal sector, using the 1993 South African Input–Output Table. By disaggregating the formal and informal sectors, it has been possible to determine specific coefficients for both sectors. The “importexport” concept has been used to show how these sectors are interrelated. The multiplier analysis confirms that certain sectors of the informal sector may be more responsive to changes in the final demand than the formal sector.
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6

Mingas, Simone, and Nguenha Bastos. "Developments in the Informal and Formal Sector." Journal Dimensie Management and Public Sector 1, no. 1 (November 19, 2020): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48173/jdmps.v1i1.22.

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The aims of the study to understand developments in the Informal and Formal Sector. This study discusses about the development of the informal and formal sectors a theoretical review of the informal and formal sectors, the concept of the informal sector the development of the informal and formal sectors. The informal and formal sectors have been running with their respective growth. The informal sector is a buffer against the transformation of unbalanced labor structures. Included as external factors are: First, that the institutions that support modern formal economic activities. Second, the wage level gap. Discrimination in the level of wages, both by informal institutions, the bureaucracy and the environment of formal economic actors themselves also perpetuates the separation of the two sectors. Third, related to technical-political issues, where political actors do not pay attention to and understand the rapid development of modernization.
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7

Aikaeli, Jehovaness, Beatrice Kalinda Mkenda, and Finn Tarp. "Beyond the formal economy: employment and income perspectives in Tanzania." Tanzanian Economic Review 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2024): 208–34. https://doi.org/10.56279/ter.v14i2.203.

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This study investigates employment and earnings levels in Tanzania's informal and formal sectors, as well as the factors that determine them. Despite growth in the economy, insufficient job creation in the formal sector has rendered the informal sector an inevitable source of employment for youths. We use the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to examine the disparity between formal and informal earnings, and Quantile Regression to investigate the factors that determine earning differentials across income groups. Among key findings are: first, there are major differences in average earnings between the formal and informal sectors, with the informal sector having lower average earnings; second, women's earnings are lower in both sectors and across other sectors; and lastly, the formal sector has a higher percentage of employees who work a second job than the informal sector. Employee characteristics, gender, taking on another work, relocating to a rural location, and transferring to private employment and the informal sector are the factors that contribute to earnings disparities. The following policy implications are drawn: investing in education is crucial for raising earnings; women's participation in higher paying activities is important for empowering them; and an overall improvement in employee earnings is important for reducing the need to get a second job to supplement their incomes. JEL: E24; E26; O17
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8

Membreño Idiáquez, Marcos. "Sector y empresa informal." Encuentro, no. 47 (October 22, 1998): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/encuentro.v0i47.3775.

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Detrás de su aparente heterogeneidad, las distintas teorías sobre el sector y la empresa informal tienen en común importantes presupuestos epistemológicos y metodológicos. Esto se debe a que todos los teóricos de la informalidad han ido a llenar sus cántaros conceptuales a una misma y única fuente: la noción de informalidad propuesta originalmente por Keith Hart (1971) en los años setenta. Pero cuando hicieron suya la -noción de informalidad, los seguidores de Hart no pudieron despojarla nunca de las inconsistencias teóricas que le eran inherentes desde su origen, a pesar de haberla traducido y reformulado en el lenguaje propio de sus respectivas escuelas de pensamiento. Tal es la tesis que defiende el autor de este artículo.
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9

Rothenberg, Alexander D., Arya Gaduh, Nicholas E. Burger, Charina Chazali, Indrasari Tjandraningsih, Rini Radikun, Cole Sutera, and Sarah Weilant. "Rethinking Indonesia’s Informal Sector." World Development 80 (April 2016): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.005.

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10

Mead, Donald C., and Christian Morrisson. "The informal sector elephant." World Development 24, no. 10 (October 1996): 1611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(96)00065-4.

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11

ÖZER, Muhammed Yusuf. "INFORMAL SECTOR AND INSTITUTIONS." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v13.2(26).07.

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In this paper, I investigate the relationship between informal sector size and various institutional quality variables: government stability, external conflict, internal conflict, corruption control, military influence over politics, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law-and-order, democratic quality, and bureaucratic accountability. To this end, I use annual cross-country panel data covering 130 countries from 1990 to 2018. Having conducted a correlation analysis, the size of informal economy and institutional quality indicators are inversely linked. The most crucial institutional quality determinants are law-and-order (-0.53), bureaucratic quality (-0.51), military in politics (-0.45), corruption control (-0.42), and internal conflict (-0.35).
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12

Mughal, Khurrum S., and Friedrich G. Schneider. "How Informal Sector Affects the Formal Economy in Pakistan? A Lesson for Developing Countries." South Asian Journal of Macroeconomics and Public Finance 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277978719898975.

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We explore the interaction of the informal sector with the formal economy for a developing economy, that is, Pakistan. Estimation results are obtained via autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach, which show a significantly positive effect of the informal sector in the long run whereas a negative impact of informal sector is found in the short run. We also present dynamic simulations to show the effect/contribution in terms of revised GDP per capita if the informal sector is accounted for in official statistics. The novelty of results is the varying effects of the informal sector across two time horizons that can have serious policy implications for developing and transition economies with large informal sectors. Although, the findings of this article enrich our understanding on the behaviour of the informal sector, they further fuel the debate associated with eradication of the informal sector. Efforts to curb informal activities may burden the low-skilled workforce in this sector and increase corruption opportunities in bureaucracy in the absence of institutional reforms. On the contrary, it makes the formal sector policy design and implementation a challenging task. JEL Classification: E26, H26, K42, O17
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13

Mahata, Sushobhan, Rohan Kanti Khan, and Ranjanendra Narayan Nag. "Economic Recession, Informal Sector and Skilled–Unskilled Wage Disparity in a Developing Economy: A Trade-Theoretical Analysis." Foreign Trade Review 55, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 168–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732519894132.

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The paper analyses some selective aspects of economic crises, namely skilled-sector recession, reversed international migration of labour and decline in foreign capital inflow on the informal sector employment and wage rate in developing economies and seeks to explain the non-monotonic effect on the informal sector both across nations and within nation across sectors. In so doing, we develop three-sector General Equilibrium models under two different scenarios which may apply to a large class of emerging market economies. In the first model, we have a traded informal export sector, and the role of the non-traded informal sector in the presence of credit market imperfection is analysed in the second model. Skilled-sector recession produces a favourable (unfavourable) effect on the workers employed in the traded informal sector (non-traded informal sector) due to an induced complementary relationship between the high-skilled export sector and the informal sector. A fall in emigration level of skilled or unskilled worker and a decline in foreign capital inflow hurt the workers in the informal traded sector, while the workers in the non-traded informal sector gain. The results of the paper reflect contradictions of an emerging economy, which is essentially hybrid economics in which capitalist nucleus has a conditional-conditioning relationship with an archaic structure. JEL Codes: F13, J31
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14

Marjit, Sugata, Ritwik Sasmal, and Joydeb Sasmal. "Structural Transformation, Service Sector Growth and Poverty Alleviation: The Role of Formal–Informal Interaction and Rising Informal Wage." Review of Development and Change 25, no. 2 (December 2020): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972266120972571.

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The motivation of this article is to develop a theoretical mechanism on the interaction between formal and informal sectors and rising informal wage, in the process of service sector growth. Based on empirical support for service sector growth, structural change, higher employment of labour in unorganised sector and rising informal wage in the Indian context, this article develops a theoretical model on the formal–informal interaction in labour employment using a trade-theoretic general equilibrium framework. The results show that with the expansion of capital-intensive, organised service sector, following capital investment in the country, the informal, non-traded intermediate sector, which supplies inputs to the formal service sector, expands with greater employment. The labour-intensive domestic sector of consumer services declines, with the result that the price of consumer services rises, leading to rise in informal wage rate.
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15

Nasir, Zafar Mueen. "Earnings Differential between Public and Private Sectors in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i2pp.111-130.

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The paper explores the earnings differential between public and private sectors in Pakistan. The private sector is further divided into formal and informal sectors for comparison purposes. It utilises an expanded version of the human capital model to determine important determinants of earnings in each sector. Using standard technique, the earnings are decomposed into two parts, i.e., differential due to personal characteristics and due to earnings structure of the particular sector. The Labour Force Survey 1996-97 is used for the analysis of wage differential. Results indicate that workers in public sector earn more than both private formal as well as informal sector workers. These earnings are higher due to their superior personal human capital endowment; however, the wage structure of the public sector is not helping them. The informal sector workers are earning lower than both public sector and private formal sector workers due to both personal characteristics and wage structure of the informal sector.
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16

Bhavan, T. "The Nexus Between Foreign Direct Investment, Informal and Formal Sectors in Sri Lanka." South Asia Economic Journal 24, no. 1 (March 2023): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13915614231158729.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the bilateral relationship among formal, informal and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the case of Sri Lanka during the period from 1990 to 2019. Using annual time series data, the Two Stage Least Square method is employed to investigate the relationship among the endogenous variables. The results derived from the analysis suggest that the integration between formal and informal sectors and formal sector and FDI are positive and have significant impacts on each other. However, the negative and significant impacts of the informal sector and FDI on each other further suggest that the integration between the informal sector and FDI did not give an optimistic signal to the country to contemplate that the informal sector is supporting foreign investors. At the same time, a sign that FDI discourages informal sector progression in the results has triggered the attention of further investigations on whether foreign investment agglomeration in Sri Lanka promotes informal-formal sectoral transformation at the cost of the informal sector. However, this study proposes an interest in sound policy requirements to reshape the informal sector towards the interest of foreign direct investors and informal-formal sector transformation. JEL Codes: E26, F21, J21, J46
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Gupta, Preeti, Sushanta Kumar Mahapatra, Niranjan Devkota, Dipak Bahadur Adhikari, and Udaya Raj Paudel. "Determinants of Informal Workers’ Readiness to Transition towards Formal Economy: Empirical Evidence from Nepal." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 30, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v30i1-2.69527.

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The informal sector in Nepal plays a significant role, encompassing over 70% of the economically active population. However, informal workers face numerous challenges, including violence, exploitation, lack of rights, and inadequate protection against income loss due to sickness or old age. This study examines the readiness of informal business sectors in Kathmandu Valley to transition to formal business sectors. An analytical research design was used, involving 400 respondents from the informal sector. The study evaluated the readiness index based on legal and policy frameworks, socioeconomic status, employment, structuralism, and income status. The findings reveal that informal business owners are generally ready to transition to the formal sector. However, higher income from informal activities is negatively associated with the likelihood of transitioning, indicating that workers earning sufficiently from informal work are less inclined to move to the formal sector. The study suggests that formalizing vocational training, enhancing insurance and security measures, implementing legal policies, and addressing income disparities are crucial steps to encourage the transition of informal workers to the formal economy.
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Parakrama Badullahewage, Bharatha Prabath, and Shohani Upeksha Badullahewage. "Wage Difference Between Formal Sector and Informal Sector Jobs; With Special Reference to the Labour Market in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 3 (August 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.73.2001.

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It is globally understood that wage-based employment structure and wages are a central aspects of the labour force at work. The informal sector is ranging to a broader concept that is difficult to define. The formal–informal wage gap is crucial to understand labour market informality, especially in developing countries with the large informal sectors. The basic model is taken from Mincer (1974), and the study is primarily based on secondary data. The new dummy variable of Job_type and an interactive term were incorporated into the Mincer earning function to analyse wage differences between formal sector and informal sector jobs. The study concludes that there is a wage gap between the a formal and informal sector. Moreover, if a person engages in formal sector job with good education qualification and good working experience, he will be entitled for a higher wage rate. Policies that promote education and equal opportunities for workers in both formal and informal sectors would improve earnings for many workers by increasing productivity and incomes.
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Joy C Naibin, Sweety. "Understanding India's Informal E-Waste Management Sector." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2023): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23805023311.

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20

Nikmah, Fatimatul. "Analisis Perkembangan Umkm Sektor Informal Kota Blitar Akibat Dampak Pandemi Covid-19." REVITALISASI 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.32503/revitalisasi.v11i2.3268.

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This research is entitled "Analysis of the Development of MSMEs in the Informal Sector of Blitar City Due to the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic". The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Blitar City caused the informal sector business to experience a decline in turnover due to a decrease in sales. Some of the informal sectors, especially those based on food and beverages, were disrupted due to delays in the distribution of raw materials and decreased production capacity due to the implementation of restrictions on community activities (PPKM) in the city of Blitar. The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of MSMEs in the informal sector of Blitar City due to the impact of the covid-19 pandemic, to determine the extent to which business actors persist in financial and capital problems in the informal business sector of Blitar City due to the impact of the covid-19 pandemic and to determine the influence and effectiveness of government policies. for the micro and informal business sectors that have been carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this study is a qualitative method using the mills and hubberman methods. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the condition of the informal sector business in the city of Blitar in 2020 experienced a temporary cessation of operations and those that were still surviving experienced a decline in turnover. Meanwhile, in 2021 it was found that there were a small number of informal sector businesses that stopped permanently, but for informal sector businesses that were still surviving, there was an increase in turnover. Furthermore, related to capital assistance from the government in the form of BPUM, direct assistance and KUR have not been evenly received by business actors in the informal sector, so that on average they still survive using their own capital. Finally, it can be said that during the COVID-19 pandemic, informal sector businesses were not significantly affected.
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KOTO, PROSPER SENYO. "IS SOCIAL CAPITAL IMPORTANT IN FORMAL-INFORMAL SECTOR LINKAGES?" Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 22, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671750008x.

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Is social capital important in formal-informal sector linkages? Previous research focused on the role of the productive capacities of the enterprises in the informal sector as determining factors. This paper aims to uncover, at least in part, whether or not social capital is important in facilitating the linkages between enterprises in the formal and informal sectors. As a novelty, having linkages with the formal sector is treated as a rare event. Consequently, the analysis involves flexible binary generalized extreme value models using data from the World Bank Informal Sector Surveys. The scope is thirteen countries from sub-Saharan Africa. The results are indicative that social capital has significantly positive, real effects on the likelihood of linkages. If one sees the informal sector as a source of jobs and as a stepping-stone to the formal sector, there is a case for the recognition of the role of informal social networks in the design of entrepreneurial policy.
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Doan, Rebecca Miles. "Class Differentiation and the Informal Sector in Amman, Jordan." International Journal of Middle East Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1992): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800001409.

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Studies of economic activities among the urban poor in various parts of the world have found more variation in the so-called informal sector than they had expected. The urban poor had typically been thought of as a kind of “reserve army” for the formal sector, an underclass at the margins of survival. Even early work that recognized the links between the formal and informal sectors lumped them together as a single class that ranked below all the others. The tendency to regard workers in the informal sector as members of an underclass masked the tremendous variations among them and between informal sectors in different places.
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Andria, Fredi, and Nandang Kusnadi. "DAMPAK KEPESERTAAN BPJS BAGI PEKERJA INFORMAL DI BOGOR." JIMFE (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi) 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34203/jimfe.v3i1.435.

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ABSTRACTHealth insurance available in Indonesia is still very limited in scope, given to a small proportion of the Population of Beneficiaries (PBI) and formal workers. This is also the case in the Bogor region, whereas the informal sector population in Bogor dominates more than 70%. The participation of the informal sector population in Bogor City is still low, reaching only 30% of the total population. Informal sector workers working in small firms, entrepreneurs in the informal and underemployed or elderly economic sectors, will rely on personal insurance or assistance from close and distant relatives and local communities, resulting in a very limited sustainability of group health insurance. In order to increase membership and coverage of health insurance can be expanded, the groups of informal sector workers in the area of Bogor must be recognizable and at the same time can be distinguished by their characteristics. It is necessary to define various segments of informal sector workers. More specifically, it is necessary to establish the mechanisms of the population engaged in the informal sector to be optimized for their participation in the health insurance program coordinated by the BPJS. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the needs of social health insurance system based on identification of informal workers (case study in Bogor city), so that the impact of health insurance (BPJS) partnership can be constructed for informal sector people.Keywords: BPJS, Health Insurance, Informal Sector, Partnership
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S. M. P., Senanayake, Wimalaratana W., and Premaratne S. P. "Informal Sector and the Economy in Sri Lanka: A Survey of Literature." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 22, no. 03 (July 1, 2015): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2015.22.3.07.

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It is customary to include all economic activities that are not officially regulated as informal sector activities. The usual definitions used to distinguish the informal sector from the formal one appear to be problematic or fussy at their edges. This dichotomy is not mutually exclusive as often thought but is in fact interdependent in many respects. It is also argued that informal enterprises often move upwards in a hierarchy of organizational forms and finally end up as formal sector units through vertical linkages. The informal sector provides jobs for very vulnerable low-income groups in rural and urban sectors while contributing to the GDP immensely in developing countries. This paper critically examines the nature of the informal sector in Sri Lanka and studies the links between the informal sector and its economy. The analysis entirely employs secondary data and information. The findings of the study demonstrate that the domestic (traditional) agriculture and related activities in Sri Lanka are dominated by the informal sector, which in turn is further strengthened by underworld activities. The fear of tax burden, bribes, bureaucratic bungling, archaic rules and regulations, and lack of dividends in formal activities drive many people from the formal sector to the informal one. The informal sector provides jobs and reduces unemployment and underemployment, but in many cases the jobs are low paying and job security is poor. It bolsters entrepreneurial activities, but at the detriment of state regulations’ compliance, particularly regarding tax and labor regulations.
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Bhuyan, Zona. "An Urban-Spatial Analysis of the Women in the Informal Sectors of Greater Guwahati City of Assam, India." Space and Culture, India 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v1i1.21.

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This article reflects the use of urban space by women in urban informal sectors in the city of Guwahati located in North East India. The population influx from across the borders in the aftermath of the partition has huge implications both on polity and on economy of the northeastern states in general and Assam in particular. Importantly, the urban informal sectors have a sizeable share in terms of its significant contributions towards Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as generation of employment opportunities largely. Using a feminist perspective, the research is an attempt to investigate the engagement of women in the informal sector in greater Guwahati. Research findings reveal that the occupations of the women workers are location-specific, that is, the manufacturing sectors (textiles, food preparation, printing and skilled service) are mainly home/shop based production (fixed locations) whereas the service sectors (leisure, caring, elementary construction, elementary sales and cleaning occupation) operate at variable locations (construction sites, street pavements, marketplaces and other various locations). Further analysis shows that the informal sector is highly demand dependent and such demands are in the central business areas of the city, therefore informal sector services (skilled services and elementary services) are found to be located in and around the central areas of Guwahati city. Women operators in the informal sector are attracted to the central business district because of the many advantages that it enjoys relative to other parts of a city. The paper concludes by calling on policy makers and physical planning agencies to evolve more pragmatic strategies for urban development matters in order that urban informal sector activities can be integrated into urban development plans. Finally, further research is called for on how urban planners could redesign the urban space with appropriate consideration of the informal sector operators.
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Pratomo, Devanto Shasta, Devi Nur Cahaya Ningsih, Adhi Cahya Fahadayna, Moh Athoillah, Kukuh Arisetyawan, and Lustina Fajar Prastiwi. "Employment Mobility in East Java During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Population and Social Studies 32 (October 21, 2023): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv322024.008.

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The study examines the mobility of workers between the formal and informal sectors in East Java, Indonesia. The potential mobilities of workers are examined, not only from the formal to informal sector and from informal to formal sector, but also the movement of new entrants (who do not have a job in the past) to the formal-informal sector jobs. Using the 2021 National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS), the study contributes to the literature by examining the mobilities in the case of developing countries during an economic downturn during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study is essential in supporting the policies in the region with the existence of a large informal sector in the labor market. Using probit regression, the study found that workers who have previously worked in the formal sector are more likely to enter (re-enter) formal sector employment when the economy starts recovering in 2021. In contrast, workers previously employed in the informal sector have a lower probability of moving to the formal sector. The study continues examining the implications of the different income levels of formal and informal sector workers. The results using Heckman's bias correction selection show that new entrants (workers who have no job previously or freshly graduated) earn more earnings than workers who have previously been employed in the formal-informal sector. One possible reason is the role of digitalization and working-from-home activities that might support, particularly young educated people, to work productively during the pandemic.
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Maryam, Amna, and Sara Rizvi Jafree. "Sociodemographics of Formal and Informal Sector Women Workers of Pakistan and a Comparison of their Perceived and Practiced Autonomy." Global Sociological Review VII, no. I (March 30, 2022): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2022(vii-i).11.

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The majority of Pakistani women are employed in the informal sector of the economy, devoid of protection, safety, and employment benefits, which prevents them from having autonomy. In this study, we aimed to identify (i) the differences in socio-demographic characteristics of formal versus informal sector women workers and (ii) compare the perceived and practised autonomy between the two groups. We used a convenience sample of 150 women, half each from the informal and formal sectors of the economy, specifically the teaching sector. We were able to find through mean analysis that women from the informal sector have higher autonomy. We also found that informal sector women workers in the country are impoverished, illiterate, non-Muslims, living in underdeveloped areas, and have no property ownership. There is a critical need to support policy for transfer to formal sector employment and to develop interventions to improve autonomy in working women.
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Akinwale, Akeem Ayofe. "The Informal Sector as a Catalyst for Employment Generation in Lagos State, Nigeria." African and Asian Studies 11, no. 3 (2012): 315–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341236.

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Abstract Unemployment remains high in Nigeria due to disintegration between the formal and informal sectors, among other factors. While the unemployed largely focus on the formal sector in search of jobs, there is inadequate interest in the informal sector. Yet, this sector provides livelihoods for the majority of the population. This paper examines the informal sector as a catalyst for generating employment in Lagos State, Nigeria, using the Social Capital Theory and a descriptive survey research design. Data were collected from 480 apprentices, 40 masters, 20 journeymen, and 120 members of various communities through a structured questionnaire, Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions, respectively. The findings showed that 64.8 percent of the respondents reported parental sponsorship of vocations in the informal sector, 14.2 percent of the respondents were self-sponsored, and the remainders (18.5 percent and 2.5 percent) were reportedly sponsored by their relatives and masters. Awareness of opportunities for self employment in the informal sector was demonstrated by 71 percent of the respondents. However, 66.3 percent of the respondents thought that schooling could be better than vocations in the informal sector. Mothers’ occupation significantly associated with individuals’ choice of vocation in the informal sector (χ2= 33.71; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the proposed plans for self employment among the respondents in furniture and tailoring workshops (χ2= 1.44; P > 0.05). Planning for self employment was significantly influenced by several factors including gender, age, mothers’ occupation, career plan, and satisfaction within the informal sector (t = 19.247, P < 0.01). The informal sector is vital for survival of youth in Lagos State, Nigeria. This sector should be supported for poverty eradication and entrepreneurial development.
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Larosa, Wilan Rias Mei, and Atriani Halawa. "Analisis Strategi Optimalisasi Penerimaan Pajak Di Sektor Ekonomi Informal." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Bisnis 1, no. 1 (October 31, 2024): 15–19. https://doi.org/10.70134/jukoni.v1i1.21.

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This study aims to analyze tax revenue optimization strategies in the informal economy sector in Indonesia, which is one of the largest sectors but has not been fully exploited in national tax revenue. In this research, a qualitative approach is used with a case study method on small and medium enterprises operating in the informal sector. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and literature studies related to taxation policies and characteristics of the informal economy sector. The results show that the main obstacles to tax revenue in this sector are low tax awareness, lack of understanding of taxation, and limited infrastructure and accessibility of tax services among informal economy actors. The discussion in this study highlights the need for innovative strategies such as continuous improvement of tax education, simplification of tax administration procedures, and the application of digital technology to expand the informal sector taxpayer base. In addition, the utilization of tax incentives is considered capable of encouraging more active participation of informal sector actors in tax compliance. The conclusion of this study is that optimizing tax revenue in the informal economy sector requires a holistic approach that combines education, technology, and appropriate incentive policies. With the right strategy, the informal economy sector can become a significant contributor to increasing national tax revenue, while encouraging the integration of informal economic actors into the formal economic system. This study recommends collaboration between the government and educational institutions to create effective tax literacy programs and the development of user-friendly digital applications for informal businesses.
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Cele, Zamaswazi, and Ndivhuho Tshikovhi. "Review of the Lockdown Regulations’ Impact on Informal Businesses during the COVID-19 Pandemic." African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v5i1.1180.

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Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown regulations caused enormous changes in all business sectors because many businesses were not allowed to operate. Only a few were regarded as essential businesses, such as pharmacies and grocery shops, and allowed to operate. Lockdown regulations negatively affected the South African informal sector. As a result, it is difficult to provide accurate statistics on the entrepreneurs affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. There are no official statistics from the informal sector. This paper aims to examine how the informal sector was affected by the lockdown down restrictions within South Africa. The paper adopts a systematic review methodology using Google Scholar and Web of Science or Scopes to search for articles on informal entrepreneurship, COVID-19, and South Africa to draw a conclusion from the analysed data. The findings indicated that most of the businesses in the informal sector were negatively affected, including workers because some of them lost their jobs and others did not receive their usual salaries due to limited working hours. There were disruptions in the supply chain and pricing of goods and services, and people could not have sustained their income during the lockdown in South Africa. In conclusion, the informal sector is one of the most vulnerable sectors that lacks access to appropriate risk management structures, and most people live on a hand to mouth basis. COVID-19 has negatively affected the informal sector, mainly through distribution and marketing systems.
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Armansyah, Armansyah, and Sukamdi Sukamdi. "Formalisasi sektor informal: Proses, faktor pengaruh, dan dampak pada pelaku usaha sektor informal di Kota Palembang." Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 16, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v16i1.501.

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This study aims to examine the process of formalizing informal sector through an analysis of characteristics of informal and formal sectors, factors affecting the formalization process, and its impact on informal sector actors in Palembang City. This study combines quantitative and qualitative methods with sequential explanatory designs. Quantitative data collection are conducted through survey, while qualitative data are gathered through in-depth interviews. Informants for this study are informal business actor who stayed in Palembang and have run their business for at least 1 year. Quantitative data analysis using Chi-square test and descriptive frequencies, while qualitative data analysis uses three stages, namely, reduction, display, and conclusion. The formalization process can be classified into three stages, namely the informal, transition, and formal stages. Most informal business actors in Palembang are still at the informal stage. The process of formalizing the informal sector in Palembang does not occur systematically, but rather with random or up and down patterns. The results also shows that the process of formalization of the informal sector is largely based on the initiative of business actors. In addition, informal businesses that have undergone a formalization process tend to have better income and business security.
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Kurniawan, Dhika Amalia. "IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTERISTIK SEKTOR INFORMAL DI PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR." Capital: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen 2, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/capital.v2i2.3987.

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<p>This study aims to explore further information about the background, the profile of the informal sectors sector in east java. The identification results can be utilized in various matters : policy formulation, identify problems informal sectormapping of a strategy to build competitive advantage for informal sectors. This study used quantitative approach and the data collection techniques used are survey methods using questionnaires. Data analysis techniques is descriptive statistic test. The sample used is mostly informal sectors in east java by the number of samples used by 250 respondents. This study shows that the profile of informal sector business actors in East Java can be seen that based on the aspect of gender differences, informal sectors were dominated by respondents with female genitalia. Based on the aspect of marital status, informal sectoris dominated by married respondents with a percentage of 81.6%, based on the aspect of age distribution, informal sectors are dominated by respondents aged 40-49 years, with a percentage of 37.6%. Based on the aspect of education level, East Java informal sectorwas dominated by respondents with high school level education with a percentage of 62.8%. Based on the aspect of ownership of expertise before entrepreneurship, informal sectorwith the same percentage, the respondents already have expertise in entrepreneurship and some do not have expertise before trying. Based on the aspect of the number of full time workers in their business, East Java informal sectoronly has one worker in their business operations, with a percentage of 40.8%.</p><p><br />Keyword : Informal Sector, East Java, Bussiness.</p>
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LORDOGLU, Kuvvet. "INFORMAL SECTOR AND SOCIAL SECURITY." Ekonomik Yaklasim 9, no. 31 (1998): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ey.10296.

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Khotkina, Z. A. "Employment in the Informal Sector." Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 45, no. 4 (May 2007): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959450403.

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Mandal, Biswajit, Sugata Marjit, and Hamid Beladi. "Reform, informal sector, and extortion." Economics & Politics 30, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12099.

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36

Kabra, Kamal Nayan. "The informal sector: A reappraisal." Journal of Contemporary Asia 25, no. 2 (January 1995): 197–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339580000121.

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37

Leach, Fiona. "Women in the informal sector." Development in Practice 6, no. 1 (February 1996): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961452961000157584.

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38

Kar, Saibal, and Sugata Marjit. "Urban informal sector and poverty." International Review of Economics & Finance 18, no. 4 (October 2009): 631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2008.06.009.

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39

Gurtoo, Anjula, and Colin C. Williams. "Entrepreneurship and the Informal Sector." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 10, no. 1 (February 2009): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000009787414280.

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This paper critically evaluates the popular structuralist representation of informal workers as marginalized populations who work as dependent employees out of economic necessity and as a last resort. Reporting on an empirical survey of 1,518 informal workers in India, it reveals not only that a large proportion work on their own account as informal entrepreneurs, but also that not all do such work purely out of economic necessity and in the absence of alternative means of livelihood. The paper concludes by calling for a wider recognition of the opportunity-driven entrepreneurial endeavour of many working in the informal sector.
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40

Dobson, Stephen, Carlyn Ramlogan-Dobson, and Eric Strobl. "Savings and the informal sector." International Review of Applied Economics 34, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2019.1707783.

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41

Maiti, Dibyendu, and Kunal Sen. "The Informal Sector in India." Journal of South Asian Development 5, no. 1 (April 2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097317411000500101.

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42

Yuki, Kazuhiro. "Urbanization, informal sector, and development." Journal of Development Economics 84, no. 1 (September 2007): 76–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.09.004.

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43

Rauch, James E. "Modelling the informal sector formally." Journal of Development Economics 35, no. 1 (January 1991): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(91)90065-4.

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44

Prihanto, Purwaka Hari, and Adi Bhakti. "Profile of informal sector workers and factors affecting informal sector employment in Jambi Province." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2017): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v5i2.4417.

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45

Haliza, Jihan Syukur Noor, and Bayu Yoni Setyo Nugroho. "ANALYSIS OF WORK FATIGUE AMONG WORKERS IN THE FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS IN CENTRAL JAVA." HEARTY 12, no. 2 (March 29, 2024): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/hearty.v12i2.14794.

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Physical and mental fatigue resulting from continuous work over an extended period without sufficient rest. Work fatigue can affect workers in all sectors, both informal and formal, but several factors influence the fatigue levels in each sector. Informal sector workers typically operate in irregular conditions, without fixed working hours, and work for extended periods to meet their livelihood needs. Meanwhile, formal sector workers often have more regular working hours and definite rest periods. However, formal sector workers may also experience similar fatigue due to high job demands, pressure from superiors, or tight deadlines. The consequences of fatigue can lead to serious physical and mental health issues, such as stress, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and even depression. Therefore, it is crucial for workers in both sectors to pay attention to their health and well-being and take measures to prevent fatigue and cope with work-related stress. The research employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. There were 122 respondents, comprising 61 from the informal sector and 61 from the formal sector. The research findings indicated that the level of fatigue experienced by workers in both sectors was severe, with 78 (63.9%) of informal sector workers predominantly facing this fatigue
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46

Tahir, Nadia, and Pervez Tahir. "Is Informal Sector Employment Marginal to Formal Sector Growth?" Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 543–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.543-564.

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Pakistan has adopted a neoliberal regime to open the economy to global competition and reduce the role of the state. This directional change brought increased flow of overseas remittances, speculative investment, and consumerism. Consequently, the economy in mid-2000s grew but commodity-producing sector contracted. Public sector spending has been falling, especially on social sectors. There are inadequate provisions for social security and employment based income guarantees. However, this growth and stability was short lived and there is now a fragile state and slowing economy. In the absence of an effective regulatory role of the state, and due to the failure in developing a long-term strategy to harness the labour force potential, there is a huge informal sector existing side by side with the formal economy. Almost 22 million of the employed labour force is earning its livelihood in streets and the government has no record of it. The informal workers can be categorised as self-employed workers and wage workers, doing diversified jobs from petty traders to small producers and from rickshaw driver to shoe shiners. It is difficult to measure the value added contribution of the informal sector in Pakistan. Indirect estimation approaches on the basis of employment and hours worked have been used to estimate the contribution of informal economy. For instance, Idris (2008) estimates the share at 36.8 percent of GNP, which is significant. Arby, Malik and Hanif (2010) measured the size of informal economy in Pakistan through a monetary approach. They find that the size has declined considerably.
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TICHAAWA, Tembi Maloney. "INFORMAL BUSINESS TOURISM IN CAMEROON." GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30892/gtg.38437-771.

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The uniqueness of business tourism in the African context is argued to be an amalgam of several clusters of activities manifested in both the formal and informal sectors. In this study, business tourism in the global south, with a specific focus on the informal sector in Cameroon is analysed. Using data that was collected from a series of semi-structured interviews conducted with three hundred and seventy-seven business travellers, the study reveals that informal business tourism includes domestic business travellers classified into five distinctive categories: (1) informal salespeople (2) shopowners (3) herdsmen (4) local farmers and (5) wholesalers. The study concludes that informal business tourism represents an important sector that contributes to tourism development and if well harnessed, its multiplier effect could be widespread amongst the different economic sectors of Cameroon.
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Njoda Mathurin, Tchakounté, and Hamit Halou Chalout. "Income Concentration, Market Size and Informal Sector in Africa." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5, no. 1 (2019): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.51.2001.

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In this study, we analyze the link between income concentration and the size of the informal sector. We construct a simple model where income concentration determines demand and firms decide whether to operate in the formal or the informal economy is outlined. The government collects taxes and returns them to society either as a productive public good for its use by formal firms or as transfers to the poor. It is further postulated that income distribution affects the response of the informal sector to different fiscal policies, either demand or supply-orientated. In this case, redistribution towards the middle class decreases the size of the informal sector and increases the capacity of fiscal instruments to reduce informality. Data concerns 38 Africans’ countries in which the characteristic of income distribution is similar across countries. Using this comparable macro-level panel data between 1991 and 2013, we find strong evidence that high-income concentration leads to a large informal sector. Furthermore, an economic policy, including the effective application of the tax and regulatory procedures, should help to keep down the size of the informal economy.
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Tarupiwa, Tafadzwa Telmore. "The Analysis of Zimbabwe`s informal Sector`s Economic Sustainability Subject to Lockdown Effects." iRASD Journal of Economics 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2020.0101.0015.

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Zimbabwe`s economic society had been dominated by the informal sector as the main source and substitute for formal employment. It comprises of vendors, crosses border traders, cottage industries, artisanal miners and many others conducting lawful but unregistered economic activities. Given it being seen as a new normal for Zimbabwe`s economic structure, the 2020 national lockdown necessitated the analysis on the economic sustainability of Zimbabwe`s informal sector given the hardship experienced. Applying extensive literature review, content analysis and critical assessment of theory and practice as the methodology, the informal sector is deemed highly unsustainable economically. This paper proposes a total restructuring of Zimbabwe`s sector structure, through the creation of a total development strategy that enables refocusing government expenditure and policy towards realignment of informal structure to formal. Furthermore, this paper advocate for a balanced development strategy, that incorporates all sectors which accelerate growth and a stable formal sector through technological innovations and modernisation such that there is technology transfer to the informal sector, as opposed to arbitraging and vending activities as they are prone to stagnation and vulnerability.
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Njoda Mathurin, Tchakounté, and MBAM Ulrich Gaetan. "Labour Force Participation of Cameroonians in Informal Sector." International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2015): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.22.2005.

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In this paper, we analyze the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of informal workers in Cameroon. We also estimate the effects of some determining factors on LFP decisions. We use data from the Cameroon National Institute of Statistics (CNIS), a three-wave panel obtained respectively in 2001, 2005 and 2010 for a sample of individuals in the labour market. The sample data of the national population is representative. All information’s on demographic, socioeconomic and employment characteristics used in this study are provided by the CNIS database. It is particularly remarkable that the LFPR in informal sector increased substantially during latest years, particularly those of young workers. This rise in the LFPR is principally explained by the significant increase in the labour-market activity of the urban younger generation which has been improved by migration. Estimating a simple model of LFP with logistic methodology, we find that poverty, age and urbanization are significantly related with LFPR of informal labour market in Cameroon.
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