Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informal space

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Informal space'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Informal space"

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Acharjya, Ar Bagmita. "Importance of Informal Spaces in Urban Neighbourhood: A Study in Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and Ahmedabad, India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (2021): 2901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37894.

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Abstract: Informal spaces in different development zones in Navi Mumbai, Chandigarh and Ahmedabad were studied to answer the question of what comprises the necessary factors for the successful use of public space. Cities exist with exceedingly fragmented zones with multiple sections of spaces. There are various categories like open or closed, with one of them being informal type which greatly impacts their social surroundings. Comprehending this will entail reviewing the importance of informal spaces in the urban fabric and how the community is impacted by them. Various design factors will also be taken into consideration on their impact on the proper functioning of an informal space. Using the qualitative analysis in six informal spaces, this article will identify patterns in informal spaces in the three cities through direct observation, participant observation and interviews. The imageability will suggest benefiting the socio-cultural aspect of a community through informal spaces and the design approach adopted to achieve this. Keywords: Informal space; open space; social impact; user approach in urban space; informal green space.
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Zuidema, Leah A. "Making Space for Informal Inquiry." Journal of Teacher Education 63, no. 2 (2011): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022487111428326.

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Lehmann, Steffen. "The unplanned city: Public space and the spatial character of urban informality." Emerald Open Research 2 (April 22, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13580.1.

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The ‘unplannable’ is a welcomed exception to the formal order of urban planning. This opinion article explores some examples of informal urbanism and discusses its ambiguous relationship to public space and unplanned activities in the city. The informal sector offers important lessons about the adaptive use of space and its social role. The article examines the ways specific groups appropriate informal spaces and how this can add to a city’s entrepreneurship and success. The characteristics of informal, interstitial spaces within the contemporary city, and the numerous creative ways in which these temporarily used spaces are appropriated, challenge the prevalent critical discourse about our understanding of authorised public space, formal place-making and social order within the city in relation to these informal spaces. The text discusses various cases from Chile, the US and China that illustrate the dilemma of the relationship between informality and public/private space today. One could say that informality is a deregulated self-help system that redefines relationships with the formal. Temporary or permanent spatial appropriation has behavioural, economic and cultural dimensions, and forms of the informal are not always immediately obvious: they are not mentioned in building codes and can often be subversive or unexpected, emerging in the grey area between legal and illegal activities.
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Damayanti, Maya, Noel Scott, and Lisa Ruhanen. "Space for the informal tourism economy." Service Industries Journal 38, no. 11-12 (2018): 772–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1480014.

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Cox, Andrew M. "Space and embodiment in informal learning." Higher Education 75, no. 6 (2017): 1077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10734-017-0186-1.

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Wu, Hsien-Chung. "Informal Complete Metric Space and Fixed Point Theorems." Axioms 8, no. 4 (2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms8040126.

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The concept of informal vector space is introduced in this paper. In informal vector space, the additive inverse element does not necessarily exist. The reason is that an element in informal vector space which subtracts itself cannot be a zero element. An informal vector space can also be endowed with a metric to define a so-called informal metric space. The completeness of informal metric space can be defined according to the similar concept of a Cauchy sequence. A new concept of fixed point and the related results are studied in informal complete metric space.
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Lukito, Yulia Nurliani, and Rumishatul Ulya. "NEGOTIATED URBAN SPACE AT MANGGARAI STATION JAKARTA: THE APPROPRIATION OF SPACE BY BAJAJ DRIVERS." DIMENSI (Journal of Architecture and Built Environment) 45, no. 1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/dimensi.45.1.9-18.

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This paper aims to investigate the negotiation between the “formal” and the “informal” urban space in Jakarta through the examination of use of space of marginalized transportation of bajaj – a three-wheeled public transportation. Bajaj drivers continuously and creatively create their use of space and territory as the result of the limitation of space. Creativity in using space emerges as a way to get available space and this activity results in the appropriation of urban space. The basis of such appropriation is how to survive in urban space and such condition is characterized by negotiation, flexibility and adaptability. In high-density Jakarta city, it is necessary for bajaj drivers – who have only limited possibility in using strategic urban space – to use both the formal and the informal to sustain the city at large. An analysis of how bajaj drivers negotiated urban spaces around Manggarai Station reveals the appropriation of urban space that relies on temporality, tactics and negotiation of rules of access among users. In this paper, we analyze how urban informality as an ‘organizing logic’ results in a specific mode of the production of space. The analysis of negotiations of space around Manggarai Station is intended to contribute to an understanding of how informal and negotiated spaces, which shape everyday life in the city, are inseparable parts of formal and designed spaces in the city of Jakarta.
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Prayitno, Budi, Aditha Agung Prakoso, Dedi Hantono, Zubair Butudoka, and Danang Yulisaksono. "ASPECTS OF PUBLIC SPACE IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMIC SPACES AT LOW-COST APARTMENT BUILDING (RUSUNAWA) IN SURABAYA." Idealog: Ide dan Dialog Desain Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/idealog.v6i1.3897.

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The human needs for livelihood have become important part as an effort to maintain its survival. Therefore, one of the job opportunities that can be done is to work in the informal sector. The informal sector also appears in public spaces, the example is at low-cost apartment building (rusunawa), such as food stalls and grocery stores in corridors, playgrounds or parking areas of rusunawa. This study looks at the development of the function of the rusunawa as a residence into an informal economic space in the Rusunawa in the City of Surabaya. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, by connecting the correlation between the public space and the informal economy space (logic model analysis and cross-case synthesis). So that it can provide knowledge about the planning and development of rusunawa in the future, as policy guidelines regarding the planning and development of rusunawa.
 Keywords : Public Space, Informal Economic Space, Affordable Rental Apartments, Surabaya
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Widjajanti, Retno. "Permasalahan Lokasi Pedagang Kaki Lima dalam Ruang Perkotaan." Jurnal Tataloka 16, no. 1 (2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.16.1.18-28.

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Urban development is inseparable from the problem of the urban informal. The informal sector is a sector that will always grow and thrive. Various issues that arise in urban development is the problem of the location of the activity space street vendors (PKL) in the urban space. The problem of space activity occurs in the informal street vendors space settlements or urban space. PKL is one of the supporters of the activity in a public space that can be categorized as an 'activity support'. These activities tend to be located in a place according to its activity. Meanwhile, there is little discussion of urban street vendors in view space. Until now, the discussion is more to the economic, social and policy. In addition, many of the types of activities studied, space requirements, physical arrangement and the arrangement of the display / architectural aesthetics. The methodology used in conducting the study concerns the location of street vendors in the urban space using the method of literature revie. Given this method, can identify deficiencies / weaknesses of the informal sector theory and the theory of space to determine the location of street vendors in urban spaces. The conclusion of this research is to study the behavior of PKL space that affect the determination of the location of trade.Abstract : Urban development is inseparable from the problem of the urban informal. The informal sector is a sector that will always grow and thrive. Various issues that arise in urban development is the problem of the location of the activity space street vendors (PKL) in the urban space. The problem of space activity occurs in the informal street vendors space settlements or urban space. PKL is one of the supporters of the activity in a public space that can be categorized as an 'activity support'. These activities tend to be located in a place according to its activity. Meanwhile, there is little discussion of urban street vendors in view space. Until now, the discussion is more to the economic, social and policy. In addition, many of the types of activities studied, space requirements, physical arrangement and the arrangement of the display / architectural aesthetics. The methodology used in conducting the study concerns the location of street vendors in the urban space using the method of literature revie. Given this method, can identify deficiencies / weaknesses of the informal sector theory and the theory of space to determine the location of street vendors in urban spaces. The conclusion of this research is to study the behavior of PKL space that affect the determination of the location of trade.
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Lockett, Nigel, Carla Quesada-Pallarès, Karen Williams-Middleton, Antonio Padilla-Meléndez, and Sarah Jack. "‘Lost in space’." Industry and Higher Education 31, no. 2 (2017): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422217693962.

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While entrepreneurship education increasingly uses various means to connect students to the ‘real world’, the impact of social networking on learning remains underexplored. This qualitative study of student entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom and Sweden shows that their entrepreneurial journey becomes increasingly complex, requiring skills and knowledge not solely developed through formal or non-formal learning. Social networks, and associated informal learning, are shown to be critical in developing social capital important to a student’s entrepreneurial progress. This study exposes a key value of social networking and encourages educators to embed in the curriculum activities that facilitate informal learning.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informal space"

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Hudson, Joanne. "Informal spaces creative (re)appropriations of urban space." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.591937.

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Whilst there exists a body of work concerning the nature of wastelands and derelict spaces - what I term 'informal spaces' - within human geography, urban studies architecture and planning literature, there have been few attempts to link these theories with spatial planning practices. Accordingly, responding to this lack of sustained empirical research, this thesis explores the relationships between spatial planning practices and the production, (re)production and use of 'informal spaces,' ultimately aiming to further our knowledge of these complex relationships. It considers the potential of such spaces to act as a standpoint from which critical perspective towards much urban planning and design can be generated. Furthermore, investigating whether such commonly derided spaces can be conceptualised as a rich resource for urban life. The thesis does this by analysing how four chosen case studies within Manchester and Salford are appropriated, modified, performed, and conceptualised. Following the selection of the case studies, utilising qualitative data obtained by ethnographic methods including walking, observation and photography, unstructured interviews and further ethnographic interviews whilst walking, the study examines the ways in which such spaces are used by a variety of publics. Further qualitative data from semi-structured interviews, the analysis of secondary sources including current planning documents and historical data, are investigated and subsequently analysed to build an accurate genealogy of the sites, understanding in detail the planning contexts and future visions that have produce and sustain them as 'informal.' Key themes focus on the temporalities of the planning process as well as the ways in which stalled timescales intersect with other temporalities of nature and of cultural practice, encouraging appropriation. The ordering and disordering processes that designate and transform these spaces, are also discussed. Finally, the multiple affordances, encouraged by periods of temporal suspension and associated processes of disordering, that promote a diverse array of practices and potentialities are analysed. This research also contributes to debates surrounding the spatiality of dereliction.
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Grootboom, Nonkululeko. "This Africa : giving form to the informal." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30292.

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The thesis entitled “This is Africa giving form to the informal” arose from a concern with the growing levels of poverty and unemployment in South Africa and the recognition that small scale, self-generated economic activity provides an important means of survival for the very poor. It acknowledges the positive contributions that informal street trading makes to the urban environment. The dissertation draws upon a study of recently initiated projects that aimed to legitimise informal trading, by integrating it in the built environment. It is also driven by a study of the way in which traders organise, claim and define space in the urban environment. This process can be seen as the way in which traders themselves seek legitimacy. Collectively, case studies revealed a number of key elements necessary for the legitimisation of informal trade. Although the area of the proposed intervention is the Pretoria Station precinct, the study acknowledges that there are universal elements contained in informal trading. These elements establish a set of principles that define the minimal intervention necessary in order to allow opportunities for trade to as many people as possible whilst giving the traders themselves the maximum possible room to manoeuvre. In essence, the approach does not argue for the formalisation or ‘neatening’ of informal activity, but aims to give form to activities frequently regarded as illegal, and to provide street market spaces that can function as essential forms of urban infrastructure (Dewar 1990:xi).<br>Mini Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010.<br>Architecture<br>unrestricted
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Tse, Po-fung Jordon. "LIVE performance informal performance space within the city /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31985464.

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Thesis (M.Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.<br>Includes special report study entitled : Identification of streetscape with performance space & identification of performance space with streetscape. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.
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Tse, Po-fung Jordon, and 謝寶楓. "LIVE performance: informal performance space within the city." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31985464.

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McHugh, Richard. "Educating 'gangsters' : social space, informal learning and becoming 'gang' involved." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2017. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19163/.

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This research focuses on the previously neglected topic of how people are educated into groups commonly described as ‘gangs’; in particular, this thesis outlines the role that social space plays in such educative processes. This focus enables both a new contribution to knowledge in the field of ‘gang’ studies and understandings of the way social space is used, understood and perceived by those involved in ‘gangs’. Much research exists in the field of ‘gang’ studies spanning various disciplines and sub-fields. The existing literature on ‘gangs’ predominantly engages with typographies, definitions and prevention; the majority of which stems from a criminological perspective. There has been no direct attempt to explore the ways in which people are educated into ‘gangs’ thus far. Rather than begin from any predetermined assumptions, this research centred on people who have been involved with or affected by ‘gangs’ in order to begin from the lived experiences of those involved or affected. In-depth interviews were carried out with twenty-two participants who are, or were: involved in ‘gangs’; family members of ‘gangs’; and professionals who work with ‘gangs’ (most of whom were previously involved in such groups themselves). Other ethnographic methods were utilised alongside interviews: primarily overt, with some covert participant observations. Ethnographic aspects of the research were undertaken during a twelve-month period in social spaces that were highlighted by participants as being synonymous with, and frequented, by ‘gangs’. This thesis highlights the conditions, structures, agentive responses and social spaces that form the educative processes for becoming involved in ‘gangs’. My contribution to knowledge herein demonstrates how: education within ‘gangs’ takes place through stories, social haunting and reflection within third places and the wider community; occurs under structural conditions but is mediated by agentive choice; social space fosters a community spirit and offers the opportunity to become someone.
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Gendera, Sandra Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "Tansnational Care Space Zentraleuropa. Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen von irregulär beschäftigten Migrantinnen in der häuslichen Pflege." Awarded by:Universit??t Wien. Fakult??t f??r Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39281.

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Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Duarte. "The alternative space : informal settlements and life chances in Belém, Brazil." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247795.

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Winter, Bryan C. "Reappropriating Public Space in Nanchang, China: A Study of Informal Street Vendors." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6982.

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Since China's shift to market socialism, many marginalized by this process work as informal street vendors where they reappropriate public space in order to survive―a practice at odds with urban authorities' modernizing agenda. In relation to these competing logics concerning public space's use value versus its exchange value, this dissertation examines the practices, experiences, and agency of informal street vendors working in Sanjingwuwei, an ordinary, yet rapidly gentrifying, neighborhood of Nanchang, capital and largest city of southeastern China's Jiangxi Province. After describing the growth of an informal economy in modern China and providing a history of street vending, I describe the everyday practices of vendors and their reappropriation of public space in Nanchang and the Sanjingwuwei neighborhood. I then provide the socio-demographic details of Sanjingwuwei’s vendors and use their voices to demonstrate how city image protection, a burgeoning informal sector, and the globalization of urban space bring challenges to their already precarious work in the streets. The dissertation concludes by linking the practices and agency of Nanchang’s vendors into a theoretical discussion concerning the agency of informal street workers. Despite daily attempts by the local state to remove them, this study shows how Nanchang's street vendors, continue to actively engaging in alternative forms of urban space-making through reappropriating of public space. Therefore, this dissertation shows how vendors challenge the city as a system by downscaling, slowing down, decommodifying, and ultimately, deglobalizing urban space to neighborhood-level through their reappropriation of public space.
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NARKAR, POONAM. "URBAN [DIS]ORDER: REINVENTING URBAN SPACE? THE CASE OF INSTANBUL, TURKEY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1155749060.

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Mendelsohn, Martin. "Space, place and belonging: informal trading in and around Congolenses market, Luanda, Angola." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17424.

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Includes bibliographical references<br>The dissertation explores the interplay between government, informal street traders and the public in and around the Congolenses marketplace in Luanda, Angola. The nation was ravaged by 27 years of civil war until 2002. During this time, most of the city made use of extensive systems of informal provisioning to survive. Since the end of the war, the government has undertaken a high degree of spatial and social reordering with wide ranging consequences for those who inhabit the city, especially within the informal economy. Most previous research focusing on the informal economy, or government policy in Luanda has taken sectoral and city wide approaches. As such, the opportunity to explore the effects and manifestations of policy on informality in a site specific context presents itself. The Congolenses market is a key point in the city where interplay between informality, the public and government has taken place. This dissertation examines the various spatial constituents of Congolenses, reviews its situation within the context of greater Luanda, and discusses the role which informal trade has and continues to play in the city. Furthermore, in investigating the relationship between informal traders and the government's stance towards them, perspectives were drawn from three focal areas: The lived realities of traders in the area through in depth interviews, the perceptions of and ways in which the area is used by pedestrians through surveys, and how the Angolan government has interacted with them through media scans, observations and key literatures. It was found that planning mechanisms, including spatial, legal, and policy should be employed as critical interventions for the creation of an inclusive space to the advantage of all users of the market. Finally, a spatial concept was produced, suggesting improved land uses, and physical infrastructural interventions in the area and provides the view that a change in the current perspective of the Angolan government would be of benefit to informal traders and the Angolan economy.
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Books on the topic "Informal space"

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Cowan, Gregory, Sean Topham, Marjetica Potrč, et al. Informal Architectures: Space and Contemporary Culture. Black Dog Publishers, 2008.

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Chintan Environmental Research and Action Group (India). Space for waste: Planning for the informal recycling sector. Chintan, 2003.

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Hawkins, Daniel. The struggles over city-space: Informal street vending and public space governance in Medellin, Colombia. Nomos, 2011.

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Fazil Say and the classical music stage as informal learning space. Peter Lang, 2010.

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Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Duarte. The alternative space: Informal settlements and life chances in Belém, Brazil. Oxford Brookes University, 2002.

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Heath, Deborah. Class and gender: Social uses of space in urban Senegal. Michigan State University, 1990.

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Claudia, Zeiske, ed. ARTocracy: Art, informal space, and social consequence : a curatorial handbook in collaborative practice. Jovis, 2010.

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Shadow architecture: Architektura cienia. Fundacja Inna Przestrzeń, 2012.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Aerospace Medical Panel. Results of space experiments in physiology and medicine and informal briefings by the F-16 Medical Working Group: Papers presented at the Aerospace Medical Panel Symposium held in Istanbul, Turkey, 25-27 September 1984. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1985.

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Morris, Jeremy, and Abel Polese, eds. Informal Economies in Post-Socialist Spaces. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137483072.

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Book chapters on the topic "Informal space"

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Laguerre, Michel S. "Informal Space." In The Informal City. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23540-7_2.

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Werthmann (CW), Christian. "Rio de Janeiro – Equality through Public Space." In Informal Urbanization in Latin America. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003089797-case2.

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Braund, Martin, and Anthony Lelliott. "Opening up the Dialogic Space. Using Questions to Facilitate Deeper Informal Learning." In Preparing Informal Science Educators. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50398-1_28.

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Rodó-de-Zárate, Maria, and Mireia Baylina. "Learning in/through Public Space: Young Girls and Feminist Consciousness-raising." In Informal Education, Childhood and Youth. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137027733_16.

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Zhang, Yun, Anan Liang, Huiping Sun, Lan Liu, and Fengkuang Chiang. "The Design Research of Future Informal Learning Space." In Smart Education and Smart e-Learning. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19875-0_3.

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Treumann, Rudolf A., Zbigniew Kłos, and Michel Parrot. "Physics of Electric Discharges in Atmospheric Gases: An Informal Introduction." In Space Sciences Series of ISSI. Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87664-1_9.

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Cimini, Silvia, and Silvia Orazi. "Operative Public Space for Informal Nairobi: The Why Not Junior Academy Experience." In Dynamics and Resilience of Informal Areas. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29948-8_8.

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Mason, Scott, and Emmanuel Baltsavias. "Image-Based Reconstruction of Informal Settlements." In Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images (II). Birkhäuser Basel, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8906-3_10.

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Leiserowitz, Ruth. "Jews and Their Informal Space in Klaipėda, 1945–1960." In Beyond Camps and Forced Labour. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56391-2_11.

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Kafafy, Nezar A. "Right to Urban Space in Post-Revolution Cairo: A Study for Street Vending Phenomenon." In Dynamics and Resilience of Informal Areas. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29948-8_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Informal space"

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Anderson, Allison, Dava Newman, Josh Turner, Liz Gunderson, and Guillermo Trotti. "Framework for Space-Inspired Informal Education Exhibits." In 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2010-6175.

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Saphra, Naomi. "Evaluating Informal-Domain Word Representations With UrbanDictionary." In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Evaluating Vector-Space Representations for NLP. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-2517.

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Ansari, Rizwan Ahmed, Rakesh Malhotra, and Krishna Mohan Buddhiraju. "Texture Based Identification of Informal Settlements in Contourlet Feature Space." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ism46123.2019.00061.

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Xian Hu. "Application of morphological method in the informal living space analysis." In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6002985.

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Gironi, Roberta. "The Diagonal City: crossing the social divisions." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6266.

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Roberta Gironi Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos, UPV. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022 Valencia Joint Doctorate Dipartimento di Architettura – Teorie e Progetto. “Sapienza” Università degli Studi di Roma. Via Gramsci, 53. 00100 Roma E-mail: roberta.gironi@gmail.com Keywords (3-5): Informal processes, dynamic transformation, new planning approach, flexible space, self-organization Conference topics and scale: Reading and regenerating the informal city Contemporary cities are affected by transformations that put in discussion the claim of control and stability to which the urban project aspires. All those gradual adjustments are manifested according to the demand, bring toward a less formal and more flexible spatial order, for which the traditional forms of the "static" city become the background of the "kinetic" landscape of informal cities. On the contrary of the formal processes of urban planning, informality process is configured as an organic development model and a flexible dynamic system opened to changes. The informal space is produced according to principles of spontaneity and self-organization. A consideration on the possibility to assume different approaches can be proposed. Those approaches should integrate in the design reasoning all the dynamics usually excluded by the discourse on the urban project, which processes can become catalysts to enrich the methods of planning and design of the urban space. Through the analysis of the case-study Previ Lima and the Living Room at the Border of St. Ysidro, the aim is to delineate in which way the contemporary architecture can absorb and metabolize these processes, triggering a different approach to a different method to intervene in the spaces of relationship among formal and informal. It is believed that the informal urban qualities cannot be eliminated and is impossible to ignore the inhabitants' practices, but rather to work on the intersection between collective and individual actions. References Brillembourg A., Feireiss K., Klumpner H. (2005), Informal City (Prestel Publishing, Munich) Cruz T. (2008), "De la frontière globale au quartier de frontière: pratiques d'empiètement", Multitudes, 31(1). Davis M. (2006), Planet of Slums (Verso, London). Hernandez F., Kellett P., Allen L.K. (2010), Rethinking the informal city: critical perspectives from Latin America (Berghahn books, New York, Oxford). McFarlane C., Waibel M., (2012), Urban Informalities: Reflections on the Formal and Informal (Ashgate, Farnham). Jacobs J. (1961), The death and life of great American cities(Random House, New York- Toronto). Roy A., Alsayyad N., (2004) Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia (Lexington Books, Lanham)
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Yoshino, Takashi, and Katsuya Ikenobu. "Development of Community Space for Multilingual Informal Communication Support Using Augmented Reality and Second Life." In 2011 IEEE 25th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aina.2011.27.

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Su Long Kio and J. Negreiros. "Facebook as an Informal Learning Space Channel: The São José, Macao Cases." In 2013 Learning and Teaching in Computing and Enginering (LaTiCE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/latice.2013.17.

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Chan, Chang-Tik. "COLLABORATIVE LEARNING FOR A LARGE COHORT OF STUDENTS: IS INFORMAL LEARNING SPACE A VIABLE OPTION?" In 11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2019.0483.

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McCrone, Luke. "Transitional space: learning in the spaces in-between." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.14.

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There is increasing evidence, particularly in STEMM education, that traditional didactic transmission lecturing is less effective than more active, student-centred learning (Freeman et al., 2014). This mounting evidence has resulted in institution-wide curriculum review, pedagogic transformation and ongoing space refurbishments at Imperial College London, a research-intensive institution that provides the context for this work. Although active learning is proven to improve cognitive outcomes by supporting ‘students to do meaningful learning activities and think about what they are doing’ (Prince, 2004, p.223), its examination remains largely linked to instructional contexts, with neglect for the self-directed, non-timetabled learning spaces that support a rich learning experience. This instructional emphasis is evident from the capital that Imperial College London, among other institutions, continue to invest into ongoing classroom refurbishments to support curriculum review and innovation. However, it could be argued that these changes to physical infrastructure do not accurately reflect and address the growing self-directed workload that students now contend with. Furthermore, as capital spending on maintaining and modernising university buildings in the UK approaches £3 billion annually (Temple, 2018), these refurbishments are increasingly time- and money-intensive, placing a financial strain on institutions. The assumption that students successfully transition between passive and active learning, between directed and self-directed learning and between formal, timetabled and informal, non-timetabled spaces has meant transitional space being overlooked. By seeking to better understand student engagement with these transitional spaces as physical, curricular and cognitive spatial phenomena, this study is generating evidence for the educational importance of transitional space and using this to better understand active learning. By redesigning underutilised ancillary spaces adjacent to formal lecture spaces at lower cost than lecture theatre refurbishments, students can better self-direct active learning at moments of transition into and out of formal, timetabled spaces.
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Harvey, Jen, Claire McAvinia, Kevin O'Rourke, and Jason FitzSimmons. "Transforming spaces: Fostering student-centered learning through the intentional design of formal and informal learning spaces." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.24.

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Transforming the academic experience and success of students by building Active Learning Classrooms (ALCs) is increasing, but ALCs are still fewer than traditional classroom spaces. These new learning spaces create an inherent tension between increasing student enrollments and active learning environments. Accommodating increased class sizes does not have to exclude fostering an active learning space. We have an opportunity every time a classroom is renovated or a new building is built to intentionally acknowledge and engage this tension to positively influence student learning and success. As we renovate and construct new learning spaces on our campuses, it is not only important to understand how the “built pedagogy” (Monahan 2000, 2002) and “architecture as pedagogy” (Orr 1993, 1997) of our spaces can help or hinder more active learning pedagogies, but also how to support effective teaching in these spaces (Levesque-Bristol, 2019). While many institutions are prioritizing active learning as old classrooms get renovated, few are doing so at the broad campus-wide scope necessary to affect larger-scale culture change (Park &amp; Choi, 2014). Two such institutions that are developing and supporting large-scale active learning spaces are the Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin) and Purdue University (Indiana, USA). TU Dublin and Purdue are conducting collaborative research focusing on how each institution’s new, large-scale construction of formal and informal learning spaces is impacting teaching and learning.
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Reports on the topic "Informal space"

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Parzen, G. Normal mode tunes for linear coupled motion in six dimensional phase space. Informal report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/32499.

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Parzen, G. The linear parameters and the decoupling matrix for linearly coupled motion in 6 dimensional phase space. Informal report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/45557.

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Oppel, Annalena. Beyond Informal Social Protection – Personal Networks of Economic Support in Namibia. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2020.002.

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This paper poses a different lens on informal social protection (ISP). ISP is generally understood as practices of livelihood support among individuals. While studies have explored the social dynamics of such, they rarely do so beyond the conceptual space of informalities and poverty. For instance, they discuss aspects of inclusion, incentives and disincentives, efficiency and adequacy. This provides important insights on whether and to what extent these practices provide livelihood support and for whom. However, doing so in part disregards the socio-political context within which support practices take place. This paper therefore introduces the lens of between-group inequality through the Black Tax narrative. It draws on unique mixed method data of 205 personal support networks of Namibian adults. The results show how understanding these practices beyond the lens of informal social protection can provide important insights on how economic inequality resonates in support relationships, which in turn can play a part in reproducing the inequalities to which they respond.
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Andrews, J. W. Measurement of thermal regain in duct systems located in partially conditioned buffer spaces. Informal report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10108333.

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Thomas, Jakana. Duty and Defiance: Women in Community-based Armed Groups in West Africa. RESOLVE Network, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/cbags2021.1.

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This desk report explores how West African community-based armed groups (CBAGs) facilitate women’s engagement with politics, create avenues for female expressions of anger, commitment to community values and national identity, and enable women to push for change in their communities by opening spaces for female participation. Assessing the formal and informal contributions women make to armed community mobilization and hybrid security reveals opportunities for gender-specific engagement and cautions that unidimensional considerations of where and how women intersect with conflict and security have the potential to undermine violence reduction and post-conflict peacebuilding efforts.
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Spoors, F., C. D. B. Leakey, and M. A. James. Coast to ocean: a Fife-eye view: ocean literacy in Fife, Scotland. Scottish Oceans Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23981.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] Ocean Literacy (OL), or Ocean Citizenship, is the basis of a movement to sway positive, lasting change in communities that will benefit the sea, coast and climate. An ocean literate person is understanding of the ocean’s influence on their own lives, as well as the way that their behaviours influence the ocean and is knowledgeable concerning ocean threats. A degree of informed-ness (or ‘literacy’) is thought to inspire effective communication and allow for impactful decision-making regarding personal lifestyle and behaviours, which are subsequently beneficial to the marine and coastal environment. Not only that, a collective OL mindset may be translated into policy, informing marine spatial planning authorities of people’s expectations regarding their marine and coastal spaces.
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Bano, Masooda, and Zeena Oberoi. Embedding Innovation in State Systems: Lessons from Pratham in India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/058.

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The learning crisis in many developing countries has led to searches for innovative teaching models. Adoption of innovation, however, disrupts routine and breaks institutional inertia, requiring government employees to change their way of working. Introducing and embedding innovative methods for improving learning outcomes within state institutions is thus a major challenge. For NGO-led innovation to have largescale impact, we need to understand: (1) what factors facilitate its adoption by senior bureaucracy and political elites; and (2) how to incentivise district-level field staff and school principals and teachers, who have to change their ways of working, to implement the innovation? This paper presents an ethnographic study of Pratham, one of the most influential NGOs in the domain of education in India today, which has attracted growing attention for introducing an innovative teaching methodology— Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) – with evidence of improved learning outcomes among primary-school students and adoption by a number of states in India. The case study suggests that while a combination of factors, including evidence of success, ease of method, the presence of a committed bureaucrat, and political opportunity are key to state adoption of an innovation, exposure to ground realities, hand holding and confidence building, informal interactions, provision of new teaching resources, and using existing lines of communication are core to ensuring the co-operation of those responsible for actual implementation. The Pratham case, however, also confirms existing concerns that even when NGO-led innovations are successfully implemented at a large scale, their replication across the state and their sustainability remain a challenge. Embedding good practice takes time; the political commitment leading to adoption of an innovation is often, however, tied to an immediate political opportunity being exploited by the political elites. Thus, when political opportunity rather than a genuine political will creates space for adoption of an innovation, state support for that innovation fades away before the new ways of working can replace the old habits. In contexts where states lack political will to improve learning outcomes, NGOs can only hope to make systematic change in state systems if, as in the case of Pratham, they operate as semi-social movements with large cadres of volunteers. The network of volunteers enables them to slow down and pick up again in response to changing political contexts, instead of quitting when state actors withdraw. Involving the community itself does not automatically lead to greater political accountability. Time-bound donor-funded NGO projects aiming to introduce innovation, however large in scale, simply cannot succeed in bringing about systematic change, because embedding change in state institutions lacking political will requires years of sustained engagement.
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Mouat, Beth, Mike Bergh, Richard Shelmerdine, and Kobus Leach. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): Work package 1 final report: Review and optimisation of shellfish data collection strategies for Scottish inshore waters. Edited by Hannah Ladd-Jones and Mark James. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23379.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The collection of additional data to facilitate fisheries management has been identified as a priority at the national level via the Scottish Inshore Fisheries Strategy, and at the local level in the management plans of Regional Inshore Fisheries Groups. Data collection implemented by industry offers a potentially cost effective means by which to provide additional information to enhance current stock assessment programmes, and to produce empirical indicators to inform fisheries management. The fundamental driver for data collection should be the purpose for which it is required; however, the regionalisation of fisheries management and increased, and often competing, demands, on our marine space mean that there are many potential uses for industry derived data. This report presents the findings of a single work package in the wider prototypic Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS) project; looking at ways in which inshore fisheries data collection can be improved on. The propose of this work package was to review and evaluate current inshore (shellfish) fisheries data collection and stock assessments in order to determine where it might be possible for industry derived data collection to provide a positive contribution. For the purposes of this work package the focus was limited to brown crab, lobsters, and scallops.
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Tidd, Alexander N., Richard A. Ayers, Grant P. Course, and Guy R. Pasco. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 6 final report development of a pilot relational data resource for the collation and interpretation of inshore fisheries data. Edited by Mark James and Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23452.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The competition for space from competing sectors in the coastal waters of Scotland has never been greater and thus there is a growing a need for interactive seascape planning tools that encompass all marine activities. Similarly, the need to gather data to inform decision makers, especially in the fishing industry, has become essential to provide advice on the economic impact on fishing fleets both in terms of alternative conservation measures (e.g. effort limitations, temporal and spatial closures) as well as the overlap with other activities, thereby allowing stakeholders to derive a preferred option. The SIFIDS project was conceived to allow the different relevant data sources to be identified and to allow these data to be collated in one place, rather than as isolated data sets with multiple data owners. The online interactive tool developed as part of the project (Work Package 6) brought together relevant data sets and developed data storage facilities and a user interface to allow various types of user to view and interrogate the data. Some of these data sets were obtained as static layers which could sit as background data e.g. substrate type, UK fishing limits; whilst other data came directly from electronic monitoring systems developed as part of the SIFIDS project. The main non-static data source was Work Package 2, which was collecting data from a sample of volunteer inshore fishing vessels (&lt;12m). This included data on location; time; vessel speed; count, time and position of deployment of strings of creels (or as fleets and pots as they are also known respectively); and a count of how many creels were hauled on these strings. The interactive online tool allowed all the above data to be collated in a specially designed database and displayed in near real time on the web-based application.
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Borrett, Veronica, Melissa Hanham, Gunnar Jeremias, et al. Science and Technology for WMD Compliance Monitoring and Investigations. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce11.

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The integration of novel technologies for monitoring and investigating compliance can enhance the effectiveness of regimes related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This report looks at the potential role of four novel approaches based on recent technological advances – remote sensing tools; open-source satellite data; open-source trade data; and artificial intelligence (AI) – in monitoring and investigating compliance with WMD treaties. The report consists of short essays from leading experts that introduce particular technologies, discuss their applications in WMD regimes, and consider some of the wider economic and political requirements for their adoption. The growing number of space-based sensors is raising confidence in what open-source satellite systems can observe and record. These systems are being combined with local knowledge and technical expertise through social media platforms, resulting in dramatically improved coverage of the Earth’s surface. These open-source tools can complement and augment existing treaty verification and monitoring capabilities in the nuclear regime. Remote sensing tools, such as uncrewed vehicles, can assist investigators by enabling the remote collection of data and chemical samples. In turn, this data can provide valuable indicators, which, in combination with other data, can inform assessments of compliance with the chemical weapons regime. In addition, remote sensing tools can provide inspectors with real time two- or three-dimensional images of a site prior to entry or at the point of inspection. This can facilitate on-site investigations. In the past, trade data has proven valuable in informing assessments of non-compliance with the biological weapons regime. Today, it is possible to analyse trade data through online, public databases. In combination with other methods, open-source trade data could be used to detect anomalies in the biological weapons regime. AI and the digitization of data create new ways to enhance confidence in compliance with WMD regimes. In the context of the chemical weapons regime, the digitization of the chemical industry as part of a wider shift to Industry 4.0 presents possibilities for streamlining declarations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and for facilitating CWC regulatory requirements.
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