Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Information environnementale'
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Boyer-Allirol, Béatrice. "Information environnementale : utilité pour l'investisseur et impact de la réglementation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM2019.
Full textUsing disclosure scores to assess the level of environmental information provided by 121 randomly selected European listed companies, this research has two major goals. First, it examines whether environmental information is useful to investors. Second, it analyzes whether it is worth regulating environmental disclosures. Results reveal that the usefulness of environmental disclosures for investors is not uniform. It varies among firms, increasing with (i) exposure to environmental risks; (ii) ownership dispersion; (iii) the level of financial opacity. Furthermore, results also reveal that regulation has a direct and induced favorable impact on corporate environmental disclosure. After controlling for the usual determinants of environmental disclosures, we show that firms subject to a law that regulates environmental reporting disclose more than those domiciled in countries that have developed guidelines only. Finally, in a context where environmental information is mainly voluntary, we show that firms reserve their environmental communication for their preferred stakeholders
Epstein, Aude-Solveig. "L'information environnementale communiquée par l'entreprise : contribution à l'analyse juridique d'une régulation." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0020.
Full textCorporate environmental disclosure has become an inescapable phenomenon both in the business world and on the legal landscape. But when looked at through the lens of the jurist, this phenomenon seems essentially imperfect and disordered. Environmental informations disclosed by corporations do not fit easily into classical juridical categories. And given the most diverse objectives ascribed to these informations, it is seriously questionable that a functional analysis could enhance their legal regime’s coherence. This functional indeterminacy does not occur by accident and it doesn’t seem temporary. Rather, it appears as the necessary corollary of sustainable development’s and corporate social responsibility’s (CSR) inherent ambiguity. Instead of giving CSR a specific meaning by compelling corporations to act responsibly in this or that particular way, public authorities design flexible obligations urging companies to explain how they, for their part, understand their own environment and reconcile it with their perception of economic constraints. The apparently disordered proliferation of corporate environmental disclosure is thus disguising the rise of an environmental regulation by disclosure. Advancing by trial and error and thus still perfectible, this regulation stands at the crossroads of two major strands : the increasing role that both information and the environment play in our representations of society, of the law and of the corporation. In the wake of this encounter, a new image of the corporation takes shape which implies to rethink its governance and its liabilities, while environmental law’s key concepts and objectives need to be read anew
Volle, Alexandre. "Information communication about environmental quality by markets and NGOs." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTD028.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the question of the information transmitted to consumers by the markets and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) on the environmental quality of products. This work takes place in a context where, on one hand, consumers' awareness increase concerning this dimension, and on the other hand, firms increasingly display a social or environmental responsibility whose reality is often contested. The first paper investigates the role of price as a possible substitute channel of communication. The purpose is to examine how a green firm competing against a brown firm can solve the asymmetric information issue. For this purpose, we develop a simple vertically differentiated duopoly model where firms can signal their quality through prices. To represent an increasing pressure of the competition on the low-quality segment, we make the hypothesis that the brown good is sold at the marginal cost. The result is extreme: there do not exist any situations where the green firm can solve the asymmetric information issue. The second paper takes into account the informative role of NGOs concerning the type of firms. We are interested in how their informational behavior impacts the signaling strategy of firms. The interaction between the price signaling strategy of the firm and the information released by the NGO yield fruitful results concerning the path of green information.When consumers cannot verify corporate social goodwill, firms may be reluctant to uphold a pledge of social goodwill. We show how imperfect monitoring can mitigate this moral hazard problem. We augment the standard model of price signaling by allowing consumers to use the results of independent monitoring as a complementary source of information. Monitoring corrects for consumers' arbitrary beliefs. Before sending a price signal to consumers, firms pledge or not to invest in social goodwill.With no monitoring, firms do not abide by their pledges of social goodwill when they fail to send a credible signal via price.With monitoring, there exist equilibria in which a firm invests in social goodwill and succeeds in signaling its choice via price.It is worth mentioning that the hard evidence displayed by NGOs can be of two different natures. In this Chapter, the types of discovered evidence go in pairs with shaming and championing strategies. In this spirit, we endogenize the signaling choice of the NGO, which interacts with the signaling strategy of a firm. We seek to analyze the effect of these two different strategies on the equilibrium of signaling of the firm and the optimal informative behavior of the NGO.The technology choice here is exogenous, and the consumer is perfectly Bayesian according to the two different signals received. Either a proof discredits the firm, or a proof accredits the firm. We find that the shaming strategy reduces the signaling cost for the high type and can even restore the perfect information outcome. The championing strategy can make incentives for the market to reveal the truth disappear. Concerning the optimal informative behavior of the NGO, if the market reveals information, the NGO is indifferent between adopting a shaming strategy and adopting a championing strategy. When the market conceals information, the strategy depends on the difference between the shaming and championing efficiency and the distribution of the firm in the market
Moreau, Valentine. "Méthodologie de représentation des impacts environnementaux locaux et planétaires, directs et indirects - Application aux technologies de l'information." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843151.
Full textRoussillon, Béatrice. "Trois essais sur les programmes de labellisation environnementale." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22013/document.
Full textThis thesis has for goal to study environmental labeling programs. In the first chapter, I use a self-selection model to study environmental labelling program in a context of multiproduct monopoly. I show that the manner by which information is conveyed affects the firm strategies. I prove that programs, which disclose continuous information such as report cards, can lead to self-selection issues within the monopoly product line, whereas those which give discrete information such as the EU flower allow the monopoly perfectly discriminating among consumers. In the second chapter, joint with J. Maxwell and R. Harbaugh, we relax the assumption that consumers know the exact standard that the product has to meet to be labelled. The uncertainty over the standard leads the consumers to jointly estimate the product quality and the standard difficulty. This undermines the ability of voluntary certification to reduce information asymmetry. In the third chapter, joint with J. Rosaz and F. Poinas, we analyze belief updating behaviors with imperfect signals in an experimental setting. The novelty of the paper is to consider a signal that restricts the set of the possible states of the nature. One of the objectives of this chapter is to study the consumer updating behaviors when they observe a label on a product but with the methodologies developed in the Bayesian updating literature. We show that this kind of signals increases the correctness of the subject estimations. However these signals can also let the subjects very uncertain about their estimation which can conduct to adverse effects
Baril, Jean. "Droit d'accès à l'information environnementale : pierre d'assise du développement durable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28866/28866.pdf.
Full textGondran, Natacha. "Système de diffusion d'information pour encourager les PME-PMI à améliorer leurs performances environnementales." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00804929.
Full textBen, Ismail Nesrine. "Trois essais sur la diffusion volontaire d'information sur l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie : le cas des entreprises du CAC40." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU10066.
Full textThis thesis is composed of three essays dealing with various aspects of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) voluntary disclosure strategies. The first essay explores the individual and cumulative impact of four Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) international initiatives on the decision to disclose and the quantity of LCA disclosures. The results show that the Global Reporting Initiative seems to exert the highest pressure on CAC40 companies to disclose on LCA. The aim of the second essay is to study the influence of environmental governance mechanisms on LCA disclosure quality. The results reveal that the verification of social and environmental information by a third-party organization is positively and significantly associated with the quality of LCA disclosure. The purpose of the third essay is to study the impact of environmental governance mechanisms on the use of impression management strategies in Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) disclosures. The results show that these mechanisms are associated with the use of impression management strategies under a symbolic rather than a substantive approach
Foulon, Brice. "Three Essays on the Influence of Environmental Performance on Firm Resilience." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0115.
Full textThis thesis is composed of three empirical studies that explore the influence of firms' environmental performance (EP) on their financial resilience. Drawing extensively from the body of research on EP's impact on financial performance, this work seeks to shed light on a relatively understudied facet of financial performance - specifically, financial resilience. Resilience is defined as "the ability of a system to persist despite disruptions and the ability to regenerate and maintain existing organization" (Gunderson and Pritchard, 2002; DesJardine et al., 2017). Although high investments in EP might be perceived by shareholders as excessive investment or misallocation of financial resources (Friedman, 1970), potentially diminishing a firm's financial resilience in the face of negative events (Marsat et al. 2021), adopting the Natural Resource-Based View (Hart, 1995), we may expect that firms with high EP are potentially able to mitigate the impacts of such shocks and achieve quicker recovery by leveraging the goodwill of stakeholders (Bruna & Nicolò, 2020; Freeman, 2007; Lins et al., 2017) and gaining sustainable competitive advantages through their reputation for environmental stewardship and possession of specific capabilities that are valuable and difficult to replicate (Aragón-Correa et al., 2008; Branco & Lima Rodrigues, 2006; Hart & Dowell, 2011; Russo & Fouts, 1997; Sharma & Vredenburg, 1998).After an introductory chapter providing a theoretical and empirical framework for the remainder of the thesis, chapter 2 exposes our test of the EP - resilience relationship in cases of firms facing environmental penalties in the US, and reveals a positive effect of EP on the flexibility dimension of resilience. Chapter 3 then explores how EP affects the resilience of firms affected by severe droughts in the US, also supporting a positive effect of EP on the flexibility dimension of resilience. Chapter 4, the last empirical chapter of this thesis, tests the influence of EP on the resilience of firms in the Covid-19 extended period, from early 2020 until December 2021, and concludes with an ambiguous effect of EP on resilience to the Covid-19 crisis: in this case EP favors the stability dimension of resilience, but hinders the flexibility dimension, leading to stimulating conclusions about the context-dependency of the resilience process.In conclusion, by showing in three different empirical contexts that EP influences resilience, this thesis provides additional rationale to the idea that both concepts are tied in the overarching context of our changing climate. Although the effect of EP on resilience is ambiguous in the context of the global Covid-19 pandemic, it positively contributes to flexibility following environmental penalties and droughts, which supports the arguments of the Natural Resource-Based View and the stakeholder theory, and the arguments in the resilience literature underlying the context dependency of the resilience process
Plot-Vicard, Emmanuelle. "L'information diffusée par l'exploitant sur le risque nucléaire : quelle réponse aux attentes des parties prenantes ?" Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00572258.
Full textAras, Melis. "Le droit à l'information environnementale du public en matière de risques industriels." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MULH4552.
Full textAt first glance, the public right to environmental information on industrial hazards, by using different modes of exercise, including electronic communications, seems to be a “function of several variables”. In fact, this legal equation consists of challenging the exercise of a right with regard to its object as well as its terms. The hypothesis of evolution of the right to environmental information requires that one examines, through a theoretical and legal reflection centered on the creation and application of law, the evolution of its components, namely the right of access to information and the right to public participation in decision making. The evolving nature of the public right to environmental information is understood in particular by considering the operating functions of the judge in exercising the right of access to public information, the public participation in decision making, and the plurality of their modes of exercise. The presence of discrepancies in the application of these rights demonstrates the evolution of the adaptability of the right to environmental information with regard to its purpose and application rather than the evolution of the right itself
Moineville, Gabrielle. "L’Économie de la responsabilité sociale et environnementale de l'entreprise : le rôle informationnel des tierces tarties." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ENMP0083/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the role of third parties in tempering informational issues at stake with regard to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Firms growingly claim to be adopting responsible practices, and it may be so because some socially conscious stakeholders (e.g. consumers, investors) are ready to reward such behaviors. Nevertheless, truthfulness of firms' virtue claims is often impossible or at least difficult to ascertain, which creates an incentive for firms to manipulate their communication. This dissertation intends to analyse how third parties can temper this asymmetry of information. Organisms such as rating agencies, non-governmental organisations, labeling institutions, can investigate firms' real actions and convey this information to stakeholders. These third parties have heterogeneous informational behaviors: some of them mostly disclose information on firms that do not behave responsibly while others are specialized in revealing firms that are socially or environmentally responsible. We develop a simple theoretical model that explores the provision of quality by a firm under friendly informational environments, in which quality is more often disclosed when it is high than when it is low, and hostile environments, in which the converse holds. We apply this base model to two types of third party: NGOs and labels. We endogenize the production of good and bad news in order to understand when and why NGOs choose between being hostile or friendly. Then, we seek to assess what is the more efficient level of label's strictness to spur social welfare and investment in high quality
El, Idrissi Sarah Cherki. "Responsible innovation for information systems : understanding the facilitators of responsible innovation and encouraging its application among future IS practitioners." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69371.
Full textLocated at the intersection of technology, organizations, society and policy, information systems (IS) play an important role in addressing major societal dilemmas, such as sustainable development. In recent years, environmental sustainability, more particularly, Green IS, has received considerable attention by IS scholars. This thesis contributes to this literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of the emergent concept of Responsible Innovation (RI), and how to apply RI in IS innovations. The contention is that by adopting RI principles, IS organizations and practitioners can become change agents of innovation for sustainability. This thesis presents three interrelated studies which demonstrate how this change can be enabled. The first study develops a taxonomy of RI facilitators as a starting point to applying this framework in IS research and practice. The taxonomy led to the identification of six dimensions that facilitate RI projects. The second study involves a qualitative field study of organizations, investigating the application of RI in their innovation processes. This study led to the creation of theoretical propositions on the application of the RI framework for IS innovations. The third study, using an action design research methodology, develops a training workshop aimed at teaching RI to IS practitioners. The results of this study suggest the workshop is effective in engaging people in reflexivity about IS innovations projects and encouraging them to apply RI principles in their future careers. Bridging the gap between practice and theory, this thesis is a valuable source of knowledge for IS researchers and practitioners to integrate RI in IS innovations, leading us closer to the prerequisites needed for sustainability in organisations.
Niang, Pathé Marame. "Les processus participatifs dans la gestion des écosystèmes en Afrique de l'Ouest : une contribution à la démocratie environnementale." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROD003/document.
Full textThe participative processes basing on the principles of information and participation regarding environment contribute to the environmental democracy in Africa the West. This contribution is made beyond the implementation of these principles in the management of the ecosystems, by the research for an environmental social justice and the attempt to implement (operate) the principles of good governance in the service of the management of the ecosystems and the respect for human rights in the field of the environment. However, so that the participative processes make a better contribution to the environmental democracy in western Africa, it is necessary that the legal framework of the participation of the public is clarified. This legal framework concerns as well the access to the information, the procedures of participation of the public in the decision-making and in the management regarding environment, but especially to offer the possibility to the public to be listened by the justice or by of other one methods of payment of the disputes regarding environment and regarding management of the ecosystems
Chistyakova, Maria. "Trois problèmes sur le marché d'un produit vert : évitement fiscal, signal et différenciation verticale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD039/document.
Full textEnvironmental quality having features of a public good is the subject of the thesis. In a theoretical framework, we study a means of environmental regulation of a polluting firm endowed with market power and then determine the optimal decentralized choice of environmental quality. We start with examining how tax avoidance affects the optimal second-best tax on polluting emissions in a monopoly setting. The firm is owned by shareholders who differ in their cost of tax dodging. The optimal tax should correct two negative externalities of avoidance: the firm's free-riding effect and a tax base erosion effect. This free-riding makes the regulator either impotent or unfair, depending on the severity of the environmental damage and the firm's efficiency. Next, we analyze the impact of an environmental tax on the signaling price strategy of a monopoly that communicates to consumers the unobservable information about firm's highenvironmental performance. We use the intuitive and undefeated criteria of equilibrium selection. Asymmetric information places the optimal second-best tax below the level required under complete information. In the case of undefeated equilibria selection, the tax may induce a "migration" from separating equilibrium to pooling making the firm prefer to conceal the private information about environmental quality. Finally, we show that market choice of environmental quality by a firm that internalizes environmental damage from polluting emissions is yet suboptimal
Heredia, Manuel. "Méthodologies d’analyse environnementale des filières bioénergie : approches par analyse de cycle de vie et nouvelles approches spatiales." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14551/document.
Full textThis work aims to provide informations and tools that are currently lacking in the environmental analysis of biofuels, especially in the life cycle analysis (LCA). This work includes two complementary parts. The first part focuses on biofuels supply chains at international scale. A descriptive study allows us to define the PEC system (Production, Elaboration, Consumption) to represent these supply chains. A tool is developed to describe and quantify PEC entities from biofuel consumption to areas of primary crops production. This tool is applied to biodiesel consumption in the EU using bioproducts flows data taken from international trade databases. It shows that biodiesel consumption involves a rapidly growing contribution of crop areas outside the EU (Non-EU), increasing from 28% in 2004 to 76% in 2009. Non-EU crop areas are indeed simultaneously mobilised through imports of bioproducts (22-46%) and through direct imports of biodiesel (0-40%). This tool eventually produces allocation matrices, based on national consumption, which are useful for LCA. The second part focuses on primary crops areas by considering a local level in order to integrate their spatial heterogeneities and territorial specificities. Primary crop areas in major producing countries supplying EU's biofuel consumptions are localised. Examination of the production situation in important countries allows to identify the nature of in situ local impacts and to study criticality of impacts in the national and territorial context. Then, spatial approaches based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are applied to bioethanol industries in Brazil. In this approach, about 620 ethanol plants in Brazil are localised using GIS and their supply areas are characterised. This leads to the measurement of specific indicators, such as spatiotemporal patterns of sugarcane expansion. These results are a contribution to the understanding of the structure and interactions among supply chains and to a better consideration of the spatial aspects in environmental analysis and LCA studies of biofuels consumed in Europe
Heredia, Manuel. "Méthodologies d’analyse environnementale des filières bioénergie : approches par analyse de cycle de vie et nouvelles approches spatiales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14551.
Full textThis work aims to provide informations and tools that are currently lacking in the environmental analysis of biofuels, especially in the life cycle analysis (LCA). This work includes two complementary parts. The first part focuses on biofuels supply chains at international scale. A descriptive study allows us to define the PEC system (Production, Elaboration, Consumption) to represent these supply chains. A tool is developed to describe and quantify PEC entities from biofuel consumption to areas of primary crops production. This tool is applied to biodiesel consumption in the EU using bioproducts flows data taken from international trade databases. It shows that biodiesel consumption involves a rapidly growing contribution of crop areas outside the EU (Non-EU), increasing from 28% in 2004 to 76% in 2009. Non-EU crop areas are indeed simultaneously mobilised through imports of bioproducts (22-46%) and through direct imports of biodiesel (0-40%). This tool eventually produces allocation matrices, based on national consumption, which are useful for LCA. The second part focuses on primary crops areas by considering a local level in order to integrate their spatial heterogeneities and territorial specificities. Primary crop areas in major producing countries supplying EU's biofuel consumptions are localised. Examination of the production situation in important countries allows to identify the nature of in situ local impacts and to study criticality of impacts in the national and territorial context. Then, spatial approaches based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are applied to bioethanol industries in Brazil. In this approach, about 620 ethanol plants in Brazil are localised using GIS and their supply areas are characterised. This leads to the measurement of specific indicators, such as spatiotemporal patterns of sugarcane expansion. These results are a contribution to the understanding of the structure and interactions among supply chains and to a better consideration of the spatial aspects in environmental analysis and LCA studies of biofuels consumed in Europe
Berthelot, Michèle. "Étude de la contribution du programme de formation-information pour l'environnement à la pérennisation de l'éducation relative à l'environnement dans l'enseignement primaire sénégalais." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24477/24477.pdf.
Full textBernard, Françoise. "Un système d’information collaboratif en appui à la gouvernance des territoires d’action agro-environnementale à enjeu eau-pesticides." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0022.
Full textDiffuse pollution generated by pesticides is a major problem both for aquatic ecosystems and human health. Despite years of efforts by policy-makers to limit their use and impact, the volumes of chemicals used by farmers have remained the same, and even increased in some areas, with no reduction in their presence in water. To address this situation, public policy is aiming to become more effective by using more localised, participative solutions. Local stakeholders in charge of action plans are looking for decision tools to help them assess the potential impact of agro-environmental measures, as well as applying them to the best areas. The aim of this thesis is to develop a tool suitable for this purpose, namely a multi-scale collaborative information system. The first main contribution made by this thesis is the creation of "SIGPA" (Information System for Action Plan Governance), which models assisted governance in pesticide action programs in various contexts. The second contribution is a method for modelling exchanges of information within a network of institutional stakeholders, based on a "Grenelle" action plan in the Charente river basin. The "Stakeholder" model represents exchanges between stakeholders, as well as the production of the information available within their networks. The third contribution is the "Scenario" model, which organises information in order to aid decision making based on possible developments in agriculture in the area studied. The fourth contribution is the design of a method by which to identify agricultural systems and practices and assess future developments in agriculture. The fifth and final contribution of this thesis is the creation of a spatial data warehouse and the use of a number of multidimensional cubes to represent stakeholders’ needs at various scales. The conceptual models presented provide an interactive way to discuss the most effective and least expensive ways of limiting pesticide pollution within the stakeholder network. A prototype of the spatial data warehouse has been implemented using field data collected within the BAC Coulonge action plan and the outputs discussed with stakeholders. By allowing for data and knowledge from stakeholder networks in multiple action plans to be pooled, the SIGPA approach is in keeping with the OSAGE model (Loireau et al, 2017), which provides the making process of an agro-environmental and multifunctional observatory
Fauvet, Pierre. "Le rôle des groupes de pression dans le processus d'adoption de réglementations environnementales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0002/document.
Full textThis thesis examines the role and the impact of pressure groups in environmental regulation process.Indeed, in recent years, scientific controversies (GMO, Médiator, shale gas) have lead us to wondermore about their effects, especially when the achievement or the extent of environmental damage and /or health are uncertain. In particular, in the context of a market approval process of a potentialdangerous product, we assume that two pressure groups are fighting, representing respectively theinterests of industry and those of victims of damage: the first campaigns for its authorization and thesecond for its prohibition. In this context, information available to the voluntary regulator is important.Assuming that he is unaware of the magnitude of the damage ex ante, we question the relevance ofpaying attention to lobbyists to take a socially efficient decision, in a case where the industrial groupfaces a responsibility system, ex post. However, the application of this system is imperfect, because ofthe insolvency of the industry or by the fact either that the industrial group responsibility is notrecognized, or that the victims group does not request compensation for damages. When the regulatortakes his decision based on a contest, the introduction of a sequential contest in which the outsidermoves first is socially preferable. Moreover, the conditions under which the regulator has to payattention to the pressure groups rather than taking his decision based on a cost-benefit analysis, usinghis prior beliefs on damage, are characterized
Mahmoudi, Mehdi. "Les effets de la microfinance sur le développement durable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. https://theses.univ-orleans.fr/prive/accesESR/2024ORLE1040_va.pdf.
Full textThis thesis is composed of three chapters that contribute to the theoretical and empirical literature on the relationship between microfinance and sustainable development. The first chapter examines the relationship between microfinance and economic development. The results confirm the existence of a unidirectional Granger causality from microfinance to economic development,and a bidirectional causality between the Human Development Index and the number of clients, on the one hand, and the percentage of women entrepreneurs, on the other. Unidirectional Granger causalities are also present, from HDI to portfolio at risk, and fromHDI to operational self-sufficiency. In addition, we identify a unidirectional relationship from operating expenses to the human development index. The second chapter proposes a method for constructing a multidimensional microfinance index using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results show that the three studied dimensions (penetration, availability, and usage) are essential for explaining the development of microfinance. By ranking countries first according to their sub-indices and then according to the global microfinance development index, we identified the most advanced economies in microfinance development, such as Afghanistan,Burkina Faso, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as those with the lowest levels of microfinance development, such as Angola and Côte d’Ivoire. The third chapter examines the moderating role of microfinance on the environmental Kuznets curve, using two models : main effects and interaction effects. In the short term, microfinance has no significant impact on CO2 emissions,but in the long term, it has a significant and negative effect, suggesting a reduction in emissions. The interactions show that microfinance moderates the effect of economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions, reducing the impact of GDP but increasing that of energy consumption
Marsauche, Maud. "Informations pour la décision, préfiguration d'un tableau de bord environnemental pour le SCOT : application au SCOT sud Loire." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00788066.
Full textBerger, Tristan. "L'accès aux informations environnementales et sanitaires : le cas des substances chimiques, des OGM et des médicaments." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D006.
Full textThalidomide, asbestos, tobacco, PCB, benzene, valproate, dexfenfluramine, ECB, PIP implants, chlordecone, BPA, glyphosate, etc., there is now a long list of environmental and health risks that both affected risk management and undermined the public’s trust towards institutions. In this context, the issue of transparency related to environmental and health risks has continued to grow, not only for the purpose of directly informing citizens, but also for the purpose of building a counterexpertise, with a growing number of organizations or researchers seeking to review and check official expertise, and to challenge the action or the inertia of public authorities or companies. As a result, expert agencies increasingly receive requests to access environmental and health information, including to detailed datasets and techniques to test their reliability. Despite the progress that has characterized public rights to access information over the past forty years and the display of an open data policy, this thesis is based on the observation that access to information regimes are not effective. Going beyond the causes traditionally analyzed by doctrine (length of the delays, culture of secrecy, complexity), the thesis seeks to identify systemic limits to public access to environmental and health information. In particular, it highlights three sets of structural factors. First, the system for assessing product safety, entrusted to companies, inherently carries a risk of conflicts of interest and therefore undermines the reliability of the data to which the public is entitled. Second, the claim of intellectual property rights on data produced by companies, subjects them to a privatization process. Third, the lack of enforcement power of expert agencies, caught in a stranglehold between the exclusive rights of companies and the rights of public access. Three case studies – chemicals, GMOs and medicines – are used to highlight these structural limitations to access rights and, simultaneously, to deepen ecological and health democracy
Noury, Benjamin. "Acceptabilité sociale et communication participative : le cas de la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées dans le Luberon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/210712_NOURY_7sl988korpq835r230pi_TH.pdf.
Full textIn the wake of climate change, freshwater resources in France are exposed to intense pressure. Extreme events are intensifying with more water-related natural disasters and more frequent droughts. Water reuse is one of the solutions promoted by the French government to overcome local shortages of water. This practice remains at a preliminary stage and its social acceptability raise concerns. This thesis was funded under an industrial agreement (Cifre contract) and partly by the Rhône, Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency. It was co-supervised by SCP, IMSIC and INRAE and contributed to the Read'Apt project. It focuses on the integration of a technical object, water reuse, within a territory facing chronic aridity, the Luberon area in France. This doctoral work places social acceptability at its core: it starts by deconstructing this “embarrassing” concept and then mobilizes it, not as a goal to be reached, but as a principle of co-construction. This work offers a detailed analysis of the social reception of water reuse. The originality of this action-research is also to address a bidirectional communication scheme within mediation spaces. Participatory communication activities have been designed towards a joint transformation of the technical object and its user. A mixed methodology based on surveys, interviews, workshops and serious game sessions was deployed. The results obtained lay the first steps to associate the terms participation and acceptability in the field of environmental communication
Laurent, Faustine. "Évaluation des performances environnementales de l'insertion d'une filière de méthanisation centralisée au sein d'un territoire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S022/document.
Full textIn France, the rapid development of anaerobic digestion (a process used to generate renewable energy by breaking down organic residues) has led to the environmental relevance of this solution being questioned. It is particularly worthwhile evaluating inasmuch as development of the sector forms part of national climate and energy plans. Centralised anaerobic digestion also fits in profitably with various industrial ecology approaches, with the multifunctionality of the process constituting a substantial asset in that it favours circular flows of materials and energy. However, this multifunctionality also represents the main source of the methodological difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the environmental performance of anaerobic digestion systems. Resolving this, i.e. defining the main function of a system, requires the environmental evaluation method to be contextualised. For life cycle assessment (LCA), this contextualisation emerges as being appropriate to the first stage of the methodology. This thesis puts forward a conceptual framework, aimed at defining anaerobic digestion scenarios that are consistent with the particularities of the territory in which they are located. To do this, a territorial systemic approach, involving geographic information systems (GIS) and object-oriented modelling, was developed. The approach has resulted in a spatial model for territorial location of a centralised anaerobic digestion solution, incorporating all its component parts, networks and variables. The systemic approach was followed by a phase of functional and spatial optimisation involving three successive sets of indicators, enabling the following to be defined: (i) the main function to be played by an anaerobic digestion system within the territory studied, (ii) the possible configurations of an anaerobic digestion system capable of fulfilling this main function and (iii) the preferential zones for locating the scenarios envisaged. This methodology, designed to be transposable to any territory within France, forms part of the first two LCA stages, i.e. definition of objectives and life cycle inventory. In order to validate the applicability of the method developed, the territorial systemic approach was applied to two different territories. These case studies highlight the links between specific territorial characteristics and the design of the local solution. The influence of the main function selected for an anaerobic digestion system on the performance and results of the LCA was also studied for one of these territories. The most noteworthy differences relate to substitution, highlighting the importance of developing anaerobic digestion as a priority when the local context makes it possible for the multiple functions of the solution to replace existing sectors with particularly harmful effects on the environment
Laurent, Faustine. "Évaluation des performances environnementales de l'insertion d'une filière de méthanisation centralisée au sein d'un territoire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S022.
Full textIn France, the rapid development of anaerobic digestion (a process used to generate renewable energy by breaking down organic residues) has led to the environmental relevance of this solution being questioned. It is particularly worthwhile evaluating inasmuch as development of the sector forms part of national climate and energy plans. Centralised anaerobic digestion also fits in profitably with various industrial ecology approaches, with the multifunctionality of the process constituting a substantial asset in that it favours circular flows of materials and energy. However, this multifunctionality also represents the main source of the methodological difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the environmental performance of anaerobic digestion systems. Resolving this, i.e. defining the main function of a system, requires the environmental evaluation method to be contextualised. For life cycle assessment (LCA), this contextualisation emerges as being appropriate to the first stage of the methodology. This thesis puts forward a conceptual framework, aimed at defining anaerobic digestion scenarios that are consistent with the particularities of the territory in which they are located. To do this, a territorial systemic approach, involving geographic information systems (GIS) and object-oriented modelling, was developed. The approach has resulted in a spatial model for territorial location of a centralised anaerobic digestion solution, incorporating all its component parts, networks and variables. The systemic approach was followed by a phase of functional and spatial optimisation involving three successive sets of indicators, enabling the following to be defined: (i) the main function to be played by an anaerobic digestion system within the territory studied, (ii) the possible configurations of an anaerobic digestion system capable of fulfilling this main function and (iii) the preferential zones for locating the scenarios envisaged. This methodology, designed to be transposable to any territory within France, forms part of the first two LCA stages, i.e. definition of objectives and life cycle inventory. In order to validate the applicability of the method developed, the territorial systemic approach was applied to two different territories. These case studies highlight the links between specific territorial characteristics and the design of the local solution. The influence of the main function selected for an anaerobic digestion system on the performance and results of the LCA was also studied for one of these territories. The most noteworthy differences relate to substitution, highlighting the importance of developing anaerobic digestion as a priority when the local context makes it possible for the multiple functions of the solution to replace existing sectors with particularly harmful effects on the environment
Rivière, Géraldine. "La qualité des informations sociétales : une expérimentation relative à l'audit environnemental." Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON10017.
Full textThe objective of this doctoral research is to show that environmental information is likely to contribute to a better evaluation of the total value of the company. However, doubts subsist about the quality of the information voluntarily published by the managers. By guaranteeing the reliability of environmental information, the environmental audit is supposed to be able to contribute to their credibility and to support their taking into account in the decisions of financial investment. It is then proposed as a governance mechanism aiming at reducing the conflicts of agency between the managers and the users of information. An experimental design was carried out on a sample of financial analysts, in the objective to analyze the impact of non-audited or audited environmental information, on their recommendations of investment. It appears that the diffusion of positive environmental information favourably influences the choices of investment, but the impact of the environmental audit is more complex and seems to depend on the level of opinion stated by the auditor. Particularly, it seems that propensity to invest in a company which carries out an audited environmental reporting is all the more low, that the level of reliability attested by the auditor is weak. This result suggests that efforts must be carried out to improve the intelligibility of the certificates of insurance
Danilina, Vera. "Essays on environmental regulation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0452.
Full textThis thesis develops an applied environmental economic policy analysis in closed and open economy frameworks. It investigates welfare and environmental outcomes of voluntary and mandatory regulation allowing for heterogeneity across economic agents and countries. Particularly, it focuses on voluntary eco-labels of different types in autarky (Chapter 1) and upon opening to international trade (Chapter 2); multi-tier information provision programmes (Chapter 3); and emission taxes and green public procurement (Chapter 4). The analysis shows that not only the government but also eco-concerned consumers can incentivise even eco-indifferent producers to act more environmentally-friendly. Environmental policy instruments induce self-selection and polarisation in the markets served by firms heterogeneous in their productivity. I demonstrate that voluntary instruments can lead to positive welfare and environmental outcomes. Under particular assumptions, they also can be more efficient than mandatory approaches. The model also shows that upon opening to international trade eco-policy yields additional welfare and environmental effects conditionally on the type of the policy and the environmental awareness difference across trading countries
Occelli, Florent. "Systèmes d’Information Géographique et Lien Environnement – Santé (SIGLES) : contribution au développement d'outils cartographiques d'aide à la décision face aux risques sanitaires liés à l'environnement." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S043/document.
Full textEnvironmental and social inequalities in health (ESIH) over territories are related to two cumulative dimensions: populations exposed to their living poor quality environment and the vulnerability of these populations to the environmental risk factors, which can affect health. This research deals with the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applied to the field of environmental health. General purposes are the characterization of environmental media quality and the assessment of ESIH.Achieving these objectives requires a first step of harvest, genesis and formatting spatialized environmental databases. Such data are resulting from physico-chemical monitoring and biomonitoring. They were then mapped using GIS tools, including geostatistical spatial interpolation methods. On the over hand, spatial variability in the incidence of diseases were investigated using disease mapping methods (Standardized Incidence Ratios: SIR) and the detection of atypical clusters of events (scan statistics), which are based on disease registries. Finally, geographical ecological studies are developed to associate the environmental maps generated to health and socio-economic status. Thus, this work aims to answer the question \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"do people with poor state of health live in a poor quality environment?\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" This question has been studied through three main researches.The first relates the characterization of trace elements burdens in the environment and the assessment of ESIH on neighborhood scale, over three territories in the Nord-Pas de Calais (NPdC) region. This research is conducted from measurements of biological burdens performed both in epiphytic lichens and humans and from a localized index of deprivation. The measured metals were considered individually, but also holistically by developing an integrated multimetallic index, in order to describe the general status of environmental pollution by metals. Environmental inequalities were observed on neighborhood scale in Dunkerque. Our results assume that trace elements burdens in populations are affected by environmental burdens.In our second research we revealed spatial disparities in the incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) on small area in the NPdC. Unlike other factors (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, medical practices), we highlighted the role of socio-economic status in the occurrence of such disparities. Only a part of the ESRD variability is currently explained. It is therefore necessary to focus on the environmental hypothesis.The third research focuses on the spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater contamination by trace elements, in order to identify potential environmental risk factors in the incidence of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.This work is based on several collaborations with the REIN network, the EPIMAD registry, and several research teams (EA4483 and EA2694 Université Lille 2, TVES EA4477 ULCO).Following this thesis, the research prospects are to pursue the development of integrated indicators to assess population exposure to the multiple environmental media contamination. The results also indicate a lack of information in environmental databases compared to health registries. A work is thus needed to define the content of such databases. These are necessary to characterize the environmental quality and to help the assessment of interaction between the populations and their living environment
Antheaume, Nicolas. "L'évaluation des coûts externes de la théorie à la pratique : interrogation sur l'évaluation de la comptabilité sociale et sur sa place parmi d'autres systèmes d'information au sein de l'entreprise." Phd thesis, Nice, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713496.
Full textBased on a review of literature, this thesis analyses the evolution of corporate social (or societal) accounting in terms of a debate between two approaches : the first one recommends integration in financial accounting, the second one, on the contrary, pleads for the development of separate and autonomous forms of corporate social accounting. This research is carried out within the framework of the theory of stake-holders which recognises the legitimacy of constituents outside a company to request information on the corporate use of collective resources endowed on it by society. The element that opposes the two approaches to corporate social accounting concerns the ability of monetary data to give a true and fair view of the impacts on society of a given corporate economic activity. Our field work dealt with the evaluation of the environmental external costs of an industrial process in a major company. It involved giving a monetary value to the physical flows of that process. As such it is relevant to the element that opposes the two above-mentioned approaches and enables us to reach clear cut conclusions as to which one should be preferred. The external costs linked to the physical flows of an industrial process are expressed per unit of product, using three different methods, with three estimates per method (low, medium, high). The major findings of this experiment are the existence of a low number of flows for which a monetary evaluation can be carried out, the wide range of possible results, the lack of accepted standards on which to base calculations. These findings lead us to conclude that the use of monetary data to evaluate and compare environmental impacts is a scientifically unsound management practice and that the development of new forms of social accounting should be conducted separately from financial accounting. The thesis then proposes an enlarged accounting model which enables the positioning of different forms of accounting relative to one another
Bontems, Philippe. "Contrôle de la pollution en présence d'asymétries d'information." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100025.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis belongs to the field of pollution control under asymmetric information. In the first part the problem of non-point source pollution is analyzed. In this case, traditional measures like taxes or quotas are not available as individuals emissions cannot be observed at a reasonable cost by the regulatory agency. The form that the polluter pay principle can take in this context is examined. The choice of the agency between regulate from the level of ambient pollution level or damage realized and regulate the abatement effort is also analyzed. In the second part, I analyses the interactions between environmental policy and the wish of a government to sustain the competitively of home pollutant industries that compete on oligopolistic markets. We extend the results obtained by the literature to the realistic case of an uninformed agency
Danjou, Aurélie. "Dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk in the E3N cohort : multi-source exposures and timing of exposure." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1308/document.
Full textBreast cancer (BC) is the first malignancy among women. Its incidence has doubled over the past 30 years. Environmental factors with endocrine disruptive properties, such as dioxins emitted from industrial combustion processes, are suspected to affect BC risk. Ingestion of contaminated food and inhalation are the major exposure routes in humans. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk remains inconclusive due to methodological limitations. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the association between dioxin exposure and BC risk in the E3N prospective cohort, filling current methodological gaps.First, we assessed the association between estimated dietary dioxin exposure and BC risk among women from the E3N cohort. Second, we developed a geographic information system (GIS)-based metric to assess airborne dioxin exposure at the individual address level, including proximity to and technical characteristics of industrial sources, exposure duration and prevailing wind frequency. The metric was then applied to each E3N women’s addresses from 1990 to 2008, and airborne dioxin exposure was estimated for cases and matched controls from a cohort sub-population (the Rhône-Alpes region). Third, we estimated BC risk associated with cumulative airborne dioxin exposure. Overall, no statistically significant association was observed, except for a decrease in hormone-independent BC risk. The latter was significant for dietary dioxin exposure. For airborne exposure, we might have lacked statistical power and confirmation at the national level is required. The inverse association with ER-negative BC risk is consistent with experimental evidence
Senn, Juliette. "L’information comptable à caractère environnemental dans un cadre réglementaire : de la diffusion à l’utilisation de l’information." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD029.
Full textCorporate environmental reporting is becoming more and more widespread and regulated. This dissertation specifically focuses on environmental accounting information (EAI) in this context. Our research draws on neo-institutional theory and concerns the concept of normativity. Three empirical studies, each dealing with one dimension of the information disclosure process, are conducted. They are all carried out in the French regulatory context. The first study examines how companies disclose EAI and the strategies adopted after the adoption of a new law. Based on a content analysis of the annual reports of 96 listed companies over the period 2009-2014, the results show that the law did not favor greater transparency in the EAI and we observe that companies choose different reponses to the law. The second study focuses on behind the scenes of these strategies to identify how producers of information organize themselves to respond to the regulations they are subject to. The results of 8 case studies show that two distinct strategies appear depending on the type of EAI. The third study focuses on the users of information behavior and how they react to the firms’ disclosure strategies. We consider the point of view of financial analysts by investigating the effect of firms’ EAI disclosure strategies on investment recommendations and perceptions of this item (as regards to both the relevance and credibility of information). Through an experimental study conducted with 145 participants, it turned out that these strategies modify both the perception of relevance and credibility of information. Overall, the dissertation contributes to our understanding of how companies (and actors) develop strategies to adapt to the introduction of new regulations
Combe, Marius. "Instruments économiques et protection de la biodiversité : analyse juridique des mécanismes de compensation écologique et de paiements pour services environnementaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3055.
Full textGathered under the term “economic instruments” – or market-base instruments -, mechanisms for ecological compensation and payments for environmental services have established themselves as the essential tool for the biodiversity and ecosystem protection policies. Built around a plurality of principles (polluter pays principle, beneficiary pays principle, etc.) and concepts (ecosystem services, natural capital, etc.) largely influenced by economical approaches of biodiversity and ecosystems, these two instruments characterize the oncoming of a new take on environmental policies. The study reveals the plurality of judicial links that unite ecological compensation and payments for environmental services. Sometimes close together, sometimes distinguishable, these mechanisms are, in fine, both sides of a same coin. The use of payments for environmental services, as ecological compensation, appears however as a preoccupying orientation, likely to deflect this instrument from its purpose. In spite of their theoretical virtues, the efficiency of ecological compensation mechanisms and payments for environmental services for the protection of biodiversity turns out to be questionable, justifying a reinforcement and more consistency in their legal framework
Magnaghi, Elisabetta. "Premiers pas de l'intégration des informations financières et socio-environnementales : le cas du Reporting Intégré de l'IIRC." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0367.
Full textThe thesis deals with the integration of financial and socio-environmental information in annual reports of listed companies. The author mobilizes accounting approach interpretive (Hopwood, 1978) and analyze the case of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) for the establishment of a framework globally accepted. The empirical analysis focuses on the study of documents issued by this organization and the interviews conducted at two listed companies, which are part of the steering group established by the IIRC, the purpose of which is to test the framework on data the year 2012
Senn, Juliette. "L’information comptable à caractère environnemental dans un cadre réglementaire : de la diffusion à l’utilisation de l’information." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD029.
Full textCorporate environmental reporting is becoming more and more widespread and regulated. This dissertation specifically focuses on environmental accounting information (EAI) in this context. Our research draws on neo-institutional theory and concerns the concept of normativity. Three empirical studies, each dealing with one dimension of the information disclosure process, are conducted. They are all carried out in the French regulatory context. The first study examines how companies disclose EAI and the strategies adopted after the adoption of a new law. Based on a content analysis of the annual reports of 96 listed companies over the period 2009-2014, the results show that the law did not favor greater transparency in the EAI and we observe that companies choose different reponses to the law. The second study focuses on behind the scenes of these strategies to identify how producers of information organize themselves to respond to the regulations they are subject to. The results of 8 case studies show that two distinct strategies appear depending on the type of EAI. The third study focuses on the users of information behavior and how they react to the firms’ disclosure strategies. We consider the point of view of financial analysts by investigating the effect of firms’ EAI disclosure strategies on investment recommendations and perceptions of this item (as regards to both the relevance and credibility of information). Through an experimental study conducted with 145 participants, it turned out that these strategies modify both the perception of relevance and credibility of information. Overall, the dissertation contributes to our understanding of how companies (and actors) develop strategies to adapt to the introduction of new regulations
Alatrista-Salas, Hugo. "Extraction de relations spatio-temporelles à partir des données environnementales et de la santé." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997539.
Full textStamboulous, Artémis. "La participation du public et l'évaluation des incidences environnementales en droits communautaire, français et grec." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR30026.
Full textDamage to the environment through human activity and economic development has resulted in the establishment of the environmental assessment principle into the European’s Union, French and Greek legal orders. It evaluates the impact that projects, plans and programs may have on the environment and public health. The public must take part in this evaluation that may affect its life and the environment. The principle of public participation in the environmental protection is constituted of three distinct principles; Access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters. The application of these principles requires not only the environmental education of citizens but also the reorganisation of the decisional process
Bouckaert, Mathias. "L'évaluation des performances des universités au regard du développement durable : une perspective internationale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV100/document.
Full textIn the context of the transition of societies towards sustainable development, the role of universities is increasingly highlighted. In this respect, assessment, as a support tool for organizations whishing to improve their performance, can be of great assistance. Opportunities for the application of assessment remains however limited. The university and sustainability are normative objects and their definition is subject to considerable opposition. In addition, their reality is progressive and characterized by high levels of uncertainty and paradoxical complexity.This work aims to determine the conditions under which assessment practices can support, or otherwise hinder, the performances of universities toward sustainability. It comes in two parts.The first part focuses on the theoretical construction of an evaluation norm for the "sustainable performances of universities". It is based on a comprehensive review of the specific features of the university and sustainability, as well as on an analysis of several best practices identified internationally. The second part compares and strengthens those findings by focussing on the design of an operational assessment methodology. This research was conducted through a multi- stakeholder participatory process that led to the building of a multidimensional framework comprising more than 50 indicators. This tool aims to be a contribution to the development of assessment methods for academic actors willing to identify ways of improving their performances with respect to sustainability
Tran, Ba-Huy. "Une approche sémantique pour l’exploitation de données environnementales : application aux données d’un observatoire." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS025.
Full textThe need to collect long-term observations for research on environmental issues led to the establishment of "Zones Ateliers" by the CNRS. Thus, for several years, many databases of a spatio-temporal nature are collected by different teams of researchers. To facilitate transversal analysis of different observations, it is desirable to cross-reference information from these data sources. Nevertheless, these sources are constructed independently of each other, which raise problems of data heterogeneity in the analysis.Therefore, this thesis proposes to study the potentialities of ontologies as both objects of modeling, inference, and interoperability. The aim is to provide experts in the field with a suitable method for exploiting heterogeneous data. Being applied in the environmental domain, ontologies must take into account the spatio-temporal characteristics of these data. As the need for modeling concepts and spatial and temporal operators, we rely on the solution of reusing the ontologies of time and space. Then, a spatial-temporal data integration approach with a reasoning mechanism on the relations of these data has been introduced. Finally, data mining methods have been adapted to spatio-temporal RDF data to discover new knowledge from the knowledge-base. The approach was then applied within the Geminat prototype, which aims to help understand farming practices and their relationships with the biodiversity in the "zone atelier Plaine and Val de Sèvre". From data integration to knowledge analysis, it provides the necessary elements to exploit heterogeneous spatio-temporal data as well as to discover new knowledge
Béranger, Rémi. "Tumeurs germinales du testicule : étudier l'impact des expositions professionnelles et environnementales aux pesticides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10309/document.
Full textTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are the most common cancers in men aged 15–39 years. Environmental exposures occurring in the prenatal period are suspected to play a role, but no clear associations with TGCT risk are known. This thesis aimed to develop an epidemiological approach to study the impact of prenatal exposures to pesticides on the TGCT risk. First, through a systematic literature review, we identified a gap in knowledge regarding prenatal exposures, as well as the need for more reliable assessment of environmental pesticide exposures. Second, through a survey of indoor dust sampling in 239 households, we identified the environmental determinants of agricultural pesticide exposure to develop a metric to assess environmental pesticide exposures using a geographical information system. Crop acreage within 500m (orchards) or 1000m (cereals/vineyards), wind, and vegetative barriers were identified as determinants of the indoor contamination. The overall good efficiency of our cellulose wipe was assessed through laboratory experiments. Our results also suggested domestic pesticide use as a major source of households’ pesticide exposure. Third, through a case-control pilot study we tested different approach to recruit young men and their mothers, and we confirmed our ability to collect information about their exposures, and to map precisely their addresses until the 1970’s. Our findings lead to the development of a national case-control study (TESTIS project) aiming to assess the impact of prenatal pesticides exposures on the TGCT risk. This project has been funded and is currently on-going. Our research also serves as basis for further multidisciplinary projects
Staes, Aurore. "Essays on Firms' Private Information." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0091.
Full textThis thesis consists of three chapters and is organized in two parts. Each part deals with a particular theoreticalissue of firms' private information.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the architecture of global warming policies and firms' private information.The first chapter analyses which global agreement can be implemented in presence of two-tiers asymmetry of information coming from both countries and domestic firms. We impose several key constraints on the design of such a regulatory policy: heterogeneity of countries, two-tier private information both at domestic and international levels and full participation. We derive the optimal first and second-best agreement. It is shown that the optimal global agreement does not always entail a uniform price for carbon. In presence of domestic firm's private information, the second-best agreement entails prices for carbon that differ from one country to another. We thereby highlight the failure of the Law of One Carbon Price. In the second part of the thesis that comprises two chapters, I study the interaction between two communication tools --- price signaling and third-party disclosure --- that firms may use to reveal their private information to consumers. The second chapter examines a third-party disclosure that consists in a certification handled by a middleman: a certifier. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or using price to signal quality. The strategic certifier is either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I first show that the structure of audit costs incurred by the middlemen affects the type of monopolist that chooses certification. I then show that the characteristics of the certification ---audit probability and certification fee--- vary with the motivation of the strategic middleman. More specifically, a for-profit certifier, whenever it is possible, will not audit and put the highest feasible fee while a certifier defending the monopolist will audit with a certain probability and select the lowest possible fee. This chapter thereby contributes to a better understanding of the certification industry.The last chapter studies a third-party disclosure that consists of two steps: certification and labeling. It involves two middlemen --- the certifier and the owner of the label --- and it includes a certification fee and a price for the label. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or signaling quality through price.I derive the disclosure when the certifier is a for-profit private entityand the label owner is private either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I show that, when the label owner defends the monopolist, the price of that label and the sharing of the surplus depend on the nature of certifiers' competition. In particular, I find that, a label owner defending the monopolist in order to prevent the certifier from capturing the surplus should favor competition between certifiers or, when that is not possible, monetize the label
Lainé, France. "Désordres d'intégration visuelle et auditive des informations sociales chez les personnes autistes : ralentir les stimuli environnementaux pour améliorer la communication." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10107.
Full textDarmonni, Jacob. "La sélection sociale de l’innovation : Parcours d’innovations environnementales depuis un centre de Recherche & Développement jusqu’à l’espace domestique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H035/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to assess the relationship between social mechanisms promoting innovation and the theme of sustainable development applied to consumption patterns in the telecommunications sector. From field observation and study of reference texts, based on an inductive approach consisting of operating a division of the reality by scales of observation and tightening the analysis to micro social level, he thesis aims to underscore the rise of problematic situations with regards to behaviours and representations which were pre-existing or are emerging with the arrival of environmental innovation in our domestic space
Bozon, Nicolas. "Coupling atmospheric dispersion model and Geographical Information Systems : application to pesticide spray drift." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20255.
Full textAtmospheric pollution due to agricultural pesticide for viticulture is a major concern today, regarding both public health, sustainable agriculture and ecosystems quality monitoring. Atmospheric dispersion modeling and the use of geographic information systems allow us to spatially quantify the atmospheric pollution on a given area. This thesis is based on the coupling of an atmospheric dispersion model and a geographic information system, in order to predict and map atmospheric pollution after pesticide spraying applications. Implementations of digital elevation models and scale changes into the reduced order modeling are described and illustrated. The resulting simulation platform is presented as a Quantum GIS software plugin, thus exploring the Open Source GIS capabilities to implement complex physical models. The platform is finally used on a typical Souther French wine-growing area, and a pollution risk analysis scenario is proposed
Zhang, Feng. "Intégration des considérations environnementales en entreprise : une approche systémique pour la mise en place de feuilles de routes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI026/document.
Full textTo answer environmental challenge and create new competitive advantages, the companies needto consider and integrate environmental considerations into all its processes. Numerous environmentalmethods exist as well as solutions to integrate them into companies. But, the literature review realisedindicates that a systemic approach combining strategic and practical needs from eco-design couldfacilitate this integration.This thesis, which represents the "tactic" module of the national research project ANR- Convergence,aims to provide a new framework to identify a suitable operational trajectory for a better integration ofenvironmental consideration in companies. Thus, a clear analysis about the identification of theseexisting methods and their interrelationships was realised. Our work was to identify the operativecorrelation between methods via a cartography, then the relationship between those methods and thedynamic needs/contexts of companies to finally propose ” environmental roadmaps. So, we finallypropose a systematic approach to define environmental roadmaps in companies.Those roadmapsconcern the strategis, tactic and operational levels in companies.The results of three academic/industrial experiments demonstrate that all proposals of this thesis couldensure effectively the identification of a suitable systemic trajectories’ group based on actual corporateneeds and its dynamic context. The pre-defined chain of action and the list of available tools providedsupport the company to identify the working process and to organize the workflow between differentcorporate functions
Glatron, Sandrine. "Représentations cognitives et spatiales des risques et des nuisances pour les citadins." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00565920.
Full textEslahi, Mojtaba. "Simulations de croissance urbaine pour représenter les impacts possibles des constructions et des contraintes environnementales sur l’étalement urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2063.
Full textThe process of urbanization occurs mainly due to population growth, rural exodus to cities and life style that often induces the nearly irreversible changes. It increases the artificial lands, which affect the biodiversity, ecosystems, urban climate, and reduces land for agriculture and natural areas. The focus of this thesis is to simulate diverse urbanization scenarios in order to improve public policies decision making. To do this, the SLEUTH model is used in order to investigate the impacts of buildings and environmental rules on urban sprawl. In the method used, the SLEUTH model integrates more topographic data, urban tissue and demographic data, including geographical features and the environmental constraints. The main challenge of in this research is to propose different urban sprawl scenarios for different kind of environmental rules while taking into account the population demand or at least population growth estimation. The SLEUTH model is one of the well-known cellular automata simulation models, which matches the dynamic simulation of urban expansion and adapts to morphological model of the urban configuration. SLEUTH, like many other urban growth simulation methods, considers only the historical data. Although, the impacts of population growth and urban tissue are implicitly considered during the calibration phase on the historical urban maps, changes in population growth rate or in building types cannot be included in its simulations. Moreover the SLEUTH results are limited to raster data that are difficult to interpret for decision makers. The results are some pixels on which urbanization is supposed to occur which do not make sense from urbanism point of view. Therefore, our research aims to diversify the simulation possibilities integrating explicitly factors of building types according to population growth and providing visual methods to view urban growth scenario results in 2D and even 3D. In order to improve the SLEUTH results, different 2D urban growth simulation scenarios have been defined based on the SLEUTH model by adding buildings type and the estimation of the population growth as urban fabric factors. Each simulation corresponds to policies that are more or less restrictive of spaces considering what these territories can accommodate as a type of building and as a global population. In addition, the simulations can help the user to protect the desired lands such as the environmental spaces from urbanization. These scenarios show the simulation capabilities of the model and make it possible to improve our understanding of an urban sprawl simulation.Three different case studies with various sizes and populations are used including Toulouse metropolitan, Saint Sulpice la Pointe and Rieucros to provide a view of the effectiveness of the proposed method on several scales. The results evaluation indicates that the proposed method makes different simulations that correspond to different land priorities and constraints. It helps to see which land can be protected (where) and how building type can be used to constrain urban sprawl (how much). A 3D representation for each prospective urban growth simulations is provided in order to facilitates the interpretation of the SLEUTH simulation and differentiate the scenarios. The findings allow having different images of the city of tomorrow for applying it to urban policies
Gnanguenon, guesse Girault. "Modélisation et visualisation des liens entre cinétiques de variables agro-environnementales et qualité des produits dans une approche parcimonieuse et structurée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021MONTS139.
Full textThe development of digital agriculture allows to observe at high frequency the dynamics of production according to the climate. Data from these dynamic observations can be considered as functional data. To analyze this new type of data, it is necessary to extend the usual statistical tools to the functional case or develop new ones.In this thesis, we have proposed a new approach (SpiceFP: Sparse and Structured Procedure to Identify Combined Effects of Functional Predictors) to explain the variations of a scalar response variable by two or three functional predictors in a context of joint influence of these predictors. Particular attention was paid to the interpretability of the results through the use of combined interval classes defining a partition of the observation domain of the explanatory factors. Recent developments around LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) models have been adapted to estimate the areas of influence in the partition via a generalized penalized regression. The approach also integrates a double selection, of models (among the possible partitions) and of variables (areas inside a given partition) based on AIC and BIC information criteria. The methodological description of the approach, its study through simulations as well as a case study based on real data have been presented in chapter 2 of this thesis.The real data used in this thesis were obtained from a vineyard experiment aimed at understanding the impact of climate change on anthcyanins accumulation in berries. Analysis of these data in chapter 3 using SpiceFP and one extension identified a negative impact of morning combinations of low irradiance (lower than about 100 µmol/s/m2 or 45 µmol/s/m2 depending on the advanced-delayed state of the berries) and high temperature (higher than about 25°C). A slight difference associated with overnight temperature occurred between these effects identified in the morning.In chapter 4 of this thesis, we propose an implementation of the proposed approach as an R package. This implementation provides a set of functions allowing to build the class intervals according to linear or logarithmic scales, to transform the functional predictors using the joint class intervals and finally to execute the approach in two or three dimensions. Other functions help to perform post-processing or allow the user to explore other models than those selected by the approach, such as an average of different models.Keywords: Penalized regressions, Interaction, information criteria, scalar-on-function, interpretable coefficients,grapevine microclimate
Assaghir, Zainab. "Analyse formelle de concepts et fusion d'informations : application à l'estimation et au contrôle d'incertitude des indicateurs agri-environnementaux." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587784.
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