Academic literature on the topic 'Information inequality'

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Journal articles on the topic "Information inequality"

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Lei, Xiaowen. "Information and Inequality." Journal of Economic Theory 184 (November 2019): 104937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2019.08.007.

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Lee, Doo-Young. "Information Inequality, Information Gap, and Library Information Service." Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science 40, no. 4 (December 30, 2006): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4275/kslis.2006.40.4.013.

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Greenberg, Jason. "The (Internet) Information Inequality Machine?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2019, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 10933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.10933abstract.

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The Lancet. "The web of information inequality." Lancet 349, no. 9068 (June 1997): 1781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)21025-1.

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SAFINEJAD, F., A. SHAFIEE, and R. MALEEH. "BELL'S INEQUALITY AND CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION." International Journal of Quantum Information 04, no. 04 (August 2006): 641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749906002110.

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The properties of the Shannon entropy (concavity and strong additivity) are satisfied in both classical and quantum experiments, if the context of experiment is considered appropriately. We show that these properties hold true in a classical model with the feature of being contextual, where a correlation is observed between events. Our results show that the classical example is similar to an entangled singlet state for spin-½ particles. But, contrary to general opinion, [Formula: see text] is not a necessary and sufficient condition for violating Bell's inequality, since it has been obtained on the basis of a common cause pattern. In other words, it is possible to reconstruct the amount of information contained in a quantum entangled state according to the common cause criterion satisfying local realism.
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Matus, F. "Piecewise linear conditional information inequality." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 52, no. 1 (January 2006): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2005.860438.

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Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice. "Information, Inequality, and Mass Polarization." Comparative Political Studies 48, no. 13 (July 28, 2015): 1781–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414015592643.

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Popescu, Pantelimon-George, Florin Pop, Alexandru Herişanu, and Nicolae Ţăpuş. "New Inequalities between Information Measures of Network Information Content." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/175769.

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We refine a classical logarithmic inequality using a discrete case of Bernoulli inequality, and then we refine furthermore two information inequalities between information measures for graphs, based on information functionals, presented by Dehmer and Mowshowitz in (2010) as Theorems 4.7 and 4.8. The inequalities refer to entropy-based measures of network information content and have a great impact for information processing in complex networks (a subarea of research in modeling of complex systems).
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Kondratenko, Natalia. "The researching of information inequality in the market of information services." Technology audit and production reserves 1, no. 4(57) (January 20, 2021): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.225533.

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The object of research is information inequality. Information inequality is seen as a socio-economic problem that can be solved with the help of confident actions of the state. Data analysis confirmed the problem of the «digital divide» at the global and regional levels. The transformation of the information services market depends on the quality of the Internet. The growing number of Internet users is a global tendency, but at the regional level it is possible to see clear differences, which creates problems for obtaining quality educational, financial and professional services. Both negative and positive consequences of information inequality are considered. Along with the growing importance of modern information technologies and services in society, inequality between certain segments of the population is growing. Some people for various reasons may have restrictions on access to information, knowledge, information services, new digital products and modern technologies, while others may not have similar restrictions on access to them. The study found that the market for information services is specific in terms of protection of intellectual property rights. Aspects that would contribute to strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights to information services and products, information security are provided. Negative transactional externalities occur in the market of information services precisely when there is a decrease in information security due to violation of intellectual property rights by one person in relation to another, causing the last damage. To reduce the burden of transaction costs on market participants in information services, the directions of reducing transaction costs at the national level are substantiated. In all countries of the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the issue of information inequality. The study presents the principles for overcoming digital inequality.
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Mann, A., M. Revzen, and E. Santos. "Entanglement, information theory and Bell's inequality." Physics Letters A 238, no. 2-3 (February 1998): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9601(97)00898-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Information inequality"

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Koutmeridis, Theodore. "The market for 'rough diamonds' : information, finance and wage inequality in macroeconomics." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/58068/.

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During the past four decades both between and within group wage inequality increased significantly in the US. Three of the most well-documented facts concern the increase in the education premium, the rise in the experience premium and the narrowing gender wage gap. Existing studies explain some of them separately but there is no unified explanation of all three at the same time. I provide a microfounded justification for the first two, by introducing private employer learning in a signaling model with credit constraints. I show that when financial constraints relax, talented individuals can acquire education and leave the uneducated pool. This implies that the eventual group of uneducated young workers becomes of lower average quality, as most of the rough diamonds have now been plucked out of this group. My explanation is consistent with US data from 1970's to 2000's, indicating that the rise in the education and the experience premium coincides with a fall in unskilled inexperienced wages, while at the same time skilled or experienced wages do not change much. The model accounts also for the fact that the education premium increases more for low-experienced workers, while the experience premium increases only for the low-educated ones. The introduction of gender-specific credit constraints, explains also the narrowing gender wage gap, by allowing the cost of borrowing to decline and become more similar for the two genders recently, while in the past it was much costlier for women. More equal borrowing opportunities for men and women, decrease inequality between genders, however they also increase inequality within gender by boosting the wage gap between different education and experience groups for both sexes. This theory explains the puzzling coexistence of increasing meritocracy and growing wage inequality in the American society, by highlighting the conflict between equal opportunities and substantial economic equality.
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Baumle, Amanda Kathleen. "Lawyers at the 'information age water cooler': exposing sex discrimination and challenging law firm culture on the internet." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4332.

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Prior research has repeatedly documented the existence of gender inequality, discrimination, and harassment in the legal practice, an occupation that remains maledominated in terms of both numbers and organizational culture. Despite the availability of some legal remedies, women attorneys rarely sue their employers, and often do not challenge discriminatory behavior. In this dissertation, I explore this seemingly contradictory situation, where lawyers fail to employ the legal system on their own behalf, and I seek to determine whether the law can in fact be mobilized to challenge and perhaps change gender relations in the legal practice. Through ethnographic field research and content analysis of an Internet community, my research examines possible methods by which the law can serve as a tool to challenge gender discrimination. Further, I assess the manner in which the Internet community itself can serve as a vehicle for challenging gender inequality. In particular, I first explore the role formal litigation might play in promoting change for women attorneys, determining that attorneys in the Internet community are hesitant to employ litigation to challenge gender discrimination. This reluctance appears to result in large part from attorneys’ familiarity with the daunting task of establishing a discrimination case in the judicial system, as well as from a fear that the pursuit of litigation could inflict damage upon their legal careers. I then consider whether the law can serve as a useful tool to challenge inequality when legal discourse is employed within the Internet community to invoke a legal right to a discrimination-free workplace. I find that attorneys, despite their legal training, call upon both formal and informal notions of discrimination when confronted with circumstances colored with inequity. The Internet community itself provides a protected, semianonymous forum in which to engage in such discourse, thereby subverting many of the barriers that currently exist to challenging gender inequality in the legal practice. Further, the community serves as a resource to bring public attention to bear upon law firms, creating external pressures which encourage a reevaluation of both lay and legal understandings of prohibited gender discrimination.
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Poerwanto, Siswo. "The inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia : evidence-based information and its policy implications." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2003.0039.

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[Truncated abstract] The aims of the study were twofold; firstly, to describe the inequality in infant mortality in Indonesia namely, to look at the extent and magnitude of the problem in terms of the estimated number of infant deaths, the differentials in infant mortality rates, the probability of infant deaths across provinces, urban and rural areas, and across regions of Indonesia. Secondly, to examine the effect of family welfare status and maternal educational levels on the probability of infant deaths. The study design was that of a population-based multistage stratified survey of the 1997 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. Results of the study were obtained from a sample of 28,810 reproductive women aged 15 to 49 years who belonged to 34,255 households. A binary outcome variable was selected, namely, whether or not each of the live born infant(s) from the interviewed women was alive or dead prior to reaching one year of age. Of interest were the variables related to socio-economic status, measured by Family Welfare Status Index and maternal educational levels. The following risk factors were also investigated: current contraceptive methods; birth intervals; maternal age at first birth; marital duration; infants’ size perceived by the mothers; infants’ birth weight; marital status; prenatal care by health personnel; antenatal TT immunization; place of delivery; and religion. Geographical strata (province) and residence (urban and rural areas) were also considered. Both descriptive and multivariate analyses were undertaken. Descriptive analysis was aimed at obtaining non-biased estimates of the infant mortality rates at the appropriate levels of aggregation. Multivariate analysis involved a logistic regression model using the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model-fitting technique. The procedure, a multilog-cumlogit , uses the Taylor Series Linearization methods to compute modelbased variance, and which adjusts for the complex sampling design. Results of descriptive analysis indicate that, indeed, there are inequalities in infant mortality across administrative divisions of the country, represented by provinces and regions, as well as across residential areas, namely urban and rural areas. Also, the results suggested that there is socio-economic inequality in infant mortality, as indicated by a dose-response effect across strata of family welfare and maternal educational levels, both individually and interactively. These inequalities varied by residence (urban and rural), provinces and regions (Java Bali, Outer Java Bali I and Outer Java Bali II). Furthermore, the probability of infant mortality was significantly greater among highrisk mothers, characterized by a number of risk factors used in the study
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Reinartz, Annika [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] König. "Digital Inequality and the Use of Information Communication Technology / Annika Reinartz. Betreuer: Andreas König." Passau : Universität Passau, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1103798111/34.

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Kandler, Anne, and James Steele. "Innovation diffusion in time and space: effects of social information and of income inequality." Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 3, S. 1-17, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13919.

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In this paper we consider the spread of modern technological innovations. We contrast social learning and threshold heterogeneity models of innovation diffusion, and show how the typical temporal evolution of the distribution of adopters may be consistent with either explanation. Noting the likelihood that each model contains some useful independent explanatory power, we introduce a combined model. We also consider a spatially-structured population in which the spread of an innovation by social influence is modelled as a reaction-diffusion system, and show that the typical spatiotemporal evolution of the distribution is also consistent with a heterogeneity explanation. Additional contextual information is required to estimate the relative importance of social learning and of economic inequalities in observed adoption lags.
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Mackey, Kari An. "Mobile Phones and Gender Inequality: Can We Hear Her Now?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/52.

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Are mobile phones the best vehicle for reducing gender inequality in the developing world? ICT experts champion the use of mobile phones to improve women’s lives, and various stakeholders have invested millions of dollars to launch mobile phone programs for women. Yet, given high female illiteracy rates, patriarchal societies, and other structural and cultural barriers in developing countries, many scholars contend that limited access to ICTs can perpetuate gender inequality. Rooted in the theory that women’s empowerment and equality are inseparable and necessary components for the realization of sustainable economic and social development, this paper aims to determine if stakeholders are jumping on the mobile phone bandwagon too soon by using a multivariate regression of cross national data to demonstrate whether or not mobile phones fall short of advancing women at the same rate that men develop.
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Ambagtsheer, Rachel. "Exploring changes in income inequality in the Adelaide metropolitan area 1986-1991 using GIS (Geographical Information Systems) /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ara491.pdf.

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Narreddy, Naga Sambu Reddy, and Tuğrul Durgun. "Clusters (k) Identification without Triangle Inequality : A newly modelled theory." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informatik och media, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183608.

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Cluster analysis characterizes data that are similar enough and useful into meaningful groups (clusters).For example, cluster analysis can be applicable to find group of genes and proteins that are similar, to retrieve information from World Wide Web, and to identify locations that are prone to earthquakes. So the study of clustering has become very important in several fields, which includes psychology and other social sciences, biology, statistics, pattern recognition, information retrieval, machine learning and data mining [1] [2].   Cluster analysis is the one of the widely used technique in the area of data mining. According to complexity and amount of data in a system, we can use variety of cluster analysis algorithms. K-means clustering is one of the most popular and widely used among the ten algorithms in data mining [3]. Like other clustering algorithms, it is not the silver bullet. K-means clustering requires pre analysis and knowledge before the number of clusters and their centroids are determined. Recent studies show a new approach for K-means clustering which does not require any pre knowledge for determining the number of clusters [4].   In this thesis, we propose a new clustering procedure to solve the central problem of identifying the number of clusters (k) by imitating the desired number of clusters with proper properties. The proposed algorithm is validated by investigating different characteristics of the analyzed data with modified theory, analyze parameters efficiency and their relationships. The parameters in this theory include the selection of embryo-size (m), significance level (α), distributions (d), and training set (n), in the identification of clusters (k).
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Narcy, Deisy. "Accessibility to schooling in South African rural areas." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33879.

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In developing countries rural communities are normally geographically isolated contributing to both poverty levels and the deficiency in the participation of social and economic activities. Accessibility to education constitutes one of the primordial links between the economic growth of a country and the development of high skilled population. Given South Africa's unique history, divisions throughout the landscape incapacitate inhabitants of rural communities in reaching opportunities and services, therefore, aggravating issues related to social exclusion and inequality. This study aims to determine accessibility levels in South African rural regions by looking at different aspects that entangle the theory behind it, specifically: the zone attractiveness and impedance. With that in mind, the investigations carried out are firstly directed towards accessibility at the provincial level and thereafter a focus area is determined. At the provincial level, it was found that the Northern Cape presented the greatest disadvantages. However, given insufficient resources and data related to this province, the Cape Winelands Municipality District was chosen as the area to extend the investigations. When assessing the focus area, the study deployed a GIS-based analysis wherein potential and real accessibility were determined. Initially using the gravity measure, and subsequently using a survey carried out in the region. The study has revealed that Stellenbosch and Robertson are the towns experiencing high accessibility levels. Notwithstanding, most principal towns still experience critically low accessibility indexes. The findings of this study can, therefore, be useful in indicating areas that need further studies or are experiencing disadvantages regarding accessibility.
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Mbengo, Ivy. "The role of information, communication and technology in promoting gender equality in the workplace: a study of a University in the Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3016.

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Thesis (MTech (Business and Information Administration))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Various efforts have been made to address the issue of gender equality at the workplace. It can be noted that even though equal opportunities between men and women may exist, the discrimination of women is still immanent in the workplace for example gender bias, unequal opportunities and underrepresentation. Previous research has failed to give a clear picture on the impact of information, communication, and technologies on gender gaps. It is mostly generalised. This study evaluates the role of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in promoting gender equality in the workplace. The research explores different theoretical perspectives namely Gender Glass Ceiling, Equity Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, Gender Inequality and Discrimination, Critical Information Systems Theory and the Feminist Theory. The study used a qualitative research method and a case study design in order to fulfil the study’s objectives and aim. It was carried out at a selected higher education institution in South Africa. Purposive sampling was used and 19 research participants were interviewed both men and women. The data that was collected was transcribed, coded using open coding, analysed and interpreted using thematic analysis to make sense of the findings. Ethical codes of conduct such as truthfulness, confidentiality, anonymity, beneficence and data protection were employed due to the sensitive nature of the study. Results show that ICTs play a vital role in promoting gender equality. ICTs enable employees to become educated, skilled and knowledgeable becoming aware of their rights and fair practices in the workplace. ICTs also enhance both men and women empowerment in independency, decision making and self-actualisation. Fundamental recommendations are given by the researcher regarding ICTs and the promotion of gender equality in the workplace to enhance organisational performance. Organisations need to view ICTs as an integral part of business and enhance its use to promote gender equality.
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Books on the topic "Information inequality"

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Brasil, Unesco, ed. Brazil@digitaldivide.com: Confronting inequality in the information society. Brasília, DF, Brasil: Unesco Brasil, 2003.

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Information inequality: The deepening social crisis in America. New York: Routledge, 1996.

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Eubanks, Virginia. Technologies of citizenship: Women, inequality, and the information age. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 2011.

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Lockwood, Ben. Inequality and inefficiency in a model of occupational choice with private information. London: Birkbeck College, Dept. of Economics, 1985.

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The third industrial revolution: Technology, productivity, and income inequality. Washington, D.C: AEI Press, 1997.

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Kahanec, Martin. Two faces of the ICT revolution: Desegregation and minority-majority earnings inequality. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Virtual inequality : beyond the digital divide / Karen Mossberger, Caroline J. Tolbert, Mary Stansbury. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2003.

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Women in IT in the new social era: A critical evidence-based review of gender inequality and the potential for change. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference, an imprint of IGI Global, 2014.

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Wolff, Edward N. The impact of IT investment on income and wealth inequality in the postwar US economy. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2001.

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FAO-Dimitra Workshop (3rd 2008 Brussels, Belgium). Land access in rural Africa: Strategies to fight gender inequality : FAO-Dimitra workshop : information and communication strategies to fight gender inequality as regards land access and its consequences for rural populations in Africa, 22-26 September 2008, Brussels, Belgium. Edited by Najros Eliane, Projet Dimitra, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Brussels: FAO, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Information inequality"

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Allen, Jonathan P. "Information Technology and Wealth Concentration." In Technology and Inequality, 25–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56958-1_2.

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Mallard, Graham, and Stephen Glaister. "Inequality, Poverty and Asymmetric Information." In Transport Economics, 177–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06823-1_11.

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Kruijer, Willem, and Aad van der Vaart. "Analyzing posteriors by the information inequality." In Institute of Mathematical Statistics Collections, 227–40. Beachwood, Ohio, USA: Institute of Mathematical Statistics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/12-imscoll916.

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Sinha, Shriprakash. "Online Cluster Approximation via Inequality." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 176–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33412-2_18.

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Arrow, Kenneth J. "Distributed Information and the Role of the State in the Economy." In Inequality Around the World, 268–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-09971-6_11.

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Chakraborty, Shreyashi. "The Business Case for Gender Diversity in the Indian Information Technology Industry." In Inequality and Organizational Practice, 211–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11644-6_10.

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Lee, Hae-Young, and Jongsung Kim. "Trends of Income Inequality in Korea." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 1–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35251-5_1.

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Luo, Zhijun, Zhibin Zhu, and Guohua Chen. "Modifying Feasible SQP Method for Inequality Constrained Optimization." In Information Computing and Applications, 323–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34062-8_42.

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Zeng, Zhenbing, Jian Lu, Lydia Dehbi, Liangyu Chen, and Jianlin Wang. "A Heilbronn Type Inequality for Plane Nonagons." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 307–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41258-6_23.

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Kayumova, Anna, Ilgiz R. Kayumov, and Saminathan Ponnusamy. "Bohr’s Inequality for Harmonic Mappings and Beyond." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 245–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0023-3_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Information inequality"

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Anantharam, Venkat, Varun Jog, and Chandra Nair. "Unifying the Brascamp-Lieb Inequality and the Entropy Power Inequality." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849711.

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Madiman, M., and Liyao Wang. "Unfolding the entropy power inequality." In 2013 Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ita.2013.6502996.

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Courtade, Thomas A. "Strengthening the entropy power inequality." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2016.7541708.

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Liang, Xue-Bin. "A note on Fanos inequality." In 2011 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2011.5766186.

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Jog, Varun, and Chandra Nair. "An information inequality for the BSSC broadcast channel." In 2010 Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ita.2010.5454102.

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Uduwerelle, Chinthani, Terence Chan, and Siu-Wai Ho. "The Kraft inequality for EPS systems." In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2013.6620486.

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Loh, Yvonne Ai-Chi, and Arul Chib. "Increased Wage Inequality via ICTs." In ICTD '16: Eighth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2909609.2909615.

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Rioul, Olivier. "Optimal transportation to the entropy-power inequality." In 2017 Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ita.2017.8023467.

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Abouraddy, A. F., T. Yarnall, B. E. A. Saleh, and M. C. Teich. "Violation of Bell’s inequality in spatial parity space." In International Conference on Quantum Information. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/icqi.2007.jwc34.

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Liu, Tie, and Pramod Viswanath. "An Extremal Inequality Motivated by Multiterminal Information Theoretic Problems." In 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2006.261881.

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Reports on the topic "Information inequality"

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Hausman, Catherine, and Samuel Stolper. Inequality, Information Failures, and Air Pollution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26682.

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Leukhina, Oksana, Vijay Krishna, and Alex Bloedel. Insurance and Inequality with Persistent Private Information. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2018.020.

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Graham, Mark, and Christopher Foster. Geographies of Information Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unknown, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii164.

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Atkin, David, Benjamin Faber, Thibault Fally, and Marco Gonzalez-Navarro. Measuring Welfare and Inequality with Incomplete Price Information. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26890.

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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): data selection. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-4.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database (WIID). It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. This technical note describes the first stage in constructing the first version of the companion datasets: data selection. It provides an overview of the approach followed in the selection of the series from different sources with information on income distribution and inequality that best represent each country and period. It also discusses the general criteria used and their implementation, which are illustrated with a few country examples.
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6

Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): global income distribution. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-6.

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This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the UNU-WIDER World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, from 1950 to the present. The global distribution is displayed along with the country-level information used to produce it. The dataset also includes estimates of various global absolute and relative inequality measures, and the income share of key population groups. All estimates are further disaggregated by the contribution of inequalities within and between countries, as well as by each country’s geographical region and income group. While previous technical notes described the selection of country income distribution series and the integration and standardization process to overcome the heterogeneity in original welfare concepts and other methods, I here describe all the necessary additional steps and assumptions made to construct the new global dataset.
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Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): integrated and standardized series. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-5.

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Abstract:
This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, since 1950 to present. A previous note described the selection of income distribution series. Since these series may differ across welfare concepts and other methods used, this technical note describes the second stage, constructing integrated and standardized country series. It discusses all the necessary adjustments conducted to construct the final series for each country, with consistent estimates of the distribution of net income per capita over the entire period for which information is available. This is mainly divided into two stages. First, integrating country series by interlinking series that overlap over time, then using a more general regression-based approach.
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Hunt, Jennifer, and Ryan Nunn. Is Employment Polarization Informative About Wage Inequality and Is Employment Really Polarizing? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26064.

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9

Erkamo, Sanna, Karoliina Pilli-Sihvola, Atte Harjanne, and Heikki Tuomenvirta. Climate Security and Finland – A Review on Security Implications of Climate Change from the Finnish Perspective. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361362.

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This report describes the effects of climate change for Finland from the view of comprehensive security. The report examines both direct and indirect climate security risks as well as transition risks related to climate change mitigation. The report is based on previous research and expert interviews. Direct security risks refer to the immediate risks caused by the changing nature of natural hazards. These include the risks to critical infrastructure and energy systems, the logistics system, health and food security. Indirect security risks relate to the potential economic, political and geopolitical impacts of climate change. Climate change can affect global migration, increase conflict risk, and cause social tensions and inequality. Transition risks are related to economic and technological changes in energy transition, as well as political and geopolitical tensions and social problems caused by climate change mitigation policies. Reducing the use of fossil fuels can result in domestic and foreign policy tensions and economic pressure especially in locations dependent on fossil fuels. Political tension can also increase the risks associated with hybrid and information warfare. The security effects of climate change affect all sectors of society and the Finnish comprehensive security model should be utilized in preparing for them. In the short run, the most substantial arising climate change related security risks in Finland are likely to occur through indirect or transition risks. Finland, similar to other wealthy countries, has better technological, economic and institutional conditions to deal with the problems and risks posed by climate change than many other countries. However, this requires political will and focus on risk reduction and management.
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