Journal articles: 'Informatique cognitive'

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Peyroux, E. "Remédiation cognitive des troubles de l’intentionnalité dans la schizophrénie." European Psychiatry 28, S2 (November 2013): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.09.053.

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La cognition sociale, définie par Penn et al. [3] comme : « la faculté de comprendre soi-même et autrui dans le monde social » est déficitaire chez la plupart des personnes souffrant de schizophrénie [2]. Cette composante est pourtant d’une importance fondamentale pour le fonctionnement social, professionnel et interpersonnel [1]. Dans la schizophrénie, 5 processus du domaine de la cognition sociale sont régulièrement altérés : la théorie de l’esprit, la perception sociale, les connaissances sociales, le style attributionnel et les processus émotionnels. Dans le champ de la remédiation cognitive, plusieurs équipes ont développé des programmes afin de cibler les déficits de cognition sociale. On peut décomposer ces interventions en fonction de leur base théorique. Certaines procédures, qualifiées de « larges », reposent sur l’idée que les compétences neurocognitives renforcent les aptitudes relationnelles des patients, d’autres programmes « ciblés », plus restrictifs, permettent d’améliorer efficacement une composante de la cognition sociale, enfin, plus récemment, des interventions « globales », tenant compte de l’ensemble des processus de la cognition sociale altérés dans la schizophrénie ont été développés [4]. Le programme RC2S (Remédiation Cognitive de la Cognition Sociale) mis au point à Lyon est ainsi le premier programme en langue française entrant dans le champ des interventions globales. Cette intervention est individualisée et repose en partie sur l’outil informatique par le biais de situations de réalité virtuelle. Ce type de technologie offre en effet la possibilité de construire des environnements réalistes en 3D où toutes les composantes d’une interaction sociale réelle peuvent être mises en jeu. Des études de cas uniques multiples sont aujourd’hui en cours afin d’évaluer la pertinence de cet outil pour la prise en charge des déficits de cognition sociale chez les personnes souffrant de schizophrénie ou de troubles associés.

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Morgiève, M., K. N’Diaye, A. H. Clair, A. Pelissolo, and L. Mallet. "Peut-on augmenter l’efficacité de la thérapie cognitive et comportementale pour le trouble obsessionnel compulsif par un adjuvant informatique innovant ?" L'Encéphale 42, no. 5 (October 2016): 402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2016.03.004.

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Darras, Bernard. "Sémiotique pragmatique et photographie numérique. Le cas de la retouche photographique." Recherches sémiotiques 28, no. 1-2 (October 7, 2010): 153–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/044594ar.

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À force d’être exposé aux grands pourvoyeurs de photographies retouchées que sont les médias, notre regard s’est adapté au point de fonctionner dans cet univers de papier et d’écrans comme s’il était en continuité avec l’univers des expériences non médiatisées. Ceci est tout particulièrement vrai de la reconnaissance des visages. À l’occasion de cette étude sémiotique, pragmatique, cognitive et systémique nous tenterons d’étudier les transformations que subit un portrait photographique lorsqu’il est soumis aux opérations esthétiques et plastiques d’un spécialiste de la retouche. Nous nous attarderons tout particulièrement à l’impact de la transformation qu’un dispositif informatique de comparaison d’images “avant” et “après” la retouche a sur le spectateur. Finalement, nous étudierons les questions de l’indicialité et de l’indexicalité de la photographie numérique en général et spécifiquement dans le cas de la photographie retouchée.

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Allen, Claude. "ICO : intelligence artificielle et sciences cognitives au Québec. Revue de liaison de la recherche en informatique cognitive des organisations, vol. 2, no 3 (numéro thématique : « Gestion de l’information textuelle» ), septembre 1990." Documentation et bibliothèques 38, no. 2 (1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028619ar.

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Johnston, Katherine A., David Borkenhagen, and Charles T. Scialfa. "Driving Skills Training for Older Adults: An Assessment of DriveSharp." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 34, no. 4 (December 2015): 532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s071498081500046x.

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RÉSUMÉLes procédures de formation cognitive informatique visent à augmenter la sécurité en améliorant les compétences relatives à la conduite, comme la vitesse-de-traitement et le Useful Field of View. L'étude actuelle a évalué l'efficacité du DriveSharp dans la formation des conducteurs âgés dans un cadre de classe réaliste. Les participants (n = 24) ont assisté à 10 heures de cours de DriveSharp pendant 5 semaines. Les séances pré- et post-test ont evalués améliorations sur un essai dynamique de la perception du risque, Trails A et Trails B. Un groupe de contrôle (n = 18) a terminé seulement les séances pré- et post-test. En classe, les temps de formation étaient plus bas que prévus. L'amélioration des participants aux jeux ont stabilisée après la première évaluation, et le groupe de DriveSharp n'a pas démontré une amélioration significative des performances sur les tests, par rapport au groupe de contrôle. Parmi plusieurs questions relatives à la facilité d'utilisation, les plus problématiques étaient le malentendudes objectifs de la tâche et la différence entre la formation et l'évaluation. Il y a plusieurs implications pour ceux qui utilisent DriveSharp pour améliorer la sécurité des conducteurs âgés.

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Smith, Aaron, Jeff Burns, Jim Backes, Cheryl Gibson, and Matthew Taylor. "Peripheral Insulin Resistance Is Unrelated to Cognition in Highly Educated, Cognitively Normal Adults." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab049_040.

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Abstract Objectives Peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose metabolism increase the risk for cognitive decline. However, data looking at peripheral IR's relationship with cognition in cognitively normal adults is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between peripheral IR and tests of executive function, attention, and processing speed in cognitively normal older adults using a novel IR measure. Methods Baseline data from 81 cognitively normal older adults participating in a nutrition intervention study (Nutrition Interventions for Cognitive Enhancement study; NICE study) were analyzed. Fasting blood draws were attained, and peripheral IR was measured using Quest Diagnostics’ Cardio IQ Insulin Resistance Panel (Test Code: 36,509). The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery was conducted by a trained psychometrician. Executive function was measured by the Flanker Inhibitory Control and Dimensional Change Card Sort tests. The Flanker test also measures attention. Processing Speed was measured by the Pattern Comparison Processing Speed test. We constructed ordinary least squares regression models to assess IR's relationships with the individual cognitive tests, including age, education, and gender as covariates. Statistical analyses were performed using R (v. 3.6.2; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Participants were 83% female and had a mean age of 72 ± 4.9 years. The mean IR score was 29.9 ± 29.83. There was no statistically significant relationships with IR and any of the cognitive tests: Flanker Inhibitory Control (β = -0.03, P = 0.12), Dimensional Change Card Sort (β = -0.03, P = 0.16), Pattern Comparison Processing Speed (β = -0.10, P = 0.15). Conclusions There were no statistically significant relationships between IR scores and performance on the different cognitive tests. Although the tests were not significantly correlated with IR scores, directionality of the relationships indicated trend for higher IR being related to poorer scores. Consequently, maintaining insulin sensitivity with healthy lifestyle choices may be important for healthy brain aging. Future analyses with a larger sample size will be more informative for understanding the relationship between IR and various cognitive tests at baseline and over time. Funding Sources National Institutes on Aging.

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VALIAN, VIRGINIA. "Bilingualism and cognition." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 1 (November 27, 2014): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000522.

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The relation between bilingualism and cognition is informative about the connection between language and mind. From the perspective of language, the question is how bilingualism might help or hinder cognition – narrowly interpreted here as executive function. From the perspective of higher cognition, the question is what kinds of experiences improve executive function. Reported cognitive benefits from bilingualism range from none to substantial as a function of age, type of bilingualism (e.g., life-long balanced vs later-onset or infrequent use of the other language), syntactic relation between the two languages, socio-economic and immigrant status, task, and laboratory. To understand the variability and inconsistencies in results with bilingualism, I analyze concepts of executive function and cognitive reserve and examine the range of factors (such as active video game playing, education, musical training, and aerobic exercise) that are known to correlate with or to improve executive function. I suggest that a) “executive function” is a complex set of cognitive processes, the components of which are sometimes minimally correlated with each other, depending on the task; b) bilingualism is inconsistently correlated with superior executive function and delayed onset of dementia; c) all speakers (mono- or bilingual) have non-linguistic ways of improving executive function; and d) benefits from bilingualism – and all cognitively challenging activities – are inconsistent because individuals vary in the number and kinds of experiences they have that promote superior executive function.

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Pattyn, Sven, Yves Rosseel, Frank Van Overwalle, and Alain Van Hiel. "Social Classification Occurs at the Subgroup Level." Social Psychology 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000217.

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Although the categorization of novel social stimuli according to general qualities of gender, age, and race is known to be automatic and primordial, categorizing stimuli into more specific social subgroups (e.g., hippies or businesswomen) is much more informative and cognitively efficient. In this paper, we show that social stimuli are more likely to be grouped into subgroups with an intermediate degree of specificity than into broad, general categories or narrow, highly specific categories. Furthermore, we show that category membership at the intermediate subgroup level predicts social judgments more efficiently than category membership at a more general or more specific level. We discuss the consequences of our results for social cognition and cognitive categorization.

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Lee, Michael D., and Wolf Vanpaemel. "Determining informative priors for cognitive models." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 25, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1238-3.

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Zufferey, Valérie, Armin von Gunten, and Ferath Kherif. "Interactions between Personality, Depression, Anxiety and Cognition to Understand Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 9 (May 17, 2020): 782–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200211110545.

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The multifaceted nature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can lead to wide inter-individual differences in disease manifestation in terms of brain pathology and cognition. The lack of understanding of phenotypic diversity in AD arises from a difficulty in understanding the integration of different levels of network organization (i.e. genes, neurons, synapses, anatomical regions, functions) and in inclusion of other information such as neuropsychiatric characteristics, personal history, information regarding general health or subjective cognitive complaints in a coherent model. Non-cognitive factors, such as personality traits and behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, can be informative markers of early disease stage. It is known that personality can affect cognition and behavioral symptoms. The aim of the paper is to review the different types of interactions existing between personality, depression/anxiety, and cognition and cognitive disorders at behavioral and brain/genetic levels.

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van der Heiden, Colin. "Cognitieve therapie Informatie voor cliënten." Psychopraxis 6, no. 1 (February 2004): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03072128.

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Goldstein, Felicia C., Aaron Milloy, and David W. Loring. "Incremental Validity of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Index Scores in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000487131.

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Background/Aims: The aim of this paper was to evaluate the incremental validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) index scores and the MoCA total score in differentiating individuals with normal cognition versus mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: Effect sizes were calculated for Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative research participants with normal cognition (n = 295), MCI (n = 471), or AD (n = 150). Results: Effect sizes for the total score were large (> 0.80) and exceeded the index scores in differentiating those with MCI versus normal cognition, MCI versus AD, and AD versus normal cognition. A combined score incorporating the Memory, Executive, and Orientation indexes also improved incremental validity for all 3 group comparisons. Conclusion: Administration of the entire MoCA is more informative than the index scores, especially in distinguishing normal cognition versus MCI. A combined score has stronger incremental validity than the individual index scores.

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Kulesh, A. A., V. E. Drobakha, I. V. Nekrasova, E. M. Kuklina, and V. V. Shestakov. "Neuroinflammatory, Neurodegenerative and Structural Brain Biomarkers of the Main Types of Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment in Acute Period of Ischemic Stroke." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 71, no. 4 (August 31, 2016): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn685.

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Background. Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a clinically heterogeneous condition, some types of which cannot be fully differentiated neuropsychologically that necessitates the active search for biomarkers. Aims: analyze parameters of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in combination with neuroimaging markers in patients with different types of post-stroke cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke.Materials and methods. In 72 patients we performed the assessment of cognitive status and distinguished 3 types: normal cognition, dysexecutive, and mixed cognitive impairment. In each group we determined the concentration of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IL-10) in liquor and serum, β-amyloid 1−40 in liquor and a number of MRI morphometric parameters and fractional anisotropy.Results. In all groups of patients we detected higher level ofIL-10 in serum compared with the control. Patients with dysexecutive cognitive impairment had higher concentration of IL-1β, IL-10 in liquor, IL-6 level in serum, lower fractional anisotropy of ipsilateral thalamus compared with patients with normal cognition and largest size of infarct. Patients with dysexecutive and mixed cognitive impairment had the higher area of leukoareosis and ventricular volume, reduced fractional anisotropy of contralateral cingulum compared with patients with normal cognition. Patients with mixed cognitive impairment characterized by lower fractional anisotropy of contralateral fronto-occipital fasciculus compared with patients with dysexecutive cognitive deficit.Conclusions. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cytokines studied in combination with MRI parameters particularly fractional anisotropy seems to be informative biomarkers of pathogenic types of PSCI.

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Monfort, E., M. Gandit, and N. Jouanneaux. "Évaluation pragmatique d’un programme de stimulation cognitive informatisée." NPG Neurologie - Psychiatrie - Gériatrie 16, no. 96 (December 2016): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.npg.2016.09.005.

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Durand, Jean-Pierre. "La machine univers : Création, cognition et culture informatique (1987)." L Homme et la société 85, no. 3 (1987): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/homso.1987.2321.

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Maziad, Mohyi Eldeen. "Nested presuppositions: A manipulative type of informative presupposition." Studies in Communication Sciences 19, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2019.01.003.

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This paper introduces the new pragmatic concept of Nested Presuppositions (NestPs) and develops a relevance- theoretic account that explains its cognitive dynamics and manipulative mechanisms. The first section lays necessary theoretical foundations, by defining pragmatic presupposition, compiling a taxonomy of the types of presupposition and their triggers, identifying and critiquing research gaps in eight of the most relevant studies and drawing the conclusion that none of the existing definitions or accounts of pragmatic presupposition can adequately capture the manipulative characteristics and mechanisms of the instances of informative presupposition at issue. In section two, I shall introduce the concept of NestPs as the filler of those gaps, grounding it in Textual Rhetoric and Relevance Theory and highlighting its defining characteristic of information structures, i.e. how the message is segmented and its degrees of prominence and suppression are assigned in order to achieve strategic goals. I further problematize the relationship between NestPs, on the one hand, and informativeness and manipulation, on the other, in light of Gricean and Relevance-Theoretic linguistics, establishing that NestPs are inherently manipulative. I finally expound the manipulative dynamics of NestPs, in terms of the information processing mechanisms they employ, by capitalizing on the concepts of Ostensive Stimulus, Cognitive Principle of Relevance, Principle of Optimal Relevance and Comprehension Procedure, and suggesting the two new mechanisms of Cognitive Underpassing and Structure-Content Cognitive Conflict.

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Smith, Aaron, Matthew Taylor, Jim Backes, Juleah Littrell, Caitlin Boeckman, Kendra Spaeth, Cheryl Gibson, Jeffrey Burns, and Debra Sullivan. "Peripheral Insulin Resistance in Cognitively Normal Older Adults Relates to Poorer Performance on a Test for Speed of Processing." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_076.

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Abstract Objectives Peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose metabolism increases the risk for cognitive decline. However, data looking at peripheral IR's relationship with cognition in cognitively normal adults is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between peripheral IR and tests of speed of processing (SOP) in cognitively normal older adults using a novel IR measure. Methods Baseline data from 56 cognitively normal older adults participating in a nutrition intervention study (Nutrition Interventions for Cognitive Enhancement study; NICE study) were analyzed. Fasting blood draws were attained, and peripheral IR was measured using Quest Diagnostics’ Cardio IQ Insulin Resistance Panel (Test Code: 36,509). A cognitive battery was conducted by a trained psychometrician. Z-Scores of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Stroop Color, Stroop Word, Stroop Interference, and Stroop Letter Number Sequencing and Crossing-Off tests were combined to give a global SOP score. We constructed ordinary least squares regression models to assess IR's relationships with individual SOP tests and global SOP, including age and education as covariates. Statistical analyses were performed using R (v. 3.6.2; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Participants were 77% female and had a mean age of 72.1 ± 4.9 years. Higher IR scores were related to poorer performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (β = −0.26, P = 0.04). IR scores were not related to other individual cognitive tests: Stroop Color (β = −0.17, P = 0.20), Stroop Word (β = −0.19, P = 0.11), Stroop Interference (β = −0.14, P = 0.28), Stroop Letter Number Sequencing (β = 0.03, P = 0.83), Crossing-Off (β = −0.18, P = 0.15), or Global SOP (β = −0.20, P = 0.11). Conclusions There was a relationship between higher IR scores and poorer performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Although other SOP tests were not significantly correlated with IR scores, directionality of the relationships indicated trend for higher IR being related to lower SOP. Consequently, maintaining insulin sensitivity with healthy lifestyle choices may be important for healthy aging. Future analyses with a larger sample size will be more informative for understanding the relationship between IR and SOP. Funding Sources National Institute on Aging.

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Schmiedek, Florian, Martin Lövdén, Timo von Oertzen, and Ulman Lindenberger. "Within-person structures of daily cognitive performance differ from between-person structures of cognitive abilities." PeerJ 8 (June 9, 2020): e9290. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9290.

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Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or “g,” uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals’ cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the g factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.

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Kabaeva, A. R., and A. N. Boyko. "Informative value of neuropsychological tests for multiple sclerosis." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 12, no. 1S (August 5, 2020): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2020-1s-33-37.

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Cognitive impairment (CI) occurs in 43–70% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) at both early and late stages of the disease. Cognitive deficit leads to disability regardless of the patient's physical condition and correlates with lower quality of life. A number of tests and batteries with good psychometric measures are used to assess the neuropsychological status of patients with MS. However, the validation and active clinical introduction of new or already existing neuropsychological tests remain relevant. Timely diagnosis of CI will be able to define the correct tactics of managing patients with MS and to monitor the efficiency of treatment.

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Chen, Lihui, Rongzhu Zhang, Awais Ahmad, Gwanggil Jeon, and Xiaomin Yang. "An image super-resolution method for better cognition of images in cognition computing system." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 39, no. 6 (December 4, 2020): 8043–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189127.

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Data cognition plays an important role in cognitive computing. Cognition of low-resolution (LR) image is a long-stand problem because LR images have insufficient information about objects. For better cognition of LR images, a multi-resolution residual network (MRRN) is proposed to improve image resolution in this paper for cognitive computing systems. In MRRN, a multi-resolution feature learning (MRFL) strategy is introduced to achieve satisfying performance with low computational costs. Inspired by image pyramids, a feature pyramid is designed to implement multi-resolution feature learning in the building unit of the proposed MRRN. Specifically, multi-resolution residual units (MRRUs) are introduced as the building units of the proposed network, which consist of a feature pyramid decomposition stage and a feature reconstruction stage. To obtain informative features, transferred skip links (TSLs) are utilized to transfer fine-grain residual features in the pyramid decomposition stage to the reconstruction stage. The effectiveness of MRFL and TSL is demonstrated by ablation experiments. Also, the tests on standard benchmarks indicate the superiority of the proposed MRRN over other state-of-the-art methods.

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Tsang, Siny, Scott A. Sperling, Moon-Ho Park, Ira M. Helenius, Ishan C. Williams, and Carol Manning. "Health Variables Are Informative in Screening for Mild Cognitive Impairment Among Elderly African Americans." Journal of Applied Gerontology 38, no. 10 (May 29, 2017): 1421–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464817711961.

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To aid primary care providers in identifying people at increased risk for cognitive decline, we explored the relative importance of health and demographic variables in detecting potential cognitive impairment using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Participants were 94 older African Americans coming to see their primary care physicians for reasons other than cognitive complaints. Education was strongly associated with cognitive functioning. Among those with at least 9 years of education, patients with more vascular risk factors were at greater risk for mild cognitive impairment. For patients with fewer than 9 years of education, those with fewer prescribed medications were at increased risk for dementia. These results suggest that in addition to the MMSE, primary care physicians can make use of patients’ health information to improve identification of patients at increased risk for cognitive impairment. With improved identification, physicians can implement strategies to mitigate the progression and impact of cognitive difficulties.

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Chatelois, Jean, Hélene Pineau, Sylvie Belleville, Isabelle Peretz, Isabelle Lussier, Francine S. Fontaine, and Claudine Renaseau-Leclerc. "Batterie informatisée d'évaluation de la mémoire inspirée de l'approche cognitive." Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 34, no. 1 (January 1993): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0078803.

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Schulte, Phillip, Katrina Devick, and Juraj Sprung. "4489 Association between surgery with general anesthesia and cognitive decline in older adults: analysis using shared parameter models for informative dropout." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (June 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.168.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Recent studies have assessed the association between surgery with general anesthesia and cognitive decline in longitudinal cohorts of older adults. Patients diagnosed with dementia more frequently drop out of these longitudinal studies or are unable to complete the test battery. We revisit this aim with focus on methods for informative dropout. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We use data from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA), a longitudinal epidemiological study of the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Our primary outcome of interest was global cognitive z-score, assessed at study visits every 15 months. We implement linear mixed effects models to assess the association between post-enrollment exposure to surgery/anesthesia and subsequent cognitive decline trajectories. Demented patients more frequently drop out of MCSA, so, subjects with the worst cognitive outcomes are unobserved and missing data may be informative. Since this missingness may be missing not at random, we use shared parameter models to analyze continuous cognitive outcomes while jointly modeling time to dementia. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total 1948 subjects, non-demented at baseline, from the MCSA were included. Median age was 79, 51% of subjects were male, and 16% had MCI at enrollment. Among median follow-up of 4 study visits over median 5.4 years, 172 patients developed dementia and dropped out from further assessments of cognitive function. In adjusted linear mixed effects models, our data suggest post-enrollment exposure to surgery/anesthesia is associated with a decline in cognitive function over time (change in slope = −0.07 standard deviations of cognitive z-score per year, 95%CI = −0.08, −0.05, p<.001). After adjusting for informative dropout using shared parameter models, surgery/anesthesia is associated with greater cognitive decline (change in slope = −0.14 per year, 95%CI = −0.16, −0.12, p<.001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We revisited a prior analysis by our group with consideration of informative dropout. Subjects who dropout due to dementia may have different trajectories of cognitive decline compared to non-demented subjects. Shared parameter models estimate the association between surgery/anesthesia and cognitive decline accounting for informative dropout.

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Martynov, Gennadiy P., Lyudmila K. Radchenko, and Elizaveta F. Shurygina. "APPLICATION OF THEORY OF SETS IN INFORMATIVE CARTOGRAPHY." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-1-2-75-81.

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The article deals with the application of mathematical methods, in particular theory of sets, in the compilation and use of cartographic works. Specific examples are given when theory of sets is used in mapping, and examples when it works in creating and using cognitive cartographic resources are given.

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Hoijtink, Herbert, Sébastien Béland, and Jorine A. Vermeulen. "Cognitive diagnostic assessment via Bayesian evaluation of informative diagnostic hypotheses." Psychological Methods 19, no. 1 (2014): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034176.

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Reed, Bruce R., Maritza Dowling, Sarah Tomaszewski Farias, Joshua Sonnen, Milton Strauss, Julie A. Schneider, David A. Bennett, and Dan Mungas. "Cognitive Activities During Adulthood Are More Important than Education in Building Reserve." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 4 (April 5, 2011): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617711000014.

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AbstractCognitive reserve is thought to reflect life experiences. Which experiences contribute to reserve and their relative importance is not understood. Subjects were 652 autopsied cases from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and the Religious Orders Study. Reserve was defined as the residual variance of the regressions of cognitive factors on brain pathology and was captured in a latent variable that was regressed on potential determinants of reserve. Neuropathology variables included Alzheimer's disease markers, Lewy bodies, infarcts, microinfarcts, and brain weight. Cognition was measured with six cognitive domain scores. Determinants of reserve were socioeconomic status (SES), education, leisure cognitive activities at age 40 (CA40) and at study enrollment (CAbaseline) in late life. The four exogenous predictors of reserve were weakly to moderately inter-correlated. In a multivariate model, all except SES had statistically significant effects on Reserve, the strongest of which were CA40 (β = .31) and CAbaseline (β = .28). The Education effect was negative in the full model (β = –.25). Results suggest that leisure cognitive activities throughout adulthood are more important than education in determining reserve. Discrepancies between cognitive activity and education may be informative in estimating late life reserve. (JINS, 2011, 17, 615–624)

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Vatral, A. V. "MEANS OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURAL COGNITION." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.06.

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The paper deals with the basic means of investigator’s cognition during investigation of a criminal offence. It was clarified that criminal procedural cognition as a process of knowledge formation on factual circumstances of the committed crime, unlike other kinds of human informative activity, occurs in the form ofproving. The relationship of notions «knowledge» and «proving» was analyzed. It was proved that resolving tasks of the criminal process depends on criminalistics means of reception, analysis and estimation of the evidential information to which it’s possible to refer investigative (search), covert investigative (search) actions and criminalistics technique, as well as identified (marked) and fake (imitating) means. The reason were given that investigative (search), covert investigative (search) actions in gnoseological and methodological plans are the means for cognition of crime event, persons who committed it, as well as the circumstances of criminalproceedings, that is, practical cognitive activity in the procedural form established by the law. The criminalistics technics as the set of devices, apparatus, equipments, gears, methods and ways of their use, has a number of common features with the means applied during covert investigatory (search) actions. The role of cognitive means which consists in revealing, recording and further investigation of the crime traces and also in creating conditions for necessary information receiving is defined. The data received with the help ofspecial means, are used in criminal procedural informative activity for the construction of versions, planning of crime investigation with the aim to restore a reliable picture of the event occurred. There was paid attention that the true knowledge acquired in the course ofpre-judicial investigation and judicial proceeding is decisive for their results because they allow to make well-founded criminally-procedural decisions on brining a guilty person to a responsibility for the committed crime.

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Kudukhova, K., L. Ivanova, V. Khaikin, and V. Mkrtchyan. "Informativeness of the scales for assessing cognitive functions and psychometric questionnaires for moderate cognitive impairment and vascular genesis dementia." Vestnik nevrologii, psihiatrii i nejrohirurgii (Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery), no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-01-2006-07.

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The purpose of this study is assessing informative capability of the most frequently used scales and neuropsychological tests evaluating cognitive function for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and vascular dementia (VD). A total of 104 patients with cerebrovascular disorder including 39 male and 65 female were divided into two subgroups depending on severity of the cognitive impairment. The first group consisted of 51 patients with MCI and the second one consisted of 53 patients with VD confirmed by MMSE and MoCA-test. The obtained correlation analysis data testifies to difficulties in the interpretation of these routinely used scales not only because of the differences between investigated parameters of the patients with MCI and VD, but also because of the main goal of their creation. Most of the scales were created for patients with dementia and now their sensitivity for MCI is doubtful. The MoCA test, Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and ADAS-cog subscale are more sensitive and has greatest informative capability for patients with MCI and dementia, while MMSE is more informative mostly for patients with dementia. Neuropsychological tests DAD and NPI remain informative in varying degrees of cognitive impairment. In the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the degree of cognitive impairment of vascular genesis, one should use not only a complex of scales and neuropsychological tests, but also methods that comprehensively reflect the vascular genesis of the process of formation of cognitive impairment.

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Borghi, Vando. "Lavoro e sicurezza: basi informative, giustizia cognitiva e democrazia." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 135 (August 2014): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2014-135009.

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Hall, Charles B., Richard B. Lipton, Mindy J. Katz, and Cuiling Wang. "Correcting Bias Caused by Missing Data in the Estimate of the Effect of Apolipoprotein ε4 on Cognitive Decline." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 1 (November 12, 2014): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617714000952.

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AbstractLongitudinal administration of neuropsychological instruments are often used to assess age-related changes in cognition. Informative loss to follow-up may bias the results of these studies. Herein, we use auxiliary data to adjust for informative loss to follow-up. In the Einstein Aging Study, memory was assessed annually in a community sample of adults age 70+, free of dementia at baseline, using the free recall from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, andviatelephone using the Memory Impairment Screen for Telephone (the auxiliary data). Joint linear mixed models were used to assess how the effect of the APOE ε4 genotype may be affected by informative missingness in the in-person data. A total of 620 EAS participants contributed 2085 person years of follow-up to the analyses. Memory decline rates estimated in joint models were 19% greater in ε4 negative participants and 27% greater in ε4 positive participants compared to traditional approaches; the effect of APOE ε4 on memory decline was 37% greater. Joint modeling methods can help address bias caused by informative missing data in the estimation of the effect of risk factors on cognitive change, and may be applicable to a broader range of outcomes in longitudinal aging studies. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–6)

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van der Linden, Marieke, Joost Wegman, and Guillén Fernández. "Task- and Experience-dependent Cortical Selectivity to Features Informative for Categorization." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 2 (February 2014): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00484.

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In this study, we bridge the gap between monkey electrophysiological recordings that showed selective responses to informative features and human fMRI data that demonstrated increased and selective responses to trained objects. Human participants trained with computer-generated fish stimuli. For each participant, two features of the fish were informative for category membership and two features were uninformative. After training, participants showed higher perceptual sensitivity to the informative dimensions. An fMRI adaptation paradigm revealed that during categorization the right inferior frontal gyrus and occipitotemporal cortex were selectively responsive to the informative features. These selective cortical responses were experience dependent; they were not present for the entire trained object, but specific for those features that were informative for categorization. Responses in the inferior frontal gyrus showed category selectivity. Moreover, selectivity to the informative features correlated with performance on the categorization task during scanning. This all suggests that the frontal cortex is involved in actively categorizing objects and that it uses informative features to do so while ignoring those features that do not contribute category information. Occipitotemporal cortex also showed selectivity to the informative features during the categorization task. Interestingly, this area showed a positive correlation of performance during training and selectivity to the informative features and a negative correlation with selectivity to the uninformative features. This indicates that training enhanced sensitivity to trained items and decreased sensitivity to uninformative features. The absence of sensitivity for informative features during a color change detection task indicates that there is a strong component of task-related processing of these features.

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Mukhametzyanova, Larisa. "Cognitive dialogue as a factor of enhancing the quality of education in the conditions of international cooperation in the sphere of higher education." SHS Web of Conferences 99 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219901009.

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The relevance of the article is caused due to the need to define the role of a cognitive paradigm for enhancing the quality of higher education in the conditions of international cooperation contributing to the development of the subjects’ of educational process possessing the human-forming, semantic priorities. The purpose of article is to reveal the human-forming individual reserves and mechanisms of cognitive dialogue between the teacher and the students on the basis of social-cognitive approach as the theoretical-methodological strategy determining and developing humanistic semantic formations and personality’s value transformations. The article reveals the principles of social-cognitive approach: human-conformity and harmonious proportionality, and the rules for their realization; cognitive instruments of democratization and humanization of education are described on the basis of cognitive dialogue between the teacher and the students as an informative exchange of rational and emotional information. The author defines the importance of emotional intelligence as a link between development of humanistic meanings, value understanding, understanding and regulation of the subjects’ of education cognition and emotions in cognitive dialogue affecting success of their socio-cultural interaction. The developmental stages of dialogical self-knowledge in the course of cognitive dialogue are defined in the integral unity of logical and emotional, and value coordinates based on the material of art works. The article is intended for University-teachers and researchers in the field of international cooperation in the sphere of education.

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Jeffery, Kate J. "Cognitive representations of spatial location." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281881068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818810686.

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Spatial memory has fascinated psychologists ever since the discipline began, but a series of findings beginning in the middle of last century propelled its study into the domain of neuroscience and helped bring about the cognitive revolution in psychology. Starting with the discovery that the hippocampus plays a central role in memory, particularly spatial memory, studies of the mammalian hippocampus and related regions over the latter half of the century slowly uncovered an extensive neural system involved in processing place, head direction, objects, speed and other spatially informative parameters. Meanwhile, the concurrent discovery of hippocampal synaptic plasticity allowed theoreticians and experimentalists to collaborate in linking spatial perception and memory, and genetic techniques developed towards the end of the century opened the door to circuit dissections of these processes. Building on these discoveries, spatial cognition and episodic memory may be the first cognitive competences understood across all levels from molecules to behaviour.

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Olekalns, Mara. "Negotiation as Social Interaction." Australian Journal of Management 27, no. 1_suppl (June 2002): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/031289620202701s05.

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Why negotiators fail to find and implement mutually beneficial solutions is a central question in negotiation research. In answering this question, researchers have often focused on how situational and cognitive factors shape negotiators' outcomes. The relationship between negotiators' strategies and their subsequent outcomes is relatively less well investigated, although no less informative. In this article, I focus on post-1990 research to highlight some of the insights obtained from exploring communication processes in dyadic negotiations. This discussion identifies not only the need for further research in this field, but also the need to improve our understanding of how dyad composition and social cognition shape the negotiation process and outcomes.

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Wales, William, and Fariss-Terry Mousa. "Examining affective and cognitive discourse at the time of IPO: Effects on underpricing and the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation." New England Journal of Entrepreneurship 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/neje-19-02-2016-b002.

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This study presents evidence concerning the effects of affective and cognitive rhetoric on the underpricing of firms at the time of their initial public offering. It is suggested that firms that use less affective, and more cognitively oriented discourse in their IPO prospectus will experience better underpricing outcomes. We examine these assertions using a sample of young high-tech IPO firms where investors rely on prospectuses as accurate and informative firm communications. Results from a robust five-year time span observe initial support for the hypothesized effects. Moreover, the signaling of a higher degree of entrepreneurial orientation in the firm prospectus is found to worsen the negative effects of affective discourse

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Generalova, E. V. "CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL INFORMATIVE VALUE OF TOPONYME DERIVATES (DIACHRONICAL ASPECT)." Onomastics of the Volga Region, no. 2 (2020): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/2020-2.onomast.315-320.

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The article deals with the functioning of derivates from toponymes in Russian of the XVI-XVII centuries (formed from geographical names adjectives, nouns meaning citizens, designations of objects). Attention is paid to the semantics of such words and the cognitive aspect.

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Leroux, Yvan, and Michel Pépin. "Jeu sur micro-ordinateur et différences liées au sexe." Revue des sciences de l'éducation 12, no. 2 (December 7, 2009): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/900528ar.

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Résumé Cet article dresse un bilan des différences liées au sexe observées en micro-informatique ludique. Les résultats de trois recherches exploratoires présentées portent sur l’utilisation familiale du micro-ordinateur, l’attrait vis-à-vis de jeux vidéo populaires et la comparaison des performances à des tâches cognitives mesurées à l’aide de jeux informatisés. L’analyse des différences notées, selon le sexe, en micro-informatique ludique, porte principalement sur le processus différentiel d’acculturation dans lequel s’inscrit l’éducation des garçons et des filles.

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Lee, Seung Jae, Rachel J. Steiner, Yang Yu, Sarah J. Short, Michael C. Neale, Martin Andreas Styner, Hongtu Zhu, and John H. Gilmore. "Common and heritable components of white matter microstructure predict cognitive function at 1 and 2 y." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604658114.

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Previous studies indicate that the microstructure of individual white matter (WM) tracts is related to cognitive function. More recent studies indicate that the microstructure of individual tracts is highly correlated and that a property common across WM is related to overall cognitive function in adults. However, little is known about whether these common WM properties exist in early childhood development or how they are related to cognitive development. In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate common underlying factors in 12 fiber tracts, their relationship with cognitive function, and their heritability in a longitudinal sample of healthy children at birth (n = 535), 1 y (n = 322), and 2 y (n = 244) of age. Our data show that, in neonates, there is a highly significant correlation between major WM tracts that decreases from birth to 2 y of age. Over the same period, the factor structure increases in complexity, from one factor at birth to three factors at age 2 y, which explain 50% of variance. The identified common factors of DTI metrics in each age group are significantly correlated with general cognitive scores and predict cognitive ability in later childhood. These factors are moderately heritable. These findings illustrate the anatomical differentiation of WM fiber from birth to 2 y of age that correlate with cognitive development. Our results also suggest that the common factor approach is an informative way to study WM development and its relationship with cognition and is a useful approach for future imaging genetic studies.

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Sevgin, Mehmet. "The anchoring effect in the terms of behavioural economics." Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne 34 (February 22, 2021): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1733-5779.34.10.

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The assumptions of rational choice or, more generally, standard economic theory have had great success regarding their contributions to economic theory. However, some of their assumptions are systematically inconsistent with some real-world observations and controlled experiments. These observations strongly remark on the existence of cognitive biases and heuristics. It is assumed that anchoring is one of the most robust cognitive bias, since it works implicitly, without an individual’s awareness. In this study, the anchoring effect will be discussed and analysed regarding its types and empirical findings. The research aims to distinguish the anchors in terms of their types. As a result, the author discovers five types of anchors: regular informative anchors, self-generated anchors, regular uninformative anchors, basic anchors, and incidental environmental anchors. The author claims that regular informative anchors should not be considered a cognitive bias, since their informativeness levels are sufficient to make rational estimations for unknown values. Moreover, since benefitting from regular informative anchors does not violate the rationality principle, they are not a part of a study of behavioural economics.

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Solomon, Robert C. "Emotions, Feelings and Contexts: A Reply to Robert Kraut." Dialogue 29, no. 2 (1990): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300013019.

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Unwarranted antagonism between reason and the passions is an ancient problem, dating back at least to Plato. Even philosophers who sought to give the passions their due—David Hume for example—juxtaposed reason and emotion and contrasted them as slave and master (or vice versa). The point of a so-called “cognitive” theory of emotion, simply stated, is to deny this antagonism. The most succinct (if not very informative) statement of the cognitivist view is Nietzsche's: “as if every passion did not possess its quantum of reason.” Hume's own theory anticipated such a synthesis (in his awkward analysis of “ideas” as both necessary causes and effects of emotions) while Spinoza and Hobbes clearly defended cognitive theories with the wisdom of reconciliation in mind. The aim of a cognitive theory is not to reduce volatile emotion to cool and calm belief, nor is the emphasis on emotion a romantic attempt to extol the passions and excoriate reason—though that exercise may have its place in philosophy too; it is rather to understand reason and the passions together and appreciate their shared properties, similarities and complementarity as well as their obvious differences and oppositions. So understood, cognitive theories have, generically, gained widespread acceptance; only a few reactionaries in philosophy and psychology still insist on a cognition-free concept of emotion, however backhandedly cognitive concepts might be acknowledged as presuppositions, causal preconditions or criteria for the appropriate labelling of emotion rather than as proper constituents of emotion.

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Chih, Wen-Hai, Li-Chun Hsu, and Dah-Kwei Liou. "Understanding virtual community members’ relationships from individual, group, and social influence perspectives." Industrial Management & Data Systems 117, no. 6 (July 10, 2017): 990–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-03-2016-0119.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore a model of how people are influenced from the perspectives of individuals (cognitive trust and affective trust), group (sense of virtual community), and social influence (normative influence and information influence) factors. Design/methodology/approach This research adopts structural equation modeling to test the proposed model and the structural model shows a good fit. This research sample consists of 312 members who have used Facebook for at least six months. Findings The results indicate the following. Both cognitive trust and affective trust have effects on members’ sense of virtual community. Cognitive trust, affective trust, and sense of virtual community have effects on both normative influence and informative influence, respectively. Members in a virtual community could create a sense of virtual community via affective trust. Members’ sense of virtual community partially mediates between cognitive/affective trust and normative/informative influence. Originality/value This study investigates the multiple perspectives of the interpersonal interaction between individual, community, and social influence.

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Neimeyer, Robert A. "Constructivism and the Cognitive Psychotherapies: Some Conceptual and Strategic Contrasts." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 7, no. 3 (January 1993): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.7.3.159.

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Cognitive therapies have continued to develop along both quantitative and qualitative lines. One important qualitative development has been the emergence of a constructivist trend, which has suggested both conceptual realignments and new strategic emphases for theorists and practitioners of cognitive therapy has been an important and qualitative development. This paper reviews several informative contrasts between traditional cognitive therapies and their constructivist alternatives, both at the level of epistemology and at the level of clinical practice.

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Brandão, Lenisa, Fátima Galiana Castelló, Teun A. van Dijk, Maria Alice de Mattos Pimenta Parente, and Jordi Peña-Casanova. "Cognition and discourse production in Alzheimer’s disease: Using informative prompts." Psychology & Neuroscience 2, no. 2 (July 2009): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2009.2.006.

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Семёнов, Владимир, and Vladimir Semenov. "Analysis of Pure Consciousness as a Correlated Extended Informative Perspective." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2019-3-1-70-79.

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Introduction. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the Husserlian philosophy of knowledge in order to identify, on the basis of our own reflections, not just the true fundamental core of pure consciousness, but the dynamic existence within the framework of that stratum to which we fall upon accomplishing the phenomenological reduction. The methodological basis for this work is the position of the phenomenological theory of pure consciousness from "Ideas for Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy. Book One. A General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology" by E. Husserl. According to Husserl, our usual everyday experience may be subject to reduction up to the discovery of a layer of pure, a priori cognitive processes. The very same a priori knowledge can be found in I. Kant’s "Critique of Pure Reason", in particular from his reflections on transcendental aesthetics and foundations of pure reason. Results. Having analyzed the hidden possibilities of pure consciousness, the author declares that, even in such a phenomenological layer, where any volitional arbitrariness is excluded, there is a structure, or, in other words, a kind of intellectualization, shaped by time. Conclusion. The author believes that a half-hearted view of consciousness as merely an intentional being leads to a negative simplification of the subject of knowledge. A new, expanded model of phenomenal-existential consciousness, proposed in this work, showed that the decomposition of the basic attributes of pure consciousness has an expanded cognitive perspective of such phenomena-things that are not understood by simple and one-sided Husserlian intention, but, on the contrary, they reveal even more complex phenomena.

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McEllin, Luke, Natalie Sebanz, and Günther Knoblich. "Identifying others’ informative intentions from movement kinematics." Cognition 180 (November 2018): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.001.

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Henkel, Rebecca, Matthias Brendel, Marco Paolini, Eva Brendel, Leonie Beyer, Andreas Gutzeit, Oliver Pogarell, Axel Rominger, and Janusch Blautzik. "FDG PET Data is Associated with Cognitive Performance in Patients from a Memory Clinic." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 78, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200826.

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Background: Various reasons may lead to cognitive symptoms in elderly, including the development of cognitive decline and dementia. Often, mixed pathologies such as neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease co-exist in these patients. Diagnostic work-up commonly includes imaging modalities such as FDG PET, MRI, and CT, each delivering specific information. Objective: To study the informative value of neuroimaging-based data supposed to reflect neurodegeneration (FDG PET), cerebral small vessel disease (MRI), and cerebral large vessel atherosclerosis (CT) with regard to cognitive performance in patients presenting to our memory clinic. Methods: Non-parametric partial correlations and an ordinal logistic regression model were run to determine relationships between scores for cortical hypometabolism, white matter hyperintensities, calcified plaque burden, and results from Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The final study group consisted of 162 patients (female: 94; MMSE: 6–30). Results: Only FDG PET data was linked to and predicted cognitive performance (r(157) = –0.388, p < 0.001). Overall, parameters linked to cerebral small and large vessel disease showed no significant association with cognition. Further findings demonstrated a relationship between white matter hyperintensities and FDG PET data (r(157) = 0.230, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Only FDG PET imaging mirrors cognitive performance, presumably due to the examination’s ability to reflect neurodegeneration and vascular dysfunction, thus capturing a broader spectrum of pathologies. This makes the examination a useful imaging-based diagnostic tool in the work-up of patients presenting to a memory clinic. Parameters of vascular dysfunction alone as depicted by conventional MRI and CT are less adequate in such a situation, most likely because they reflect one pathology complex only.

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Smith, Aaron, Xing Song, Matthew Taylor, and Debra Sullivan. "Hemoglobin A1c Relates to Poorer Scores on a Test of Executive Function." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab049_039.

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Abstract Objectives Poor glycemic control (GC) is associated with poorer executive function. However, data looking at the relationship between GC and cognition is limited. This study aimed to assess the relationship between GC and various cognitive tests using electronic medical record data (EMR). Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was the main predictor variable. Methods De-identified data were gathered from an midwestern academic medical center's EMR in an i2b2 based clinical data repository. Participants were seen at the hospital's memory clinic with a HbA1c lab value (CPT Code: 83,036) on record. 566 participants were used in the final analysis. The most recent cognitive score from the following cognitive tests were used as the response variables, Trail Marking Part A and B and Verbal Fluency. The median value was derived from each participant's three most recent HbA1c values. We constructed ordinary least squares regression models to assess HbA1c's relationship with individual cognitive tests. The model included race, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, income, and age as covariates. Statistical analyses were performed using R (v. 3.6.2; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Participants were 54% male and had a mean age of 75 ± 9.2 years. Mean HbA1c value was 6.14 ± 1.2. Higher HbA1c values were related to poorer performance on the Trail Making Part A test (β = –0.02, p < 0.01). HbA1c was not related to other individual cognitive tests: Trail Making Part B (β = –0.019, P = 0.70), Verbal Fluency (β = 0.30, P = 0.13). Conclusions There was a strong relationship between HbA1c and performance on the Trail Making Part A test, a sensitive test for executive function. This study adds to the literature that poor GC worsens executive function. Consequently, maintaining GC with healthy lifestyle choices may be important for healthy aging. There was no significant relationship between HbA1c and other cognitive tests. Future analyses with more robust statistical modeling will be more informative for understanding the relationship between HbA1c and cognitive tests. Funding Sources Clinical and Translational Science Awards.

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Rabbitt, Patrick, Mary Lunn, and Danny Wong. "Understanding Terminal Decline in Cognition and Risk of Death." European Psychologist 11, no. 3 (January 2006): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.11.3.164.

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There is new empirical evidence that the effects of impending death on cognition have been miscalculated because of neglect of the incidence of dropout and of practice gains during longitudinal studies. When these are taken into consideration, amounts and rates of cognitive declines preceding death and dropout are seen to be almost identical, and participants aged 49 to 93 years who neither dropout nor die show little or no decline during a 20-year longitudinal study. Practice effects are theoretically informative. Positive gains are greater for young and more intelligent participants and at all levels of intelligence and durations of practice; declines in scores of 10% or more between successive quadrennial test sessions are risk factors for mortality. Higher baseline intelligence test scores are also associated with reduced risk of mortality, even when demographics and socioeconomic advantage have been taken into consideration.

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Yakovleva, Elena L. "Imaginative nature of children’s play as an informative and creative resource." Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.049.020.202001.072-082.

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Introduction. In the modern world, due to the intensive development of high technology, there are many changes that penetrate into the childhood and the world of children’s play. An increasing number of children’s games appear to have a computer format. Playing them, the child begins to alienate from reality, to lose skills in cognitive and creative activities, relying on the help of high technology. One of the reasons of (negative) personality transformations is blocking of functioning of imagination in computer games. The purpose of the article is to study the imaginative nature of children’s play and its potentials, having a cognitive and creative orientation. Materials and Methods. This problem is considered on the basis of phenomenological analysis and direct observation of children’s games. The results of the study showed that the child through immersion in the world of direct play, receives impulses to the knowledge of the world, creativity and moral manifestations. The source of the above is the imagination, which performs the role of instinct, cultural consciousness and reason in human existence. Through imagining, the child imagines, creates and interprets what is being played, expanding the horizons of his being. Discussion and Conclusion. The study of imagination allowed for a demarcation line between direct and computer children’s games. Their key difference lies in the functioning of the imagination, which manifests itself freely in direct games, and in computer – is blocked by high technology and software algorithms. The current situation actualizes the idea of returning to the children’s game, based on direct interaction and communication.

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Pezzulo, Giovanni, and Stefano Nolfi. "Making the Environment an Informative Place: A Conceptual Analysis of Epistemic Policies and Sensorimotor Coordination." Entropy 21, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21040350.

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How do living organisms decide and act with limited and uncertain information? Here, we discuss two computational approaches to solving these challenging problems: a “cognitive” and a “sensorimotor” enrichment of stimuli, respectively. In both approaches, the key notion is that agents can strategically modulate their behavior in informative ways, e.g., to disambiguate amongst alternative hypotheses or to favor the perception of stimuli providing the information necessary to later act appropriately. We discuss how, despite their differences, both approaches appeal to the notion that actions must obey both epistemic (i.e., information-gathering or uncertainty-reducing) and pragmatic (i.e., goal- or reward-maximizing) imperatives and balance them. Our computationally-guided analysis reveals that epistemic behavior is fundamental to understanding several facets of cognitive processing, including perception, decision making, and social interaction.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Informatique cognitive'

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