Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe"

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Crisp, Roger. "Medical Negligence, Assault, Informed Consent, and Autonomy." Journal of Law and Society 17, no. 1 (1990): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1409956.

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Bowman, Deborah. "Autonomy, Informed Consent and Medical Law: A Relational Challenge." JAMA 303, no. 16 (2010): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.500.

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Brassington, I. "Autonomy, Informed Consent and Medical Law: A Relational Challenge." Medical Law Review 18, no. 1 (2010): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/medlaw/fwq002.

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Adriana Pakendek, Adriana Pakendek. "INFORMED CONSENT DALAM PELAYANAN KESEHATAN." AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial 5, no. 2 (2012): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19105/al-lhkam.v5i2.296.

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Abstract: It is a must to apply the informed consent in public health service, particularly in a hosptal. As a matter of fact, some medical patients or the representative does not comprehend the term informed consent due to the ineffective communication between the patient and physician. Whereas, a doctor should have a legal informed consent to execute medical action from the patient, otherwise she/he would experience a question of law; private and punitive law as well as indisciplinary punishment. A petient is able to deny an informed consent, yet it is identified as an informed refusal. However, the patient must be responsible for any medical impacts in the future. In this case, a doctor is free from any legal actions as the result of consent refusal of patient. Key Words: informed consent, pasien dan dokter
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Ormrod, Roger. "Therapy, Battery and Informed Consent." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, no. 6 (1987): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.11.6.185.

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In its present state the law has little to contribute towards the solution of the problems arising from the medical treatment of mentally incapable, but informal patients. This is because there are no relevant rules; there is no legislation governing the situation because Parliament has not acted; and there are no Common (i.e. judge-made) Law rules because these problems have never come before a judge for decision.
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Yu, Bo, Duminda Wijesekera, and Paulo Costa. "Informed Consent in Electronic Medical Record Systems." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 4, no. 1 (2015): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2015010103.

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Informed consents, either for treatment or use/disclosure, that protect the privacy of patient information subject to law that in certain circumstances may override patient wishes, are mandatory practice in healthcare. Although the healthcare industry has widely adopted Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems, consents are still obtained and stored primarily on paper or scanned electronic documents. Integrating a consent management system into an EMR system involves various implementation challenges. The authors show how consents can be electronically obtained and enforced using a system that combines medical workflows and ontologically motivated rule enforcement. Finally, the authors describe an implementation that uses open-source software based addition of these components to an open-source EMR system, so that existing systems needn't be scrapped or otherwise rendered obsolete.
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Srinivasulu, K., and A. B. Sai Samhitha. "Study on Informed Consent in Medical Practice." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 11, no. 2 (2017): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9130.2017.00088.3.

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Schachter, Debbie, Irwin Kleinman, and William Harvey. "Informed Consent and Adolescents." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 9 (2005): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370505000906.

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Objective: To explore the doctrine of informed consent and the development of capacity in adolescents with psychiatric problems to help clinicians better reflect on the relevant ethical issues. Method: We discuss the relevant literature and explore the role of psychiatric impairment in adolescents' ability to consent. Results: In common law, there is no minimum age at which individuals are able to consent to medical treatment and no age below which they are unable to consent. Adolescents' right to self-determination is based on their ability to understand and appreciate the information relevant to the medical decision and on their ability to consent voluntarily and freely. There is a consensus in the literature that, around age 14 years, adolescents have the cognitive ability to understand information necessary for consent. However, there are limited empirical data regarding adolescents' ability to appreciate the information and to make a voluntary decision. Conclusion: Clinicians need to involve adolescents in the consent process to the extent possible and assess the elements of capacity to consent to treatment on an individual case basis, recognizing that capacity may evolve as adolescents' cognitive capacities and values mature.
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Merz, Jon F. "On a decision‐making paradigm of medical informed consent." Journal of Legal Medicine 14, no. 2 (1993): 231–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01947649309510913.

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Leonard, Peter. "Informed consent in psychiatric practice: where does the law now stand?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, no. 2 (2011): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011502.

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AbstractThere is an established ethical and legal duty upon psychiatrists to obtain informed consent before treating a patient, although some exceptions do apply under Mental Health Legislation. The required standard for informed consent has been the subject of important case law in Ireland and other common law jurisdictions and this has caused some uncertainty for clinicians. The standard of informed consent can be viewed from the point of view of what the medical profession thinks is appropriate, or alternatively from the position of what a patient would reasonably expect to be told. These contrasting approaches are discussed in detail. A recent decision of the Irish Supreme Court establishes the ‘patient-centred’ standard for informed consent as the relevant standard in Irish law. The current legal position on informed consent is discussed in relation to common clinical scenarios in psychiatric practice.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe"

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Walker, Nancy L. Hamilton. "The relationship between patient perceptions of informed consent and recall of information received during the informed consent process." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/865959.

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Informed consent is a requirement by law. Informed consent is a two part process: giving the patient sufficient information so that an educated choice can be made and obtaining assent in writing (Coy, 1989; Fiesta 1991; Sweeney, 1991;). The purpose of this study is to determine the ability to recall information and the perception of patients about the process of receiving information after signing a consent to participate in a large research trial. Patients signing consents for participation in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial were asked to complete the surveys. Thirty three patients were asked to complete the questionnaires. Twenty - four (72%) of the respondents returned the completed questionnaires. Confidentiality will be maintained since no names or identifying markers will be used.A modified Patient Recall Survey (Casselith, Zupkis, Sutton - Smith, & March, 1980) and a modified Consent Form Survey (Casselith et al, 1980) were used. The significance of the study is that the results will assist in improving the type of information given to patients and how that information is provided. By increasing patients awareness about the need for and rights of giving informed consent patients will be more knowledgeable health care consumers. Imogene King(1981) provides the theoretical framework for this study using the concept of perceptions as the basis.The first research question illustrated that the majority of the respondents were able to recall at least three risks or complications of participation in the Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. The second research question revealed eighty - seven percent of the patients agreed that informed consents are necessary. However, 27.8 % of the respondents perceived the informed consent as a legal document to protect the physician rights, while only 19.6 % felt that the consent represented a legal document to protect patient rights. Eighty three percent of the respondents understood that a consent did not have to be signed. However, responses to a second question revealed only 21.3 % understood that the informed consent was a chance to refuse or change treatment. Results to research question 3 illustrated that patients felt that informed consents are necessary. Finally, 79.2 % of patients reported that nurses provided the majority of informed consent information. When patients are able to understand and participate in health care decisions, patients will feel more control in determining outcomes.<br>School of Nursing
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Barit, Avi. "The doctrine of informed consent in South African medical law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60104.

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Morin, Sophie. "La place des droits du patient à l'intérieur de la conception actuelle de l'obligation de renseigner en matière médicale /." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30319.

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This thesis deals with the concept of the medical duty to inform focusing on the rights of the patient. It emerges that the notions governing medical responsibility do not adequately address the question of the protection and application of the rights of the patient. Existing conceptions of the notions of dereliction, causality and damage are analysed in order to point out the many inadequacies with the rights of the patient, source of the obligation to inform. Particular emphasis is given to the situation in Quebec and to the eventual place that could be occupied by conception of the duty to inform that is more sensitive to the situation and rights of the patient.
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Cai, Yinghong. "The legal rights in informed consent form for treatment in China." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38478730.

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Lashley, Myrna. "Informed proxy consent : communication between surgeons and surrogates about surgery." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29068.

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Professionals whose job it is to counsel patients must be cognizant of the role played by communication in the establishment of a trusting working relationship. This is no less true for those within the medical community who must obtain informed consent for surgical interventions than it is for those working within the area of mental health. In order to determine what role communication plays in the obtaining of informed consent within a pediatrics setting, a qualitative study was conducted of 20 surrogates (those individuals giving consent on behalf of legally incompetent children) and of 5 surgeons performing surgical interventions on those children. Two sets of questionnaires were administered in order to elicit information pertaining to how surgeons communicate information to surrogates and to investigate how that information is received and processed by the surrogate. Results showed that while the obtaining of signed informed consent itself may not be a major problem, there are some difficulties in the communication between surgeons and surrogates in this domain. Based on the findings, recommendations for improved communication between surgeons and surrogates are proposed.
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Pease-Carter, Cheyenne Minton Casey Barrio. "Preferences among student counselors regarding informed consent practices within counselor education." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6066.

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Cai, Yinghong, and 蔡映紅. "The legal rights in informed consent form for treatment in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724347.

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Pease-Carter, Cheyenne. "Preferences among student counselors regarding informed consent practices within counselor education." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6066/.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate student preferences for content, timing, and method of informed consent within counselor education programs. Participants included 115 students enrolled in counseling internship courses at six counseling programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Participants completed the Informed Consent Preferences Questionnaire (ICPQ), an instrument designed specifically for this study through systematic instrumentation development. Descriptive statistics highlighted participants' moderate to high ratings of perceived importance for an array of suggested content pieces for student informed consent. Participants varied among themselves and between items in relation to preferred timing of informed consent, and they consistently reported a desire for student informed consent to be facilitated through a combination of both oral and written methods. Results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a simple eight-factor structure within the ICPQ and suggested strong internal reliability. Correlations for participant scale scores for the eight factors revealed a variety of small to medium correlations. Results from t-test and one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) indicated that participant preferences did not vary according to demographic variables. Finally, participants' qualitative responses revealed high levels of support for student informed consent. Findings of this study may aid counselor educators in evaluating current program informed consent practices. As a result of evaluation, counselor educators can affirm existing, and/or design new informed consent practices that accurately reflect the needs and desires of counseling students. Future researchers may also utilize the results to guide additional studies related to the practice of student informed consent.
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Kious, Brent Michael. "The evidentiary account of consent's moral significance." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1930280011&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tomita, Kiyomi. "Informed consent and the right to refuse medical treatment : a comparative study of common-law Canada and Japan." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61156.

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Common law in Canada recognizes the rights to self-determination and autonomy and the right of competent persons to decide for themselves on medical treatment which includes the right to refuse all treatment. The legal profession has caused Japanese law to begin to recognize these basic rights, however professional and societal factors combine to accord the Japanese physician a wide discretion to determine what information to disclose, especially in the case of cancer. This thesis examines the similarities and differences existing between Canada and Japan in the controversial area of informed consent and the patient's right to refuse treatment and as well as the current attitudes within the legal and medical professions in Japan toward recognition and enforcement of these rights.
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Books on the topic "Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe"

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Victoria, Law Reform Commission of. Informed consent. The Commission], 1987.

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Carmi, Amnon. Informed consent. Edited by UNESCO Chair in Bioethics at the University of Haifa. Israel National Commission for UNESCO, 2003.

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Law Reform Commission of Victoria. Informed consent to medical treatment. The Commission, 1987.

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Informed consent: A tutorial. National Health Pub., 1986.

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Corsino, Bruce V. Informed consent: Policy & practice. National Center for Clinical Ethics, 1996.

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National Center for Clinical Ethics (U.S.), ed. Informed consent: Policy & practice. National Center for Clinical Ethics, 1996.

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Corsino, Bruce V. Informed consent: Policy & practice. National Center for Clinical Ethics, 1996.

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Corsino, Bruce V. Informed consent: Policy & practice. National Center for Clinical Ethics, 1996.

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Corsino, Bruce V. Informed consent: Policy & practice. National Center for Clinical Ethics, 1996.

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Corsino, Bruce V. Informed consent: Policy & practice. National Center for Clinical Ethics, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe"

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Man, Hongjie. "Informed Consent and Medical Law." In Legal and Forensic Medicine. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32338-6_90.

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Golan, Ofra G. "Human Rights and Religious Duties: Informed Consent to Medical Treatment under Jewish Law." In Religion in the Public Sphere: A Comparative Analysis of German, Israeli, American and International Law. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73357-7_12.

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Jackson, Emily. "4. Informed Consent." In Medical Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198825845.003.0004.

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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the issue of ‘informed consent’, i.e. how much information must be provided to patients before they consent to medical treatment. It first considers the ethical justifications for informing patients about their medical treatment and then examines the legal framework that protects patients’ interests in information disclosure, with particular emphasis upon the implications of the recent landmark Supreme Court case of Montgomery v Lanarkshire. The chapter also explores some alternatives to the law of tort, and the importance of the guidance produced by the medical profession.
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VS, Ashok, Gunaseelan Rajan, and Soben Peter. "Informed Consent." In Medical Law for the Dental Surgeon. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10517_8.

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Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "Critical Approaches to the Law of Informed Consent." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0013.

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A number of goals have been posited for the legal doctrine of informed consent. One author, for example, highlights four goals: “1) an ethical goal, in which the law promotes patient autonomy; 2) a decision making goal, in which the law promotes the ability of patients to make medical decisions; 3) a regulatory goal, in which the law attempts to control physicians’ disclosure practices; and 4) a compensatory goal, in which the common law functions as a mechanism to provide monetary compensation for injuries” (1). Another author posits six goals: “1) promoting individual autonomy; 2) respecting human dignity; 3) encouraging professional self-scrutiny; 4) promoting rational decisionmaking; 5) avoiding deceit and coercion; and 6) educating the public” (2). According to critics, the result has been a doctrine and a set of practices that compromise all values and satisfy none in their entirety (1). But commentators who have analyzed the law and practice of informed consent have each generally represented one point of view to the exclusion of others. The resulting debate over informed consent among healthcare practitioners, legal experts, and ethicists should come as no surprise. As long as one relies on a single perspective, it is remarkably easy to find critical things to say about informed consent. Those who would elevate any single value above all others, and steadfastly resist compromise, usually can offer a powerful, even devastating, analysis of the current state of affairs. In this chapter we focus on three critiques—a perspective concerned with promoting individual autonomy, an approach that emphasizes the value of health, and a perspective that places primary emphasis on encouraging discourse and interaction between caregivers and patients—and assess their validity from a perspective that recognizes that the doctrine of informed consent must accommodate a number of competing interests and values. The most trenchant criticism of the state of informed consent law today focuses on the discrepancies between the goals highlighted by the ethical theories of informed consent—primarily, the enhancement of individual autonomy in making medical decisions—and the practical effects of the current system.
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Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "An Agenda for the Future." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0024.

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The cornerstone of our approach to informed consent is the belief that the right of patients to authorize their own medical treatment, usually called the right to autonomy in decision making, is a moral value worth promoting. When medical care is required, patients should be met by physicians’ openness and willingness to present and discuss a variety of options, with the clear understanding that patients can play a role, if they desire, in shaping the ultimate decision. Our instinctive assumption that most patients would endorse this approach was confirmed by a large-scale study sponsored by the President’s Commission (1). Patients do want to know about and have the option of influencing the nature of their medical care, even if they may not always exercise that option (2). Our society’s deepseated traditions of respect for the integrity of the individual reinforce the importance of protecting patients’ interests in the medical decisionmaking process. Legal initiatives by themselves are insufficient to accomplish these results (see Chapter 7). Endless proposals to refine the legal mechanisms by which the doctrine of informed consent is enforced are not likely to achieve their goals. The legal rules governing informed consent operate at a level of generality that makes it difficult for physicians to take them into account in dealing with patients. Some surveys have found that physicians are completely ignorant of the operative standard for disclosure in their state (1), and others have found that even when physicians are aware of the standard, they do not apply it properly (3). More significantly, however, the medical setting seems relatively impervious to regulation in this area. Physicians and administrators have control over the structure of medical care and over the content of physician-patient interactions. Regardless of the law of informed consent, if the structure of hospital and office practice provides negligible opportunities for doctor-patient communication, little disclosure or shared decision making will occur. If physicians are resistant to the moral imperatives of informed consent, tinkering with standards of disclosure is unlikely to affect their behavior.
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Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "The Legal Requirements for Disclosure and Consent: History and Current Status." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0009.

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The translation of ethical principles into concrete requirements for physicians’ behavior has been largely a function of the courts (usually state, occasionally federal) as they consider patients’ allegations that their physicians improperly obtained their consent to treatment. To a lesser extent, state legislatures have been involved in making law in this area. The combined efforts of courts and legislatures have resulted in the creation of two legal requirements: the historical requirement that physicians obtain patients’ consent before proceeding with treatment, and the more recent requirement that physicians disclose such information to patients as will enable them to participate knowledgeably in making decisions about treatment. (Chapters 4 and 5 describe the exceptional circumstances in which some or all of the basic legal requirements do not apply.) Despite some uncertainty about the origins of legal actions for lack of consent to medical treatment, in theory, non-consensual medical treatment has always been remediable at common law (i.e., judge-made as opposed to statutory law). The law’s concern for the bodily integrity of the individual can be traced to the writ of trespass for assault and battery and to the criminal law’s proscription of homicide, battery, and mayhem (1). A similar, though less intense, concern for psychic integrity has existed for almost as long and has received increasing support in this century as evidenced by the cases recognizing causes of action in tort law for intentional and, more recently, negligent infliction of emotional distress (2, §§12, 54). Similarly, the development of the constitutional and tort law of privacy reflects the continued vitality of society’s concern for the individual’s right to be let alone, both by agents of the state and by private parties (2, §117; 3). Early medical practice codes did not speak of consent—it was more likely that a physician would conceal his actions from the patient than seek his or her consent to treatment. However, patient consent is not completely a modern legal creation. Historically, the notion that physicians must inform patients about what will be done to them has its origins in eighteenth-century English law (4).
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Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "Patients Who Refuse Treatment." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0018.

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From its inception, the law of informed consent has been based on two premises: first, that a patient has the right to receive sufficient information to make an informed choice about the treatment recommended; and second, that the patient may choose to accept or to decline the physician’s recommendation. The legitimacy of this second premise should be underscored because it is too often belied by the everyday language of medical practice. Getting a consent is medical jargon that implies that patient agreement is the only acceptable outcome. Indeed, the term informed consent itself suggests that patients are expected to agree to be treated rather than to decline treatment. Unless patients are viewed as having the right to say no, as well as yes, and even yes with conditions, much of the rationale for informed consent evaporates. Nonetheless, the medical profession’s reaction to patients who refuse treatment often has been less than optimal. The right to refuse treatment is frequently ignored in practice because it is inconsistent with the history and ethos of medicine (1,2). Physicians are trained to treat illness and to prolong life; situations in which they cannot do either—not because of limitations of knowledge or technology, but because patients or third parties reject their recommendations for care—evoke profound feelings of frustration and even anger. It would not be too much to suggest that these confrontations challenge an essential element of the medical identity. Physicians’ reactions to these situations are varied. Some will contend with patients over their refusal, while others, having assimilated a distorted version of patients’ right to refuse treatment, may too quickly abandon their patients to the consequences of their choices, thereby depriving them of the guidance for which patients traditionally have turned to their physicians. Regardless of the quality of care offered to patients or the degree of concern of those who treat them, some patients will have reasons of their own to decline treatment. Before considering how clinicians might respond to these situations, this chapter reviews the status of the law regarding treatment refusal, surveying a legal landscape that has seen dramatic changes in the last decade.
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Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "Managed Care and Informed Consent." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0017.

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In the last decade, American medicine has been transformed by a series of changes in the economic arrangements governing clinical practice that have come to be known genetically as “managed care.” Since the nature of these changes is complex and the process of evolution incomplete, managed care evades efforts at easy definition. However, it is probably fair to say, as Iglehart has, that “[a]ll forms of managed care represent attempts to control costs by modifying the behavior of doctors, although they do so in different ways”. Managed care’s alteration of some of the basic premises of the physicianpatient relationship, has raised serious questions about its effect on the doctrine of informed consent. To take but one example, if the physician is now subject to incentives from a managed care organization to decrease the amount and cost of care provided, would this information be material to the decision making of a reasonable patient? Should the law therefore require that such information be disclosed? If so, who should disclose this information, and when should the disclosure be made? At this stage, most of the questions that can be framed are, like this one, not susceptible to definitive answers from a legal or ethical perspective. But the potential impact of these new means of authorizing and paying for medical treatment is so substantial that there is value in laying out the issues to which jurists and legislators will have to respond, and in providing some initial guidance to clinicians and administrators. These are the goals of this chapter. To understand the changes wrought by managed care in the practice of medicine— and their possible relevance for informed consent law—one needs to begin by recalling the economic framework of medical care during the development of the doctrine of informed consent. With the growth of employer-provided health insurance following World War II, most middle-class Americans and their families were freed of the spectre of bankruptcy attending serious medical illness (2).
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Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker. "The Independent Evolution of Informed Consent to Research." In Informed Consent. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126778.003.0020.

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Despite apparent similarities in the issues raised, informed consent in the research setting has evolved quite separately from informed consent to treatment. Consent to treatment is largely a creature of case law, with some subsequent statutory modification. Consent to research has been shaped by professional codes, statutes, and administrative regulations, with the courts playing a less important role. Systematic medical research, of course, is a newer phenomenon than medical treatment. The eighteenth century saw some of the first efforts to demonstrate the etiology of diseases. One was Lind’s controlled study of the effects of citrus juices in preventing scurvy (1). Pierre Louis’s classic study, in the 1820s, of the efficacy of bloodletting as a treatment for pneumonia demonstrated the potential of clinical investigation, but his medical colleagues were slow to follow his lead (2). By the turn of the century, the pace of experimentation with human subjects was quickening. The etiologies of beriberi and pellagra, for example, were discovered using human volunteers. In the early years of systematic medical investigation, only sporadic attention was paid to the circumstances under which research should be carried out, including the issue of consent. There are a few statements from leading physicians of the time, such as Paul Ehrlich and William Osier, endorsing the disclosure of information about the risks and benefits of experimental treatment. After a public scandal in Prussia in the 1890s, involving experimentation on unsuspecting patients who were inoculated with the spirochete that causes syphilis, the Prussian government required consent for any further research with human subjects (3). Shortly thereafter, Walter Reed, conducting his famous experiments in Cuba on yellow fever, developed a contract—very much like the modern consent form— for his volunteers to sign, which included a discussion of the risks they would be running (3). Public concern in Germany culminated in the 1931 promulgation of guidelines that required clear explanations of innovative or experimental treatments (4). Interestingly, this pre-war German code of ethics, which addressed human experimentation, was, in some ways, more extensive in its protections and principles than either the post-war Nuremberg Code or Helsinki Declaration (5).
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Conference papers on the topic "Informed consent (Medical law) – Zimbabwe"

1

Kuntardjo, Carolina, and Agus Hernoko. "TRANSPARENCY PRINCIPLES IN INFORMED CONSENT OF SURGICAL PROCEDURES TO REDUCE MEDICAL DISPUTE RISK." In International Conference on Law, Governance and Globalization 2017 (ICLGG 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclgg-17.2018.9.

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2

Zivojinovic, Dragica. "CONSENT OF THE LEGAL REPRESENTATIVE AND ASSENT OF PERSONS INCAPABLE OF GIVING INFORMED CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE IN MEDICAL RESEARCH." In SGEM 2014 Scientific SubConference on POLITICAL SCIENCES, LAW, FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND TOURISM. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2014/b21/s5.073.

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3

Alshevsky, Vladimir. "Problems of informed consent in domestic medicine." In Issues of determining the severity of harm caused to human health as a result of the impact of a biological factor. Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/conferencearticle_5fdcb03a27a5f7.62532593.

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Since 1993, the requirement to obtain informed consent from a patient before a medical intervention has not been properly implemented to date. This is partly due to the wording of a number of articles of the current Federal Law of November 21, 2011 № 323-FZ and orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which set the trend for profanity in informing the patient. Evasion of the doctor from proper informing the patient creates the prerequisites for the doctor to commit acts falling under the Criminal Code, as well as in civil proceedings.
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4

Anindito, Teguh. "Informed Consent as Fulfillment of Rights and Obligations in Therapeutic Transactions Indonesian Medical Services." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Globalization of Law and Local Wisdom (ICGLOW 2019). Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icglow-19.2019.84.

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5

Vlašković, Veljko. "OSVRT NA PRAVA DECE SA INVALIDITETOM SA TEŽIŠTEM NA PRISTUP ZDRAVSTVENIM USLUGAMA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.569v.

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It is no coincidence that the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is the first international human rights treaty in the 21st century. The Convention seeks to amend the social and legal status of persons with disabilities, including children, in a revolutionary way. The main goal is to remove social barriers by adopting a social model of disability in recognizing and exercising the human rights of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with other persons. Therefore, it is understandable that the rules of earlier international human rights treaties, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child or the European Convention on Human Rights, are beginning to be directly adjusted to the this Convention. From the aspect of recognition and exercising of the rights of children with disabilities, the issue of accessibility to health care services is especially important. It insists on the application of the principles of reasonable accommodation, accessibility and non-discrimination so that children with disabilities have access to health care facilities on an equal basis with other children. This implies significant involvement of the state, local community and family in order to remove social and infrastructural barriers. Furthermore, the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities calls for an absolute ban on the forced detention and placement of children in health care facilities, while there is a very negative attitude towards the care of children with disabilities in social protection institutions. In this regard, an amendment to the domestic Law on the Protection of Persons with Mental Disabilities is required. According to the social model of disability, the family environment with the appropriate and effective support of the local community is a necessary environment for the realization of the rights of children with disabilities. When it comes to the consent of a child with a disability to a medical treatment, it is necessary to determine the child's capability to form views, as in the case of other children. In that sense, the mentioned child should be provided with appropriate assistance and support to express his / her views. This support consists primarily in the way in which the child is informed about the proposed medical treatment.
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