Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Informeller Sektor'

Ohållbar elavfallshantering är ett växande globalt problem. Stora delar av världens elavfall skeppas idag till utvecklingsländer där det dumpas på soptippar. Fattiga människor inom den informella sektorn lockas till dessa soptippar i hopp om att kunna återvinna vissa material som de sedan kan sälja för sin försörjning och överlevnad. Tyvärr hanterar dessa informella aktörer ofta elavfallet med olämpliga och ohållbara metoder som resulterar i att giftiga kemikalier okontrollerat läcker ut och sprids. På grund av bristande kunskap och utrustning utsätter dessa människor därmed både sin egen hälsa samt miljön för stora risker och skador. Genom att de dessutom enbart intresserar sig för vissa material går därtill också många andra återvinningsbara material förlorade såsom värdefulla ädelmetaller. För att möta det tydliga behovet av hållbar utveckling av nuvarande elavfallshantering i utvecklingsländer initierar formella aktörer runt om i världen olika insatser och projekt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur formella aktörer ser på den informella sektornsroll för hållbar utveckling av elavfallshantering i utvecklingsländer. Studien söker besvarahuruvida formella aktörer upplever att det finns några aspekter av den informella sektorn som utgör särskilda utmaningar i genomförandet av projekt för hållbar utveckling, samt huruvida formella aktörer upplever att den informella sektorn kan ingå i hållbara lösningar på det växande globala elavfallsproblemet mot bakgrund av dessa eventuella utmaningar. Studien är avgränsad till att undersöka hur ett begränsat antal formella aktörer ser på dessa frågeställningar med utgångspunkt i deras personliga upplevelser. Studien är en fallstudie av ett projekt för hållbar utveckling av elavfallshantering i Ghana. Den bygger på ett antal kvalitativa intervjuer med formella aktörer från olika länder som deltagit i detta projekt. Även tillgänglig projektdokumentation har granskats och inkluderas i studien. Resultatet av fallstudien är att det finns en mängd olika aspekter av den informella sektorn som upplevs utgöra utmaningar för hållbar utveckling av elavfallshantering enligt formella aktörer. Det finns också flertalet uppfattningar gällande huruvida det är möjligt att den informella sektorn kan ingå i hållbara lösningar. En slutsats av fallstudien är att kortsiktighet och brist på efterlevnad av lagar inom den informella sektorn är två utmärkande särskilda aspekter som upplevs utgöra huvudsakliga utmaningar för hållbar utveckling. Dessa aspekter kan hänföras till överlevnads- och inkomststrategier, vilket enligt teorin är de huvudsakliga drivkrafterna bakom informella marknadsaktiviteter. En andra slutsats av fallstudien är att huruvida den informella sektorn kan ingå i hållbara lösningar på det globala elavfallsproblemet beror på antaget tidsperspektiv. Såväl empiri som teori pekar på att i ett långsiktigt perspektiv så kan den informella sektorn inte ingå som en del av hållbara lösningar, medan den i ett kortsiktigt perspektiv måste integreras i sådana lösningar. Den långsiktiga strävan bör enligt detta resonemang vara att formalisera informella aktiviteter. Endast i ett formellt sammanhang går det att kontrollera och säkerställa att elavfallshantering sker på lämpliga hållbara sätt för både människor, miljö och samhälle. Samtidigt är det ett accepterat faktum att den informella verksamheten idag är så utbredd och förknippad med många utmaningar att den inte går att avsevärt förändra på kort tid och därför måste ingå i kortsiktiga lösningar. För att formalisering ska vara möjlig och hållbar krävs således successiv integration där ohållbara informella metoder för elavfallshantering successivt transformeras till mer formella metoder.
Unsustainable e-waste (electronic waste) management is a growing global problem. A large amount of the world’s accumulated e-waste is today being shipped to developing countries where it is then dumped in landfills. Poor people within the informal sector are attracted to these dumpsites in the hope of being able to recycle certain materials that they then can sell for their livelihood and survival. Unfortunately, these informal actors often use unsuitable and unsustainable methods of recycling that result in uncontrolled escape and spread of toxic chemicals. Due to lack of knowledge and equipment these people thus expose both their own health and the environment for severe risks and damage. Furthermore, since they are only interested in certain materials, many other recyclable materials are lost, such as valuable precious metals. To meet the clear need for sustainable development of the current e-waste management in developing countries, formal actors around the world initiate different kinds of initiatives and projects. The purpose of this study is to explore how formal actors look at the informal sector’s role in sustainable development of e-waste management in developing countries. The study seeks to answer whether formal actors feel that there are some aspects of the informal sector that pose particular challenges in the implementation of sustainable development projects, and whether formal actors feel that the informal sector can be part of sustainable solutions to the growing global e-waste problem in the light of these potential challenges. The study is limited to examine how a limited number of formal actors look at these issues based on their personal experiences. The study is a case study of a project for sustainable development of e-waste management in Ghana. It is based on a series of qualitative interviews with formal actors from different countries who have participated in the project. Accessible project documentation has also been reviewed and included in the study. The result of the case study is that there exist a variety of aspects of the informal sector that are perceived as challenges to sustainable development of e-waste management according to formal actors. Moreover, there are also several views as to whether it is possible that the informal sector can be a part of sustainable solutions. A conclusion of the case study is that short-sightedness and lack of compliance with and enforcement of laws among the informal sector are two distinctive specific aspects that are perceived as major challenges for sustainable development. These aspects can be attributed to survival and earning strategies, which according to theory are the main driving forces behind informal market activities. A second conclusion of the case study is that whether or not the informal sector can be part ofsustainable solutions to the global e-waste problem depends on assumed time horizon. Both the empirical results of this study and discussions in theory suggest that the informal sector in the long term cannot be part of sustainable solutions, while in the short term it must be integrated in such solutions. The long-term aim should according to this reasoning be to formalize informal activities. Only in a formal context is it possible to control and ensure thate-waste is handled suitably and sustainably with regard to people, the environment and society. At the same time it is an accepted fact that the informal business today is so widespread and associated with many challenges that it cannot be profoundly changed within a short time frame and that it therefore must be included in short-term solutions. In order for formalization to be possible and sustainable, a gradual integration is needed in which unsustainable informal methods for handling e-waste are gradually being transformed to more formal methods.

Magister Artium - MA
Die knaende vraag na werksgeleenthede in Suid-Afrika, maar ook in Paarl hou verband met die feit dat daar 'n relatief groot surplusbevolking bestaan, wat tydens die periode van kapitaalakkumulasie in Suid(elike) Afrika nie volkome in produksie geabsorbeer kon word nie. Die wortels van hierdie situasie lê gebed in die dinamika van periferale kapitalisme, maar dit reflekteer ook gedeeltelik sekere dimensies van die patroon van rasse-strukturering wat kapitalistiese ontwikkeling in die sub-kontinent gevolg het. Die chroniese probleem van strukturele werkloosheid en armoede kan dus geplaas word teen die implikasies van die bestaande patrone van arbeidsurplus in Suid(elike) Afrika. Volgens die Universiteit van Stellenbosch se Instituut vir Toekomsnavorsing (Koch, 1991) was 4,3 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners in 1985 óf tydelik in diens, óf werkloos. Dit is vanselfsprekend dat die situasie net sou verger, want die steeds groeiende bevolking van Suid-Afrika impakteer ook op die probleem van werkloosheid en armoede. Ekonome is ook van mening dat die ontwikkeling van kleinsake-aktiwiteit en entrepreneurskap kan lei tot ekonomiese groei, en dat die probleem van werkloosheid hierdeur aangespreek kan word. Die geweldige groei van kleinsake- aktiwiteit - in 1994 was 1,574 miljoen mense reeds ekonomies aktief in die informele sektor (CSS, 1995:41) - gee 'n aanduiding van die rol van die informele sektor tot ekonomiese groei. Gegee dat die sektor nie veel formele opvoedkundige opleiding vra nie, en dat die besigheid gewoonlik deur die familie/gesin besit word, bestaan die persepsie dat betrokkenheid in informele ekonomiese aktiwiteite 'n "kommervrye", maartog 'n ekonomies-winsgewende besigheid is.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur en organisationsförändring kan mätas med avseende på formella och informella element samt att presentera hur mätprocessen kan genomföras. Studien bygger på intervjuer och dokumenterade utvärderingar. Studien visar att de formella elementen mäts genom att kontrollera att målen som satts upp inför förändringen är uppfyllda. De informella elementen mäts genom medarbetarundersökningar dock utan någon koppling till förändringen som har genomförts. När de informella elementen mäts i en förändringsprocess görs detta genom så kallade attitydmätningar. För att underlätta mätningen av en förändringsprocess kan en uppdelning göras i fyra stadier; förberedelse, före, under och efter.
The purpose of this paper is to find out how a planned organizational change can be measured in terms of formal and informal elements and to present how a measure process can be done. The study is based on interviews and documented evaluations. The formal elements are measured by controlling that the goals for the organizational change are achieved. The informal elements are measured through employee surveys but without any connection to the organizational change that has been done. When the informal elements are measured in an organizational change it is done by attitude measures. To facilitate the measurement of an organizational change it can be separated in four stages, preparation, before, during and after.

The purpose of this study is to map different understandings of the formalization of the informal financial sector in the developing world. Utilizing a qualitative approach and interview methodology, this study focuses on the case of South Africa and maps different perceptions about the formalization process by operators in the informal economic sector, which are in turn contrasted with the perceptions of experts and policymakers in the field. The issue at hand is a deeper understanding of how and why different groups perceive formalization in different ways. Some of the main findings of this study confirm that there are different understandings of formalization that can be found amongst different groups in South Africa, that the overall positive understanding of formalization efforts are greater than the negative ones, and that formalization efforts are formulated more inclusive than informal operators believe they are. The theoretical contribution of this study is to state that moral arguments play a bigger role in individuals economical decision-making processes than the economy itself shapes individuals' moral behavior. In addition, the findings are of relevance for the design and implementation of financial inclusion policies in the developing world.

I takt med en växande befolkning i världen ökar också mängden avfall. Avfallsplockare, “waste pickers”, är människor som tjänar sitt levebröd genom att samla på återvinningsbart avfall. I många utvecklingsländer spelar den här gruppen av människor en viktig roll för avfallshanteringen, men avfallsplockare finns även i Sverige. De kan ses rota i papperskorgar efter PET- flaskor och aluminiumburkar med loggan “PANTA”. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka motiv och förutsättningar för avfallsplockare i Stockholm samt vilka utmaningar de ställs inför under det dagliga arbetet. Metoden gick ut på att först studera relevanta vetenskapliga artiklar om avfallsplockning, främst i andra länder där det bedrivits forskning om ämnet. Därefter genomfördes en intervjustudie med 21 stycken avfallsplockare i Stockholm med olika ursprung. Respondenterna representerade 8 olika länder.  Resultatet påvisar att avfallsplockare i Stockholm generellt är mycket fattiga och samlar på avfall i första hand för att få ersättning och inte ur miljösynpunkt. I studien är män starkt dominerande och motsvarar 85 % av respondenterna. Hur mycket en avfallsplockare tjänar under en arbetsdag varierar kraftigt från person till person. Resultatet visar också, med litteratur som underlag, att vardagen för de här människorna är tuff och att arbetet är fysiskt påfrestande för kroppen. Dessutom råder det en hög konkurrens, det är många som samlar på avfall av värde, vilket gör arbetet än mindre lukrativt. Vår studie indikerar på att avfallsplockare bidrar till en bättre miljö och är med och påverkar kretsloppet i en cirkulär ekonomi, men det behöver göras mer forskning på det här området i Sverige.
As the world's population grows, so does the amount of waste. Waste pickers are people who earn their living by collecting recyclable waste. In many developing countries, this group of people plays an important role in the waste management, but waste pickers can also be found in Sweden. They can be seen scavenging in waste bins after PET-bottles and aluminum cans with the logo "PANTA". The purpose of this thesis was to investigate motives and conditions for waste pickers in Stockholm and what challenges they face during their daily work. The method consisted of first studying relevant scientific articles on waste collection, mainly in other countries where research on the subject has been conducted. Subsequently, an interview study was carried out with 21 waste pickers in Stockholm with different origins. The respondents represented 8 different countries.  The results show that waste pickers in Stockholm are generally very poor and collect waste primarily to receive financial compensation and not from an environmental point of view. In the study, men are strongly dominant and correspond to 85% of the respondents. How much a waste picker earns during a working day varies greatly from person to person. The results also show, with literature as a basis, that the everyday life for these people is tough and that the work is physically strenuous for the body. In addition, the competition is high, there are many people who collect waste of value, which makes the work even less lucrative. Our study indicates that waste pickers contribute to a better environment and help to influence the cycle in a circular economy, but more research needs to be conducted in this area in Sweden.

Under 1940-talet påbörjades en omfattande utbyggnad av en offentlig tjänstesektor som ett led i att göra Sverige till en universell välfärdsstat. I samband med den offentliga tjänstesektorns utbyggnad ökade andelen kvinnor på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. En omfattande utbyggnad av sjukvården gjordes vilket resulterade i en kraftigt ökad efterfrågan på vårdpersonal, och då inte minst sjuksköterskor. Sjuksköterskors löner har varit omdiskuterade ända sedan 1900-talets början. Yrket har historiskt varit lågavlönat, vilket kan förklaras på en mängd olika sätt. I uppsatsen studeras om och hur institutionella förändringar på området har påverkat sjuksköterskeyrkets löneutveckling under perioden 1977 till 2017. De institutionella förändringar som har undersökts är främst politiska reformer och lagstiftning på hälso- och sjukvårdens område. Även reformer av sjuksköterskeutbildningen har undersökts, eftersom att professionalisera sjuksköterskeyrket sågs vara ett steg mot en förbättrad löneutveckling. Trots att sjukvården har genomgått stora reformer under perioden 1977 till 2017 har det haft en till synes liten påverkan på löneutvecklingen. Inte heller professionaliseringen tycks ha påverkat utvecklingen. Sjuksköterskeyrket var under 1900-talets början ett renodlat kvinnoyrke. Än idag består yrket till 90 procent kvinnor. Att sjuksköterskors löner är låga, liksom många andra kvinnodominerade yrkens löner, kan förklaras genom att det föreligger en värdediskriminering av vad som betraktas som kvinnligt arbete. Vid undersökning av sjuksköterskeyrket är det därmed viktigt att beakta yrkets genusarbetsdelning, vilket har påverkat, och än idag påverkar, yrket och dess löneutveckling. Yrkets genusarbetsdelning kan förklaras som ett informellt spårberoende. Ju närmare vår tid vi kommer ju mer har genusarbetsdelningen uppmärksammats både politiskt och inom forskningen. En följd av det är jämställdhetslagen som infördes 1979. Trots att värdediskrimineringen av det kvinnodominerade sjuksköterskeyrket uppmärksammats har det inte haft en synbar påverkan på lönerna.

The world is facing a global waste crisis due to half of the waste produced not being collected, treated or safely disposed of. Waste not managed in a proper way causes air and water pollution and has negative health and social impacts on people living or working close to the waste. Alt- hough evidence shows that implementing gender approaches improves environmental issues, and the majority of waste pickers are women, few organisations focused on waste management are implementing gender mainstreaming into their work. This case study examines gender main- streaming within the organisation Women in Informal Employment: Globalising and Organising (WIEGO) in relation to environmental issues. WIEGO is an international organisation working to increase the voice, visibility and validity of the working poor, with a special emphasis on women, with a core project that supports cooperative waste picker women in Brazil. The study was conducted through two interviews on local and international level and the analysis of 20 documents describing WIEGO and its work. The theories and concepts of gender mainstreaming, intersectionality, Feminist Political Ecology and Environmental Justice were used to analyse the results. The study showed that WIEGO was implementing gender mainstreaming in their opera- tive work, in the policy framework and in the waste picker projects in Brazil which has resulted in physical and emotional improvements for WIEGO employees internationally and waste pick- ers in Brazil. <<<
Världen står inför en global avfallshanteringskris där hälften av allt avfall som produceras inte insamlas, hanteras eller kasseras på ett säkert sätt. Avfall som inte hanteras säkert skapar luft- och vattenföroreningar och har negativa hälsosamma och sociala effekter för människor som lever eller arbetar nära avfallet. Trots att forskning visar att genusperspektiv förbättrar miljö- problem, och att majoriteten av avfallshanterare är kvinnor, fokuserar få organisationer som hanterar avfall på ”gender mainstreaming” i sitt arbete. Denna fallstudie undersöker ”gender mainstreaming” i organisationen Women in Informal Employment: Globalising and Organising (WIEGO) i relation till miljöproblem. WIEGO är en internationell organisation som arbetar med att öka inflytandet, synligheten och validiteten hos fattiga arbetande, med ett särskilt fokus på kvinnor, med ett kärnprogram som stöttar kooperativ av avfallshanterande kvinnor i Brasi- lien. Studien genomfördes med två intervjuer på lokal och internationell nivå och analys av 20 dokument som beskriver WIEGO och dess arbete. Teorierna och koncepten ”gender mainstrea- ming”, intersektionalitet, Feministisk Politisk Ekologi och miljörättvisa användes för att analy- sera resultaten. Studien visar att WIEGO använder sig av ”gender mainstreaming” i sitt opera- tiva arbete, i sitt policyramverk och i avfallshanteringsprojekten i Brasilien, vilket resulterat it fysiska och emotionella förbättringar för WIEGOs internationellt anställda och för de avfalls- hanterande kvinnorna i Brasilien.

M.Com. (Economics)
The motivation for this study has its origin in the observation that informal sector activities in South Africa had increased significantly since the nineteen-eighties. The initial interest was stimulated by the desire to discover more about the nature and extent of the informal sector, as well as the effects it is having on employment, income generation, policy making and general economic equilibrium. Investigating the occurrence of informal sector activities in the developed countries, the centrally directed economies and the Third World countries led to the conclusion that the different definitions for informal sector activities, the nature of such activities and the reasons why people become involved in such activities, differ from country to country. In South Africa it was observed that the formal sector's inability to create sufficient employment opportunities for all its citizens led to more and more people joining the informal sector. As far as the nature of the informal sector is concerned it was found that a variety of economic activities are being carried out, the most important being trade and hawking. The highest concentration of participants were found in the Natal/KwaZulu area. Marginally more male than female participants were involved in this sector. Most participants were younger than 40 years of age. Participants worked long hours and frequently have to provide a service for seven days a week. Most undertakings were operated solely by the participant or with the assistance of family members, employees are only employed in exceptional cases. participants experienced great problems in obtaining finance and appropriate accommodation. Little research had been done so far to identify and quantify the involvement of Whites in the informal sector...

D.Com.(Economics)
One of the current most topical aspects of economic activity in South Africa is the growth of the informal sector. In addition, with deregulation becoming a hallmark of government economic policy, local authorities have become increasingly aware of the growth of the informal sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature and extent of informal sector activities in the Johannesburg municipal area by means of a questionnaire method of research. After a study of the numerous definitions concerning the informal sector, it was decided that for the purpose of this thesis, the informal sector be defined as: Those businesses that do not conform to a diversity of legal requirements, while the market and price mechanisms determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In Johannesburg, it was observed that the formal sector's inability to create sufficient employment opportunities for all its citizens led to increasing numbers of people becoming involved in the informal sector. As far as the nature of the informal sector is concerned, the survey carried out during August 1991 revealed that diverse types of economic activities are being carried out. The main activities of the informal sector in Johannesburg were found to be: (i) production (such as "furniture makers" and "knitters"); (ii) accommodation (such as sub-letting of land/property or premises); (iii) building construction (such as building contractors and plasterers); (rv) repair services (such as motor repairs, panel beaters and home appliance repairs); (v) retail distribution (such as food vendors and hawkers of fresh produce); (vi) transport (such as the transport of goods and passengers); and (vii) personal services (such as hairdressers and photographers). The most important activity was found to be retail distribution. Disproportionately more male than female entrepreneurs were involved in this sector. Most entrepreneurs were between the ages of 31 and 40 years. These entrepreneurs work long hours and frequently have to provide their services for seven days a week. Most of the undertakings were operated solely by the informal sector entrepreneur, and employees were only employed in exceptional cases. Informal sector entrepreneurs experienced great problems in obtaining finance and licences. Other problems included access to water and electricity. A unique method was developed in order to determine the extent of informal sector activities in Johannesburg. In applying this method it was found that 15,20 percent of the total number of unemployed households in Johannesburg participated in informal sector activities. Having taken account of the findings of the survey conducted in August 1991, the informal sector has an important role to play in the future, especially as an avenue for the employment of those who cannot be accommodated in the formal sector. The greatest challenge facing the Johannesburg City Council is to introduce development measures such as financial assistance, the provision of infrastructure, establishing a development fund, deregulation and training programmes in order to stimulate the expansion of informal sector activities without detrimentally affecting the formal sector activities. Africa is the growth of the informal sector. In addition, with deregulation becoming a hallmark of government economic policy, local authorities have become increasingly aware of the growth of the informal sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the nature and extent of informal sector activities in the Johannesburg municipal area by means of a questionnaire method of research. After a study of the numerous definitions concerning the informal sector, it was decided that for the purpose of this thesis, the informal sector be defined as: Those businesses that do not conform to a diversity of legal requirements, while the market and price mechanisms determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. In Johannesburg, it was observed that the formal sector's inability to create sufficient employment opportunities for all its citizens led to increasing numbers of people becoming involved in the informal sector. As far as the nature of the informal sector is concerned, the survey carried out during August 1991 revealed that diverse types of economic activities are being carried out. The main activities of the informal sector in Johannesburg were found to be: (i) production (such as "furniture makers" and "knitters"); (ii) accommodation (such as sub-letting of land/property or premises); (iii) building construction (such as building contractors and plasterers); (iv) repair services (such as motor repairs, panel beaters and home appliance repairs); (v) retail distribution (such as food vendors and hawkers of fresh produce); (vi) transport (such as the transport of goods and passengers); and (vii) personal services (such as hairdressers and photographers). The most important activity was found to be retail distribution. Disproportionately more male than female entrepreneurs were involved in this sector. Most entrepreneurs were between the ages of 31 and 40 years. These entrepreneurs work long hours and frequently have to provide their services for seven days a week. Most of the undertakings were operated solely by the informal sector entrepreneur, and employees were only employed in exceptional cases. Informal sector entrepreneurs experienced great problems in obtaining finance and licences. Other problems included access to water and electricity. A unique method was developed in order to determine the extent of informal sector activities in Johannesburg. In applying this method it was found that 15,20 percent of the total number of unemployed households in Johannesburg participated in informal sector activities. Having taken account of the findings of the survey conducted in August 1991, the informal sector has an important role to play in the future, especially as an avenue for the employment of those who cannot be accommodated in the formal sector. The greatest challenge facing the Johannesburg City Council is to introduce development measures such as financial assistance, the provision of infrastructure, establishing a development fund, deregulation and training programmes in order to stimulate the expansion of informal sector activities without detrimentally affecting the formal sector activities.