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Journal articles on the topic 'Infraction internationale'
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1
Lapointe, Benoit, Jeanne Simard, Marc-André Morency, and Salmata Ouedraogo. "Les faits de corruption à l’échelle internationale : le rôle des pouvoirs publics canadiens et des outils de soft law." Revue Organisations & territoires 27, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v27n2.871.
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Toute action efficace visant la corruption internationale requiert l’établissement en infraction pénaledes comportements visés et la mise en oeuvre de mesures répressives destinées à rendre ces pratiquesmoins attractives. C’est le modèle qu’a instauré, en 1998, le Canada, en adoptant la Loi sur la corruption des agentspublics étrangers et en modifiant, en 2004, le Code criminel afin que la responsabilité des organisations soit désormaisétablie en fonction des actes et des intentions de leurs « cadres supérieurs ». De façon parallèle, différentsorganismes multilatéraux (l’OCDE, l’ONU, le G20) ont élaboré au fil des ans des normes anticorruption afinde promouvoir de meilleures pratiques en matière de responsabilité sociale au sein des entreprises multinationales.Mais au-delà de l’adoption d’une régulation étatique, multilatérale ou internationale, le succès de la lutteà la corruption paraît également résider dans l’adoption, au sein même des organismes et des entreprises activesà l’échelle internationale, d’une politique de conformité et d’un système de gestion interne dont l’objet est deprévenir, détecter et lutter contre les faits de corruption. Cela requiert plus largement de modifier la consciencedes acteurs sociaux en favorisant l’instauration d’une culture organisationnelle plus éthique, du haut en bas del’entreprise, mais aussi plus transparente autant du côté des opérateurs économiques que des pouvoirs publics.
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Bertsch, I., and S. Prat. "Les appels obscènes : quelle réalité clinique ?" European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.235.
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Les appels obscènes constituent une infraction sexuelle dont la culture populaire a tendance à se moquer. Ces comportements violents sans contact physique nous offrent un paradoxe important, peu de recherches sont consacrées à ce sujet, alors que la souffrance des auteurs de ces appels est indéniable. Les professionnels confrontés à leurs prises en charge rapportent d’ailleurs le peu de connaissances accessibles pour leur pratique clinique. Au travers de ce poster, nous proposons une revue de la littérature scientifique internationale visant à mettre en lumière différents aspects de ce phénomène. Premièrement, nous ferons le point sur les victimes de ces appels et l’impact de ce comportement violent à court et long terme. Puis, nous mettrons en évidence les différents profils des auteurs, avec les aspects singuliers et communs de chaque profil. En effet, bien que des différences aient été mises en évidence, certains fonctionnements psychiques et traits de personnalité, comme l’estime de soi, semblent être une donnée constante lorsque l’on compare ces profils. Par ailleurs, nous ferons le point sur les données permettant de mieux comprendre le comportement de ces auteurs, notamment leurs modes opératoires et les comportements déviants co-morbides. Cela nous amènera à évoquer la question de la dangerosité. Enfin, nous nous intéresserons aux théories étiopathologiques comme premières approches explicatives.
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Abeyratne, Ruwantissa. "Outcome of the 41st Session of the ICAO Assembly: Some Legal Issues." Air and Space Law 48, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2023004.
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The forty-first session of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was held from 27 September to 7 October 2022. This session was significant when viewed from a legal perspective as it heralded the seventy-fifth anniversary of the ICAO Legal Committee; its service to the legal community; and its importance in initiating work on legal issues, which were formally recognized by the Assembly with the adoption of a Resolution. Additionally, the Assembly addressed three areas of contention outside the legal sphere of the consolidated statement of continuing ICAO policies in the legal field which prompted the Assembly to adopt new resolutions.(A 41-1: Infraction of the Convention on International Civil Aviation by the Republic of Belarus; A 41-2: Infractions of the Convention on International Civil Aviation by the Russian Federation and A41-3: Unannounced missile launches by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK)) These Resolutions brought to bear current legal issues that confront and affect international civil aviation, together with the need to look at the role that ICAO can play in enhancing the capacity of states to comply more effectively with the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention), its Annexes and regulations. The Assembly also focused on encouraging states which have not already done so to ratify amendments to the Chicago Convention and multilateral treaties on international civil aviation. Furthermore, the Assembly provided the international aviation community with the opportunity to take another look at state sovereignty over the air space of its territory; the application of the Chicago Convention in times of war and a state of emergency; ICAO’s jurisdiction over unannounced military activity; and state responsibility. This article will discuss the resolutions adopted by the Assembly in the legal field and the nuances they present. ICAO Assembly, resolutions, Legal Committee, amendment and ratification, infraction of treaties, Vienna Convention, Chicago Convention
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Manirakiza, Pacifique. "Les juridictions traditionnelles et la justice pénale internationale." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 41 (2004): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800008262.
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Sommaire L’ampleur de la criminalité internationale et de l’impunité qui en résulte exige que la communauté internationale développe de nouvelles stratégies afin de venir à about de ce phénomène. Bien que les juridictions pénales internationales soient souvent présentées comme une panacée, force est de constater que les juridictions étatiques interviennent pour leur prêter main forte dans la lutte contre l’impunité. Cet article se propose d’analyser l’opportunité de l’intervention des juridictions étatiques traditionnelles ou communautaires dans l’administration de la justice pénale internationale. Après avoir établi que leur intervention trouve des assises en droit international, l’auteur conclut que les juridictions traditionnelles ne sont pas juridiquement ni logistiquement outillées pour réprimer les crimes internationaux les plus graves. Néanmoins, dans les Etats où des violences massives ont eu lieu impliquant la participation de la population, l’auteur estime que celle-ci ainsi que les institutions populaires existantes peuvent être associées dans le règlement judiciaire de la crise afin de mieux définir de nouvelles bases de cohabitation sociale. L’implication judiciaire des institutions traditionnelles est envisageable à deux niveaux: la répression des infractions mineures, en l’occurrence celles contre les propriétés, qui sont commises à l’occasion de la perpétration des crimes odieux qui offensent la conscience de toute l’humanité d’une part, et, d’autrepart, l’implication des juges-citoyens comme jurés dans le cadre des procès pour crimes internationaux proprement dits. La population quant à elle peut être appelée à jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la recherche de la vérité historique et dans la manifestation de la vérité judiciaire.
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Yusuf, Ismaila, and Damola Ekundayo. "Regulatory non-compliance and performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 425–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-04-2017-0041.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine regulatory sanctions from an emerging economy perspective and analyzing the impact of regulators imposed monetary sanctions on banks’ performance. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted correlational research design to examine the effect of regulatory penalties on the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. This study used panel data from a sample of 15 deposit money banks in Nigeria for the period of 2006-2015. Multiple regression analysis was carried out. Findings Results showed that penalties imposed by regulators in the Nigerian banking industry have no significant impact on the bottom line of the defaulters. Penalties imposed on foreign exchange and international trade related infraction showed that the cost of penalties is below the benefits enjoyed from such infractions. Practical implications The insignificant impact of penalties on performance implies that deposit money banks have considered penalties imposed by regulators as operational expenses and transferred such to customers. Originality/value The study differs from other studies that examined regulatory penalties on performance by focusing on financial performance and using data from an emerging economy perceived to have weak regulatory environment.
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Bambara, Serge Théophile. "La justiciabilité des infractions des forces armées dans les opérations de paix." Revue québécoise de droit international 29, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1045108ar.
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Il existe une certaine opacité dans les possibilités d’exercice des responsabilités des forces de paix. Devant le climat d’apparente indifférence ou d’impunité que les États de la communauté internationale semblent réserver aux infractions commises par les membres des contingents militaires des opérations de paix, il existe des faisceaux d’actions possibles, du moins théoriques, et juridiquement fondées qui puissent engager la responsabilité des coupables d’infractions au droit des conflits, aux droits nationaux et aux droits de l’homme. Cet article se propose alors de saisir les sustentations de la justiciabilité des infractions des membres militaires des opérations de paix. Cette justiciabilité s’articulera, d’une part, au prisme des linéaments de la justice pénale individuelle et par l’organisation des responsabilités des États et des organisations internationales qui restent tout à fait envisageables. D’autre part, elle s’articulera au creuset des rôles et compétences des mécanismes de mise en oeuvre de cette responsabilité. Une responsabilité qui peut être mise en oeuvre, dans une première esquisse, conformément à l’architecture normative relative à ces infractions, et, dans une seconde démarche, sous l’aile institutionnelle qui constitue la citadelle d’exercice et d’effectivité de ces responsabilités. Cependant, la matérialisation et l’effectivité de cette justiciabilité reste suspendue au bon vouloir des États de la communauté internationale. C’est bien là tout le défi.
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Wembou, Djiena. "Le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda: Rôle de la Cour dans la réalité africaine." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 79, no. 828 (December 1997): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100057221.
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Devant les atrocités commises au Rwanda entre avril et juillet 1994, la communauté internationale s'est engagée à faire respecter le droit international humanitaire et à juger les responsables des infractions à ce droit. C'est ainsi que le Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, par sa résolution 955 du 8 novembre 1994, a créé le Tribunal pénal international, chargé déjuger à la fois les personnes présumées responsables d'actes de génocide ou d'autres violations graves du droit international humanitaire commis sur le territoire du Rwanda, et les citoyens rwandais présumés responsables de tels actes ou violations commis sur le territoire d'États voisins.
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Fernández Flores, José Luis. "La répression des infractions individuelles au droit de la guerre." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 73, no. 789 (June 1991): 263–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003533610009211x.
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Dans le contexte général de la répression des infractions, le droit de la guerre, ou droit international humanitaire, possède son propre champ d'application et ses caractéristiques spécifiques. En marge, si l'on peut dire, des systèmes de répression des actes illégaux adoptés par les Etats, le droit international comporte en effet un ensemble de sanctions s'appliquant aux infractions commises à l'échelon international par les Etats, les organisations et même les individus.
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Lafontaine, Fannie. "Le dilemme de la poursuite pénale ou de l’expulsion : réflexions sur une justice universelle alternative pour les victimes de crimes internationaux." Les Cahiers de droit 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1036486ar.
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Entre la responsabilité du Canada de punir les auteurs de crimes internationaux et sa responsabilité de refuser l’asile aux mêmes personnes, le droit international pénal pénètre le droit canadien par deux voies distinctes, celles du droit des réfugiés et du droit criminel. L’art de juger ce droit nouveau et complexe, qui se déploie ainsi sur deux scènes sous les feux du droit international, réside dans le développement croisé, mais cohérent, des principes relatifs aux définitions des crimes, aux modes de participation aux infractions et aux défenses. Le juge LeBel a contribué de façon importante à ce développement harmonieux. Cela étant, au-delà du strict droit applicable, la pénétration des obligations du droit international dans le droit canadien appelle une réflexion d’un autre ordre sur le recours aux outils juridiques disponibles en présence de présumés criminels de guerre sur le territoire. L’auteure se livre ici à une réflexion sur les obligations et les responsabilités des États tiers comme le Canada, c’est-à-dire les États autres que ceux où des crimes internationaux ont été commis ou dont l’auteur présumé est ressortissant, quant à la lutte contre l’impunité des crimes internationaux. Après un exposé desdites obligations, l’auteure présente le dilemme auquel les États font face au regard d’obligations internationales incohérentes et incomplètes et de la complexité des poursuites extraterritoriales et elle offre une réflexion sur ce qui pourrait être appelé une « justice universelle alternative », ou des formes innovantes de justice pour résoudre ce dilemme apparemment insoluble.
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Hajjat, Abdellali, Narguesse Keyhani, and Cécile Rodrigues. "Infraction raciste (non) confirmée." Revue française de science politique 69, no. 3 (2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfsp.693.0407.
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Ikoghou-Mensah, David. "La responsabilité internationale de l’Etat pour infractions graves au droit international humanitaire est-elle une réalité ?" Civitas Europa 22, no. 1 (2009): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/civit.2009.1285.
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Rijo, Jose. "The Portuguese Customs Infractions Regime." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2018): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018035.
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The Issue is aimed at clarifying the specific characteristics of the Portuguese customs infractions regime. It firstly establishes some introductory notes on the main differences between the criminal law and the law of administrative offences as well as on the layout of the ethical-preventive approach on the law of administrative offences. Secondly a detailed analysis of the customs crimes and customs administrative regime is set forth. Finally, the Issue highlights some thoughts on the European harmonization of the several customs administrative offences regimes
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Lafontaine, Fannie. "Poursuivre le génocide, les crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre au Canada: Une analyse des éléments des crimes à la lumière de l’affaire Munyaneza." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 47 (2010): 261–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009887.
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SommaireLa décision Munyaneza constitue la première analyse judiciaire de la Loi sur les crimes contre l’humanité et les crimes de guerre et des définitions qu’elle propose des infractions de droit international maintenant criminalisées dans le système juridique canadien. Il s’agit d’un régime juridique nouveau, original et complexe, qui fait s’entrecroiser le droit international et le droit canadien, et qui constitue un pilier important de l’entreprise globale de lutte contre l’impunité pour les crimes internationaux les plus graves. L’auteure propose une analyse critique du jugement Munyaneza en ce qui concerne les éléments constitutifs du crime de génocide, des crimes contre l’humanité et des crimes de guerre. Elle offre me discussion de certains des aspects les plus difficiles des définitions de ces crimes et vise à contribuer à ce que la jurisprudence future soit cohérente avec l’esprit et la lettre de la loi et avec le droit international. Le régime des peines applicables en vertu de la Loi est aussi brièvement analysé.
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Figueredo, Flavia. "Mistakes in Certificates of Origin. Relationship with the General Principles of Law, the Legal Type and the Subjective Aspects of Customs Infractions." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 3/4 (March 1, 2020): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020030.
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Mistakes in general, and specifically in relation to Certificates of Origin, are to be assessed not only with relation to the customs declaration as a whole (jointly with the documents attached to it), but also to the general principles of law (in particular those of material truth, legality, reasonability and good faith) and to the subjective aspects of the customs infractions. Our purpose here is to introduce for analysis all of these combined aspects which are ultimately related to human activities, and to the intervention of the public administration as a participant in international trade law in its control function. Mistakes in Certificates of Origin, Fraud. MERCOSUR Agreement on Origin, Trade Facilitation Agreement, General Principles of Law, Punitive Law, Material Truth, Legality, Reasonability, Good Faith, Customs Infractions
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B, Maryati. "ASPEK –ASPEK HUKUM PERJANJIAN INTERNASIONAL DAN KAITANNYA DENGAN MOU HELSINKI." Jurnal Humaniora : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Ekonomi dan Hukum 1, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30601/humaniora.v1i1.39.
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The Helsinki 2005 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is a peace agreement that was made by the international law subjects upon the agreement between the states (Indonesia) and the rebel group (Free Aceh Movement - GAM). However, there are some questions underlying this agreement. The first is whether the Helsinki MoU can be classified as an international agreement or not if it is viewed from the subjects who signed the agreement. The second issue is about the status of the parties who signed the MoU; whether it can be eliminated according tothe agreement rules or not. The last issue is due to the law consequences ifthose parties break the agreement during the implementation of the MoU. This studyused a qualitative research method. The primary data was collected through interviews and the secondary data was obtained through the library research. The data was analyzed by using descriptive analytical method that was written in the form of report.From the data analysis it is found that the MoU Helsinki is categorized as an international agreement which use a treaty contract that only applies to the parties who sign the agreement. Considering of this agreement that is signed by only two parties which bound by the agreement rules; so, the parties must not be eliminated. This is done in order to keep the agreement to be still in place and not extinct. Further, it is also found that if the infraction happens during the implementation of the agreement i.e break the local laws (qanun) and its derivatives; then, the inflicted party can prosecute the offender into the trial. They also can request for a detriment or ask for the correct implementation of the agreement as it is agreed upon the agreement. If the infraction does occur, it will put the agreement at risk and harm the MoU. It is suggested that the Indonesian government should implement the MoU as it is already stated in the agreement and also bring about the qanun that has been made by both parties. This is done as the way to keep the peace agreement still in place.
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Manirakiza, Pacifique. "La problématique de la répression des infractions relatives aux mines antipersonnel." Revue générale de droit 32, no. 4 (November 26, 2014): 981–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027578ar.
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L’usage des mines antipersonnel (MAP) est devenu un phénomène très préoccupant pour la communauté internationale de par ses effets désastreux sur la population et les biens civils. C’est ainsi que des efforts visant le déminage, l’assistance aux victimes et la sensibilisation des combattants et de la population contre les méfaits des MAP ont été entrepris pour tenter d’en limiter la production et l’usage mais aussi d’alléger les souffrances des victimes. Malheureusement, leurs effets sont limités par un « reminage » constant et de plus en plus fréquent en raison de la prolifération des conflits armés dans le monde entier. Il est donc impérieux que ces efforts soient renforcés par des mesures plus contraignantes, en l’occurrence des sanctions pénales à l’égard des personnes qui, non seulement font usage des MAP, mais aussi de celles qui interviennent dans leur fabrication ou leur commercialisation. Ces mesures trouvent une assise juridique dans l’article 9 de la Convention sur l’interdiction de l’emploi, du stockage, de la production et du transfert des mines antipersonnel et de leur destruction qui a été adoptée à Ottawa en 1997. Le présent article porte sur l’analyse du régime juridique instauré par cette disposition ainsi que les modalités de sa mise en œuvre sur le plan interne. L’auteur soutient que la convention d’Ottawa exige des États parties de prendre des mesures tendant à criminaliser les actes qu’elle prohibe et à prévoir des sanctions pénales à l’encontre des personnes qui y contreviennent. Ainsi, dans cet article, les mesures pénales sont envisagées comme étant un renfort juridique indispensable sans lequel les opérations de déminage, les campagnes de sensibilisation ainsi que l’assistance aux victimes seraient inefficaces à long terme.
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Sproule, D. W., and Paul St-Denis. "The UN Drug Trafficking Convention: An Ambitious Step." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 27 (1990): 263–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800003830.
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SommaireLa Convention des Nations unies contre le trafic illicite de stupéfiants et de substances psychotropes a été adoptée le 19 décembre 1988. L’adoption de cette Convention marquait l’aboutissement de plus de deux années de négociation. Les conventions internationales sur les drogues qui sont présentement en vigueur, notamment la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961 telle que modifiée par le Protocole de 1972 et la Convention de 1971 sur les substances psychotropes, sont reconnues comme étant insuffisantes pour contrôler un trafic illicite de drogue devenu de plus en plus complexe et sophistiqué. La nouvelle Convention contre le trafic illicite comporte plusieurs éléments essentiels à l’exercice d’un contrôle efficace sur le trafic illicite de la drogue à l’échelon international. La Convention comprend trois parties, la première, soit les articles 1 à 19, traite des questions de fond. La deuxième partie, soit les articles 20 à 25, traite de la mise en œuvre de la Convention. La dernière partie, soit les articles 26 à 34, comporte les dispositions finales de la Convention et traite notamment de l’adhésion, de la ratification, de l’entrée en vigueur et du règlement des différends. Les articles les plus importants de cette Convention traitent de l’établissement des infractions en matière de drogue et des sanctions, des questions de compétence, du gel et de la confiscation des produits, de l’extradition, de l’entraide judiciaire et des livraisons surveillées. La Convention contient les éléments nécessaires pour constituer un instrument efficace dans la lutte contre le trafic international de la drogue. L’avenir seul nous dira combien de pays y accéderont et dans quelle mesure divers pays sont disposés à voir ces dispositions s’appliquer chez eux.
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Augustin, Jean-Pierre, and Yaya K. Drabo. "«Au sport, citoyens !»." Politique africaine 33, no. 1 (1989): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1989.5248.
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A la différence des régimes qui l’ont précédé, le CNR s’attache à élaborer une véritable politique du sport. Conçue comme l’instrument de fabrication de l’homme nouveau, en bonne santé et productif, elle se traduit par un effort exceptionnel visant à «mettre au sport» l’ensemble de la société. Mais les contraintes physiques et symboliques dont elle s’accompagne aboutissent au résultat inverse, marqué par la généralisation des infractions aux obligations édictées par le pouvoir révolutionnaire.
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Carnegie, Allison, and Austin Carson. "The Spotlight's Harsh Glare: Rethinking Publicity and International Order." International Organization 72, no. 3 (2018): 627–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818318000176.
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AbstractHow does publicizing states' illicit activities affect the stability of international order? What does this relationship tell us about how governments react to violations of international rules? In contrast to the conventional wisdom that transparent monitoring strengthens the normative legal order, we argue that these activities often undermine it. We develop two mechanisms through which this occurs: by raising the known rate of noncompliance, and by sharpening the threat that deviance poses to other states. We argue that when enforcers understand the dangers of publicizing transgressions, they do so selectively. Focusing on the nuclear nonproliferation domain, we demonstrate that these concerns shaped American decisions to reveal or obfuscate other states' efforts to obtain nuclear weapons. We formalize this argument and then empirically test the model's predictions using in-depth case study analyses. We find that the US failed to disclose infractions when this publicity would have undermined the rules through the two mechanisms we identify. However, while concealing violations can prevent proliferation in response to specific nuclear programs, it can also create potential dangers to a regime's overall health and stability. In addition to reassessing a widely shared assumption about the value of transparent monitoring, this article's broad theoretical framework can shed light on enforcement and compliance dynamics in a variety of international settings.
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Bentouhami, Hourya. "Civil Disobedience from Thoreau to Transnational Mobilizations." Essays in Philosophy 8, no. 2 (2007): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eip2007822.
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Until very recently, civil disobedience, being a deliberate infraction of the law which is politically or morally motivated, was logically interpreted by theorists as a practice rooted in the state, since the source of positive law was primarily the State. But in the context of today’s globalization, the diversification of sources of power, the emergence of international laws or rules, or simply the obsoleteness of viewing the government as a juridical model, lead one to question the relevance of resorting to civil disobedience. Indeed, its strategic minimalism, which consists of non-cooperation, passive resistance or non-violence, in addition to its relative acceptance of the State and the legal framework of its discourse, seem to make civil disobedience unable to face the “global challenge” that any emancipatory movement has to confront if it wants to be efficient. This paper thus proposes a new conception of civil disobedience inspired by Nancy Fraser’s theory of “abnormal justice”, so as to take into account the transversal nature of social contestation.
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Pruitt, Renée C. "Constitutional and Institutional Developments: Guilt by Majority in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Does This Meet the Standard of Proof ‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’?" Leiden Journal of International Law 10, no. 3 (September 1997): 557–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156597000423.
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Established in 1993, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991 (International Tribunal) has steadily become more active in its quest to fulfil its mandate, moving from the establishment stage to the working stage most notably over the past two years. The trial of Dusko Tadić, the first full scale trial before the International Tribunal, was held from 7 May 1996 through 28 November 1996 and the final judgment was rendered on 7 May 1997. Pursuant to a guilty plea, the accused Drazen Erdemović was sentenced on 29 November 1996. In addition, two trials, one of which is based on the Celebići indictment against four accused, Esad Landžo, Zenjil Delalić, Zdravko Mucić, and Hazim Delić, and began on 10 March 1997, and one against Tihomir Blaskić, are currently underway. The motions submitted and arguments that have been and will be made during these proceedings have, and will continue to, force the trial and appellate chambers of the International Tribunal to apply and interpret for the first time many of the International Tribunal's Rules of Procedure and Evidence (Rules). One of the issues that is no doubt relevant for the judges of the trial chambers as they deliberate the final judgments in these cases is the modicum of proof necessary to find the accused guilty of the infractions of international humanitarian law charged in the relevant indictment.
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Leonardo dos Santos Bandeira, Ernani Ott, and Suliani Rover. "Influence of polluting potential and history of environmental violations in Corporate Environmental Evidence." Revista Catarinense da Ciência Contábil 21 (October 7, 2022): e3262. http://dx.doi.org/10.16930/2237-7662202232622.
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The aim of this article is to explain the influence of sectors of high polluting potential and with a history of environmental infractions in corporate environmental evidence. To this end, the Financial Statements and Sustainability Reports for the period 2017 to 2019 of the publicly held companies listed in the Brazil Broad-Based Index (IBrA) were examined. From the content analysis of 225 Sustainability Reports published by 78 companies and based on the conceptual structure of Rover et al. (2012), it was possible to identify that most of the environmental information disclosed in the reports refers to information on environmental policy, impacts of products and processes on the environment and environmental financial information. On average, 68.2% of the companies released a Sustainability Report in the period, of which 92% adopted some international methodology in its preparation. The mean level of environmental evidence was 29.03% in 2017; 30.26% in 2018 and 30.41% in 2019 and the basic materials and oil, gas and biofuel sectors showed higher mean levels of environmental evidence. The regression model with panel data with random effects showed that the variables size, sector and history of infractions positively influenced environmental evidence at a significance level of 1% and that the variables indebtedness, profitability, audit and board size did not have significant influence. The two research hypotheses were not refuted, indicating that companies in sectors with high polluting potential (H1) and with a history of environmental violations (H2) have higher levels of environmental disclosure. These findings are consistent with the Legitimacy Theory and the Voluntary Disclosure Theory.
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Dutli, María Teresa, and Cristina Pellandini. "Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge et la mise en œuvre du système de répression des infractions aux règles du droit international humanitaire." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 76, no. 807 (June 1994): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100009710.
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Les instruments fondamentaux du droit international humanitaire (DIH) sont bien connus. II s'agit essentiellement des quatre Conventions de Genève de 1949 et de leurs Protocoles additionnels de 1977, ainsi que d'un vaste édifice de droit coutumier. Ces instruments concernent des questions d'une importance vitale en période de conflit armé, notamment pour la protection des blessés, malades et naufragés, des prisonniers de guerre, des internés civils, ainsi que celle de l'ensemble de la population civile.
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Bown, Michael. "Bribery: Am I a Criminal? Implications of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act in the Outsourced FM Environment." Journal of Facility Management Education and Research 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22361/jfmer/70509.
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ABSTRACT This paper discusses the de facto international anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) standard and how facility managers can unwittingly fall afoul of it. Its conclusions will help FM practitioners in the outsourced multinational environment set up robust ethics trainings and control mechanisms for their teams in emerging markets. While bribery is found in all countries, it is especially problematic in emerging markets, which are increasingly included in FM outsourcing contracts. Three real-world situations are analyzed where misunderstandings of policy intent or implementation, lack of diligence in following standards, or other overriding considerations led to ABAC infractions. The analysis shows that the international FM outsourcing environment is susceptible to ethical difficulties caused by cutting corners during the account transition process. This is due to financial pressures during transition and a tendency to assume that the client knows best. This conclusion is not likely to be intuitive to practicing FM account managers. The paper will not touch on country standards of ethics or ABAC laws in the developing world. Such laws and standards are not always sufficiently enforced, which contributes to the persistence of bribery and corruption. This weakness in local enforcement is one factor that has led to the development of the international standard, which is framed by US and UK law.
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Otto, Jacob, and William Spaniel. "Doubling Down: The Danger of Disclosing Secret Action." International Studies Quarterly 65, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa081.
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Abstract When an actor catches a state taking an objectionable secret action, it faces a dilemma. Exposing the action could force unresolved states to terminate the behavior to save face. However, it could also provoke resolved states to double down on the activity now that others are aware of the infraction. We develop a model that captures this fundamental trade-off. Three main results emerge. First, the state and its opponent may engage in a form of collusion—opponents do not expose resolved states despite their distaste for the behavior. Second, when faced with uncertainty, the opponent may mistakenly expose a resolved type and induce escalation, leading the opponent to have ex post regret. Finally, as the strength of secret action increases, states may engage in it less often. This counterintuitive result is a consequence of the opponent's greater willingness to expose, which deters less resolved types.
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Chistyakova, Yulia V., Irina E. Mishina, Yuri V. Dovgalyuk, Irina V. Mitryaeva, Anna A. Zolotareva, and Sophia a. Soldatova. "Physical Training effectiveness and Tolerance in Patients after Myocardial Infraction, Depending on the Initial Physical activity Tolerance." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-3-104-112.
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Aim. To investigate exercise tolerance in patients undergoing acute coronary syndrome with outcome in myocardial infarction, dependingon physical activity tolerance. Material and methods. We studied 80 patients aged from 40 to 75 years old who were admitted from primary vascular centers for athree-week rehabilitation course to the department of medical rehabilitation for patients with somatic diseases of the clinic of the IvanovoState Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, of which 61 were men (76,3%) and 19 women (23,7%). In accordancewith the aim of the study, a 6-minute walk test was performed in all patients before and after the completion of the rehabilitationcourse. Based on the test results, physical exercise tolerance was assessed and the functional class (FC) of coronary heart disease (CHD) was determined. The patients with I class coronary heart disease (CHD) in the number of 20 patients (25%) made up the 1st group, 21patients (26,3%) with II class – the 2nd group, 21 patients (26,3%) with III class – the 3rd group, and 18 patients (22,5%) with IV class– the 4th group. Results. Every third patient who was admitted to a 3-week cardiac rehabilitation course had short-term adverse reactionson loading during physical training on simulators. Most cases of inadequate reactions were noted in patients with III and IV IHDclass III (according to the 6-minute walk test) having, according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health(ICF), moderate and pronounced reduction of exercise tolerance function. Patients often had tachycardic and hypertensive reactionsin the porcess of prysical training on stimulators and some patients (more often those with the pronounced decrease in exercise tolerancefunction) had hypotensive reaction which is the most unfavorable type of response to the load. In the vast majority of patientswith I and II CHF with no impairment or mild decrease in exercise tolerance according to ICF, an adequate response of hemodynamicparameters to exercise was determined. Adverse reactions were observed only in every fifth-seventh patient and were manifested onlyin the form of tachycardic and hypertensive reactions to exercise. The study analyzed the effectiveness of rehabilitation measures inthe groups of patients with different levels of tolerance to physical activity. It was found out that all the patients with myocardial infarction,regardless of the initial level, had increased exercise tolerance after cardiac rehabilitation. Conclusion. The 6-minute walk test is insufficiently informative for patients with markedly reduced tolerance to physical activity. The«gold standard» of qualitative and quantitative assessment of reactions and interaction between cardiovascular and respiratory systems,as well as metabolic response of the body during physical activity for these patients is the spiroergometric study.
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Doucet, Mia. "Building Trust." Mechanical Engineering 130, no. 01 (January 1, 2008): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-jan-2.
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This article focuses on the essentials of doing business with China that can be developed only over the long haul. China is a big country and, apparently, it is especially difficult to police intellectual property infractions at the local level. Rather than waiting for Beijing's policy to trickle down to local government, a company can take its own precautions to protect proprietary technology. This starts with looking deep within the fiber of Chinese society to understand why IP problems occur. People with international degrees are more aware of acceptable Western business practices. It is an advantage to hire right out of school, so that you can instill your own company’s values rather than inherit the work practices of others. Pay employees well, so they have a strong economic incentive to remain loyal. Women are often overlooked for all the reasons they were once devalued in Western culture. Yet the consensus among Westerners who teach in China is that the women are focused and work hard.
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Sidorova, Lyudmila Viktorovna, Idris Muhamatyunusovich Gilmanov, Muhamat Muhamatyunusovich Gilmanov, and Rustem Robertovich Magizov. "Analysis of separate aspects of legal proceedings related to the introduction of the code of the Kyrgyz Republic on infractions." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-C (December 30, 2020): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-c650p.265-270.
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Since 1987, after the adoption by the Committee of Ministers of the European Council member states of the Recommendation n. 6 R (87) 18 "Concerning the simplification of criminal justice", the legislators of most states began to introduce into their national legislation various simplified forms that allow achieving procedural savings and reduce time in the proceedings. Indeed, this path proposed by the international legislator allows the shortest way to solve the problem of reducing social tension in society. To solve this problem, it is also necessary to develop at a high level the procedural aspects of private prosecution in cases of misdemeanour. Especially heated discussions occur in the latter case around the question about the limits of the list of articles in this category.
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Kaplunov, Andrey, and Vladimir Ukhov. "International scientific and practical conference «Actual problems of administrative and administrative-procedural law» (Sorokin readings) (24 March 2023, St. Petersburg)." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, no. 3 (September 28, 2023): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2023-3-267-279.
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Abstract: On 24 March 2023, the plenary session of the international scientific-practical conference («Sorokin Readings») was held at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia By the day of the event the materials of the conference have been published in electronic form, including 195 articles reflecting the content of scientific reports, in preparation of which 216 authors from 59 scientific and educational organisations took part, including 11 authors from 6 foreign countries (Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Armenia), 24 Doctors Sci. (Jurid.), 100 Candidates Sci. (Jurid.), including 22 professors, 66 associate professors, 7 employees of practical bodies of internal affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
At the plenary session of the conference there was an exchange of ideas on problematic issues of modernisation of public administration, administrative and administrative-procedural law, theoretical and applied problems of improvement of legislation on administrative infractions and administrativejurisdictional activity, problems of ensuring security and public order, improvement of police and other law enforcement activities. At the end of the conference, the results were summed up.
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Ajibo, Collins C. "African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement: The Euphoria, Pitfalls and Prospects." Journal of World Trade 53, Issue 5 (October 1, 2019): 871–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2019035.
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The ratification of African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) climaxes African Union effort to foster intra-African Trade. AfCFTA is expected to foster socio-economic development and industrial competitiveness in Africa. AfCFTA will engender massive liberalization of intra-African trade in goods and services, making it easier for business to trade across borders and reduce the costs of trade. But there are fears that a successful implementation of the agreement in a continent that lacks capacity, industrial competitiveness and infrastructure will be fraught with challenges. The article examines the dynamics, and contends that the success of AfCFTA will be significantly dependent on a number of factors, namely the level of commitment exhibited by the Member States, availability of technical capacity and infrastructure, transparency and accountability of processes, and the manner infractions and complaints are addressed or redressed.
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Taufik, Luthfi Al Qarani Muhammad, Marni Emmy Mustafa, and Farhana Farhana. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Barang atau Merek KW Di Indonesia." JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH 4, no. 4 (September 3, 2022): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jlr.v4i4.27931.
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The period of global trade, in accordance with Indonesia's ratification of international accords. As the role of the brand becomes increasingly significant, particularly in ensuring healthy business rivalry, adequate brand regulation is required to deliver community services. Trademark is a subset of Intellectual Property Rights, in which the brand provides a specific amount of value to the circulation of goods. In tandem with a rise in market demand, the development of the circulation of items with in-demand brands will increase, as will the requirements and lifestyles of the community. Frequently, business actors infringe the mark in order to meet the price and quality requirements of the community with counterfeit or KW goods. So that the establishment of unhealthy companies conducted by unlicensed business actors of counterfeit goods. The existence of infractions in the society necessitates legal protection for brand owners. The author employs a qualitative research approach and normative research in this study. Legal protection against counterfeit goods or KW and consumer protection has been regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations, according to the study's findings.
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Bob-Milliar, George M., and Jeffrey W. Paller. "Democratic Ruptures and Electoral Outcomes in Africa: Ghana's 2016 Election." Africa Spectrum 53, no. 1 (April 2018): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971805300102.
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Repetitive elections are important benchmarks for assessing the maturity of Africa's electoral democracies. Yet the processes through which elections entrench a democratic culture remain understudied. We introduce an important mechanism called a democratic rupture: an infraction in the democratisation process during competitive elections that has the potential to cause a constitutional crisis. It provides a new avenue of citizen participation outside of voting, and political space for opposition party realignment and to strengthen its support. Drawing from the case of Ghana, we show how the 2012 presidential election petition challenge served as a democratic rupture by contributing to the opposition's victory in 2016, enabling its political development. First, it exposed flaws in the electoral system and led to demands for electoral reforms. Second, it led to citizens being better educated on the electoral process. Third, it taught political parties that vigilance at the polling stations can help win elections. The article provides a critical analysis of the factors that shape democratic development, especially in cases where opposition parties defeat incumbent politicians.
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O'Donnell, Daniel. "Tendances dans l'application du droit international humanitaire par les mécanismes des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies." Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge 80, no. 831 (September 1998): 517–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035336100056069.
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Les mécanismes des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies continuent de proliférer. De nombreuses décisions sont prises et des rapports volumineux sont publiés. Le présent article examine la manière dont ces mécanismes appliquent le droit international humanitaire, y compris le droit de Genève et le droit de La Haye. Pour ce faire, il se concentre essentiellement sur la pratique des rapporteurs nommés par la Commission des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies pour enquêter sur la situation des droits de l'homme dans certains pays et sur celle des rapporteurs et des groupes de travail spécialisés, auxquels la Commission a confié pour mandat de suivre des types spécifiques de violations graves des droits de l'homme, où qu'elles se produisent. Il s'agit, en particulier, du rapporteur spécial sur les exécutions extrajudiciaires, sommaires ou arbitraires et du représentant du secrétaire général sur les personnes déplacées dans leur propre pays qui, en vertu de leur mandat, sont le plus souvent amenés à examiner des infractions commises dans le cadre de conflits armés. Référence est faite également à deux mécanismes novateurs qui ont fonctionné en El Salvador : la première « commission de la vérité » parrainée par les Nations Unies, et le premier organe de suivi des droits de l'homme établi dans le cadre d'un mécanisme global de surveillance de l'application d'un accord de paix passé sous l'égide des Nations Unies. Certaines des constations faites par les organes de suivi des traités sont également mentionnées.
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Cole, Nina D. "The effects of differences in explanations, employee attributions, type of infraction, and discipline severity on perceived fairness of employee discipline." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration 25, no. 2 (June 2008): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjas.57.
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Hall, Rosalie Arcala. "Politics in the Frontline: Local Civil-Military Interactions in Communist Counterinsurgency Operations in the Philippines." Philippine Political Science Journal 27, no. 1 (December 21, 2006): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2165025x-02701001.
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This article examines the interaction of local army units and town/village leaders in several communist frontline communities in Southern Iloilo, in the light of changes in the national government’s policy response after 1986. Civil-military engagement in the frontline is asymmetrical and premised on different understandings of the nature and assessment of the communist threat. For soldiers, the communists are embedded in the community, and pose a serious threat. Local leaders downplay the rebel threat and view the communists as outsiders, but express a nuanced view of the different roles locals play in the communist movement and factional affiliation of rebels in their area. Except for paramilitary formation, the military devises all counterinsurgency programs while civilian leaders and the police are confined to implementation. The Municipal Peace and Order Councils do not serve as institutional means for local civilian leaders to oversee military operations, but rather as venues for local commands to obtain logistical support. Civil-military interface on human rights concerns has become less confrontational and oriented towards soldiers carrying firearms in public, abuse of local generosity particularly in quartering and food provision, and complaints procedure for minor infractions.
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Boccolini, Cristiano, Patricia Boccolini, and Raquel Mezzavilla. "National System to Monitor the International Code of Breast Milk Substitutes in Brazil: SisNBCAL." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa051_002.
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Abstract Objectives We aim to describe the research protocols developed for the System to Monitor the International Code for Breast Milk Substitutes NBCAL in Brazil (known as “The Brazilian Code”). Methods We have developed an internet-based program for ongoing monitoring of the Brazilian Code. Eleven institutions from all the 5 Brazilian regions were involved to develop and validate a standardized questionnaire to monitor retail stores and health facilities. This questionnaire was adapted to the system and can be filled in a computer or mobile device. Three users were designed: citizens, governmental agencies, research institutions, with different accesses and data entry. Results Besides the creation of a questionnaire, we have developed standardized indicators to enable in-country comparations regarding the type of Brazilian Code violations, namely: 1. frequency of marketing by product groups and by type of commercial establishment; 2. prevalence of infringement by product group and by type of commercial establishment; 3. prevalence of each commercial promotion strategy by type of establishment; 4. prevalence of infractions of infant formulas and childcare-related products by company. Violation of the Brazilian Code was categorized in the price discounts or offers, special exposure on gondola tips or in highlighted displays and the distribution of promotional gifts or free samples of these items are prohibited. We have found violations of the Brazilian Code in 60,1% of the 1487 retail stores evaluated and 24,2% of the 14 hospitals accessed. Conclusions Understand and evaluate the main marketing strategies and violations of the Brazilian Code” trough the Sis-NBCAL is essential to progress in strengthening compliance with the “Code” and subsequent protection of the breastfeeding, guaranteeing a marketing-free environment to enable mothers and their families to make the best food choices for their children. Funding Sources Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Ministry of Health: “Idéias Inovadoras” grant.
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Bonham, Oliver, David Abbott, and Andrew Waltho. "An International Review of Disciplinary Measures in Geoscience—Both Procedures and Actions." Geoscience Canada 44, no. 4 (December 19, 2017): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2017.44.126.
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As professional communities around the world, geoscientists have in place disciplinary measures and, over time, instances have occurred which have required disciplinary actions to be taken against individuals. Geoscientists have specialized knowledge and provide expertise on which others rely for important decision- making. Geoscientists are best positioned to judge the scientific/technical and ethical merits of the work of other geoscientists. They are considered professionals and for that reason, society has placed the onus on the profession to govern itself. Consequently, it is important that appropriate disciplinary procedures are in place, that they are ever improving, and that the profession can and does act decisively when necessary. This two-part review paper examines systems and measures to uphold the ethical conduct of geoscientists (Part 1), and studies actions taken against geoscientists in the last three decades (Part 2). It uses available information collected from the member organizations of the International Union of Geological Sciences’ Task Group on Global Geoscience Professionalism as well as public sources. Models used for the governance and self-regulation of geoscience practice vary globally across the same spectrum that is typical in other professions, with the choice of model varying to suit local legal contexts and societal needs and norms. Broadly, similar processes for complaints, investigation, and disciplinary decision-making (and appeals of decisions) are used. The types of charges that can be made for offences or allegations are similar. The ranges of applicable penalties vary depending on the extent of statutory power in place, but beyond this constraint, there are many parallels. Ninety-two documented cases are identified where action has been taken against geoscientists globally since 1989. Of these, 40 relate to either non-payment of dues or fees (usually discontinuation of a membership or license) or to non-compliance with Continuing Professional Development requirements. The remaining 52 are actions for more serious offenses, resulting in penalties that are more substantial. These offences cluster into six categories: 1) falsifying data; 2) fraudulent billing and/or falsifying time sheets; 3) inappropriate behaviour towards others; 4) problematic geoscience work and/or technical deficiencies; 5) misrepresentation of findings, or the giving of unsupported opinions; and 6) mixed other offences. The most frequently used penalty in these cases is the reprimand. Next most frequent is revocation. Revocations include resignations with prejudice, where the geoscientist chose to resign their membership rather than allow the matter to proceed to discipline. Suspensions, requirements for remedial education and/or fines are also frequent penalties. Combinations of different penalties are common. It is evident that rigorous procedures are in place in a number of countries and that they are being used to address the unprofessional behaviour of geoscientists. Transparency and the sharing of information about disciplinary actions between geoscience professional organizations (of all types) is important and should be encouraged. A global repository of geoscience disciplinary actions should be established and kept as up to date as possible.RÉSUMÉÀ l’instar des autres organismes professionnels à travers le monde, les géoscientifiques possèdent leur protocole de mesures disciplinaires. Il est arrivé à quelques reprises que ces mesures aient été mises en application et que des sanctions disciplinaires aient été intentées contre certains individus. Un géoscientifique possède une connaissance spécialisée et livre une expertise qui, en retour, peut servir de référence dans la prise d’importantes décisions. Il n’existe aucun autre professionnel qu’un géoscientifique pour évaluer les mérites d’ordres moral, scientifique et technique d’un de ses pairs. Et c’est en se basant sur le professionnalisme de la géoscience que la société a imputé la responsabilité d’auto-gouvernance à la profession. Par conséquent, il est important que des mesures disciplinaires soient, non seulement mises en place, mais qu’elles soient également régulièrement revisitées. Et il est tout aussi important que la profession puisse agir et prendre ses responsabilités lorsqu’il est jugé nécessaire. Cette étude qui comporte deux volets traite, en premier lieu, des systèmes et des mesures mis en place pour entériner le code de conduite des géoscientifiques et en deuxième lieu, elle examine les actions intentées à l’encontre des géoscientifiques durant les 30 dernières années. Notre ouvrage est basé sur des données et des renseignements recueillis d’associations membres du Groupe de travail de l’Union Internationale des sciences géologiques sur le Professionnalisme géoscientifique mondial ainsi que de sources publiques. Comme on peut s’y attendre, les modèles qui sont utilisés pour la gouvernance et l’autoréglementation de l’exercice de la géoscience à travers le monde diffèrent de pays en pays, dépendant des contextes légaux des différentes régions, de leurs besoins particuliers et des coutumes sociales. En gros, les mêmes processus sont utilisés pour les plaintes, les enquêtes et les prises de décisions de sanctions (et les appels des jugements rendus). Les différents types de sanctions qui sont rendues pour les infractions ou allégations sont les mêmes. La nature des mesures punitives applicables demeure tributaire des pouvoirs statutaires en vigueur, mais à part cette contrainte, on a pu dresser entre elles plusieurs parallèles. Nous avons identifié quatre-vingt-douze cas, documentés, où des actions ont été intentées contre des géoscientifiques à l’échelle mondiale depuis 1989. De ces 92 cas, 40 concernent, soit le défaut de paiement de cotisations ou frais d’adhésion (en général, il s’agit d’une suspension d’adhésion ou de droit d’exercice), soit le manque de conformité aux exigences des programmes de Développement professionnel continu. Les 52 cas qui restent ont trait à des offenses plus sérieuses qui ont donné suite à des sanctions plus graves. Les infractions ont été divisées en six catégories: 1) falsification de données; 2) facturation frauduleuse et/ou falsification des relevés de temps; 3) comportement inapproprié vis-à-vis d’autres personnes; 4) situations de travail géoscientifique problématiques et/ou irrégularités d’ordre technique; 5) fausse déclaration de résultats ou énoncé d’opinions sans preuves; et 6) autres diverses infractions. La mesure punitive la plus répandue pour ce genre d’offenses est la réprimande. Puis, la deuxième plus répandue est la révocation. La révocation peut inclure une démission volontaire sans appel, c’est-à-dire que le géoscientifique choisit de renoncer à son adhésion à la profession plutôt que de voir son cas jugé. D’autres sanctions qui reviennent souvent comportent des suspensions, des amendes et des ordres d’éducation complémentaire. On retrouve également fréquemment des combinaisons de sanctions différentes. Il est évidentqu’il existe des procédures rigoureuses dans de nombreux pays et que ces procédures sont donc mises en œuvre pour gérer les inconduites professionnelles des géoscientifiques. La transparence et le partage de l’information concernant les mesures disciplinaires entre tous les différents organismes professionnels géoscientifiques sont extrêmement importants et doivent être encouragés. Un répertoire mondial des mesures disciplinaires en géoscience doit être mis sur pied et doit être constamment mis à jour aussi souvent que possible.
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Barlow, Catherine. "Prize essay: Ethical infractions: ethical issues in the cinematic screenplay of the feature films The Insider and Roger & Me." Business Ethics: A European Review 14, no. 1 (January 2005): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2005.00389.x.
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Muhsin, Ibrahim Fadhil. "The Cost of Technology Transfer in Construction Companies (In Iraq)." Journal of Engineering 29, no. 12 (December 2, 2023): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2023.12.12.
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The construction sector is considered an important and influential pivot in the national economy of any country. Nations are working to develop this sector, receiving modern and developed techniques. So, this sector can be a carrier or a receiver of modern technologies. The cost of technology transfer between the international companies that sponsor this sector is a matter of great importance, especially since different factors affect the need for this advanced technology. The cost of technology transfer in construction is related to multiple factors presented by Knowledge, equipment, plant, hardware and software. The lack of distinguishing and evaluating the direct and indirect costs in the construction sector during technology transfer may lead to infractions in the company's budget. This manuscript aims to investigate the direct and indirect costs of transferring technology and the major factors constrained by this process. This work adopted a theoretical study and investigated the opinions of experts and engineers (by questionnaire) working in different construction sites. This Manuscript showed that the largest weight of the cost for both modern equipment and counsulant/designers is a direct cost and indirect cost, respectively, for transferring technology in the construction sector.
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Giacalone, Robert A., Scott Fricker, and Jon W. Beard. "The impact of ethical ideology on modifiers of ethical decisions and suggested punishment for ethical infractions." Journal of Business Ethics 14, no. 7 (July 1995): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00871980.
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DE ANDRADE OLIVEIRA, MAIK. "TRÁFICO INTERNACIONAL DE PESSOAS PARA EXPLORAÇÃO SEXUAL." Revista Científica Semana Acadêmica 11, no. 232 (April 14, 2023): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35265/2236-6717-232-12555.
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In the present course, the international trafficking of people for sexual exploitation was studied. This crime has been practiced since the dawn of human history, victimizing thousands of women worldwide. Over the years, crimes and criminals have changed, but what remains over the centuries is the victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. In this paper we point out the historical evolution of crime in the world and in Brazil. This crime has its historical roots, but it is today where it has become prominent, being the third most practiced crime in the world behind only drug and weapons trafficking, moving a billionaire scheme with specialized and extremely organized gangs. We analyze and point out the infractions to the criminal norms about the conduct of this crime in Brazil, where we look for the main laws and positive norms that deal with the crime under study. We verified the fundamental rights violated and the Brazilian State's action in the confrontation of these sexual exploitation networks, we also made an analysis of the Brazilian penal norms in face of the Additional Protocol to the Palermo Convention. It is in this context that throughout the work we seek to expose the legal thinking of various authors, and the main aspects of international trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation in order to give visibility to a cruel and silent crime that completely annihilates the human condition of being, restricting their freedom and making this crime a modern form of slavery.
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Johnson, David Alan. "An Assessment of USMLE Examinees Found to Have Engaged in Irregular Behavior, 1992–2006." Journal of Medical Regulation 95, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-95.4.26.
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ABSTRACT Purpose: The United States Medical Licensing Examination® (USMLE®) program takes active measures to ensure the integrity of the licensing examination process. This study looks at the examinees found by the USMLE program to have engaged in irregular behavior and their subsequent success in completing the examination sequence and obtaining a full, unrestricted medical license. Methods: Working with the Office of the USMLE Secretariat, all individuals determined by the program to have engaged in irregular behavior related to the examination were identified for the period 1992–2006. These individuals were then searched against databases at the Federation of State Medical Boards for board action history and licensure status. Results: A total of 433 individuals were deemed to have engaged in irregular behavior by the USMLE Committee on Irregular Behavior. Subgroups disproportionately represented included males (66.7%) and international medical graduates (78.8%). Document falsification was the most common infraction under computer-based test administration. Less than half of the irregular behavior cohort (45.7%) successfully completed the USMLE sequence. Only 37.2% completed the USMLE sequence and obtained a full, unrestricted medical license in a U.S. jurisdiction. Graduates of U.S. and Canadian medical schools were the subgroup most likely to complete the USMLE sequence and obtain their medical license. Conclusions: A finding of irregular behavior by the USMLE carries significant potential consequences. State medical boards have denied licenses to individuals with irregular behavior and been unwilling to support the prospective licensure of individuals barred from the program indefinitely.
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Formiga, Mariana Bandeira, Selene Cordeiro Vasconcelos, Melyssa Kellyane Cavalcanti Galdino, and Murilo Duarte da Costa Lima. "Presence of dual diagnosis between users and non-users of licit and illicit drugs in Brazil." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 64, no. 4 (December 2015): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000091.
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ABSTRACT Objective Investigate the occurrence of dual diagnosis in users of legal and illegal drugs. Methods It is an analytical, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, non-probabilistic intentional sampling, carried out in two centers for drug addiction treatment, by means of individual interviews. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were used. Results One hundred and ten volunteers divided into abstinent users (group 1), alcoholics (group 2) and users of alcohol and illicit drugs (group 3). The substances were alcohol, tobacco, crack and marijuana. A higher presence of dual diagnosis in group 3 (71.8%) was observed, which decreased in group 2 (60%) and 37.1% of drug abstinent users had psychiatric disorder. Dual diagnosis was associated with the risk of suicide, suicide attempts and the practice of infractions. The crack consumption was associated with the occurrence of major depressive episode and antisocial personality disorder. Conclusion It was concluded that the illicit drug users had a higher presence of dual diagnosis showing the severity of this clinical condition. It is considered essential that this clinical reality is included in intervention strategies in order to decrease the negative effects of consumption of these substances and provide better quality of life for these people.
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Ullauri Betancourt, Santiago Andrés, Andrea Guadalupe Moreno Ramón, Oscar Tadeo Hidalgo Montero, and Diana Emilia Heredia Pincay. "La reincidencia culposa: un análisis jurídico y doctrinario." Cuestiones Políticas 40, no. 74 (October 25, 2022): 953–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4074.53.
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The figure of culpable recidivism typified in Article 57 of the Ecuadorian Organic Integral Penal Code is analyzed with respect to the existence of possible violations to basic principles of law, such as proportionality and culpability, in addition to its application as an aggravating factor in cases of dangerousness of the offender and potential to commit infractions again, highlighting the non-compliance with the purposes of criminal law. The possible divergence between Ecuadorian legislation, international treaties and jurisprudential positions are issues to be highlighted in the work. This is a qualitative and documentary type of research, focused on building a correct differentiation between generic and specific recidivism, to avoid future transgressions to the rights of those convicted for guilty recidivism. It is concluded that the application of Article 57 of the COIP punishes the conduct of the person, which violates the inherent rights of Ecuadorians and foreigners residing in the country, because it takes into account the dangerousness of the individual as an identifier of the recidivist, this results in a previous tendency to the judge at the time of sentencing, failing to comply with the purpose of maintaining a legal order that avoids putting the recidivist in a vulnerable situation.
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Kushnir, О. V., T. І. Grachova, N. M. Fundiur, O. M. Zhukovskiy, О. М. Iftoda, V. O. Selezniova, and T. L. Kolodnitska. "Hygienic assessment of the dietary intakes balance at the preschool institutions of Chernivtsi." One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine 50, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2019-50-1-59-66.
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One of the most important reasons of the health status deterioration among the child population is the infraction of the diet structure and the decrease of its Quality. The purpose of the research is to study and analyze the Quantitative and Qualitative composition of the daily dietary intakes of preschool children attending children's educational establishments, followed by a hygienic assessment of their balance with the main nutrients. The dietary intake balance has been assessed by comparing the received data with state normative documents and international recommendations. Analysis of the daily children’s diets at 9 preschool institutions of Chernivtsi showed that their food was various, the order and intervals between meals were kept, as well as the seQuence of taking dishes and distribution of energy value. An insufficient content of products was in the diets, which are sources of animal protein (meat and meat products, fish products, eggs, milk and dairy products, cheeses), fats of vegetable origin (vegetable oils, seeds, nuts), fiber (rye bread, vegetables and fruits). The ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates at any preschool institutions did not correspond to the recommended 1:1:4 due to reducing the fat Quota and exceeding the Quota of carbohydrates in daily rations. The inadeQuate content of animal proteins, vegetable fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-З family and fiber on the background of excess simple carbohydrates have been established. The obtained results and conclusions formed the basis for the development of recommendations for correction of actual nutrition of children of preschool age attending children's educational institutions in Chernivtsi.
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Favarel-Garrigues, Gilles. "La politique soviétique de lutte contre les infractions économiques à travers les archives du Comité du Parti de la région de Sverdlovsk (1965-1982)." Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 28, no. 2 (1997): 155–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/receo.1997.2855.
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Yalley, Mena Aba Baffoe. "The Implementation of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Standards and the Petroleum Industry in Ghana." African Journal of International and Comparative Law 31, no. 2 (May 2023): 228–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2023.0445.
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The article argues that the current state of the law and regulatory environment have far-reaching impacts on the promotion of transparency and accountability in the socially beneficial management of petroleum revenue. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Standards are targeted at entrenching transparency and accountability and the gains that they portend. Ghana had long subscribed to the implementation of the EITI standards. The country has gained the status of an EITI-compliant country. It has established the Ghana Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (GHEITI) in compliance with the EITI requirements. The article argues it is pertinent to examine how well it has implemented the standards in the petroleum industry. According to the article, benchmarking and comparing these principles in the areas of transparency, accountability and prudent management of petroleum revenue, which have been developed over time through best practices, could offer a viable option in Ghana's bid to avoid the resource curse. The article recommends the establishment of the GHEITI as a corporate body with powers to promote transparency in petroleum revenue. It is an international framework mechanism that is a notable instrument for accountability and transparency. It concludes that there is a need to strengthen the legal regime for the management of petroleum revenue through enabling the environment for transparency, accountability and checking against infractions in the legal regime in order to avoid the resource curse.
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Gbigbidje, David Lawson, Mary Onwordi Temishi, and Gladys Ejiro Asoro. "AfCFTA and Trade Facilitation in ECOWAS Borderless Region: Challenges and Prospects." Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjahss.2013/vol11n18599.
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This paper seeks to examine the establishment and ratification of the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement (AfCFTA) as an endeavour on the part of the African Union to promote intra-African trade. The African socioeconomic development and industrial competitiveness is anticipated to increase as a result of the AfCFTA. The agreement is expected to link 1.3 billion people in 55 nations, with a $3.4 trillion global GDP. By 2035, it is projected to be able to save 30 million people from abject poverty. The AfCFTA will result in a significant liberalization of trade in products and services within Africa, making it simpler for business people to conduct international business and lowering trade costs. However, there are concerns that putting the agreement into practice successfully in a continent with limited capacity, uncompetitive industries, and reliable infrastructure will be difficult. The research relies on the secondary sources of data collection, which include the use of such materials as textbooks, journals, newspapers, magazines and internet sources. The paper analyses the political- economic dynamics and argues that the success of AfCFTA will be greatly influenced by a number of variables, including member states level of commitment, the availability of cutting-edge technology, technical capacity, and essential infrastructure, the transparency and accountability of processes, and how infractions and complaints are resolved.
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Fernández, Mariana Cecilia. "Construcción identitaria de jóvenes infractores durante la implementación de medidas “alternativas” en Argentina." Estudios Sociológicos de El Colegio de México 38, no. 113 (March 5, 2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/es.2020v38n113.1776.
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El presente artículo analiza el modo en que se construye la identidad de jóvenes infractores de la ley penal en el contexto de la implementación de medidas alternativas a la privación de libertad en la Argentina contemporánea. A más de diez años de la sanción de la ley de Promoción y Protección de los derechos del niño, en 2004, nos proponemos reflexionar sobre los procesos de transformación o aggiornamiento en la concepción del joven infractor y su vinculación con las acciones pertinentes de desarrollar en un centro de Referencia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Algunos resultados del estudio nos permiten afirmar que, en el marco de la intervención alternativa a la privación de libertad, la identidad de los jóvenes se construye, en forma reintegrativa y en forma estigmatizante, intermitentemente, a partir de discursos de diferentes niveles de moralidad.
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Jánosi, András, and Péter Ofner. "National Myocardial Infarction Registry." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 19 (May 2014): 740–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29919.
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The authors delineate the circumstances of the creation of the National Myocardial Infarction Registry program. This web-based program started in January 1, 2010 as a “pilot” study with the voluntary participation of 12 centres. As a result of professional consensus, the number of participating institutions has continuously increased and, since March 1, 2013, data supply has become obligatory for hospitals treating patients with myocardial infarction. In December, 2013 a new modification of certain health and health insurance related acts such as Act XLVII/1997 regulated the operation of National Myocardial Infraction Registry. At present 65 institutions provide data regularly. The number of patients with myocardial infarction in the database was 24308 in January 1, 2014. The authors summarize the data which accumulated during almost four years of functioning of the National Myocardial Infarction Registry Program. The incidence of myocardial infarction was defined by reviewing the number of pre hospital and hospital cases in five districts of the capital and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County of Hungary. Reviewing the records patients with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction revealed that treatment of 91% of ST-elevation patients occurred in hospitals with cardiac catheterization laboratory, and 82% of patients had primary percutaneous coronary intervention. In-hospital, 30-day and 1-year mortality were defined for patients treated for both types of myocardial infarction. Based on national and international experience, the authors emphasize that professional characteristics of patient care can only be assessed using specific patient registries and these data are essential in the development of an efficient health-care system. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(19), 740–744.