Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infractions en matière de déchets'
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Lissa, Geay Lorenza. "L'harmonisation du droit pénal des déchets en Europe : étude comparée franco-italienne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D084.
Full textFrance and Italy must solve the dramatic problem of preventing, managing and eliminating large quantities of incresingly dangerous waste. The historical differences between the legal traditions of these two countries justify a comparative study of their respective criminal arrangements to combat waste crime with european law in the backgroung. In order to cope the weakness of international law, European law had accept several major challenges. It created a common waste language, based on a complex of shared notions and definitions, it has harmonised the administrative law of waste and it has imposed on Member States obligations to inctiminate harmful behaviour or dangerous behaviour committed by malicious or coulpable negligence. But other challenges have to be faced. The quality of criminal law must be improved and made compatible with fundamntal principles tested by the referral technique and the precautionary principle. In particular, respect for the principles of legality and necessity of punishement must be garateed. In addition, for the time being, it has not possible to harmonise general criminal law or penalities. Moreover, the national legislator is sometimes seduced by the sirens of urgency and adopts questionables mesures to teckle the crisis of waste, as happend in Italy in recent years. All theses problems hinder the harmonisation of waste criminal law and will be solved in the years to come
Giguère, Éric. "Les infractions en matière de stupéfiants dans le sport professionnel." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6895.
Full textTraore, Ousmane. "Les infractions pénales en matière familiale : approche comparative des droits français et malien." Thesis, Perpignan, 2021. https://theses-public.univ-perp.fr/2021PERP0008.pdf.
Full textA basic unit of any society, the family is one of the structures to which the right has given more consideration both in terms of the protection of the family institution and the vulnerable members of it. However, this protection is sometimes ineffective to the extent that it often harms the victim more than it protects the victim, hence the interest of our thesis, which aims not only to study behaviour that harms the family as a whole, but also to devote a significant part to the classification and treatment of family offences and, finally, to propose concrete solutions drawn from the field. The comparative study we are conducting as part of this thesis is to analyze and compare the benefits as the disadvantages of the French legal system, influenced by Catholic law and Malian law which originates in tradition and Islam in order to allow one to correct itself in the image of the other
Aboulam, Smaïl. "Recherche d'une méthode d'analyse du fonctionnement des usines de tri-compostage des déchets ménagers : fiabilité des bilans matière." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000156/.
Full textThe assessment of a municipal solid waste composting plant aims at the realisation of the material balance and the analysis of the operation of the processing sequence. A precise material balance makes it possible to carry out a fine economic analysis. The method suggested is based on the analysis of each equipment before the establishment of the total assessment of the platform. That allows, in the event of insufficient output quality, to target the interventions and to improve the output without blaming the totality of the processing line. To arrive there, standardised methods of sampling and characterisation of municipal solid waste and compost were adapted to intermediate flows. A database, for the error analysis according to the formulas of Gy, is proposed and the software BILCO is used for the establishment of the statistically coherent material balance. During our work, we tested the equipments most used in composting plants : the composting area, the screens with average mesh from 20 to 50 mm and with finer mesh from 8 to 15 mm, the selective conveyor, the densimetric table and the rotating drum. All the equipments are tested in real size, in different plants, except the rotating drum and the average screen which were the subject of a study at the laboratory. A simulation of screening at 20 mm shows it is possible to detect the origin of the sampling errors made at the time of the analysis of this kind of equipment. A composting pilot of 750 l was worked out, to follow the loss of mass and the CO2, CH4, NH3 and N2O outputs, during composting in rotating drums. The results obtained by the tests on the experimental drum were validated on an industrial drum. The hypothesis of the conservation of the mineral matter during the composting and the accuracy of the total organic matter content determination (ignition loss at 550°C) were the subject of a parallel test. From the studied equipments, a standard processing line of municipal solid waste composting is proposed and a simulation of treatment of waste in a small Breton facility is carried out. An alternative of the processing line is proposed to adapt it to the socio-economic context of the developing countries
Fadlalla, Mohamed Elyaman. "Rétention, transport de matière et conversion dans un réacteur transpaille." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20124.
Full textMuller, Pascal. "Gestion des déchets minéraux industriels : de l'inertage à la valorisation matière : application aux effluents et boues d'hydroxydes à base de fer, zinc et nickel." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Muller.Pascal.SMZ9721.pdf.
Full textThe treatment process of liquid waste containing heavy metals by metal hydroxyde precipitation is the most commonly employed. At the present time, the sludge are an ultimate waste wich are stored in landfilling. In a first time, the objective is the inertizing of heavy metal like zinc. The principle of transformation of leaching forms containing heavy metal in metallic sulfides slightly soluble appears like a way to explore. The present work confirms that a sulfurization of mineralogic form of zinc containing in sludge is faisable from polysulfides solutions. The performance of this process is confirmed in the case of real sample stemming from industry. In a second time, we studied the possibility of the selective extraction method by leaching of zinc-bearing phases. Chemical leaching of ZnO and Zn(OH)2 with a solution of inorganic ligand as thiosulphate and organic ligand such as polyethylene-polyamine appeared to be an efficient method. This detoxication method has been validated using these reagents on the real hydroxyde sludge stemming from industry. The result confirms that this treatment led to the extraction of the potential polluting zinc fraction contained in the waste. The last method studied the possibility of selective precipitation of heavy metal contained in liquid waste before classical physicochemical treatment. The reducing power of polysulfides and the formation possibility of metallic sulfides slighthly soluble bring about the selective precipitation of zinc sulfide and nickel in mixte solution of fer-zinc-nickel. The treatment of liquid waste containing heavy metal is possible. The final-products are a sulfur-metallic sulfur heavy metal mixture and an hydroxie ferric cake. The use of this products as new materials in different industries is actually under study
Nadir, El-Habib. "Etude expérimentale des échanges de matière dans un procédé pyrométallurgique de retraitement de déchets métalliques." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0023.
Full textRobin, Jean-Nicolas. "La matière pénale à l'épreuve du numérique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G035/document.
Full textToday, it seems possible to consider that digital technology and cyberspace have completely changed the balance of power in our modern society. By digitizing, the society gives its members almost unlimited access to millions of resources and data. Digital technology also facilitates personal and professional relationships between individuals. If digital technology can be presented as a real revolution, it exposes its user to new vulnerabilities and risks. The criminal law, insofar as it governs society and chooses the social values to be protected, has therefore been concerned with the development of digital technology. The present study notes the extensive legislative arsenal for fighting in the most effective manner against digital delinquency. Nevertheless, the analysis observes that many obstacles are against the application of criminal law into the cyberspace because of networks particularities. Moreover, digital crime is not the only threat generated by digital technology, since it is now possible to consider the cyberspace as a new space for confrontation. Thus, military threat is added to digital delinquency as the States set up electronics weapons into networks. Then, the arised question is about the relevance of these state choices and the solutions to intensify the fight against digital delinquency
Szkopinski, Anaïs. "Droit de la propriété intellectuelle et matière pénale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV078.
Full textThe intellectual property rights, which are confronted with massive, lucrative infringements, are protected by several networks of repressive norms that constitute criminal matters. Penal law, a traditional body of law for the protection of the other forms of law, constitute the first network. It is composed of criminal law rules, both substantive and procedural, which are specific to intellectual property law, and certain property offences from Book III of the French Penal Code. These norms encounter several obstacles. This criminal law applied to intellectual property has difficulty grasping the massive or cross-border nature of infringements. Although offences under the French Penal Code may occur in the punitive legal vacuum left by this body of law, their adaptation to non-rival intangible assets upsets balances. On the one hand, this adaptation is effected by applying them to information without taking account of their appropriable nature, thereby weakening the benefits of intellectual property law. On the other hand, these offences compete with offences that are specific to intellectual property law. Penal law, which is ineffective, has also been subject to the judicial decriminalization of intellectual property law. Overlooking the pressing need to reform such criminal law applied to intellectual property, legislators have created new repressive networks. Whereas repressive administrative law, as implemented by HADOPI, could offer a relevant alternative to the massification of infringements of copyright and related rights on the Internet, allowing judges exercising criminal jurisdiction to impose sanctions has diminished its appeal. In the light of the ECHR’s case-law, repressive civil law forms a rival network to penal law, but its ineffectiveness with regard to intellectual property law and its systemic effects force us to reflect on the purpose for the boundary between civil and criminal liability. Criminal matters, which stem from the expansion of judicial repression, are thus comprised of criminal norms, of which only those of the French Penal Code appear effective, of administrative law with an altered repressive function, and of ineffective repressive civil law. Since the protection of a weakened right turned out to be defective, it must be restructured. Consistency can be achieved by organizing it around property law which is the origin of intellectual property law. Using this approach, creating penal law applied to property could offer effective protection for intellectual property rights, supplemented by specific repressive norms
Parodi, Aurély. "Impact de nouveaux modes de gestion sur l’accélération de la dégradation de déchets ménagers : approche multiparamétrique et multi-échelle." Limoges, 2010. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6f645e4d-e00a-4f35-8d61-118e54ac2faa/blobholder:0/2010LIMO4077.pdf.
Full textThis research is a multi-parametric and multi-scale comparison of municipal solid waste pretreatment in order to accelerate waste degradation in landfill conditions. This work is part of two research projects (ELIA and BIOPTIME) in which 21 types of treatment were tested at 68 L and 23m3 scale. In a first time, this research aims at developed a leaching test protocol adapted to the waste matrix and to highlight differences between pretreatments. The protocol established combines liquid phases, gaseous and solid analysis during a period of 120 hours without renewal. The organic compounds mobilized in liquid phase are relevant indicators of the potential leaching of waste. With the results for all considered matrices (analytical monitoring during the pilot operation of waste, leachate and biogas) correlated with the leaching test data, two treatments were found to have a real impact on the biodegradation of waste. This multi-parameter approach has also identified the fractionation of organic compounds according to their hydrophobicity and the index SUVA as relevant indicators to assess state of waste degradation or stabilization. A complete water and mass balance of the most efficient treatments confirmed the results of the analysis
FRANCOU, Cédric. "Stabilisation de la matière organique au cours du compostage de déchets urbains : influence de la nature des déchets et du procédé de compostage - recherche d'indicateurs pertinents." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000788.
Full textFrancou, Cédric. "Stabilisation de la matière organique au cours du compostage de déchets urbains : influence de la nature des déchets et du procédé de compostage - recherche d'indicateurs pertinents." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INAP0035.
Full textBaccot, Camille. "Etude du potentiel de valorisation énergétique ou matière de composés organiques extraits de lixiviats de déchets ménagers." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0107/document.
Full textThe management of municipal solid waste leachates (MSWL) is technically and economically restrictive. It thus should be interesting to consider this effluent no more as a waste but rather as a partially valorizable “co-product”. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the major components of MSWL and presents a twofold interest: a high load and comparable processes of transformation to those of natural organic matter (NOM).This study thus aimed at extracting the DOM from MWSL according to its hydrophobic character and identifying ways of valorization. Only hydrophobic (HPO*) and transphilic (TPH*) fractions were considered because of their characteristics and reactivity. Two different ways of valorization were investigated: energetic valorization and enrichment of a soil with low content in organic carbon (Corg).The characterization of HPO* and TPH* fractions and their comparison with fractions of NOM confirmed their high valorizable potential. Indeed, they are physically and chemically comparable to NOM, they can be quantified at concentrations up to 1000 times higher than NOM (high extraction potential when compared to environmental matrices such as surface water), and they are more easily biodegradable than NOM without any phytotoxic character.An optimized BMP test was first developed by using an experimental design to adapt the experimental conditions to the digestion of MSWL. It was then applied in different conditions to highlight the impact of the hydrophobic character of the DOM of MSWL on the anaerobic digestion, and mainly on methane production. According to the results, the transphilic-like organic molecules improve the biogas production. Besides, the hydrophilic-like compounds with low aromatic character decrease the methane content of the produced biogas contrary to the hydrophobic fraction.Finally, organic fractions extracted from MSWL were relevant to enrich soil with low content in organic carbon. The HPO* fraction better improves the Corg content when compared to the TPH* fraction whereas transphilic-like molecules enhances the soil biological activity.With the results of this research study, the HPO* and TPH* fractions extracted from a MSWL can thus be considered both to produce biogas and particularly methane and to be amended on soils. Their extraction can thus be economically viable and their treatment no more highly costly
Mainguy, Serge. "Objets trouvés, matière retrouvée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26290.
Full textAggadi, Najia. "Etude de la réactivité de suies modèles de n-Hexane sous décharge couronne pulsée à pression atmosphérique." Paris 13, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA132004.
Full textBerthe, Lucie. "Etude et compréhension des processus de biodégradation : Estimation de la biodégradabilité de matrices organiques solides." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11078.
Full textN'guessan, Baudelaire. "La réparation du dommage à l'environnement du fait des déchets simples en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0032.
Full textCities in Côte d'Ivoire, like African capitals, are constant y polluted by household waste, commercial and craft waste and non-hazardous industrial waste. These simple wastes degrade the environment in its natural components, namely the soil, water, air, fauna and flora. The main concern is no longer the material recognition of environmental damage, but rather the repair of the ecological damage caused by these wastes. On what basis and in what ways could Ivorian law compensate for theDépôt légal de la thèseDonnées complémentairesecological damage? Ivorian law could achieve compensation for ecological damage through thecoordinated application of the rules of civil liability under ordinary law and those of environmentalliability introduced by the 1996 Environmental Code. This mechanism could be strengthened by themechanism of extended producer responsibility for wastes. In addition, compensation in kindappears, through rehabilitation, to be the preferred method of compensation for environmentaldamage. However, the Ivorian legislator should work towards a clear recognition of ecologicaldamage and the attribution of legal personality to the components of the environment, for exampleby relying on the African cosmogony of nature to facilitate effective compensation for ecologicaldamage
Achour, Faouzia. "Caractérisation de la matière organique dans les ordures ménagères : recherche d'indicateurs de stabilité." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0058/these.pdf.
Full textThe concept of the sanitary storage rises progressively toward “sustainable landfill". The objective is to avoid transmitting sanitary risk from a generation to another. To meet this objective, two processed of acceleration of organic matter degradation are proposed: mechanical-biological pretreatment and leach ate recirculation. These two processes goal are to stabilize more quickly the stored waste. Nevertheless, the notion of waste stability is still not well defined. The aim of this PhD thesis is to finalize a multi criteria characterization methodology: global, chemical, biological and thermal one, in order to describe the organic matter degradation with objectivity. This methodology applied on different waste having undergone various treatments of aerobic and anaerobic stabilization has permitted to value the impact of these processes on the waste degradation. On the other hand, the data analysis on the different studied wastes has showed the most applicable tests to define the state of organic matter degradation of waste
Lemonon, Jérôme. "Valorisations énergétique et matière du revêtement de sol stratifié par pyrolyse & gazéification." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0338/document.
Full textSince a few years, energy challenges are appearing at the top of the list of the current concerns for the future. The forecasted end of fossil fuels, at the origin of 80% of currently consumed energy, is obviously accompanied by research about alternatives to provide for the future needs. The integration of an environmental care concerning the implementation of a sustainable development puts clearly ahead the assets of renewable energies which constitutes nowadays less than 15% of the worldwide production. Work suggested here deals with this scope of research and proposal for renewable primary energy sources with the recovery study of waste containing biomass and more precisely the case of laminated flooring. Among the various current recovering ways, incineration with the whole waste remains the most used one. The main drawback deals with the need for smoke treatment, the cost of which can be really high. It would thus seem to be judicious to look for another recovering issue. The suggested process is divided in the three following steps: - A pretreatment step through low temperature pyrolysis (275°C) making it possible a nitrogenous components separation of the elements (precursor able to form pollutants species) in deteriorating the fuel the less as possible to provide a maximum energy recovery in the following stage.- An energy recovery step, which constitutes the main goal of the process, through a high temperature pyrolysis (1000°C). Energy is recovered via syngas.- A material recovery step through two aspects in order to produce added-value material (particle boards and activated carbon), the consideration of which in the global economic assessment of an industrial installation could be interesting
Hazotte, Claire. "Traitement de la matière active d’accumulateurs Ni-Cd en fin de vie par couplage électrolixiviation/électrodéposition." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0238/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of a protocol for selective extraction of metals from spent Ni-Cd batteries. Conventionally, hydrometallurgical processes applied to this type of solids involve several steps, the main ones being the leaching and the metal recovery by electrolysis. The method used consists in coupling Electroleaching to Electrodeposition operation (denoted E/E) within the same cell. The technique is based on the leaching of the active material of Ni-Cd batteries by protons generated at the anode: the cations (Co2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+) released by leaching migrate to the cathode where the cadmium is selectively reduced. We studied the possibility of metals recovery, but also tried to understand the phenomena occurring in the cell during the E/E experiments. Initially, it was preferred to manually dismantle batteries due to the complexity of industrial waste crushed. The active matter of Ni-Cd has been characterized. Its average composition is as follows: Cd(OH)2: 45.3%, Cd0: 0.02%, Ni(OH)2: 30.0%, Ni0: 12.9%, NiOOH: 0.9%, Co(OH)2: 2.4%. In view of these different mineralogical forms, this solid can be considered a model for the waste treatment. Before considering the E/E treatment, chemical leaching of the active matter by H2SO4 was first studied. Modelling of the tests carried out showed that the kinetics of Cd(OH)2 dissolution is governed by mass transfer of protons and the dissolution of Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 by the surface chemical reaction. Under these conditions of soft leaching, metal nickel is not oxidized and is found in the solid residue, with carbon. We had to demonstrate the cadmium electrowinning selectivity, for separation from Co2+ and Ni2+ species, with a current efficiency up to 99% at a current density of 350 A.m-2. The kinetic study of the E/E showed that electroleaching is mainly governed by H+ generation at the anode. Besides, the overall process is largerly controlled by cations transport from the anode to the cathode side: this transport phenomenon had also been modeled. The E/E applied to the electrode materials for 5 h 30 allows the leaching of 97% of the cadmium initially present. The residual solid is composed by 82% of nickel, mainly in the metallic form, 4% of cadmium, 0.5% of cobalt and 3% carbon. The deposition of cadmium is obtained with a purity greater than 97% and a current efficiency greater than 74% at a current density of 350 A.m-2. The feasibility of the E/E coupling applied to the spent Ni-Cd batteries treatment has been demonstrated despite the complexity of the matrix. The first tests to apply this treatment to industrial samples (Cd(OH)2: 36.1% Ni(OH)2: 24.1% Ni0: 16.6% NiOOH: 5.5% Co(OH)2: 2.4% and Fe: 1% by weight) confirm the results obtained with the electrode material from the manual dismantling
Akpa-Vinceslas, Marthe. "Activité cellulolytique liée au tube digestif d'Eisenia fetida andrei. Impact sur la dynamique de la matière organique de déchets lignocellulosiques." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES030.
Full textBerthe, Céline. "Etude de la matière organique contenue dans des lixiviats issus de différentes filières de traitement des déchets ménagers et assimilés." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f64563c8-cc6b-46ce-b282-6ac873ca7db0/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0052.pdf.
Full textAlbrecht, Rémy. "Co-compostage de boues de station d'épuration et de déchets verts : nouvelle méthodologie du suivi des transformations de la matière organique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30012.
Full textTo reduce and recycle biowaste volumes, many cities have chosen to build municipal composting plants. Presently, compost quality determination requires many biological and chemical characterizations. Aims of this study were to characterize composting processes and to develop a simple and valuable method to assess biological and chemical evolution of composts. Compost windrows obtained from municipal solid wastes mixed to green wastes, were matured during six months. Composts were characterized by chemical (elemental analysis, organic matter, lignin, humic substances and 13C NMR) and biological methods (respiration, micro-organism enumeration, metabolic profile modifications of microbial communities, enzymatic activities) and revealed mineralization and humification of organic matter. Efficiency of Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) was then demonstrated with help of a data bank establishing from 432 composts. Finally, since no parameter can be used alone, a global index of composting evolution (GICE) was synthesized by PCA from the whole of information and was perfectly calibrated by NIRS with PLS method. GICE should be a simple and efficiency tool of maturity determination. This NIRS-PCA strategy could be applied to the optimization of a new composting process in reactor which is in development
Dabo, David. "Impact environnemental des mâchefers d’incinération d’ordures ménagères (MIOM) valorisés en technique routière : caractérisation, expérimentations multi-échelles et modélisation hydro-géochimique." Paris, ENMP, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005052.
Full textThe present study copes with the environmental impact assessment of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (MSWI BA) re-used as aggregates in road construction. The methodology involves the following steps : characterization of bottom ashes (physical properties, chemistry and mineralogy), experiments at laboratory scale, field study and geochemical modelling. Quantitative data for trace elements in primary glasses obtained by Secondary Ions Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) microanalysis show that these glasses are likely a main sink for Zn. In the cemented calcite admixture, lead seems to be mainly sorbed on iron oxy-hydroxides according to SIMS imaging and Extanded X-ray Absorption Fines Structure analysis (EXAFS). Except for SO4 , low concentrations and alkalinity have been measured in leachates from a 10 year-old road built with MSWI BA (fast attenuation during the first years). No significant transformation of bottom ashes (such as an advanced carbonation state) has been observed after 10 years of utilization. Lateral preferential flowpaths (edge effects) are likely responsible for the difference between alcaline pore water and dilued leachates. Based on characterization and experimental data, an common model have been built to simulate leaching and mineralogical evolutions using the transport reactive code HYTEC. Simulations of batch and dynamic leaching tests, as well as of two roads (french and swedish) built with bottom ashes show relativ agreement with respect to the experimental data
Ouariagly, El mostafa. "Droit marocain et réglement des litiges internationaux en matière de propriété intellectuelle : contribution à la lecture de la nouvelle législation marocaine." Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP0985.
Full textModern economy depends on intellectual property rights, every technologic innovation, every art opus is managed and protected by those rights. This fact calls some questions: how are those rights managed in every juridical system? And what happens when those different perceptions are confronted in a globalized economy?Once those questions answered, others come through. Naturally, when economic exchanges grows, the number of disputes grows too, and it is a fact that traditional justice can not handle, an efficient way, that special type of disputes. That’s why the alternative dispute resolution methods are getting more and more successfull. So, the second part of this work tries to make light on those ADR and apply them to the intellectual property disputes
Valentin, Nathalie. "Traitement des déchets urbains par pressage et compostage : étude de l'évolution de la matière organique et de la spéciation des métaux en traces au cours du traitement et après valorisation en agriculture." Aix-Marseille 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX11030.
Full textNamour, Philippe. "Auto-épuration des rejets organiques domestiques : nature de la matière organique résiduaire et son effet en rivière." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10232.
Full textAnger, Baptiste. "Caractérisation des sédiments fins des retenues hydroélectriques en vue d’une orientation vers des filières de valorisation matière." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2034.
Full textSediment dredging is needed to ensure good operation of ports, waterways and reservoirs insofar as navigation or energy production is concerned. The analysis of feedback from experiments concerning beneficial uses of fine sediments dredged from marine and river environments, shows that sustainable solutions are very limited or do not exist. Land-based management of hydro-electric dams with sediments requires the integration of all resources existing in a given area. A sustainable approach to management of dredged material requires, inter alia, a change of point of view. Even if their status is that of waste, these materials deserve to be considered as a valuable potential alternative resource, bearing in mind the scarcity of natural mineral material. Therefore, this thesis proposes a global approach, adapted to dam fine sediments, to implement a decision-making tool in order to pre-screen sediments towards re-use channels. A study of five potential industrial sectors for reusing fine dam sediments was conducted, including cement works, concrete admixtures, road building, ceramics, and agriculture. It highlighted input specifications of fine dam sediments, and research on key parameters. An inventory was established for each of these industrial sectors, quoting related research works and applied engineering. These five sectors or channels were implemented and investigated in laboratory conditions using four hydroelectric dam fine sediments, representative of various typologies. First, a mineral, geotechnical and agronomic characterization was conducted, allowing to weigh sediments - industrial sectors or channels, considering input specifications of re-use objectives. Then, re-use tests followed, namely, manufacturing of a clinker, addition of sediments to a mortar, development of road material and manufacturing of a ceramic material, highlighting positive or negative characteristics of fine sediments in relation to various channels studied. A decision tool was implemented for preselecting re-use channels. It was designed from the identification and interpretation of pertinent technical criteria, and from minimal characterization of fine dam sediments. Finally, it is stressed that geographical proximity for possible re-use is of paramount importance
Mejbri, Rakha. "Fractionnement et caractérisation de la matière organique dissoute dans les lixiviats de décharges d'ordures ménagères : effets du traitement par lagunage aéré." Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0031.
Full textDe, Andrade Vincent. "De l'imagerie chimique à la micro-cartographie pression-température-déformation : évolution minéralogique et transport de matière dans des systèmes en déséquilibre thermomécanique : applications aux métapélites et aux matériaux de stockage de déchets radioactifs." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10023.
Full textThe mineralogical composition of metamorphic rocks or industrial materials evolves when they are submitted to thermomechanical disequilibria, i. E. A spatial or temporal pressure and temperature evolution, or chemical disequilibria as variations in redox conditions, pH. . . For example, during low temperature metamorphic processes, rocks reequilibrate only partially, and thus record localy thermodynamic equilibria increasing so the spatial chemical heterogeneities. Understanding the P-T evolution of such systems and deciphering modalities of their mineralogical transformation imply to recognize and charaterize the size of these local “paleoequilibria”, and so to have a spatial chemical information at least in 2 dimensions. In order to get this information, microprobe X-ray fluorescence maps have been used. Computer codes have been developped with Matlab to quantify these maps in view of thermobarometric estimations. In this way, P-T maps of mineral crystallisation were produced using the multi-equilibria thermodynamic technique. Applications on two metapelites from the Sambagawa blue-schist belt (Japan) and from the Caledonian eclogitic zone in Spitsbergen, show that quantitative chemical maps are a powerfull tool to retrieve the metamorphic history of rocks. From these chemical maps have been derived maps of P-T-time-redox-deformation that allow to characterize P-T conditions of minerals formation, and so, the P-T path of the sample, the oxidation state of iron in the chlorite phase. As a result, we underline the relation between deformation and cristallisation, and propose a relative chronology of minerals cristallisation and deformations. The Fe3+ content map in chlorite calculated by thermodynamic has also been validated by a µ-XANES mapping at the iron K-edge measured at the ESRF (ID24) using an innovative method. Another application relates to an experimental study of clay materials, main components of an analogical model of a nuclear waste storage site. Chemical maps allowed to charaterize the 2D mineralogical evolution of clays toward iron rich end-members. They have also been used as input data in a 2D finit element numerical model aiming to estimate the iron diffusion coefficient in clays at low temperatures, important parameter to modelize the destabilization of nuclear waste storage sites in the course of time
Cazier, Elisabeth A. "Rôle des gaz dissous dans la digestion anaérobie par voie sèche de déchets ligno-cellulosiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS211/document.
Full textDry anaerobic digestion is a method of organic waste treatment and conversion to bioenergy, defined by a total solid content over 15%. This process is particularly suitable for lignocellulosic residues since the quantity of water to be added for the process is rather limited. However, dry anaerobic digestion processes is inhibited for a high total solid content, due to a decrease of the gas-liquid transfer within the medium, which may cause local accumulations of inhibitory byproducts, such as dissolved gases. This thesis aims to better understand the role of dissolved gas in dry anaerobic digestion at microscopic and mesoscopic scale. It was shown that hydrogen can inhibit specifically the hydrolysis step of lignocellulosic residues at microscopic level. This inhibition was reversible after addition of carbon dioxide, with remaining inhibitory effect on the acetate degradation and methanogenesis. At mesoscopic scale, the decrease of the mass transfer inhibits the hydrolysis, by dissolved hydrogen accumulation. Moreover, a local hydrogen concentration gradient was present and seems responsible for a concentration gradient of volatile fatty acids in the medium. Moreover, adding carbon dioxide at mesoscopic scale, with a limited gas-liquid transfer, increased the volatile fatty acids concentration and decreased the pH, which showed the important role of carbon dioxide in the inhibition of anaerobic digestion under high dry matter content
Mnaouri, Abderrafia. "Approche comparée de l'appareil législatif franco-marocain en matière de lutte contre le terrorisme." Thesis, Perpignan, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PERP0025/document.
Full textStates deployed huge efforts in order to set up an efficient international and regional cooperation system to combat terrorism. However, international cooperation is based on sectorial conventions treating just certain grave acts such as those constituting a threat to civil aviation. Regionally, the European convention on the suppression of terrorism, the framework decision on combating terrorism and the Arab convention against terrorism include the major part of the measures taken in the context of the fight against terrorism. France, historically concerned with terrorism, and Moroccoto whom the phenomenon is new, have considered the fight against terrorism as a means to reinforce their judicial corpus already set up. So, aiming to combat terrorism the two legislators have either borrowed existing offences from the common law, or created new offences. However, judicial fight against terrorism can’t reach its objectives without first eradicating causes that constitute a fertile terrain for it
Chabroullet, Christophe. "Étude de la remobilisation d'éléments traces à partir d'un sol de surface contaminé : influence du vieillissement de la matière organique du sol sur la remobilisation du sélénium." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10033.
Full text79Se is a high-life fission product presents in high-activity nuclear wastes. Selenium is often taking into account for health and environmental risk assessments as it is usually considered as a mobile and a toxic element. The terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a potential reservoir of selenium. In this study, we specially studied how the associations between selenium and soil organic matter and/or microorganisms modify soils selenium mobility and partition (solid, liquid and gazeous). A particular attention was paid to the temporal evolution of the retention parameters, which remains one of the weak points of modeling especially for long term simulations (several tens-hundreds of thousand years). Methodology developed consists on a regular characterization of 3 soils samples pre-contaminated at a very week selenium concentration (2. 2x10-9 gSe. G-1soil) and incubated during 1. 5 year in controlled conditions. The evolution of the organic status of the soil samples was established and well modeled (Roth C). Alternatively, the selenium-OM associations did not present any significant modification with time affecting selenium mobility. The detailed study of selenium mobility showed that selenium sorption processes was poorly reversible (sorption Kd: 20-50 L. Kg-1 ; desorption Kd: 100-500 L. Kg-1), whatever the soil organic status. In addition, numerous transitory phenomenons were able to disturb the “basic” behavior of selenium by increasing the amount of soluble selenium. We specially established that: (i) the use of phosphate fertilizers constituted the most important way of selenium remobilization leading to the release of 30-40 % of sorbed selenium in some extreme cases; (ii) the week selenium volatilization (~ 0. 2 % for 1. 5 year of incubation) may constitute a significant biotic way of 79Se dispersion as soon as very long time scales are considered; (iii) the colloidal transport due to the soil microorganisms could also constituted a source of selenium mobilization however this extend of this process has still to be quantify
Vu-Do, Laurence. "Influence de la matière organique naturelle mobile sur la rétention de l'europium sur l'argilite de Bure." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00876889.
Full textChantou, Thouraya. "Identification des indicateurs de stabilisation des déchets solides urbains et validation sur un site de PTMB français, pour une application en Tunisie." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/d643b170-07d0-4106-aaff-c8887605edcb/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4044.pdf.
Full textMechanical pretreatment and biological waste before landfilling is an interesting alternative to the conventional landfilling. Several studies have shown benefits of the application of this technique - landfilled waste are partly stabilized, leachate and biogas impacts are less important, and post-operational phase typically 30 years for conventional landfills could be reduced. The aim of the thesis is to identify key indicators of household waste stabilization during an aerobic mechanical-biological pretreatment process. Indicators cited in the literature are numerous, but their relevance in the context of a monitoring unit PTMB has not been confirmed. Thus, in a first step, these indicators have been applied in the monitoring of an industrial unit in France PTMB to validate and optimize the protocols described in the literature. In a second step, a pre-feasibility study of this type of process has been carried out in Tunisia, after winter and summer waste characterization campaigns in four cities. The results of this preliminary study have confirmed the fermentable character of the Tunisian waste but with a lower rate than that determined in the national campaign of 1996. Monitoring of waste stabilization swathed on an experimental platform has allowed applying the most relevant waste stabilization indicators such as the MODECOM characterizations, the leaching tests, the fractionation of organic compounds by hydrophobicity and the respirometric tests (AT4 and BMP). Stabilization indicators identified show correct correlations. The overall results are consistent with those derived from the monitoring of industrial unit which show a failure of the applied process vis-à-vis the standards for the acceptance of waste at landfills. The state stabilization is not reached after 4 months of aerobic pretreatment, which will require the optimization of the process performance including an extension of the duration of the pretreatment, especially, the fermentation phase and the improvement of the ventilation conditions
Vu-Do, Laurence. "Influence de la matière organique naturelle mobile sur la rétention de l’europium sur l’argilite de Bure." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112022/document.
Full textBure clay rock (CR) was chosen as host rock for the French high and intermediate level long lived radioactive waste repository. This choice is mostly explained by the retention ability of the Callovo-Oxfordian rock (COx). Bure clay rock contains natural organic matter (OM) that could have an influence on radionuclide retention. The aim of this work is to assess the influence of natural mobile OM on the retention of Eu on clay rock. Eu was chosen as a chemical model for trivalent actinides contained in vitrified waste. Three organic molecules were studied: suberic, sorbic and tiglic acids, small organic acids identified in COx pore water. All the experiments were carried out in an environment recreating COx water (pH=7.5 ; I=0.1 mol/L ; PCO2 =10^(-2) bar).Clay rock sample characterization showed that the sample used in this work was similar to those previously extracted from the area of interest and that it was necessary to maintain pH at 7.5 to avoid altering the clay rock. The Eu-OM system study indicated that organic acids had no influence on Eu speciation in COx water. The Eu-CR system experimental study confirmed that retention implied sorption on CR (CEu<6.10^(-6)mol/L) and precipitation in COx water (CEu>6.10-6mol/L). Distribution coefficient Rd (quantifying sorption) was estimated at 170 ± 30 L/g. This high value is consistent with literature values obtained on clay rocks. The ternary Eu-OM-CR system study showed a slight increase of sorption in the presence of organic matter. This synergistic effect is very satisfactory in terms of storage security: the presence of small organic acids in clay rock does not question retention properties with respect to europium and trivalent actinides
Khalil, Antoine. "Etude de la biodégradabilité et du compostage de déchets verts de la région méditerranéenne : proposition de paramètres de terrain pour le suivi de l'évolution de la matière organique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX11005.
Full textComposting organic matter is a promising way to valorize waste. The compost of green waste represents a judicious choice to restore carbon in its biogeochemical cycle. The individual biodegradation of palm, olive, cypress, pine, mimosa, bay and plane was investigated in laboratory conditions. This work was coupled to a complementary study on the composting of a mixture of these 7 species on site. The aims were (1) to determine the parameters influencing the biodegradability of these 7 species, (2) to determine the parameters allowing us to estimate the maturity of the composts and (3) to develop a method for fast and easy monitoring of the humification of a mixture of these 7 green wastes. The results obtained showed that the mineralization rates of the species studied are independent on their nature (branch or leave). These mineralization rates are explained mainly by the presence of lignin, abundant in these samples. The monitoring of the various parameters during the composting showed that the C/N ratio, the redox potential, the biodegradation of the organic matter as well as the CAH/CAF ratio are the main parameters to be taken into account in order to determine the maturity of the compost. The results obtained showed also that the monitoring of the humification of the organic matter can be carried out directly on the site by monitoring either the redox potential, or an index of maturity calculated by spectral deconvolution. These 2 parameters are correlated with the CHA/CFA ratio. The redox potential measurements method on the site is easier than the maturity index method (determined by spectral deconvolution), and was found to be the most adapted to field studies
Barbier, Kathia. "Accessoires. L'invisibilisation des femmes dans les procédures pénales en matière de stupéfiants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV127/document.
Full textBased on a survey conducted among police officers and prosecutors about the penal treatment of women alleged authors of breaches of drug legislation (BDL), the thesis offers a reflection on the role of gender in the process of criminal law enforcement. By paying attention to the effect of litigants’ and penal actors’ gender (linked to the gendered social representations of their professional cultures), this work questions the role of gender in the selection process of “police’s customers” and in the construction process of the judicialized population, by making interact sociologies of penal institutions, quantification and of gender relations. The first part of the thesis shows that women are not much visible in cases of BDL, in a statistical point of view (secondary processing of the database “Etat 4001”, primary processing of data collected from Police specialized services) and in penal actors’ speeches. By deepening the analysis of the professionals’ representations about women and their delinquency, the second part reports a sexed contrast, professionally located, about the sources of women’s delinquency and of their degree of criminal responsibility : police officers (mainly men) tend to remove all responsibilities from women and contribute their invisibility ; on the contrary, prosecutors (mainly women) tend to stress women's responsibilities and wish to show their involvement in cases. The third part, about organizational and institutional factors, shows in which way police autonomy and the shrinking time-frame of the penal system strengthen and even coproduce women’s invisibility in delinquency. Finally, gender appears as a norm register working among others in the penal machine and participating in a sexually differentiated dynamic of putting in visibility on delinquency. Therefore, the thesis supports the hypothesis that a process of invisibilization of delinquent women in BDL exists and that this process excludes women from penal procedures and consequently from public statistics, contributing thereby to giving a gender (masculine) to delinquency and at the same time, to reproducing stereotyped distinctions between the feminine and the masculine
Parat, Corinne. "Effets à long terme de l'apport répété de déchets organiques sur l'évolution de la matière organique et des éléments traces métalliques dans un sol sableux acide (Couhins, 33)." Dijon, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01556412.
Full textAusset, Sandrine. "Procédé de recyclage de mélanges ABS-PC issus de déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943822.
Full textLornage, Raphaël. "COMPARAISON DE TROIS FILIERES DE STOCKAGE D'ORDURES MENAGERESEtude du comportement des déchets en pilotes semi industriels et caractérisation des émissions liquides et gazeuses associées." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133769.
Full textLa mise en place et le suivi de pilotes semi industriels a permis l'étude de la dégradation biologique du déchet durant le prétraitement aérobie et en conditions de stockage anaérobies.
Le prétraitement biologique a permis une importante réduction du potentiel méthanogène du déchet à enfouir. Le suivi des émissions gazeuses a par ailleurs montré des émissions significatives de composés organiques volatils (COV).
La recirculation de lixiviats pratiquée sur un déchet jeune a engendré un phénomène d'accumulation de polluants. L'effet bénéfique de la recirculation sur la production de biogaz n'a pas été mis clairement en évidence.
La mesure qualitative et quantitative des émissions liquides et gazeuses a permis d'établir des flux émissifs de polluants, ainsi que des bilans matière (Bilan de masse, hydrique, carbone, azote) relatifs à chacune des filières étudiées. La production de gaz à effet de serre, la génération d'odeurs et le comportement géomécanique du déchet en conditions de stockage ont été intégrées à la comparaison des trois filières.
L'étude des données à l'émission des COV, notamment à l'aide d'outils statistiques, a contribué à une meilleure compréhension de l'origine et des processus d'émission de ces composés.
Faure, Antoine. "Capacité d'un sédiment à se substituer à la fraction argileuse de la matière première de l'industrie des liants hydrauliques." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0079/document.
Full textHydroelectric dams, as well as waterways and marine harbours, can be subject to solid particles accumulation. Although sediment is mainly managed within the watercourse by a transfer into the downstream river bed, technical or environmental reasons might imply an on-land management in the future. Albeit sediments should be considered as waste according to regulations, dredged materials appear as valuable and renewable resources. In a circular economy approach, some industrial sectors could beneficially reuse fine-grained dam sediment as alternative raw materials, including hydraulic binders industry. Then, two ways of reusing are considered in this PhD thesis with on one hand, a valorization as raw material in the clinker meal and, on the other hand, as pozzolanic substitute to clinker in blended cements.Studying 8 different sediments that were sampled on the French territory, the approach aims to encompass various contexts and define some typologies. The materials are characterized in detail on physico-chemical and mineralogical aspects. These preliminary characterisations are necessary in order to test both the beneficial reuse opportunities and check the suitability of dredged sediments.The beneficial reuse of sediment in the clinker raw meal as replacement of traditional clay resources is experimented at the lab scale. Clinkers that maximize the fine-grained sediment content, between 25 and 35 % according to the sediment, are synthetized. These clinkers exhibit some special microstructural features that can be corrected by a clay addition as a third compound. Thus, it is shown that any sediment can be reused in the raw meal and that clinker characteristics can be anticipated and adjusted. As a demonstration, a CEM I 52.5 N cement was obtained incorporating 11.4 % of sediment in the raw meal.Concerning pozzolanic reactivity development, physical and mineralogical sediment characteristics are followed according to the calcination temperature. In parallel, pozzolanic reactivity is assessed with both chemical and physical tests, with a partial substitution of Portland cement by calcined sediments in cement pastes, in order to determine an optimum calcination temperature. Kaolinite contents around 10 % for some of the studied samples lead to a moderate to high pozzolanic reactivity, that can be comparable to fly ash. However, for all the sediments that contain calcite and only illite and chlorite clays, activation is low or null
Bollon, Julien. "Etude des mécanismes physiques et de leur influence sur la cinétique de méthanisation en voie sèche : essais expérimentaux et modélisation." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770658.
Full textBlanchart, Pascale. "Influences de l'oxydation et de la biodégradation anaérobie sur la matière organique de l'argile oligocène de Boom (Mol, Belgique) : Conséquences sur la formation d'espèces organiques hydrosolubles." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL108N/document.
Full textThe Boom Clay was focused because it is identified by SCK-CEN as a possible radioactive waste storage in the geological disposal site and in situ experiments are performed in the underground laboratory of Mol (Belgium). In this context, it is important to assess the consequences of galleries excavation on the properties of the Boom Clay. The particular focus of this study is the effects of air oxidation and anaerobic biodegradation on the OM. The experiments dealing with the effects of air oxidation have combined studies of artificial oxidized samples (artificial series) and samples altered in the gallery of the underground laboratory (natural series). These experiments focus on the Kerogen, the EOM and the DOM. The comparison of data from artificial and natural series shows firstly that our experimental simulations are the representative of processes taking place in the galleries. These studies show that air oxidation induced (i) a significant increase in the amount of DOM and (ii) a major change in the chemistry of the EOM and DOM characterized by the formation of low molecular weight oxygenated molecules. Moreover, comparison between water extracted from altered samples and piezometers shows that the water of the site is not affected by oxidation processes. The piezometer water samples are similar to that extracted from non-altered samples. Biodegradation experiments conducted on non altered and artificially oxidized clay did not show significant changes of fossil and dissolved organic matter. It seems that anaerobic biodegradation is not a major process in the context of disturbances induced by the excavation
Collard, Marie. "Étude de la matière organique de boues de station d'épuration. Influence de différents procédés de traitement des boues." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2279.
Full textThis study investigated the influence of different treatments on the characteristics and evolution of organic matter of municipal wastewater sludge. For this, three municipal wastewater treatment plants of Vienne department were sampled.The first phase developed during the study focused on the improvement of a method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sewage sludge’s constituents. The presented results demonstrate the strong potential of the thermochemolysis-GCMS to characterize, without extraction, the organic matter of a raw sample.The second part of this Ph.D has focused on the influence of various treatments (drying, electron beam and methanation) on the evolution of organic matter. Thus, the thermal drying causes weakening of the organic matter while the solar drying induces its complexification and reed beds induce no significant change. The application of an advanced oxidation process on a floated sludge caused acidification and structural changes of the organic matter. A low dose (1.25 kGy) led to more complex organic matter, while a higher dose (50 kGy) seems to weaken it. The changes in organic matter induced by anaerobic digestion mainly concerned the lipid fraction, in particular fatty acids
Galateau, Estelle-Fleur. "Les conditions sociales de l’adoption de comportements plus durables en matière de consommation et de gestion des déchets : analyse sociologique d’un dispositif de démocratie participative et des théories d’action en sciences humaines et sociales." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H005/document.
Full textThe aim of this research is to analyze the processes established to modify behaviors and make them more sustainable, in everyday practices of consumption and waste management. We want to know whether the currently recognized values alone are explanatory of changing behaviors, and whether there are strong constraints involved in adopting more sustainable practices. In view of the current concern with environmental issues, we studied a procedure in participatory democracy designed to change participants’ behavior. Secondly, we analyzed current theories in social sciences in order to identify forces other than this political one. The research shows that participatory democracy results from intellectual actors or idealistic activists, who try to solve problems of political legitimacy, trust, and efficiency. But their idealism, which sparks the start of the action, faces strong constraints, requires adjustments to their ideal. These adjustments explain why changes of behavior are limited, which may discourage pioneers and activists, or alter the imaginary of "eco-Fascists", utopians, or authoritarians. In analyzing the theories of action in social sciences, we also observed the importance of scales of observation: the micro-Individual level and micro-Social level (in particular domestic space and practices) cannot be analyzed alone. They are embedded in the meso- and macro-Social levels, which highlight eigenvalues and the effects of membership and social regulation in daily practices
Chen, Maozhe. "Faisabilité technique et environnementale de l'utilisation dans des matériaux de construction cimentaires de cendres d'incinération de boues de station d'épuration." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759490.
Full textTopanou, Attindekoun. "Gestion des déchets solides ménagers dans la ville d'Abomey-Calavi (Bénin) : Caractérisation et essais de valorisation par compostage." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4807/document.
Full textConsidering the, (i) high population and spatial growth of the Abomey-Calavi city (Benin), (ii) qualitative and quantitative increase of the household solid waste in the town of Abomey - Calavi, (iii) a more and more generalized practice of embankment of wet zones by household solid waste (HSW), (iv) non-existence of municipal landfills and, (v) fragility of the groundwater due to its weak depth, it's necessary that appropriate actions are achieved with the aim of an effective and long-term management of the household solid waste. The aim of this study was to propose an effective and long-term plan of management of Abomey-Calavi HSW. Knowledge of household-solid-waste quality and sociological point of view are the first step in an effective implementation of waste management spinneret. A sociological investigation was made with 200 persons, dealing on various levels with solid wastes in the Abomey-Calavi city. Also, the present study has, on one hand, characterized HSW according to standing of life and season, on the other hand, has investigated the impact of the HSW on waters of wells located in waste-impacted zones and, finally carried out tests of composting taking in account various compositions. Our results revealed that whatever the standing of life, the production of household solid wastes is more important during weekends and specially, on Sundays: twice more larger than those produced the other days of the week. About 0.89 kg of HSW per capita is produced on average every day. The management of HSW in Abomey - Calavi city, which can be termed pre-collection-based, is felt as bad by 80 % of HSW-careers and 50 % of the town council investigated employees
Pennarun, Pierre-Yves. "Migration à partir de bouteilles en PET recyclé : Elaboration et validation d'un modèle applicable aux barrières fonctionnelle." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMS011.
Full textParisien, Bruno. "L'enquête judiciaire en matière économique et financière : une réforme nécessaire." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA021/document.
Full textTwenty billions : that is the cost of financial and economic crime in France. This is close to organised crime, but it still remains an ill-defined phenomenon, an atypical delinquency with specific features, an area where only few initiate persons succeed in twarthing misbehaviours committed by pioneer criminals in regard to the modus operandi they use. Financial and economic crime plagues the social and economic system, and although this tends to be contained in France, successive and innovative reforms haven’t ensured a more appropriate criminal justice response. Judicial system has been provided with specialized penal courts, but judicial inquiry, the cradle of fight against crime, still remains subject to ordinary criminal procedural rules. As feedbacks show, basic investigation powers contrast with exceptional delinquency, whereas they could be improved by the adaptation of the tested investigation devices