Journal articles: 'Infrared thermography'

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Kaur, K., A. Sharma, A. Rani, V. Kher, and R. Mulaveesala. "Physical insights into principal component thermography." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.5.277.

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Among widely used non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, infrared thermography (IRT) has gained importance due to its fast, whole-field, remote and quantitative inspection capabilities for the evaluation of various materials. Being fast and easy to implement, pulsed thermography (PT) plays a vital role in the infrared thermographic community. This paper provides a physical insight into the selection of empirical orthogonal functions obtained from principal component pulsed thermography for the detection of subsurface defects located inside a mild steel specimen.

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Zhou, Jian Min, Jun Yang, and Qi Wan. "Review on Non-Destructive Testing Technique of Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 742 (March 2015): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.742.128.

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This paper introduces the theory of eddy current pulsed thermography and expounds the research status of eddy current pulsed thermography in application and information extraction. Thermographic signal reconstruction, pulsed phase thermography, principal component analysis were introuduced in this paper and listed some fusion multiple methods to acquire information from infrared image. At last, it summarizes research progress, existing problem and deelopment of eddy current pulsed thermography.

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Nurhandayani, Lenny, Sri Andarini, and Heri Kristianto. "DIABETIC FOOT: A SCOPING REVIEW OF NEUROSENSORIC DISORDERS – THERMOGRAPHY." Jurnal Health Sains 4, no. 7 (July 26, 2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jhs.v4i7.1006.

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Background: Diabetic foot is a chronic complication that can be detrimental and has an impact on the quality of life of diabetic patients. Neurosensory examination of skin temperature using a thermograph can help prevent diabetic foot. Objective: to identify the neurosensory examination of skin temperature using infrared thermographs in addressing the risk of diabetic foot Design: The design in this study is Scoping review Methods: A journal search was conducted using the keywords "infrared thermography, screening or assessment, diabetic foot, and meta-analysis" to collect relevant articles published in the last ten years from four databases (ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). The inclusion criteria were: nurses, patients, diabetic foot, assessment, full-text articles, studies focusing on nursing issues, and written in English. Four journal articles were selected and analyzed using PICO. Results: Four meta-analysis articles on neurosensory examination of skin temperature sensitivity using a thermograph have a p value < 0.05, which can support clinical nursing for monitoring diabetic foot prevention. Conclusion: Examination of skin temperature sensation using a thermograph can be used as a method for neurosensory assessment in monitoring nursing care for structural integrity problems in the physiological changes of the diabetic foot.

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CHOI, SEUNG-HYUN, SOO-KEUN PARK, and JAE-YEOL KIM. "NDE OF ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE COMPOSITE MATERIALS THAT APPLY ULTRASOUND INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 06 (January 2012): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512003704.

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The infrared thermographic nondestructive inspection technique is a quality inspection and stability assessment method used to diagnose the physical characteristics and defects by detecting the infrared ray radiated from the object without destructing it. Recently, the nondestructive inspection and assessment that use the ultrasound-infrared thermography technique are widely adopted in diverse areas. The ultrasound-infrared thermography technique uses the phenomenon that the ultrasound wave incidence to an object with cracks or defects on its mating surface generates local heat on the surface. The car industry increasingly uses composite materials for their lightweight, strength, and environmental resistance. In this study, the car piston passed through the ultrasound-infrared thermography technique for nondestructive testing, among the composite material car parts. This study also examined the effects of the frequency and power to optimize the nondestructive inspection.

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Bell, Ian G. "Infrared thermography." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 56, no. 11 (1990): 1961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.56.1961.

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Rutt, H. N. "Infrared thermography." Optics & Laser Technology 28, no. 4 (June 1996): ix—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-3992(96)88349-6.

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Lüthi, Thomas. "Infrared thermography." Materials and Structures 31, no. 3 (April 1998): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02480397.

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Popardovská, Eva, and Vladimír Popardovský. "Active Thermografy as a Method for Non-destructive Testing of Polymer Composite Materials." Science & Military 16, no. 2 (2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52651/sam.a.2021.2.5-9.

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Infrared (IR) thermography is a method for imaging thermal fields on the target surfaces in real time. It is a noncontact and non-destructive method of obtaining thermogram of tested material surface or inside of it. We can divide the IR thermographic testing methods into two basic groups – passive and active thermography. This article introduces a basic overview of IR active thermography.

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Muzika, Lukáš, Jiří Tesař, Michal Švantner, Jiří Skála, and Petra Honnerová. "Comparison of Methods for Emissivity Influence Suppression on Thermographic Data." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010069.

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Emissivity is a crucial parameter for a quantitative thermography measurement. It influences measured temperature using an infrared camera. Typically, the emissivity is handled by infrared camera software but often for more complex tasks—e.g., setting and controlling the emissivity of individual pixels—a custom-made solution must be created. This can be especially beneficial for active thermography measurement and dynamic building inspection by infrared thermography as many surfaces of interest with different emissivity occur in thermographic data. In literature, one technique for suppressing emissivity occurs most often—the technique used by infrared camera manufacturers. Nonetheless, two other techniques are marginally mentioned. The most complex technique is the one used by infrared camera manufacturers, which allows many parameters to be set, but it is difficult to incorporate it into own solution. In contrast, the second one can be adapted easily, and it uses the relationship between emissivity and the fourth power of temperatures. The third one is a scarcely used technique that occurs for some active thermography measurements, in which a thermographic sequence in counts is divided by a frame when temperature equilibrium is reached. The main goal of this article is to compare these individual techniques from the point of view of the accuracy and possibility of use. The experiment showed that all three methods can be successfully used for the suppression of emissivity influence.

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Wu, Cui Qin, Wei Ping Wang, Qi Gang Yuan, Yan Jun Li, Wei Zhang, and Xiang Dong Zhang. "Infrared Thermography Non-Destructive Testing of Composite Materials." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1307.

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To detect the delamination, disbond，inclusion defects of the glass fiber composite materials applied in the solid rocket motor, active infrared thermographic non-destructive testing(NDT) is researched. The samples including known defects are heated by pulsed high energy flash lamp. The surface temperature of the samples is monitored by infrared thermography camera. The results of the experiments show that the active infrared thermography technique is a fast and effective inspection method for detecting the defects of delamination, disbond，inclusion of the composites. The samples are also detected by underwater ultrasonic c-scans. The paper concludes that the active infrared thermography NDT is more suitable to rapidly detect the defect in large-area and the underwater ultrasonic c-scans is more suitable to quantitatively identify the defect in local-area.

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Melo, Breno Araújo de, Sybelle Georgia Mesquita da Silva, Micheline Thaís dos Santos, Paula Cibelly Vilela da Silva, and Angelina Bossi Fraga. "Infrared thermography on animal livestock." Conjecturas 22, no. 9 (August 16, 2022): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/conj-1400-ag15.

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Infrared thermography has become increasingly promising in veterinary medicine, for being a non-invasive method for detecting body thermal variation. The objective of this review was to elucidate some applications of infrared thermography and its importance on animal livestock. This tool can substitute conventional techniques for diagnosing diseases, inflammation and fever. The body temperature is an important indicator to diagnostics and to understanding physiological aspects due to the close relation between abnormal temperatures and inflammatory processes. Also, it can help monitor reproductive performance and identify more efficient animals, among other purposes. The measurement of infrared temperature allows identifying sick animals, before the appearance of clinical symptoms, making treatment and isolation faster and more accurate, enhancing the profitability and sustainability of the system. However, this tool has some limitations, such as the animal species and environmental factors. Thus, further studies are needed for the application of the thermographic on animal livestock.

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Sfarra, S., E. Marcucci, D. Ambrosini, and D. Paoletti. "Infrared exploration of the architectural heritage: from passive infrared thermography to hybrid infrared thermography (HIRT) approach." Materiales de Construcción 66, no. 323 (August 23, 2016): e094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2016.07415.

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Figueredo, Antonio, Mauro Azevedo, Paula Da Silveira, Jhulie Lima, Kaylane Teixeira, Andrea Alvarado, Isaac Brígido, et al. "Infrared thermography as a complementary tool in dental." Concilium 23, no. 10 (June 1, 2023): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-1398-23f31.

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Infrared cameras have the ability to measure infrared radiation, resulting in the generation of thermal images where each pixel refers to a different temperature value. Thermographic images allow measuring the thermal variations that can be used to obtain physiological information. This study aimed to analyze the applications of thermography in dentistry through an integrative literature review. This work is the result of research carried out in the following databases: Virtual Health Library (VHL), PubMed, Ebsco and ScienceDirect. The following descriptors “thermography”, “dentistry” and “diagnosis were used, and 13 articles were selected to compose this work. This integrative review allowed analyzing, through several studies, the clinical applications of thermography in dentistry. Because it is a non-invasive method, this technique has a promising future in dentistry. Therefore, based on the studies already published and analyzed, it can be concluded that infrared thermography is an auxiliary tool in dental diagnosis and useful for monitoring and examining therapeutic interventions.

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Jiang, Ji Tong, Chao Song, and Jun An. "Study on Infrared Thermography Mosaic Algorithm Based on the Feature Point Detection and Registration." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1138.

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When detecting the large objects by infrared thermal method, it is difficult to get a whole panoramic picture. So it needs to stitch some infrared thermography. Image mosaic includes 4 steps, feature detection, feature registration, image transformation and image fusion. This paper studies about an infrared thermograph mosaic algorithm based on the feature point detection and registration, and realizes it in MATLAB.

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de Weerd, Louis, Sven Weum, and James B. Mercer. "Dynamic Infrared Thermography." Annals of Plastic Surgery 68, no. 6 (June 2012): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sap.0b013e318244413a.

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de Weerd, Louis, James B. Mercer, and Sven Weum. "Dynamic Infrared Thermography." Clinics in Plastic Surgery 38, no. 2 (April 2011): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cps.2011.03.013.

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Sfarra, Stefano, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, Carlo Santulli, Domenica Paoletti, and Xavier Maldague. "Monitoring of jute/hemp fiber hybrid laminates by nondestructive testing techniques." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 23, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 283–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0138.

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AbstractDamage following static indentation of jute/hemp (50 wt.% total fiber content) hybrid laminates was detected by a number of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques, in particular, near (NIR) and short-wave (SWIR) infrared reflectography and transmittography, infrared thermography (IRT), digital speckle photography (DSP), and holographic interferometry (HI), to discover and evaluate real defects in a laminate with a complex structure. A comparative study between thermographic data acquired in the mid- (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectrum bands, by pulsed (PT) and square pulse (SPT) thermography, is reported and analyzed. A thermal simulation by COMSOL® Multiphysics (COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA, USA) to validate the heating provided is also added. The robust SOBI (SOBI-RO) algorithm, available into the ICALAB Toolbox (BSI RIKEN ABSP Lab, Hirosawa, Japan) and operating in the MATLAB® (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) environment, was applied on SPT data with results comparable to the ones acquired by several thermographic techniques. Finally, segmentation operators were applied both to the NIR/SWIR transmittography images and to a characteristic principal component thermography (PCT) image (EOFs) to visualize damage in the area surrounding indentation.

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Park, Hui-Sang, and Man-Yong Choe. "Research Trends in Infrared Thermography NDT - Ultrasound Infrared Thermography Technology." Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing 32, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7779/jksnt.2012.32.3.307.

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Calvo-Lobo, Cesar, Marta San-Antolín, Daniel García-García, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Julia Cosín-Matamoros, Israel Casado-Hernández, Eva María Martínez-Jiménez, Victoria Mazoteras-Pardo, and David Rodríguez-Sanz. "Intra- and inter-session reliability and repeatability of an infrared thermography device designed for materials to measure skin temperature of the triceps surae muscle tissue of athletes." PeerJ 11 (March 9, 2023): e15011. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15011.

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Background Infrared thermography devices have been commonly applied to measure superficial temperature in structural composites and walls. These tools were cheaper than other thermographic devices used to measure superficial human muscle tissue temperature. In addition, infrared thermography has been previously used to assess skin temperature related to muscle tissue conditions in the triceps surae of athletes. Nevertheless, the reliability and repeatability of an infrared thermography device designed for materials, such as the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30, have yet to be determined to measure skin temperature of the triceps surae muscle tissue of athletes. Objective The purpose was to determine the procedure’s intra- and inter-session reliability and repeatability to determine skin temperature within the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30 thermography device in the triceps surae muscle tissue of athletes, which was initially designed to measure the superficial temperature of materials. Methods A total of 34 triceps surae muscles were bilaterally assessed from 17 healthy athletes using the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30 thermography device to determine intra- (at the same day separated by 1 h) and inter-session (at alternate days separated by 48 h) reliability and repeatability of the skin temperature of the soleus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles. The triceps surae complex weas measured by a region of interest of 1 cm2 through five infrared thermography images for each muscle. Statistical analyses comprised intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MCD), systematic error of measurement, correlation (r), and Bland-Altman plots completed with linear regression models (R2). Results Intra- and inter-session measurements of the proposed infrared thermography procedure showed excellent reliability (ICC(1,2) = 0.968–0.977), measurement errors (SEM = 0.186–0.232 °C; MDC = 0.515–0.643 °C), correlations (r = 0.885–0.953), and did not present significant systematic error of measurements (P > 0.05). Adequate agreement between each pair of measurement moments was presented by the Bland-Altman plots according to the limits of agreement and non-significant linear regression models (R2 = 0.000–0.019; P > 0.05). Conclusions The proposed procedure to determine skin temperature within the Manual Infrared Camera PCE-TC 30 thermography device presented excellent intra- and inter-session reliability and repeatability in athletes’ triceps surae muscle tissue. Future studies should consider the SEM and MDC of this procedure to measure the skin temperature of soleus, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles to promote triceps surae muscle prevention and recovery in athletes.

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Dragomir, Alin, Maricel Adam, Silviu-Marian Antohi, Adrian Vîlcu, and Alexandra Bodoga. "Considerations Regarding Electrical Equipment Monitoring Through Infrared Thermography." Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics Section 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bipie-2022-0021.

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Abstract In the paper are highlighted the main advantages of wireless monitoring methods present in the market for electrical equipment temperature surveillance. Also, are considerate the mandatory corrections applied to the thermographic image in order to adjust the electrical equipment temperature. In the final part, there are shown the resulted values of an infrared thermography inspection performed in industrial environment, which reveals the thermal stresses identification of the busbar’s connections from a medium voltage switch separator. In addition, the paper present why a highly reflexive surface is not suitable for infrared thermography, and in what manner affects the data obtained from the monitoring devices.

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de Carvalho, Gabriela, Carlos Eduardo Girasol, Luiz Guilherme Cruz Gonçalves, Elaine Caldeira Oliveira Guirro, and Rinaldo Roberto de Jesus Guirro. "Correlation between skin temperature in the lower limbs and biochemical marker, performance data, and clinical recovery scales." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0248653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248653.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between tools commonly used in the detection of physiological changes, such as clinical complaints, a biochemical marker of muscle injury, and performance data during official matches, with infrared thermography, which has been commonly used in the possible tracking of musculoskeletal injuries in athletes. Twenty-two athletes from a professional soccer club (age 27.7 ± 3.93 years; BMI 24.35 ± 1.80 kg/cm2) were followed during the season of a national championship, totaling 19 matches with an interval of 7 days between matches. At each match, the athletes used a Global Positioning System (GPS) device to collect performance data. Forty-eight hours after each match, every athlete’s perception of recovery, fatigue, and pain was documented. Blood was collected for creatine kinase (CK) analysis, and infrared thermography was applied. Only athletes who presented pain above 4 in either limb were included for thermographic analysis. Each thermographic image was divided into 14 regions of interest. For statistical analysis, we included only the images that showed differences ≥ 1° C. Data normality was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Dallal-Wilkinson-Lilliefors correction. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to verify the correlation between infrared thermography and the biochemical marker, performance data, and clinical recovery scales. No correlation was observed between mean skin temperature and blood CK levels, pain level, perception of recovery, and fatigue perception (r <0.2, p>0.05). Thus, infrared thermography did not correlate with CK level, pain, fatigue perception, or recovery, nor with performance variables within the field.

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Yousefi, Ibarra-Castanedo, and Maldague. "Infrared Non-Destructive Testing via Semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorization." Proceedings 27, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027013.

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Detection of subsurface defects is undeniably a growing subfield of infrared non-destructive testing (IR-NDT). There are many algorithms used for this purpose, where non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is considered to be an interesting alternative to principal component analysis (PCA) by having no negative basis in matrix decomposition. Here, an application of Semi non-negative matrix factorization (Semi-NMF) in IR-NDT is presented to determine the subsurface defects of an Aluminum plate specimen through active thermographic method. To benchmark, the defect detection accuracy and computational load of the Semi-NMF approach is compared to state-of-the-art thermography processing approaches such as: principal component thermography (PCT), Candid Covariance-Free Incremental Principal Component Thermography (CCIPCT), Sparse PCT, Sparse NMF and standard NMF with gradient descend (GD) and non-negative least square (NNLS). The results show 86% accuracy for 27.5s computational time for SemiNMF, which conclusively indicate the promising performance of the approach in the field of IR-NDT.

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Wang, X. G., V. Crupi, X. L. Guo, and E. Guglielmino. "A thermography-based approach for structural analysis and fatigue evaluation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 5 (September 23, 2011): 1173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211421998.

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The infrared thermography has been developed for Non-Destructive Testing (NDT), stress analysis, and in the last 10 years for metal fatigue assessment. The present research enables to realize these different research objectives all together thanks to an innovative experimental procedure, which includes NDT by lock-in thermography, thermoelastic stress analysis, and fatigue parameters assessment by Rapid Thermographic Method ( RTM). The developed procedure has been performed on a set of hole-notched specimens, achieving good results and predictions in a relatively short time. Moreover, the fatigue strength reduction coefficients of the specimens were determined by RTM. This thermography-based approach is dedicated for structural analysis and fatigue evaluation; it is an interesting attempt to apply different thermographic methods to a common research topic.

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Kovacevic, R., R. Mohan, and H. E. Beardsley. "Monitoring of Thermal Energy Distribution in Abrasive Waterjet Cutting Using Infrared Thermography." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 118, no. 4 (November 1, 1996): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831067.

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Thermal energy distribution in the workpiece cut with abrasive waterjet (AWJ) is analyzed using the technique of infrared thermography through isotherms and linescans. Variation in workpiece temperature with thermal conductivity and cutting conditions is studied. The feasibility of visualization of AWJ cutting mechanisms in opaque materials using infrared thermography is investigated. A novel technique of AWJ nozzle wear monitoring through infrared thermography is proposed. A comparative study of infrared thermography results with the readings of thermocouples and the two-dimensional moving line heat source model show a close correspondence indicating that infrared thermography is a good technique for the above application.

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Pavelski, Mariana, Mardjory da Silva Basten, Eduarda Busato, and Peterson Triches Dornbusch. "Infrared thermography evaluation from the back region of healthy horses in controlled temperature room." Ciência Rural 45, no. 7 (May 22, 2015): 1274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140675.

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The infrared thermography is a diagnostic imaging tool, which measures the surface temperature of an object through its heat emission. It is a non-invasive method, painless, with no involvement of radiation. Horses have elevated incidence of back injuries which causes decrease in their performance. A rapid and accurate diagnostic is essential to start the treatment. The aim of this paper was to establish the ideal time to the animal stay e inside a controlled room to balance their temperature and in the second time verify the thermographic temperature of specific back regions. It was studied fifteen healthy horses, being performed thermography of thoracic, lumbar and pelvic regions in four different times. There was a significant difference between the thermography performed outside and inside of the controlled temperature room. It was concluded that the ideal time to the horse stay into the controlled temperature room was thirty minutes and the mean thermographic temperatures of back regions, were obtained and can be used as parameters to identify injuries in other horses.

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Lin, Yen-Hsi, Yen-Chin Chen, Kuo-Sheng Cheng, Po-Jui Yu, Jiun-Ling Wang, and Nai-Ying Ko. "Higher Periwound Temperature Associated with Wound Healing of Pressure Ulcers Detected by Infrared Thermography." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132883.

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Visual and empirical assessments do not enable the early detection of wound deterioration or necroses. No suitable objective indicator for predicting poor wound-healing is currently available. We used infrared thermography to determine the association between wound temperature and pressure-wound healing. We examined patients with grades 2–4 pressure ulcers from a medical center in southern Taiwan and recorded the temperatures of the wound bed, periwound, and normal skin using infrared thermographic cameras. A total of 50 pressure ulcers and 248 infrared-thermography temperature records were analyzed. Normal skin temperature was not related to pressure ulcer wound healing. In a multivariate analysis, higher malnutrition universal-screening-tool scores were associated with poor wound-healing (p = 0.020), and higher periwound-temperature values were associated with better wound-healing (p = 0.028). In patients who had higher periwound-skin temperature than that of the wound bed, that result was also associated with better wound-healing (p = 0.002). Wound-bed and periwound temperatures differed significantly with the grade of the pressure ulcer, and a high periwound temperature was positively correlated with wound healing. Infrared thermography can objectively serve as indicators for assessing pressure-ulcer healing.

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Kim, Hojong, Nirjal Lamichhane, Cheolsang Kim, and Ranjit Shrestha. "Innovations in Building Diagnostics and Condition Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review of Infrared Thermography Applications." Buildings 13, no. 11 (November 11, 2023): 2829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112829.

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Infrared thermography is a non-destructive technique that uses infrared radiation to visualize surface temperature variations. It is a versatile tool that can be used to detect a variety of problems in buildings, including insulation deficiencies, moisture intrusion, structural compromise, and electrical faults. The review paper discusses the fundamental principles of infrared thermography, the different types of infrared approaches, and the condition monitoring of buildings using infrared imaging techniques. It also discusses research showing how infrared thermography has been applied to recognize and solve different building-related problems. The article highlights the potential for infrared thermography to advance while also acknowledging its current limits. Infrared thermography is predicted to become an even more effective technique for building diagnostics with the development of more sensitive cameras and the incorporation of artificial intelligence.

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Farmaki, Spyridoula, Dimitrios A. Exarchos, Ilias K. Tragazikis, Theodore E. Matikas, and Konstantinos G. Dassios. "A Novel Infrared Thermography Sensing Approach for Rapid, Quantitative Assessment of Damage in Aircraft Composites." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 4113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154113.

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The current necessity of the scientific and industrial community, for reduction of aircraft maintenance cost and duration, prioritizes the need for development of innovative nondestructive techniques enabling fast and reliable defect detection on aircraft fuselage and wing skin parts. Herein, a new low-cost thermographic strategy, termed Pulsed Phase-Informed Lock-in Thermography, operating on the synergy of two independent, active infrared thermography techniques, is reported for the fast and quantitative assessment of superficial and subsurface damage in aircraft-grade composite materials. The two-step approach relies on the fast, initial qualitative assessment, by Pulsed Phase Thermography, of defect location and the identification of the optimal material-intrinsic frequency, over which lock-in thermography is subsequently applied for the quantification of the damage’s dilatational characteristics. A state-of-the-art ultra-compact infrared thermography module envisioned to form part of a fully-automated autonomous nondestructive testing inspection solution for aircraft was conceived, developed, and tested on aircraft-grade composite specimens with impact damages induced at variable energy levels and on a full-scale aircraft fuselage skin composite panel. The latter task was performed in semi-automated mode with the infrared thermography module mounted on the prototype autonomous vortex robot platform. The timescale requirement for a full assessment of damage(s) within the sensor’s field of view is of the order of 60 s which, in combination with the high precision of the methodology, unfolds unprecedented potential towards the reduction in duration and costs of tactical aircraft maintenance, optimization of efficiency and minimization of accidents.

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Matias, Luís, Luís Gonçalves, Alexandra Costa, and Carlos Pina Santos. "Cool Façades - Thermal Performance Assessment Using Infrared Thermography." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.14.

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High reflective paints (cool paints) can reduce solar heat gains, improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in buildings in summer period. To evaluate the thermal performance of different reflective paints applied in façades (over ETICS like solution) a research study is being developed at LNEC using full-scale test cells built in LNEC’s campus.For this purpose, non-destructive infrared thermography method is being used. This method allows knowing the temperature distribution on façades by measuring infrared radiation emitted from its surfaces. Thermocouples placed on wall outside surfaces support thermographic diagnosis.Optical properties of cool paints (reflectance and emittance) used in this research study were achieved by additional laboratory tests.Comparative analysis between thermal performance of a white cool paint and a white conventional paint is presented in this paper. This research study also shows the potential of infrared thermography in the assessment of thermal performance of cool paints.

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Gulias-Cañizo, Rosario, Maria Elisa Rodríguez-Malagón, Loubette Botello-González, Valeria Belden-Reyes, Francisco Amparo, and Manuel Garza-Leon. "Applications of Infrared Thermography in Ophthalmology." Life 13, no. 3 (March 8, 2023): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13030723.

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Body temperature is one of the key vital signs for determining a disease’s severity, as it reflects the thermal energy generated by an individual’s metabolism. Since the first study on the relationship between body temperature and diseases by Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich at the end of the 19th century, various forms of thermometers have been developed to measure body temperature. Traditionally, methods for measuring temperature can be invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive. In recent years, great technological advances have reduced the cost of thermographic cameras, which allowed extending their use. Thermal cameras capture the infrared radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum and process the images to represent the temperature of the object under study through a range of colors, where each color and its hue indicate a previously established temperature. Currently, cameras have a sensitivity that allows them to detect changes in temperature as small as 0.01 °C. Along with its use in other areas of medicine, thermography has been used at the ocular level for more than 50 years. In healthy subjects, the literature reports that the average corneal temperature ranges from 32.9 to 36 °C. One of the possible sources of variability in normal values is age, and other possible sources of variation are gender and external temperature. In addition to the evaluation of healthy subjects, thermography has been used to evaluate its usefulness in various eye diseases, such as Graves’ orbitopathy, and tear duct obstruction for orbital diseases. The ocular surface is the most studied area. Ocular surface temperature is influenced by multiple conditions, one of the most studied being dry eye; other diseases studied include allergic conjunctivitis and pterygium as well as systemic diseases such as carotid artery stenosis. Among the corneal diseases studied are keratoconus, infectious keratitis, corneal graft rejection, the use of scleral or soft contact lenses, and the response to refractive or cataract surgery. Other diseases where thermographic features have been reported are glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vascular occlusions, intraocular tumors as well as scleritis, and other inflammatory eye diseases.

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Yang, B., P. K. Liaw, J. Y. Huang, R. C. Kuo, J. G. Huang, and D. E. Fielden. "Stress Analyses and Geometry Effects During Cyclic Loading Using Thermography." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1836793.

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A high-speed and high-sensitivity thermographic-infrared (IR) imaging system has been used to investigate the temperature evolutions of SA533B1 steel specimens during high-cycle fatigue experiments. Both thermodynamics and heat-transfer theories are applied to quantify the relationship between the observed temperature variations and stress–strain states during fatigue. The thermoelastic effect has been utilized to calculate the maximum stress level during fatigue testing. The predicted results matched the experimental data quite well. Different temperature and strain behaviors have been observed between cylindrical and flat specimens during high-cycle fatigue experiments. Explanations have been provided, based on Lu¨ders band evolutions in flat specimens during fatigue, which have been observed in detail by thermography. Numerical methods have been provided to convert the temperature map (thermograph) into heat-dissipation-rate (HDR) map, which illustrates the kinetics of the Lu¨ders-band evolution. Thus, the thermography technology can provide an effective means to “watch” and “quantify” the heat-evolution processes, such as the mechanical-damage behaviors, which can open up new opportunities for in- situ studying mechanical and phase-transformation behaviors in detail.

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SCHAEFER, A. L., S. D. M. JONES, A. C. MURRAY, A. P. SATHER, and A. K. W. TONG. "INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY OF PIGS WITH KNOWN GENOTYPES FOR STRESS SUSCEPTIBILITY IN RELATION TO PORK QUALITY." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-056.

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Twenty five market-weight pigs averaging 92.0 kg body weight represented by eight halothane-negative with NN genotype, nine crossbred with Nn genotype and eight halothane-positive with nn genotype animals were thermographed to determine whether temperature differences were related to meat quality. Infrared thermograph analysis demonstrated no differences in mean external medial temperatures among genotypes in the live animal nor in the internal medial carcass surface. However, pigs with cooler mean side temperatures displayed a higher percent drip loss (P ≤ 0.09) and paler colored meat (P ≤ 0.03). This was particularly evident in the H+ pigs where a highly significant negative correlation between expressible juice (−0.87; P ≤ 0.01) as well as percent drip loss (−0.75; P ≤ 0.05) and mean live external medial surface temperature was observed. Furthermore, the halothane-positive pigs displayed small hot spots over the dorsal front shoulder area and over the posterior third of the animals. Key words: Infrared thermography, meat quality, pig genotype

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McLaughlin, P. V., M. G. Mirchandani, and P. V. Ciekurs. "Infrared Thermographic Flaw Detection in Composite Laminates." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 109, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225954.

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Research performed to develop thermography as a routine rapid flaw detection tool for large composite structures is presented. The externally applied thermal field (EATF) technique is described whereby surface cracks or sub-surface impact damage creates detectable surface temperature perturbations when heated. EATF thermographic procedures and flaw detection capabilities in multidirectional and unidirectional graphite and glass fiber composites are described. The method’s advantages and limitations are outlined.

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Wu, Cui Qin, Wei Ping Wang, Qi Gang Yuan, Yan Jun Li, Wei Zhang, and Xiang Dong Zhang. "Experiments of Infrared Thermography NDT in Composite Materials with Honeycomb Sandwich Structure." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.127.

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To estimate the disbond defects of the carbon fiber composite materials with honeycomb sandwich structure applied in the aerospace, active infrared thermographic NDT (non-destructive testing) is researched. The specimen with known disbond defects is detected by an active infrared thermography system. The specimen is stimulated by a pulse heating source. Based on the thermal wave propagation theory, the surface temperature of the specimen contained defects will differ from the surrounding sound area because of their different thermal-physical properties. The surface temperature is monitored using infrared camera and analyzed by a computer in the time domain. The experiment results show that the active infrared thermographic NDT is rapid, effective and intuitive for detecting the disbond defects in composite materials with honeycomb sandwich structure.

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Lima, Rui L. P. de, João R. C. B. Abrantes, João L. M. P. de Lima, and M. Isabel P. de Lima. "Using thermal tracers to estimate flow velocities of shallow flows: laboratory and field experiments." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0028.

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Abstract Accurate measurement of shallow flows is important for hydraulics, hydrology and water resources management. The objective of this paper is to discuss a technique for shallow flow and overland flow velocity estimation that uses infrared thermography. Laboratory flumes and different bare, vegetated and paved field surfaces were used to test the technique. Results show that shallow flow surface velocities estimated using thermal tracers and infrared technology are similar to estimates obtained using the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter; similar results were also obtained for overland flow velocity estimates using thermography, here comparing with the dye tracer technique. The thermographic approach revealed some potential as a flow visualization technique, and leaves space for future studies and research.

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Galla, Stanisław, and Alicja Konczakowska. "Application of Infrared Thermography to Non-Contact Testing of Varistors." Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0058.

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Abstract Testing of varistors using thermography was carried out in order to assess their protective properties against possible overvoltage phenomena in the form of high-level voltage surges. An advantage of the thermography technique is non-contact temperature measurement. It was proposed to assess the properties of varistors working in electronic devices as protective elements, on the basis of estimating temperature increments on varistor surfaces, registered by an infrared camera during surge resistance tests with standard voltage levels. To determine acceptable temperature increments on a tested varistor, preliminary testing was performed of P22Z1 (Littelfuse) and S07K14 (EPCOS) type varistors, working first at a constant load and presently during surge tests,. The thermographic test results were compared with measured varistor capacity values before and after tests. It was found that recording with thermography temperature increments greater than 6°C for both P22Z1 and S07K14 varistor types detects total or partial loss of varistor protective properties. The test results were confirmed by assessment of protective properties of varistors working in output circuits of low nominal voltage devices.

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Oliveira, A. V. D., E. M. B. Reis, P. F. P. Ferraz, M. Barbari, G. S. Santos, M. V. R. Cruz, G. F. Silva, and A. O. L. Silva. "Infrared thermography as a technique for detecting subclinical bovine mastitis." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 74, no. 6 (December 2022): 992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12834.

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ABSTRACT Infrared thermography is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of subclinical mastitis in pasture-raised dairy cows. The study was conducted on eight dairy farms, in Sena Madureira, Acre, in the Western Amazon, during the rainy season. One hundred and thirteen lactating crossbred cows were monitored, with measurements performed once a day before milking, from 02:00 to 06:00 in the morning. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was subsequently applied. Data processing was performed in the R programming language and evaluated by linear models. Our results show that cow udder surface temperature by infrared thermography showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the months of the year. Cow udder temperatures of thermographic images were significantly different (p<0.05) from CMT results for animals with subclinical mastitis. CMT results showed that 45 cows (39.8%) in January, 52 cows (46%) in February and 57 cows (50.4%) in March had subclinical mastitis. Infrared thermography is a technique that can be used for the early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in a grazing system, as it detected an increase in the udder surface temperature of the same cows that were positive for CMT.

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Makashova, N. V., A. E. Vasilyeva, O. Yu Kolosova, and N. E. Morozova. "Рossibilities of the Thermography in Early Diagnostics of Bleb Scarring (Prelimenary Report)." Ophthalmology in Russia 18, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2021-2-290-295.

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Thermography is the method of noninvasive registration of visible image of the own infrared radiation of the human body surface by special devices. The physiological basis of its application in medical diagnostics is the amplification of infrared radiation intensity from pathologic spots that is connected with the enhancement of blood supply and metabolism.Purpose. To study the possibilities of thermography for functional bleb status assessment, for early diagnostics of bleb scarring processes and for definition of needling indications.Patients and methods. There were executed 32 thermography (32 patients and eyes) of blebs in 7 days after minimally invasive sinustrabeculectomy. Authors used thermal imaging Тesto 875-2i with SuperResolution technology and telephoto lens 9°×7°. The bleb area and temperature were studied With IRSoft and Universal Desktop Ruler programs. Intraocular pressure (corneal compensated) (IOPcc) was measured with Ocular Response Analyzer®, ORA.Conclusion. The study has shown the direct correlation dependence between bleb functional activity and its thermographic characteristics (area and temperature).

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Moustakidis, Serafeim, Athanasios Anagnostis, Apostolos Chondronasios, Patrik Karlsson, and Kostas Hrissagis. "Excitation-invariant pre-processing of thermographic data." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 232, no. 4 (April 23, 2018): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x18770888.

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There is a large number of industries that make extensive use of composite materials in their respective sectors. This rise in composites’ use has necessitated the development of new non-destructive inspection techniques that focus on manufacturing quality assurance, as well as in-service damage testing. Active infrared thermography is now a popular nondestructive testing method for detecting defects in composite structures. Non-uniform emissivity, uneven heating of the test surface, and variation in thermal properties of the test material are some of the crucial factors in experimental thermography. These unwanted thermal effects are typically coped with the application of a number of well-established thermographic techniques including pulse phase thermography and thermographic signal reconstruction. This article addresses this problem of the induced uneven heating at the pre-processing phase prior to the application of the thermographic processing techniques. To accomplish this, a number of excitation invariant pre-processing techniques were developed and tested in this article addressing the unwanted effect of non-uniform excitation in the collected thermographic data. Various fitting approaches were validated in light of modeling the non-uniform heating effect, and new normalization approaches were proposed following a time-dependent framework. The proposed pre-processing techniques were validated on a testing composite sample with pre-determined defects. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed processing algorithms in terms of removing the unwanted heat distribution effect along with the signal-to-noise ratio of the produced infrared images.

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Maldague, X., and S. Marinetti. "Pulse phase infrared thermography." Journal of Applied Physics 79, no. 5 (March 1996): 2694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362662.

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Ng, E., and R. Acharya. "Remote-sensing infrared thermography." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 28, no. 1 (January 2009): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2008.931018.

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Maldague, X., A. Ziadi, and M. Klein. "Double pulse infrared thermography." NDT & E International 37, no. 7 (October 2004): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2004.03.003.

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Shekhawat, Rajesh Singh. "Infrared Thermography - A Review." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 35, no. 6 (May 25, 2016): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v35p259.

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Antonaci, Fabio, Elena Rossi, Cristina Voiticovschi-Iosob, Giorgio Dalla Volta, and Sara Marceglia. "Frontal infrared thermography in healthy individuals and chronic migraine patients: Reliability of the method." Cephalalgia 39, no. 4 (July 10, 2018): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102418788341.

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Background The use of frontal infrared thermography in the diagnosis of primary headaches provided scattering results due to measurement fluctuations and different types of headaches or research protocols. Objective This study aims to assess the reliability of frontal infrared thermography in healthy individuals and provide a preliminary evaluation in chronic migraine patients using a commercial infrared thermal camera. Methods Thermographic images were acquired in 20 controls and 15 patients at three consecutive time-points in two daily sessions. The Side Difference and Asymmetry Index parameters were defined. The reproducibility of the measurements, the correlation of Asymmetry Index and Side Difference with clinical evaluations and patient perceptions, and the ability of the parameters to discriminate between patients and controls were investigated. Results We reported a good reproducibility of the measurements (Inter-class Correlation Coefficient > 0.75 and Coefficient of Variation < 13.4%), independent from external factors. The Side Difference was significantly different between patients and controls ( p < 0.001). The Asymmetry Index showed good correlation with the side of unilateral pain ( p = 0.0056). Conclusions Frontal infrared thermography can be used to quantify the difference between the right and the left side of frontal vascular changes in chronic migraine patients, provided that standardized conditions are satisfied.

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Barbosa, JS, AMAM Amorim, MJALLA Arruda, GBS Medeiros, APLF Freitas, LEM Vieira, DP Melo, and PM Bento. "Infrared thermography assessment of patients with temporomandibular disorders." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 49, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 20190392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190392.

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Objectives: To assess patients with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD) infrared thermography according to the differences in thermal radiance using quantitative sensitivity and specificity tests; and to evaluate the thermal asymmetry and the correlation of the thermal intensity with the intensity of pain upon palpation. Methods: This cross-sectional study performed a quantitative evaluation of clinical and thermographic examinations. The volunteers were evaluated for the presence of TMD using RDC/TMD (Diagnostic Research Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders), and were divided into two groups: TMD group (n = 45); control group (n = 41), composed of volunteers without TMD, according to the Fonseca Anamnestic Index. The images were assessed for selected regions of interest for the masseter, anterior temporal and TMJ muscles. The mean values of the areas of both groups were compared under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Spearman correlation analysis (non-parametric data) between pain level and mean temperature, by region, and the Pearson's χ2 test was used to verify the association between the presence of temperature and pain asymmetry. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Both Groups, with and without TMD, presented with absolute and non-dimensional mean temperature without statistical differences (p>0.05). When correlating temperature with intensity of pain upon palpation, a negative correlation was observed for the masseter muscle. Conclusion: Infrared Thermography resulted in low area under the curve, making it difficult to differentiate TMD via thermographic analysis. The intensity of pain upon palpation in patients with TMD may be accompanied by a decrease in local temperature.

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Kavuru, Manogna, and Elisabetta Rosina. "Developing Guidelines for the Use of Passive Thermography on Cultural Heritage in Tropical Climates." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 8411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238411.

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Infrared thermography (IRT) has been a very successful tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of cultural heritage restoration projects. It has been used to identify anomalies, moisture issues, etc., in historic buildings. Although it is a promising tool, one of the limitations is that a method to deploy it onsite has not been standardized. This is due to the different variables that might affect thermal signatures captured by the thermal camera, when onsite. Especially since environmental conditions play a major role in thermography, the process must vary from region to region significantly. That said, efforts have been made over the years to establish some base standards for designated purposes of infrared thermography in the construction field. These standards and best practice methods, although comprehensive, do not effectively help with issues that are contextual to the location of the building, for instance, tropical climates, such as India. This paper aims to suggest guidelines for a passive approach of thermography, based on practical applications and procedures followed during the thermographic survey at the former British Residency in Hyderabad, India. Additionally, this paper explores the avenues through which region specific guidelines can be established.

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Amarandei, Mihaela, Karla Berdich, Izabella Szigyarto, Lorand Kun, and Liviu Marşavina. "Nondestructive Evaluation of Polyurethane Materials Using Transient Thermography." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.21.

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The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of transient thermography in the nondestructive evaluation of structural defects of NECURON 1001 using the FLIR thermographic system. Necuron is a polyurethane material used for applications like: fixture and gauges, master and copy models, models with high mechanical stress, etc. Transient thermography is a thermographic method which implies the investigation of materials that are of a different (often higher) temperature than the ambient. The heat flow into the sample is altered in the presence of a subsurface defect or feature, creating a temperature contrast at the surface that is recorded by the infrared system. Results show that this method of evaluation can indicate, in necuron, defects of small sizes that can be overlooked in the manufacturing process. Also, it was shown that the transient thermography method presented can be an important tool in evaluating structural defects of materials.

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Choi, Seung Hyun, Lee Ku Kwac, and Jae Yeol Kim. "Application of the Ultrasound-Infrared Thermography Technique for Non-Destructive Evaluation of Defects in Shoe Bonding Parts." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.823.

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The infrared thermography technique is being applied in many areas. Particularly these days, non-destructive inspection and evaluation using the ultrasound-infrared thermography technique are hogging the spotlight in a wide range of study areas. The ultrasound-infrared thermography technique uses the principle that ultrasound waves projected to objects with cracks or defects at connections generate local heat from the defective surface. In this research, introduce nondestructive evaluation method for total inspection of special shoes applying Ultrasound Infrared thermography Technique. Performance of the proposed method are shown by through thermo-Image. The total inspection system using infrared thermal camera for special shoes, its applicability, and system configuration are introduced.

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Balakrishnan, Ganesh Kumar, Chong Tak Yaw, Siaw Paw Koh, Tarek Abedin, Avinash Ashwin Raj, Sieh Kiong Tiong, and Chai Phing Chen. "A Review of Infrared Thermography for Condition-Based Monitoring in Electrical Energy: Applications and Recommendations." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166000.

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Condition-based monitoring (CBM) has emerged as a critical instrument for lowering the cost of unplanned operations while also improving the efficacy, execution, and dependability of tools. Thermal abnormalities can be thoroughly examined using thermography for condition monitoring. Thanks to the advent of high-resolution infrared cameras, researchers are paying more attention to thermography as a non-contact approach for monitoring the temperature rise of objects and as a technique in great experiments to analyze processes thermally. It also allows for the early identification of weaknesses and failures in equipment while it is in use, decreasing system downtime, catastrophic failure, and maintenance expenses. In many applications, the usage of IRT as a condition monitoring approach has steadily increased during the previous three decades. Infrared cameras are steadily finding use in research and development, in addition to their routine use in condition monitoring and preventative maintenance. This study focuses on infrared crucial thermographic theoretical stages, experimental methodologies, relative and absolute temperature requirements, and infrared essential thermographic theoretical processes for electrical and electronics energy applications. Furthermore, this article addresses the major concerns and obstacles and makes some specific recommendations for future development. With developments in artificial intelligence, particularly computer fiction, depending on the present deep learning algorithm, IRT can boost CBM analysis.

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Chava, Sravan Kumar, Mansi Agrawal, Konduru Vidya, Rajinikanth Janakiraman, Kuppan Palaniyandi, Oyyaravelu Ramachandran, and Amit Jiwan Tirkey. "Role of Infrared Thermography in Planning and Monitoring of Head and Neck Microvascular Flap Reconstruction." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 11, no. 9 (September 2023): e5158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000005158.

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Background: Reconstruction using microvascular free flaps has become the standard of care in head and neck cancer surgery, and their success lies in appropriate planning, adequate revascularization, and early detection of flap compromise so that prompt salvage is possible. This study evaluates the role of infrared thermography in the planning, execution, and postoperative monitoring of microvascular flaps in head and neck reconstructions. Methods: This is a single institutional, prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in South India for 13 months. Twenty patients were included, and their thermographic images were captured in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative settings using the infrared camera FLIR T400. These images were analyzed along with the Doppler, and clinical monitoring findings in all the settings and the temperature difference were calculated postoperatively. Results: Hotspot perforator marking was made using infrared camera, and perforator marking was made using hand-held Doppler preoperatively, which correlated in 93% of cases. Intraoperatively, flap rewarming was successfully demonstrated in 19 of 20 cases. Postoperatively, flap compromise was observed on infrared thermography during the first 24 hours but not on clinical monitoring in three cases. The temperature difference values recorded were 5.4°C, 2.4°C, and 4.9°C. The mean of temperature difference of the healthy flaps was 1.0°C (range 0.1°C–1.8°C). Conclusion: Infrared thermography provides simple and reliable imaging, which can be used in perforator marking and flap designing preoperatively and checking the flap perfusion and vascular anastomosis patency intra- and postoperatively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Infrared thermography'

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