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Journal articles on the topic 'Infrastructure failure'
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NEOCLEOUS, KYRIAKOS, MARIOS D. DIKAIAKOS, PARASKEVI FRAGOPOULOU, and EVANGELOS P. MARKATOS. "FAILURE MANAGEMENT IN GRIDS: THE CASE OF THE EGEE INFRASTRUCTURE." Parallel Processing Letters 17, no. 04 (December 2007): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626407003113.
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The emergence of Grid infrastructures like EGEE has enabled the deployment of large-scale computational experiments that address challenging scientific problems in various fields. However, to realize their full potential, Grid infrastructures need to achieve a higher degree of dependability, i.e., they need to improve the ratio of Grid-job requests that complete successfully in the presence of Grid-component failures. To achieve this, however, we need to determine, analyze and classify the causes of job failures on Grids. In this paper we study the reasons behind Grid job failures in the context of EGEE, the largest Grid infrastructure currently in operation. We present points of failure in a Grid that affect the execution of jobs, and describe error types and contributing factors. We discuss various information sources that provide users and administrators with indications about failures, and assess their usefulness based on error information accuracy and completeness. We describe two real-life case studies, describing failures that occurred on a production site of EGEE and the troubleshooting process for each case. Finally, we propose the architecture for a system that could provide failure management support to administrators and end-users of large-scale Grid infrastructures like EGEE.
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Lindner, Christine, Pradeep Burla, and Dirk Vallée. "Graph-Theory-Based Modeling of Cascading Infrastructure Failures." Journal of Extreme Events 04, no. 03 (September 2017): 1750012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737617500129.
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Urban social life increasingly depends on a functioning social and technical infrastructure. Protecting infrastructures from natural disasters and extreme weather events, which are especially a result of climate change, has become an important topic in international research in the last years [Birkmann et al. (2016). Journal of Extreme Events, 03: 1650017]. In order to increase efficiency, the connections and interrelations between infrastructure components have been strengthened more and more, promoting the growth of large-scale interconnected systems. This in turn has resulted in uncontrollable potential risks as the functionality of each component now depends on an ever-increasing number of other infrastructure components. If one infrastructure component fails, this causes extensive cascades carrying the original failure over to successive components. This can, for example, cause large-scale failures in the rail network due to a shortage of fuel supply in large power plants resulting in impaired grid stability and thus a blackout, which in turn affects communications infrastructure, water supply, and other sectors. The growing complexity of connected infrastructures across multiple sectors and the use of continuously evolving technologies pose great challenges for researchers and providers regarding the prediction of cascading disruptions in the event of a component failure. Cascade modeling is an essential tool for improving the system’s resilience, since the security of the population’s supply is already disrupted when only parts of infrastructure systems are deactivated for test purposes. Accordingly, development and improvement of modeling approaches for the depiction of failure scenarios plays an essential role in planning and operating infrastructure systems. Against this background, we are developing an intersectoral graph-theoretical model framework for cascading failures in large-scale infrastructure systems in order to identify hotspots of high criticality. This work extends the study of criticality as a function of network centrality metrics. Network centrality metrics are applied to the electricity sector to examine and comprehend their correlation. The proposed criticality model for the graph model is then extended to a geographical dependence model. Predicting and analyzing criticality is important to support urban planners in setting up independently operational infrastructure systems and to accomplish the transformation of existing vulnerabilities into resilient adaptive structures.
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Eismann, Christine. "Trends in Critical Infrastructure Protection in Germany." TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tvsbses-2014-0008.
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Abstract Critical Infrastructures failures cause harmful consequences to the population, because they disrupt the supply of necessary goods and services. The failures pose an indirect threat, as they will regularly be triggered by natural hazards, technical failure/human error or intentional acts. In the risk analyses on the national level in Germany, Critical Infrastructure failures are qualitatively described to estimate their impacts on society. Critical Infrastructure Protection is seen as a joint task of many different stakeholders. Rules and regulations with different degrees of compulsion build the framework for their cooperation, and a strategy is in place that promotes the trustful exchange of information among all the relevant stakeholders. The most important stakeholder groups are public authorities, infrastructure operators, and the population. An example is given on how a joint risk management of public authorities and infrastructure operators may be performed, and the cooperation of public authorities and the population is discussed. As Civil Protection covers the entire risk and crisis management cycle with its phases prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, the article ends with examples of the support, which the German Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance and the Federal Ministry of the Interior offer for other stakeholders in order to achieve well-protected infrastructures and, in consequence, well-protected citizens.
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Koks, Elco, Raghav Pant, Scott Thacker, and Jim W. Hall. "Understanding Business Disruption and Economic Losses Due to Electricity Failures and Flooding." International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 10, no. 4 (September 24, 2019): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00236-y.
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Abstract Failure of critical national infrastructures can cause disruptions with widespread economic impacts. To analyze these economic impacts, we present an integrated modeling framework that combines: (1) geospatial information on infrastructure assets/networks and the natural hazards to which they are exposed; (2) geospatial modeling of the reliance of businesses upon infrastructure services, in order to quantify disruption to businesses locations and economic activities in the event of infrastructure failures; and (3) multiregional supply-use economic modeling to analyze wider economic impacts of disruptions to businesses. The methodology is exemplified through a case study for the United Kingdom. The study uses geospatial information on the location of electricity infrastructure assets and local industrial areas, and employs a multiregional supply-use model of the UK economy that traces the impacts of floods of different return intervals across 37 subnational regions of the UK. The results show up to a 300% increase in total economic losses when power outages are included in the risk assessment, compared to analysis that just includes the economic impacts of business interruption due to flooded business premises. This increase indicates that risk studies that do not include failure of critical infrastructures may be underestimating the total losses.
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Musa, Nadianatra, Vishv Malhotra, and Trevor Wilmshurst. "Do Managers Understand Importance of Securing IT Resources?" International Journal of Virtual Communities and Social Networking 7, no. 1 (January 2015): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijvcsn.2015010105.
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Information infrastructures and resources has become critical component of the modern business and non-business organizations. In turn this dependence makes these organizations vulnerable to any significant failure in their information infrastructures and resources. Literature is full of examples of the companies suffering major losses and even demise as a result of information infrastructure and resources failures. To mitigate this vulnerability the senior management and governance of the organizations needs to pay direct role and attention to protect their critical information infrastructures and resources. This paper provides some results of a study we conducted recently to determine how the senior management of Malaysian business organizations view and control the information infrastructure and resources in their organizations to mitigate vulnerabilities to this critical component of their business organization.
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Monstadt, Jochen, and Olivier Coutard. "Cities in an era of interfacing infrastructures: Politics and spatialities of the urban nexus." Urban Studies 56, no. 11 (April 29, 2019): 2191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019833907.
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Over the last few years, nexus-thinking has become a buzzword in urban research and practice. This also applies to recent claims of greater integration or coordination of urban infrastructures that have traditionally been managed separately and have been unbundled. The idea is to better address their growing sociotechnical complexity, their externalities and their operation within an urban system of systems. This article introduces a collection of case studies aimed at critically appraising how concepts of nexus and infrastructure integration have become guiding visions for the development of green, resilient or smart cities. It assesses how concepts of nexus and calls for higher interconnectivity and ‘co-management’ within and across infrastructure domains often forestall more politically informed discussions and downplay potential risks and institutional restrictions. Based on an urban political and sociotechnical approach, the introduction to this special issue centres around four major research gaps: 1) the tensions between calls for infrastructure re-bundling and the urban trends and realities driven by infrastructure restructuring since the 1990s; 2) the existing boundary work in cities and urban stakeholders’ practices in bringing fragmented urban infrastructures together; 3) the politics involved in infrastructural and urban change and in aligning urban infrastructures that often defy managerial rhetoric of resource efficiency, smartness and resilience; and 4) the spatialities at play in infrastructural reconfigurations that selectively promote specific spaces and scales of metabolic autonomy, system operation (and failure), networked interconnectivities and system regulation. We conclude by outlining directions for future research.
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Seppänen, Hannes, Pekka Luokkala, Zhe Zhang, Paulus Torkki, and Kirsi Virrantaus. "Critical infrastructure vulnerability—A method for identifying the infrastructure service failure interdependencies." International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection 22 (September 2018): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2018.05.002.
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Adeniran, Adegboyega, Katherine A. Daniell, and Jamie Pittock. "Water Infrastructure Development in Nigeria: Trend, Size, and Purpose." Water 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 2416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172416.
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Water infrastructure development is key to attaining sustainable development, especially for water supply, sanitation and health, agricultural development, and energy production. However, sub-Saharan African countries face specific challenges around infrastructure financing, systemic and repeated malfunctioning, and decentralised infrastructure types. Using Nigeria as a case, this article aims to analyse historical water infrastructure development in Nigeria with a specific focus on dams and standpipes. Seven themes are discussed: infrastructure divisions; deprioritising water supply; political infrastructures; infrastructure failure and sustainability; infrastructure classification and typologies; optimal use of water resources and infrastructure; and a commentary on the future of water infrastructure development. The article concludes with policy and research suggestions for policymakers and other relevant stakeholders.
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Harris, Nigel G., and J. Bruce H. Ramsey. "Assessing the Effects of Railway Infrastructure Failure." Journal of the Operational Research Society 45, no. 6 (June 1994): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2584454.
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Harris, Nigel G., and J. Bruce H. Ramsey. "Assessing the Effects of Railway Infrastructure Failure." Journal of the Operational Research Society 45, no. 6 (June 1994): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1994.101.
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Jiwei, Lin, Tai Kang, Robert Tiong Lee Kong, and Sim Mong Soon. "Modelling critical infrastructure network interdependencies and failure." International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 15, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcis.2019.096557.
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Soon, Sim Mong, Robert Tiong Lee Kong, Lin Jiwei, and Tai Kang. "Modelling critical infrastructure network interdependencies and failure." International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 15, no. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcis.2019.10016804.
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McDaniels, Timothy, Stephanie Chang, Krista Peterson, Joey Mikawoz, and Dorothy Reed. "Empirical Framework for Characterizing Infrastructure Failure Interdependencies." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 13, no. 3 (September 2007): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0342(2007)13:3(175).
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Pietrucha-Urbanik, Katarzyna, Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak, and Mohamed Eid. "Water Network-Failure Data Assessment." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 2990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112990.
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The water-supply system is one of the basic and most important critical infrastructures. Water supply service disruption (water quality or quantity) may have serious consequences in modern societies. Water supply service is subject to various failure modes. Failure modes are specified by their degradation mechanisms, criticality, occurrence frequency and intensity. These failure modes have a random nature that impacts on the network disruption indicators, such as disruption frequency, network downtime, network repair time and network back-to-service time, i.e., the network resilience. This paper focuses on the water leakage failure mode. The water leakage failure mode assessment considers the unavoidable annual real water losses and the infrastructure leakage index recommended by the International Water Association’s Water Loss Task Force specialist group. Probabilistic statistical modelling was implemented to assess the seasonal index, the failure rates and the expectation value of the “mean time between failures.” The assessment is based on real operational data of the network. Specific attention is paid to the sensitivity of failures to seasonal variations. The presented methodology of the analysis of the water leakage failure mode is extendable to other failure modes and can help in developing new strategies in the management of the water-supply system in normal operation and crisis situations.
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Chahal, Hardeep, and Pinkey Devi. "Consumer attitude towards service failure and recovery in higher education." Quality Assurance in Education 23, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-07-2013-0029.
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Purpose – This paper aims to explore consumer attitude towards service failure and recovery in the higher education in general and with respect to teaching, examination, library, computer lab, administration and infrastructure in particular. Design/methodology/approach – The data are collected from 120 students of three undergraduate colleges of University of Jammu using purposive sampling. Findings – The findings reveal that all recovery efforts pertaining to teaching, examination, library, computer lab, administration and infrastructure are significant in overcoming the respective service failures. Research limitations/implications – The present study is limited to address service failure and service recovery relationship with respect to teaching, examination, library, computer lab, administration and infrastructure and limited to three undergraduate colleges operating in Jammu city only. The sample of the study is small which needs to be considered before generalizing the results. Originality/value – This study makes a maiden attempt to identify service failure issues with respect to teaching, examination, library, computer lab, administration and infrastructure using quantitative methodology in higher education and role of service recovery strategies in monitoring and reducing service failure.
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Yan, Ke-Sheng, Li-Li Rong, and Qun Li. "Vulnerability analysis of interdependent spatially embedded infrastructure networks under localized attack." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 09 (March 30, 2017): 1750089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500890.
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Infrastructure networks are usually spatially embedded, which makes them even more susceptible to spatially localized failures, i.e. a set of nodes located within a spatially localized area is subject to damage while other nodes do not directly fail. This paper mainly presents a methodological approach for analyzing vulnerability of interdependent infrastructure networks under localized attack. Two types of interdependencies are considered in the cascading failures propagation: functional and geographic interdependencies. The roles of different nodes and geographical proximity are employed to establish the functional interdependency. A novel attack failure model, i.e. localized failure model, is proposed to model geographic interdependency and quantify the failure probabilities of nodes under localized attack. Both topology-based and efficiency-based vulnerabilities of infrastructure networks are investigated. An artificial interdependent power and water networks are generated and their pertinent vulnerability is analyzed through using the presented methodological approach. Our method can help the stakeholders increase their knowledge of the vulnerability of the interdependent spatially embedded infrastructure networks under localized attack and protect them more efficiently.
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Kyriazis, Dimosthenis. "Protection of Service-Oriented Environments Serving Critical Infrastructures." Inventions 3, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3030062.
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The emergence of service-oriented architectures has driven the shift towards a service-oriented paradigm, which has been adopted in several application domains. The advent of cloud computing facilities and recently of edge computing environments has increased the aforementioned paradigm shift towards service provisioning. In this context, various “traditional” critical infrastructure components have turned to services, being deployed and managed on top of cloud and edge computing infrastructures. However, the latter poses a specific challenge: the services of the critical infrastructures within and across application verticals/domains (e.g., transportation, health, industrial venues, etc.) need to be continuously available with near-zero downtime. In this context, this paper presents an approach for high-performance monitoring and failure detection of critical infrastructure services that are deployed in virtualized environments. The failure detection framework consists of distributed agents (i.e., monitoring services) to ensure timely collection of monitoring data, while it is enhanced with a voting algorithm to minimize the case of false positives. The goal of the proposed approach is to detect failures in datacenters that support critical infrastructures by targeting both the acquisition of monitoring data in a performant way and the minimization of false positives in terms of potential failure detection. The specific approach is the baseline towards decision making and triggering of actions in runtime to ensure service high availability, given that it provides the required data for decision making on time with high accuracy.
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Sitzenfrei, R., M. Mair, M. Möderl, and W. Rauch. "Cascade vulnerability for risk analysis of water infrastructure." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 1885–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.813.
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One of the major tasks in urban water management is failure-free operation for at least most of the time. Accordingly, the reliability of the network systems in urban water management has a crucial role. The failure of a component in these systems impacts potable water distribution and urban drainage. Therefore, water distribution and urban drainage systems are categorized as critical infrastructure. Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is likely to experience harm induced by perturbation or stress. However, for risk assessment, we usually assume that events and failures are singular and independent, i.e. several simultaneous events and cascading events are unconsidered. Although failures can be causally linked, a simultaneous consideration in risk analysis is hardly considered. To close this gap, this work introduces the term cascade vulnerability for water infrastructure. Cascade vulnerability accounts for cascading and simultaneous events. Following this definition, cascade risk maps are a merger of hazard and cascade vulnerability maps. In this work cascade vulnerability maps for water distribution systems and urban drainage systems based on the ‘Achilles-Approach’ are introduced and discussed. It is shown, that neglecting cascading effects results in significant underestimation of risk scenarios.
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Garschagen, Matthias, and Simone Sandholz. "The role of minimum supply and social vulnerability assessment for governing critical infrastructure failure: current gaps and future agenda." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 4 (April 27, 2018): 1233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1233-2018.
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Abstract. Increased attention has lately been given to the resilience of critical infrastructure in the context of natural hazards and disasters. The major focus therein is on the sensitivity of critical infrastructure technologies and their management contingencies. However, strikingly little attention has been given to assessing and mitigating social vulnerabilities towards the failure of critical infrastructure and to the development, design and implementation of minimum supply standards in situations of major infrastructure failure. Addressing this gap and contributing to a more integrative perspective on critical infrastructure resilience is the objective of this paper. It asks which role social vulnerability assessments and minimum supply considerations can, should and do – or do not – play for the management and governance of critical infrastructure failure. In its first part, the paper provides a structured review on achievements and remaining gaps in the management of critical infrastructure and the understanding of social vulnerabilities towards disaster-related infrastructure failures. Special attention is given to the current state of minimum supply concepts with a regional focus on policies in Germany and the EU. In its second part, the paper then responds to the identified gaps by developing a heuristic model on the linkages of critical infrastructure management, social vulnerability and minimum supply. This framework helps to inform a vision of a future research agenda, which is presented in the paper's third part. Overall, the analysis suggests that the assessment of socially differentiated vulnerabilities towards critical infrastructure failure needs to be undertaken more stringently to inform the scientifically and politically difficult debate about minimum supply standards and the shared responsibilities for securing them.
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Rao, Nageswara, Chris Ma, Fei He, David Yau, and Jun Zhuang. "Cyber–Physical Correlation Effects in Defense Games for Large Discrete Infrastructures." Games 9, no. 3 (July 23, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g9030052.
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In certain critical infrastructures, correlations between cyber and physical components can be exploited to launch strategic attacks, so that disruptions to one component may affect others and possibly the entire infrastructure. Such correlations must be explicitly taken into account in ensuring the survival of the infrastructure. For large discrete infrastructures characterized by the number of cyber and physical components, we characterize the cyber–physical interactions at two levels: (i) the cyber–physical failure correlation function specifies the conditional survival probability of the cyber sub-infrastructure given that of the physical sub-infrastructure (both specified by their marginal probabilities), and (ii) individual survival probabilities of both sub-infrastructures are characterized by first-order differential conditions expressed in terms of their multiplier functions. We formulate an abstract problem of ensuring the survival probability of a cyber–physical infrastructure with discrete components as a game between the provider and attacker, whose utility functions are composed of infrastructure survival probability terms and cost terms, both expressed in terms of the number of components attacked and reinforced. We derive Nash equilibrium conditions and sensitivity functions that highlight the dependence of infrastructure survival probability on cost terms, correlation functions, multiplier functions, and sub-infrastructure survival probabilities. We apply these analytical results to characterize the defense postures of simplified models of metro systems, cloud computing infrastructures, and smart power grids.
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Cantos, Wilmer P., and Ilan Juran. "Infrastructure aging risk assessment for water distribution systems." Water Supply 19, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.139.
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Abstract Metropolitan governments and water operators are continuously facing the ever-growing challenges of evaluating the risks and optimizing investment in the rehabilitation of the buried aging infrastructure of water distribution systems (WDS). Proper asset management and efficient rehabilitation planning require monitoring, condition assessment, degradation risk analysis and a data-based model for degradation forecasting to support investment decision-making and significantly reduce the infrastructure rehabilitation cost. This paper presents a statistical and stochastic spatial data analysis of failure records of the WDS of the City of Wattrelos, France. The research objective is to develop and demo-illustrate the application of an operator's experience-based Risk Assessment Method (RAM) for network micro-zone prioritization of rehabilitation/replacement works to optimize preemptive asset management. The data used is a 74-year historical dataset from Wattrelos, France. The database includes approximately 424 observed failures for the period of 1991–2004. The data analysis demonstrates that understanding and using stochastic modeling to characterize the pattern of relationship between Failure Rate (FR), Age (T) and the Probability (or Risk) of exceeding a specific Failure Rate (Pr(FR)) of a micro-zone can effectively support the operator's assessment, risk management and prioritization in the maintenance and rehabilitation of the WDS.
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Javadi, Bahman, Jemal Abawajy, and Rajkumar Buyya. "Failure-aware resource provisioning for hybrid Cloud infrastructure." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 72, no. 10 (October 2012): 1318–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2012.06.012.
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Faramehr, Samane, Hassan Hemida, and Taku Fujiyama. "Evaluation of the impact of urban water systems on railways: The scenario of track flooding caused by a water main burst." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719830184.
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Failures and disruption scenarios can reveal inherent but little known dependencies that exist between technical infrastructure systems. Whereas the dependencies between infrastructures in their normal state of operation are usually obvious and mutually correlated, interdependencies, when systems are disrupted, show a great deal of variety, depending on the specific scenario. The literature reveals the lack of a proper tool that can evaluate and quantify the scenario of track flooding caused by a water main burst, a cross-sectoral failure that can impact the operation of two urban infrastructure systems: the railways and the water supply. This work presents an approach to investigate the impact of urban water systems on railways and applies it to the case study of the Thameslink railway and Thames Water assets in London. The developed tool can be integrated into city level water supply GIS systems to facilitate the understanding of external risks (transport disruption) caused by an internal failure (water main bursts). Also, the results can help railway system operators facilitate the decision-making process in terms of drainage policy and maintenance activities.
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Nwokedi, Theophilus Chinonyerem, and Kenneth U. Nnadi. "Estimating the Theoretical and Empirical Probability Coefficients of Oil Pipeline Transport Infrastructure Failure Modes in Nigeria’s Coastal Ecosystem: Panacea for Non Optimal Deployment of Pipeline Safety and Security Management Systems." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 9, no. 2 (November 1, 2018): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2018-0017.
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Abstract Failure of oil pipeline transport infrastructure in Nigeria’s coastal ecosystem has continued to pose serious environmental problems with consequent economic effects. This study estimated the theoretical and empirical probabilities oil pipeline infrastructure failure modes in Nigeria. Historical research design approach was used in which time series data of 10 years on Nigeria’s coastal oil pipeline infrastructure failure modes were obtained from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation. The statistical method of probability theory was used to determine the theoretical and empirical probabilities of oil pipeline infrastructure failure modes in order to optimally deploy pipeline safety and security management strategies. It was found that pipeline infrastructure failure by Vandalism poses the highest empirical probability and risk of occurrence.
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Espada, Rodolfo Jr, Armando Apan, and Kevin McDougall. "Vulnerability assessment and interdependency analysis of critical infrastructures for climate adaptation and flood mitigation." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 313–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-02-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach that examines the vulnerability and interdependency of critical infrastructures using the network theory in geographic information system (GIS) setting in combination with literature and government reports. Specifically, the objectives of this study were to generate the network models of critical infrastructure systems (CISs), particularly electricity, roads and sewerage networks; to characterize the CISs’ interdependencies; and to outline the climate adaptation (CA) and flood mitigation measures of CIS. Design/methodology/approach – An integrated approach was undertaken in assessing the vulnerability and interdependency of critical infrastructures. A single system model and system-of-systems model were operationalized to examine the vulnerability and interdependency of the identified critical infrastructures in GIS environment. Existing CA and flood mitigation measures from government reports were integrated in the above-mentioned findings to better understand and gain focus in the implementation of natural disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies, particularly during the 2010/2011 floods in Queensland, Australia. Findings – Using the results from the above-mentioned approach, the spatially explicit framework was developed with four key operational dimensions: conceiving the climate risk environment; understanding the critical infrastructures’ common cause and cascade failures; modeling individual infrastructure system and system-of-systems level within GIS setting; and integrating the above-mentioned results with the government reports to increase CA and resilience measures of flood-affected critical infrastructures. Research limitations/implications – While natural DRR measures include preparation, response and recovery, this study focused on flood mitigation. Temporal analysis and application to other natural disasters were also not considered in the analysis. Practical implications – By providing this information, government-owned corporations, CISs managers and other concerned stakeholders will allow to identify infrastructure assets that are highly critical, identify vulnerable infrastructures within areas of very high flood risk, examine the interdependency of critical infrastructures and the effects of cascaded failures, identify ways of reducing flood risk and extreme climate events and prioritize DRR measures and CA strategies. Originality/value – The individualist or “pigeon-hole” approach has been the common method of analyzing infrastructures’ exposure to flood hazards and tends to separately examine the risk for different types of infrastructure (e.g. electricity, water, sewerage, roads and rails and stormwater). This study introduced an integrated approach of analyzing infrastructure risk to damage and cascade failure due to flooding. Aside from introducing the integrated approach, this study operationalized GIS-based vulnerability assessment and interdependency of critical infrastructures which had been unsubstantially considered in the past analytical frameworks. The authors considered this study of high significance, considering that floodplain planning schemes often lack the consideration of critical infrastructure interdependency.
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Farewell, Timothy S., Simon Jude, and Oliver Pritchard. "How the impacts of burst water mains are influenced by soil sand content." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 2951–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2951-2018.
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Abstract. Society relies on infrastructure, but as infrastructure systems are often collocated and interdependent, they are vulnerable to cascading failures. This study investigated cross-infrastructure and societal impacts of burst water mains, with the hypothesis that multi-infrastructure failures triggered by burst water mains are more common in sandy soils. When water mains in sandy soils burst, pressurised water can create subsurface voids and abrasive slurries, contributing to further infrastructure failures. Three spatial data investigations, at nested scales, were used to assess the influence that soil sand content has on the frequency and damage caused by burst water mains (1) to roads in the county of Lincolnshire, (2) to other proximal water mains in East Anglia and (3) to other proximal infrastructure and wider society across England and Wales. These investigations used infrastructure network and failure data, media reports and soil maps, and were supported by workshop discussions and structured interviews with infrastructure industry experts. The workshop, interviews and media reports produced a greater depth of information on the infrastructure and societal impacts of cascading failures than the analysis of infrastructure data. Cross-infrastructure impacts were most common on roads, built structures and gas pipes, and they occurred at a higher rate in soils with very high sand contents.
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Pye, Graeme. "Critical Infrastructure Systems." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 1, no. 3 (July 2011): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2011070103.
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A system security analysis and system modelling framework tool is proposed adopting an associated conceptual methodology as the basis for assessing security and conceptually modelling a critical infrastructure system incident. The intent is to identify potential system security issues and gain operational insights that will contribute to improving system resilience, contingency planning, disaster recovery and ameliorating incident management responses for critical infrastructure system incidents. The aforementioned system security analysis and modelling framework is applied to an adverse critical infrastructure system incident case study. This paper reports on the practical application of the framework to a case study of an actual critical infrastructure system failure and the resultant incident implications for the system and the wider regional communities.
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Obi Lawrence E. "The imperatives of effective project implementation on national infrastructural development: The engineering perspective." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 037–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2020.1.2.0033.
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Project implementation has witnessed multifarious challenges ranging from quackery, corruption, project failures, and inflation of project costs to project abandonment. This has led many developing countries to remain in the doldrums of economic development. An effective project implementation is one that involves all relevant professionals and follows the necessary channels of project execution. The research focused on how effective project implementation can affect the infrastructural development in Nigeria. The research revealed that an effective project implementation will add value to infrastructure development through the elimination of abandonment of projects, projects failure, corruption, project delay and quackery. This paper through its research opined that an effective project implementation will improve the national infrastructural development through durability and high quality infrastructure, increased infrastructural serviceability and sustainability, improved value through transparent project execution, due process compliance and productivity enhancement in construction activities. With the results of the research, it is being recommended that projects should be handled by relevant professionals and the various cycles of civil engineering project be allowed to have its uninterrupted course in project execution.
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Kurunmäki, Liisa, and Peter Miller. "Calculating failure: The making of a calculative infrastructure for forgiving and forecasting failure." Business History 55, no. 7 (October 2013): 1100–1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2013.838036.
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Whyte, Zachary, Rebecca Campbell, and Heidi Overgaard. "Paradoxical infrastructures of asylum: Notes on the rise and fall of tent camps in Denmark." Migration Studies 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny018.
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AbstractAsylum policies in the Global North have increasingly turned towards populist policies of deterrence, as states attempt to make themselves seem as unattractive as possible to would-be asylum seekers. This article examines one such case: the tent camps for asylum seekers that were hastily erected in Denmark in early 2016. However, while the tent camps surely are an instance of symbolic politics, we argue that to understand their daily operation, attention must also be paid to their infrastructural qualities. Drawing on two months of fieldwork at a tent camp in Næstved, this article examines the ways in which asylum policy and infrastructure interact to shape the daily lives and interactions of camp residents and staff. We propose two paradoxical frames for the analysis, which we term ‘spectacular obscurity’ and ‘successful failure’. The tent camps were trumpeted as symbolic politics, while their daily operation remained obscured, only to burst in to scandal as reports emerged of threatening and violent behaviour on the part of the staff. The tent camps’ infrastructure was constantly failing, as both material and social support broke down, but at the same time these failures successfully formed the basis for the everyday interactions that structured life in the camps. We conclude by questioning the effect of the policies of deterrence as mediated through particular infrastructures, suggesting that the materialities of the tent camps played a more significant role than supposed by policy makers, and that paradoxes of infrastructure provide a useful perspective through which to analyse migration management more broadly.
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Wisetjindawat, Wisinee, R. Eddie Wilson, Seth Bullock, and Alonso Espinosa Mireles de Villafranca. "Modeling the Impact of Spatial Correlations of Road Failures on Travel Times during Adverse Weather Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 7 (May 7, 2019): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119844251.
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Traveling in extreme adverse weather involves a high risk of travel delay and traffic accidents. There is a need to assess the impact of extreme weather on transport infrastructure and to find suitable mitigation strategies to alleviate the associated undesirable outcomes. Previous work in vulnerability studies applied either a constant failure probability or an assumed probabilistic distribution. Such assumptions ignored many factors causing the occurrence of road failure, especially that infrastructure components tend to fail interdependently. Based on empirical data of road failures and rainfall intensity during a typhoon, this study develops a statistical model, incorporating spatial correlations among the segments of road infrastructure, and uses it to evaluate the impact of the typhoon on travel time reliability. Mixed-effects logistic regression as well as rare-events logistic regression are applied to understand the factors involved in road failures and the spatial correlations of the failed segments. The analysis suggested that, in addition to the rainfall intensity, the road geometry, including elevation, land slope, and distance from the nearest river, were important factors in the failure. In addition, there is a significant correlation of failures within watersheds. This model gives an insight into the characteristics of road failures and their associated travel risks, which is useful for authorities to find proper mitigations to reduce the adverse effects in future disasters.
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Restel, Franciszek J. "Impact of Infrastructure Type on Reliability of Railway Transportation System / Wpływ Rodzaju Infrastruktury Na Niezawodność Systemu Transportu Szynowego." Journal of KONBiN 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jok-2013-0065.
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Abstract In this paper, the author’s research work is focused on infrastructure impact on railway transportation system reliability. The aim of research described in the paper is to determine correlation between type (and age) of used infrastructure elements, and number of occurring failures. For this purpose, subsystem of infrastructure and associated with it events, were divided into main groups. Examples of groups are: track, train operation devices (related to operating control points or railway line), level crossings, etc. The second aspect is correlation between type of infrastructure and failure consequences. It is required from transportation that it is possible to achieve the right place at the right time in a safety way. Therefore, from the point of view of transportation process, which is the main goal of transportation system, the most significant failure consequences are delays. Moreover, speaking about reliability and safety of railway transportation system, the question arises what is the relation between number of trains and number of unwanted events?
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Smith, Alister, and Neil Dixon. "Listening for deterioration and failure: towards smart geotechnical infrastructure." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction 171, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jsmic.19.00019.
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Chang, Jia-Ruey, Wynand JvdM Steyn, and Dar-Hao Chen. "Special Issue on Civil Infrastructure: From Failure to Sustainability." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 32, no. 1 (February 2018): 02017001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001087.
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Garmabaki, A. H. S., Stefan Marklund, Adithya Thaduri, Annelie Hedström, and Uday Kumar. "Underground pipelines and railway infrastructure – failure consequences and restrictions." Structure and Infrastructure Engineering 16, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 412–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1666885.
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Lee, Andrew C., Mathieu Dahan, Andrew J. Weinert, and Saurabh Amin. "Leveraging sUAS for Infrastructure Network Exploration and Failure Isolation." Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 93, no. 1-2 (April 26, 2018): 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10846-018-0838-0.
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Ix, BA, Megan E., Lisa M. Piccinini, BS, and William I. Pons, MA, BS. "Responding to the call: How America’s failing infrastructure puts pressure on emergency response capabilities." Journal of Emergency Management 10, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2012.0110.
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America’s crumbling infrastructure has a significant impact on its emergency response capabilities. Failed infrastructure not only creates a need for emergency response but also impacts the ability of first responders to do their job in the first place. To temper these costs, communities across the nation will have to focus on taking preventative measures to repair old infrastructure before it breaks, rather than solely after. This will require balancing a number of important issues, including the financial cost of fixing faulty infrastructure before its failure versus after, the risks to human life and health, and how the sudden, and sometimes extensive, need for emergency response affects the availability of response resources for other accidents.In this article, the authors look at three areas of failed infrastructure—roads and bridges, water, and electricity—to illustrate the ways that failed infrastructure can impact emergency response needs. The authors conclude that while reactive measures are necessary given the vast levels of repair needed for the country’s infrastructure, proactive actions are also increasingly vital to limit the cost that failed infrastructures impose on the American people.
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Lukas, Aditya, Ernest Mayr, Max Ruhri, Harald Katzmair, and Reinhard Perfler. "Failure Experience Improvement System (FEIS) for water supply systems." Journal of Hydroinformatics 14, no. 3 (November 7, 2011): 646–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2011.125.
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The Failure Experience Improvement System (FEIS) is a software tool that was developed in order to contribute to a minimization of hazardous events and failures within water supply systems and thus to achieve increased water safety. Based on the analysis of failure systems by applying Social Network Analysis (SNA) to the water supply infrastructure, the FEIS enables water utilities to identify causes and effects of failure events and to locate vulnerable points in their infrastructure. Failure events and the relations between them are the basis for the FEIS database. This database draws upon information on failure events which have occurred in practice at water utilities in Austria and on a literature review and survey of guidelines. The FEIS, which is accessed online, is currently used by six Austrian water utilities for development and test purposes. It provides both graphical visualization of the failure network and analytical indicators to evaluate failure events. In this way, it supports the utilities in identifying corrective actions in order to minimize the probability of failure occurrence and to limit the damage to the system once a failure has occurred.
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Dearborn, Carly, and Sam Meister. "Failure as process." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 27, no. 2 (August 2017): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0955749017722076.
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Disaster, loss, and failure preoccupy the minds of many digital preservation professionals, and yet, despite the prominence of digital disaster planning guidelines which seem to anticipate failure, there is limited discussion of experience with preservation system or network failures, which are often framed as inevitable in digital preservation. Despite this framing, negative perceptions of failure influence the digital preservation discourse by associating failure with poor planning, unreliability, and untrustworthiness on the part of institutions. This article will interrogate the issue of failure within the digital preservation field and consider the need for more conversations around network failure and recovery. The authors will argue that failure is part of the process of digital preservation and more honest conversations around this topic will contribute to the practice of openness and transparency within the digital preservation community. To illustrate these issues, the authors will discuss the actual hardware failures experienced by the MetaArchive Cooperative, a community-based distributed digital preservation network, and how the Cooperative’s utilization of the LOCKSS software allowed it to recover from those failures. Additionally, the lessons learned and resulting changes the Cooperative made to technical infrastructure, hardware diversity, policies and procedures will be shared.
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Hong, Sheng, Xiaojie Zhang, Juxing Zhu, Tingdi Zhao, and Baoqing Wang. "Suppressing failure cascades in interconnected networks: Considering capacity allocation pattern and load redistribution." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 05 (February 20, 2016): 1650049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916500494.
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In the modern society, most networked critical infrastructures are coupled together and can be modeled as interconnected networks. Cascading failures caused by overload in interconnected networks are extremely complicated and still lack of corresponding researches. It is crucial to explore a systematic design and load management method for complex interconnected network. In this paper, a probabilistic heterogeneous capacity allocation model and a preventive load redistribution model are firstly proposed. Based on the novel models failure cascades in interconnected networks are studied in detail. Numerical simulations and analysis results show that robustness of interconnected network depends on the network topology, capacity allocation pattern and load management strategy. The novel models have guiding significance for the design and optimal management of robust interconnected infrastructure networks.
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Rehak, David, Michal Radimsky, Martin Hromada, and Zdenek Dvorak. "Dynamic Impact Modeling as a Road Transport Crisis Management Support Tool." Administrative Sciences 9, no. 2 (March 28, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/admsci9020029.
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Crisis management must provide data to allow for real-time decision-making. Accurate data is especially needed to minimize the risk of critical infrastructure failure. Research into the possible impacts of critical infrastructure failure is a part of developing a functional and secure infrastructure for each nation state. Road transport is one such sector that has a significant impact on its functions. When this fails, there may be a cascading spread of impacts on the energy, health, and other sectors. In this regard, this paper focuses on the dynamic modeling of the impacts of critical road infrastructure failures. It proposes a dynamic modeling system based on a stochastic approach. Its essence is the macroscopic model-based comparative analysis of a road with a critical element and detour roads. The outputs of this system are planning documents that determine the impacts of functional parameter degradation on detour roads—not only applicable in decision-making concerning the selection of the optimal detour road, but also as a support mechanism in minimising possible risks. In this article we aim to expand the extent of knowledge in the Crisis management and critical infrastructure protection in the road transport sector fields.
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Payne, Robert. "Lossy Media: Queer Encounters with Infrastructure." Open Cultural Studies 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0048.
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Abstract In an era of “frictionless” digital environments, this article proposes a queer analysis of the “lossy” materialities of mediated encounters. Building on recent scholarship on media failure and media infrastructures, it will argue that moments of disruption and deterioration commonly experienced by users reveal the failure of overlapping social and technical infrastructures to ensure lossless transmission of normative fantasies of subjectivity and mediated relationality. Highlighting the queer instability of material assemblages, it will pay close attention to how the articulation of bodies, objects, and spaces in particular scenes of lossy encounter generates unplanned affective intensities which may disorient and undo the consuming subject. Borrowing the concept of lossy file compression and adapting it for this purpose, the article’s broad aim is to offer a queer critical framework for inhabiting the contingent, emergent, and dissipating energies of media encounters beyond the capital-driven instrumentalisation of agency and the neoliberal imperatives of update culture.
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Nukavarapu, N., and S. Durbha. "HEALTHCARE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STOCHASTIC INTERDEPENDENCIES SIMULATION MODEL FOR SMART CITIES: FLOOD DISASTER SCENARIO." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2020 (August 3, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2020-123-2020.
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Abstract. Healthcare Critical Infrastructure (HCI) is not an independent network; the operation of a healthcare facility depends on many other Critical Infrastructure (CI) networks such as electric supply CI, water supply CI, etc., forming an interdependent CI network. During a flooding disaster event, as the flood levels rise, the interdependent HCI network becomes vulnerable. A failure in one of the CI results in failure of the dependent CI. During a disaster event such as flooding, the failures propagate and cause cascading failures like a domino effect. The paper proposes an IoT based flood sensor network integrated with a stochastic Petri net interdependent healthcare critical infrastructure network simulation model. An IoT (Internet of Things) based flood water level sensor network can deliver real-time information on the flood conditions at the various interdependent CI facilities in the interdependent network, using the Sensor Observation Services (SOS). The Stochastic Petri Net (SCPN) based interdependent Healthcare Critical Infrastructure (HCI) simulation model, is used to model and simulate the stochastic interdependencies between the interdependent HCI networks. The real-time flood sensor network is integrated with the SCPN based interdependent HCI simulation model. The end to end system is developed in a spatiotemporal environment. This kind of an integrated simulation model will help the end-user to understand system dynamics in real-time, visualize and predict the propagation of cascading failure scenarios in an Interdependent HCI network in a spatiotemporal environment, during a flooding scenario. Real-time information simulation would help disaster response personnel to respond to the question, ‘what if something else happens?
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Konijn, Peter, and Rob van Tulder. "Resources-for-infrastructure (R4I) swaps." critical perspectives on international business 11, no. 3/4 (July 6, 2015): 259–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-02-2013-0008.
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Purpose – This paper aims to understand the role resources-for-infrastructure (R4I) swaps play in internationalisation strategies, thereby contributing to a modern theory of the multinational enterprises (MNEs) based on experiences of rising power firms. Since 2004, the Chinese Government; state-owned policy banks; and oil, mining and construction corporations have used a relatively unique form of internationalisation through complex, large-scale R4I swaps in Africa. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a resource bundling perspective and political economy lens to analyse complex entry decisions and success, as well as the failure of R4I swaps. The paper is based on a comparative analysis of published case studies of R4I swaps in seven African countries complemented by field research by the first author. Findings – The findings show that, under very specific circumstances, R4I swaps can be considered as a successful internationalisation strategy. R4I swaps enable Chinese MNEs to build and maintain relationships with non-market elites that control access to natural resources and infrastructure contracts. Research limitations/implications – The sample of cases, although representing all relevant R4I-swaps, is too small to come for more quantitative conclusions on success/failure factors. Practical implications – R4I swaps are a very unlikely model for Western MNEs, as they lack the necessary country-specific competitive advantages and institutional mechanisms. Originality/value – To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of all relevant Chinese R4I swaps in Africa and contains original data from fieldwork in Ghana and D.R. Congo.
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Adetola, Alaba, Jack Goulding, and Champika Liyanage. "Collaborative engagement approaches for delivering sustainable infrastructure projects in the AEC sector: A review." International Journal of Construction Supply Chain Management 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14424/ijcscm101011-01-24.
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The public sector has traditionally financed and operated infrastructure projects using resources from taxes and various levies (e.g. fuel taxes, road user charges). However, the rapid increase in human population growth coupled with extended globalisation complexities and associated social/political/economic challenges have placed new demands on the purveyors and operators of infrastructure projects. The importance of delivering quality infrastructure has been underlined by the United Nations declaration of the Millennium Development Goals; as has the provision of ‘adequate’ basic structures and facilities necessary for the well-being of urban populations in developing countries. Thus, in an effort to finance developing countries’ infrastructure needs, most countries have adopted some form of public-private collaboration strategy. This paper critically reviews these collaborative engagement approaches, identifies and highlights 10 critical themes that need to be appropriately captured and aligned to existing business models in order to successfully deliver sustainable infrastructure projects. Research findings show that infrastructure services can be delivered in many ways, and through various routes. For example, a purely public approach can cause problems such as slow and ineffective decision-making, inefficient organisational and institutional augmentation, and lack of competition and inefficiency (collectively known as government failure). On the other hand, adopting a purely private approach can cause problems such as inequalities in the distribution of infrastructure services (known as market failure). Thus, to overcome both government and market failures, a collaborative approach is advocated which incorporates the strengths of both of these polarised positions.
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Ruiz Díaz, Gonzalo. "What drives the failure of private participation in infrastructure projects?" International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 13, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 1167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-12-2019-0298.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the determinants of the early termination of infrastructure projects implemented under public–private partnerships (PPP), concessions or privately managed divested assets.Design/methodology/approachCross-section and duration model estimations were applied to a sample of 2,655 infrastructure projects implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 1993–2017. Estimation techniques consist of a logistic model and cox proportional hazards model (CPHM) applied to alternative specifications, including diverse causal factors.FindingsEvidence is found that early termination of infrastructure projects is determined by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among the intrinsic factors, the main characteristics of projects that increase the likelihood of failure are the size or scale of the project, the sector in which the project is developed (transport and water and sanitation) and being investments in divested assets. Extrinsic factors that showed a negative impact on the risk of early termination are good regulatory quality and domestic macroeconomic stability. Likewise, external real and financial shocks also contribute importantly to explain the likelihood of early termination of infrastructure projects.Practical implicationsThe results reveal that particular care must be put in design and supervision of large-scale projects, either in transport or water and sanitation. As well, risks associated with external shocks must be explicitly acknowledged in project design, with appropriate remedies and safeguards. The prevalence of relatively high rates of early termination in projects in divested assets in contrast with PPP suggests the importance of introducing simpler way out mechanisms for concessionaires. Finally, the results show the key importance of institutional factors like regulatory quality in determining project failure on economic performance of infrastructure projects.Originality/valueIn contrast to the previous literature, the analysis shows the decisive role played by financial external factors and institutional factors of Latin American and Caribbean countries in early termination of private participation in infrastructure projects. As well, the finding of a higher likelihood of failure in projects that involve investments in divested assets versus concession or PPP suggests the need of investigate further the tradeoffs regarding the balance that must exist among guarantees offered to investors in infrastructure projects and the need to keep contractual decisions in line with market signals.
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Gauba, Rajiv. "Improving Urban Infrastructure." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 2 (June 2017): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699734.
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The investment needs in basic infrastructure that determine the pace of development of cities are considerably higher than the quantum of flow of funds. The key indicators of the major urban services reveal that there is a failure to achieve even moderate success in service delivery. The components of the traditional approach to financing urban services have been grants and loans from government-owned financial institutions on basis of guarantees. The urban local bodies (ULBs) in India are weak in terms of capacity to raise both resources and financial autonomy. Given the major risks involved, private sector has also largely stayed away from urban infrastructure projects, until very recently. These have resulted in huge gap between the demand and supply of urban basic services. The present government has launched several Missions to promote urban development in the country through strict adherence to reforms to strengthen financial and governance capacities of ULBs and participating in competition at state and city levels to qualify for accessing resources apart from other grants-based missions. In this context, the article discusses the investment requirements, progress of programmatic interventions for urban development in India and their financing mechanism. The article focuses on recently completed Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and the newly launched National Urban Mission programmes.
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Andonov, Aleksandar, Roman Kräussl, and Joshua Rauh. "Institutional Investors and Infrastructure Investing." Review of Financial Studies 34, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 3880–934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhab048.
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Abstract Institutional investors expect infrastructure to deliver long-term stable returns but gain exposure to infrastructure predominantly through finite-horizon closed private funds. The cash flows delivered by infrastructure funds display similar volatility and cyclicality as other private equity investments, and their performance similarly depends on quick deal exits. Despite weak risk-adjusted performance and failure to match the supposed characteristics of infrastructure assets, closed funds have received more commitments over time, particularly from public investors. Public institutional investors perform worse than private institutional investors. ESG preferences and regulations explain 25$\%$–40$\%$ of their increased allocation to infrastructure and 30$\%$ of their underperformance.
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Shtompel, Anatoliy, Liudmyla Trykoz, Dmytro Borodin, Andrii Ismagilov, and Yaroslav Chmuzh. "Probabilistic evaluation of the railway track infrastructure components failure risk." MATEC Web of Conferences 230 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823001017.
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The permanent way components are of key importance for safe operation of a rail way. The country regulations, in particular in Ukraine, specify the operational life limits for the permanent way but they do not define any tool or method to predict deterioration of the permanent way condition over time. The study is aimed to develop a method for assessing failure risk of the permanent way components in operation. There was a method offered to evaluate risk of failure of the permanent way components of the welded tracks, which considers accumulated freight load on a rail section. Each element of the permanent way, such as rails, fasteners, sleepers, ballast layer, accumulates defects and deformations. The accumulation rate is different for the above components and depends on freight traffic. There was probability of failure-free operation calculated for each component for the first time and an integral fatigue index of the construction has been offered which considers freight traffic accumulated load. There was a mathematical failure forecast model developed which allows planning of track maintenance. The model allows to take into account operating conditions of a railway section. The results of simulation are presented in various diagrams.
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Mezghani, Farouk, and Nathalie Mitton. "Alternative Opportunistic Alert Diffusion to Support Infrastructure Failure during Disasters." Sensors 17, no. 10 (October 17, 2017): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17102370.
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