Academic literature on the topic 'Infrastructure financing gap'
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Journal articles on the topic "Infrastructure financing gap"
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Abdurraheem, Abdulazeez, and Asmadi Mohamed Naim. "Sub-Sahara Africa’s Infrastructure Funding Gap: Potentials from Sukuk Financing." Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52962/ipjaf.2018.2.4.53.
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Sub-Sahara African (SSA) region as a large part of the African continent suffers huge infrastructure deficit mainly as a result of the vast funding gap. The negative impact of the infrastructure deficiency continues to constrain socio-economic development and the general well-being of the people of the region. Heavy reliance on the traditional sources of funding by many of the countries in the region has failed to meet ever-growing demands for infrastructural development of the region. Potentials presented by Islamic finance are yet to be exploited by a large number of countries in the region. This study evaluates the depth of utilisation of Islamic capital market using Sukuk instruments as another source of funding to fill the observed funding gap for infrastructure development. This study finds that the use of Sukuk as a long-term financing instrument is still at its infancy stage in the region. The paper, therefore, suggests that the SSA countries can undertake rapid and massive infrastructure developments in the region through the use of Sukuk instruments, thereby eliminating increasing sovereign debt over-hang from the conventional debt market. This study also recommends that policy makers in the region put in place required laws and regulations that will provide enabling environments for effective utilisation of Sukuk instruments for infrastructural development. Similarly, strong political will on the part of the region’s political leaders is essential in nurturing strong institutions that can engender policy continuity to ensure effective and efficient management of infrastructure projects funded by Sukuk instruments.
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Ifeanyi Onuka, Onwuka,, and Nwafor, Michael. "Tackling Infrastructural Gap in Nigeria: The Pension Fund Option." Applied Economics and Finance 5, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v5i2.2952.
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The paper reviewed the prospect of using the hugely untapped pension funds to bridge infrastructural financing gap in Nigeria. Infrastructure financing is estimated to cost Nigeria a total investment of USD2.9 trillion over the next 30 years to bring it to the level that can be competitive and self-sustaining. This huge investment outlay is clearly beyond the yearly fiscal operations of government. However, there is a glimmer of hope by way of pension funds, which as at August, 2016, is in excess of N5.9 trillion. This phenomenal growth in pension funds presents a rare opportunity to bridge the nation’s current infrastructure gap by leveraging part of the huge pension assets for developmental purposes. The authors argued that there is need to review the regulatory and institutional framework in pension funds administration to make way for a creative use of some of the pension funds to fund infrastructure – creating a veritable profitable investment outlay for the pension funds contributors and at the same time providing the needed funding for critical infrastructure financing in the country.
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Agrawal, Reena. "Review of Infrastructure Development and Its Financing in India." Paradigm 24, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971890720914096.
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Infrastructure is one of the most crucial pillars of productivity in any economy. Pushing infrastructure development and particularly organizing funds for infrastructure projects have been the biggest challenge in developing nations. The present study was taken up to review the infrastructure development and its financing in India. The study intended to (1) study the infrastructure development in India in the 11th and 12th Five Year Plan, (2) examine the sources used for infrastructure financing in India, (3) assess the actions taken by government to facilitate infrastructure financing and (4) propose measures to augment infrastructure financing to overcome infrastructure deficit in the country. It was found that though Government of India and Reserve Bank of India have taken several initiatives to facilitate infrastructure financing, there still exists a vast gap between supply side and the demand side. Some of the recommendations given in the paper include the need to evolve innovative business models and mitigate administrative glitches to ensure larger private participation; exploit the untapped potential of diaspora; revisit the statutory liquidity ratio norms for banks; evolve the municipal bond market; boost regional integration and improved connectivity through creation of corridors between sub-continental regions, which would not only bridge the finance gap but also the knowledge gap, etc.
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Gauba, Rajiv. "Improving Urban Infrastructure." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 2 (June 2017): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117699734.
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The investment needs in basic infrastructure that determine the pace of development of cities are considerably higher than the quantum of flow of funds. The key indicators of the major urban services reveal that there is a failure to achieve even moderate success in service delivery. The components of the traditional approach to financing urban services have been grants and loans from government-owned financial institutions on basis of guarantees. The urban local bodies (ULBs) in India are weak in terms of capacity to raise both resources and financial autonomy. Given the major risks involved, private sector has also largely stayed away from urban infrastructure projects, until very recently. These have resulted in huge gap between the demand and supply of urban basic services. The present government has launched several Missions to promote urban development in the country through strict adherence to reforms to strengthen financial and governance capacities of ULBs and participating in competition at state and city levels to qualify for accessing resources apart from other grants-based missions. In this context, the article discusses the investment requirements, progress of programmatic interventions for urban development in India and their financing mechanism. The article focuses on recently completed Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and the newly launched National Urban Mission programmes.
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Casullo, Lorenzo. "Rail Funding and Financing." Review of Network Economics 16, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2017-0038.
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Abstract Funding and financing arrangements for railway infrastructure in Europe are often perceived as complex and opaque. Given the large sums of public money involved, greater transparency on inputs and outputs is required. This paper aims to present an overview of rail infrastructure funding and financing in Europe based on recent evidence, and draws comparisons with the systems in the US and Japan. We also discuss a number of policy options to address the funding gap and ensure that European railways improve their financial viability and remain strong pillars of sustainable mobility in the future.
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Kapesa, Tonderai, Gift Mugano, and Houdini Fourie. "Financing public infrastructure in Zimbabwe: Current trends and future alternatives." Public and Municipal Finance 10, no. 1 (September 3, 2021): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.10(1).2021.07.
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Zimbabwe requires USD2 billion annually until 2032 for financing economic infrastructure. However, the Government of Zimbabwe currently affords about 20% of this financing requirement leaving an 80% gap. The aim of the study was to establish the main sources of finance for economic public infrastructure and recommend alternative financing sources to supplement the current sources. The qualitative descriptive study collected primary data through 23 interviews conducted with officials from ministries of the Government of Zimbabwe, government departments and parastatal enterprises. Secondary data was obtained from documentary analysis. The study revealed bilateral loans from the China Exim Bank as the main source of finance for economic infrastructure, contributing USD2.1 billion whilst budget appropriations from the Government of Zimbabwe contributed USD1 billion during the 10-year period under study. Infrastructure finance was also obtained from development partners (USD200 million) and commercial and multilateral lenders (USD400 million). The study recommends developing a framework that promotes and protects private sector and/or innovative financiers of infrastructure through policy stability.
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Gonzalez-Ruiz, Juan David, Alejandro Arboleda, Sergio Botero, and Javier Rojo. "Investment valuation model for sustainable infrastructure systems." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 5 (June 17, 2019): 850–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-03-2018-0095.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an investment valuation model using the mezzanine debt mechanism based on blue bonds that explicitly allude to public–private partnerships (P3s) and project finance (PF). Additionally, this study proposes the financial captured value (FCV) theory for measuring how much financial value lenders may capture by becoming sponsors through financing of sustainable infrastructure systems (SIS). Design/methodology/approach The investment valuation model was validated through the Aguas Claras wastewater treatment plant as a case study. Findings The empirical results show that lenders may capture financial value by converting outstanding debt into equity shares throughout the operation and maintenance stage. Furthermore, case study results provide new insights into the implications of the debt–equity conversion ratio on the relationship between the sponsors’ internal rate of return and the FCV. Research limitations/implications The most significant limitation is the lack of primary and secondary information on blue bonds. Thus, robust statistical analyses to contrast results were not possible. Practical implications Researchers and practising professionals can improve their understanding of how mezzanine debt, P3s and PF into an investment valuation model allows financing SIS using a non-conventional financial mechanism. The recommendations will benefit both the academia as well infrastructure industry in bridging the gap between design theory and practice. Originality/value Sustainability components have not been addressed explicitly or combined in the financing’s structuring. Therefore, the investment valuation model could be considered a novel methodology for decision making related to financing and investment of SIS.
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Tao, Ping, Jia Chen Yan, and Yu Shi Lao. "Analysis on the Investment Scale and Structure of Ecological Infrastructure in Harbin." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.308.
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In this paper, it analyzed the investment status of Harbin ecological infrastructure by the statistical data from the scale of investment, the total investment and trends, and investment structure. it pointed out that there are a lot of problems in Harbin ecological infrastructure projects, such as insufficient investment scale in environmental pollution governance, imperfect structure, low efficiency of the service; demand for infrastructure funding gap and a single financing channels ,etc.. Only it is necessary that the private capital would be incentives to invest into the ecological infrastructure project by establishing a good financial environment, the Mechanism of regulation and incentives, and formulating preferential policies to optimize the mode of financing and financing structure.
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Ehizuelen, Michael Mitchell Omoruyi. "China's Infrastructure Financing and the Role of Infrastructure in Awakening African Economies." Journal of Comparative Asian Development 18, no. 2 (July 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcad.20210701.oa2.
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African economies, through Agenda 2063, recognize that developing infrastructure – transport, electricity, energy, water, and e-connectivity – will be critical for the region to assume a lasting place in the global economic system. As a result, this paper addresses the continent’s infrastructure gap and provides an important insight into the rapidly growing presence of China’s official infrastructure financing in Africa as well as the distinctive character of its involvement. In addition, the paper provides an empirical evaluation of the role of infrastructure in awakening African economies. The generalized-method-of-moments (GMM) estimator for dynamic models of panel data developed by Arellano and Bond (1991), and Arellano and Bover (1995) was employed to estimate an infrastructure-increased growth model.
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Shelepov, Andrei, and Inna Andronova. "BRICS National Development Banks: Potential for Narrowing the Infrastructure Financing Gap." International Organisations Research Journal 12, no. 4 (December 2017): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2017-04-7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Infrastructure financing gap"
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Helmy, Ingy. "Three essays on institutional investors participation in infrastructure projects." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E016.
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Malgré une adéquation théorique parfaite entre les objectifs des investisseurs institutionnels et les opportunités d’investissement en infrastructure, la participation de ce type d’investisseur a été très modeste. Cette thèse étudie, à l'aide de méthodes empiriques, les modalités pour accroitre et faciliter la participation des investisseurs institutionnels dans les projets d’infrastructure. La thèse contribue à la littérature sur la participation du secteur privé dans le financement des projets d’infrastructure et explore des pistes et des solutions potentielles qui pourraient accroitre les flux de capitaux des investisseurs institutionnels vers les projets d'infrastructure. Tout d'abord. la relation entre les différents risques du projet et l'attractivité du projet pour les investisseurs institutionnels est étudiée, afin d'identifier les risques majeurs qui peuvent entraver leur participation. Deuxièmement. nous nous focalisons sur le rôle du soutien financier des organismes multilatéraux comme catalyseur de l'investissement privé provenant des investisseurs institutionnels. L'analyse est effectuée à la fois sur les pays développés et les pays en voie de développement. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse explore l'efficacité d’introduire dans le cadre d'un PPP, une option de sortie sous certaines conditions, à la fois pour l’investisseur et pour le gouvernement. Les micro-mécanismes comportementaux sous-jacents sont ensuite testés dans le laboratoireDespite a theoretical perfect match between institutional investors and infrastructure investments, allocations to infrastructure have been slow and small. This dissertation investigates using empirical methods the question of how to make a better match between infrastructure investments and institutional investors. The dissertation contributes to the literature on private participation in infrastructure and shifts the debate from private participation in infrastructure as a public policy matter to what is needed to be done from an investment standpoint to unlock the full potential of institutional investors in infrastructure. First, the relation between infrastructure project risks and projects’ attractiveness for institutional investors is investigated. The results highlight that higher macroeconomic, regulatory and political risk can hinder investment by institutional investors. Furthermore, a different risk appetite among direct institutional investors, asset managers and infrastructure funds is found. Second, the role of financial multilateral support in crowding-in institutional investors’ capital into infrastructure is analyzed in developed and developing countries. The results suggest a positive effect in developed countries and a crowding-out effect in developing countries. Finally, an exit and bail-out options mechanism to overcome ex-ante fear of investment in infrastructure is proposed and tested in the lab. Concurrent exit and bail-out options were found to increase partnership formation, cooperative behavior and partnership sustainability compared to situations without exit or unilateral exit from the government only
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Casey, Matthew C. "A Financing Strategy for the New Jersey Tranportation Trust Fund." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1988.
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Thesis advisor: Richard, S.J. McGowanThe New Jersey Transportation Trust Fund Authority (NJTTFA or TTFA) is an independent agency of the New Jersey state government that is responsible for administering the Transportation Trust Fund (TTF of “the Fund”), which is used to fund transportation capital project expenditures by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) and the NJ TRANSIT commuter-rail and bus system. The TTF is essential for maintaining, improving, and repairing New Jersey’s infrastructure system. However, since the TTFA was created in 1984, it has been inadequately financed by the state government and has irresponsibly issued enormous amounts of debt. Because of this, it has now it has run into major financing problems. Currently, the TTF’s revenues are insufficient to cover its increasing debt obligations. Because of this, the TTF is expected to be bankrupt by July of this year (2011). If this happens, New Jersey will be left without any financing for its already-troubled infrastructure system.This has become a major cause of concern for the State of New Jersey. For years, politicians and residents across the state have been unable to come to an agreement on how to best solve this growing problem. Because of this, financing strategies in the past have amounted to little more than temporary “Band-Aid” solutions focused principally on the issuance of massive amounts of debt. Now, the outstanding debt of the TTF has built up to the point that, in just a few short months, revenues will be insufficient to cover existing debt obligations. The New Jersey state government needs to take drastic action and adopt a long-term financing strategy that will allow the TTFA to meet its debt obligations and pay down outstanding debt, while still being able to fund essential transportation and infrastructure projects across the state.This paper will examine the causes and effects of the current funding deficit, as well various proposed solutions and strategies. After an in-depth examination of these topics, I will devise a recommended solution for solving the current deficit crisis faced by the TTF and for providing long-term financing for transportation requirements. The results will show that the most logical and effective long-term financing strategy will hinge upon an increase in state gasoline taxes, which are currently among the lowest in the nation. However, solving the problem will also require new sources of revenue and stringent financial management
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Carroll School of Management Honors Program
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Hernández, Ibarzábal José alberto. "Examining investment in natural gas infrastructure: governability, policy and regulatory analysis in qualitative perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/352717.
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This thesis consists of three articles that study qualitatively investment in natural gas infrastructure with emphasis on regulatory governance, regulatory and energy policies and governability using different research methodologies. The first article studies the link between the energy transition, regulatory and energy policies and investment in natural gas infrastructure in Sweden. The second article studies if Mexico’s transmission pipelines are becoming governable and the sorts of governability components (ie system-to-be-governed, governance system and governing interactions) that attracted investment in natural gas infrastructure over the period 1995-2015. The third article is a case comparison that studies Australia and Sweden during the 2000-10 period focused on the process surrounding investment in natural gas infrastructure with emphasis on institutional conditions, regulatory governance and regulatory and energy policies.Esta tesis consiste en tres artículos que estudian cualitativamente inversión en infraestructura de gas natural con énfasis en gobernanza regulatoria, políticas energéticas y regulatorias y gobernabilidad utilizando diferentes metodologías de investigación. El primer artículo estudia el vínculo entre la transición energética, las políticas energéticas y regulatorias y la inversión en infraestructura de gas natural en Suecia. El segundo artículo estudia si los gaseoductos de transmisión en México se están volviendo gobernables y los tipos de componente de gobernabilidad (ie sistema a ser gobernado, sistema de gobernanza e interacciones gobernantes) que atrajeron inversión en infraestructura de gas natural en el periodo 1995-2015. El tercer artículo es una comparación de casos que estudia Australia y Suecia en el periodo 2000-10 enfocado en el proceso que rodea a la inversión en infraestructura de gas natural con énfasis en las condiciones institucionales, la gobernanza regulatoria y las políticas regulatorias y energéticas.
Books on the topic "Infrastructure financing gap"
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Slack, N. E. Financing infrastructure: Evaluation of existing research and information gaps : a report. [Ottawa]: CMHC, 1996.
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Andrés, Luis, Dan Biller, and Matías Herrera Dappe. Infrastructure Gap in South Asia: Infrastructure Needs, Prioritization, and Financing. The World Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7032.
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Ltd, ICON Group. INFRASTRUCTURE & UTILITIES NZ LTD.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.
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Ltd, ICON Group. NEW WORLD INFRASTRUCTURE LTD.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.
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Ltd, ICON Group. KEPPEL FELS ENERGY & INFRASTRUCTURE LTD: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.
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Studart, Rogério, and Luma Ramos. The Future of Development Banks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827948.003.0004.
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Despite its recent socioeconomic achievements, Brazil faces daunting challenges related to its outdated and to a certain degree dysfunctional infrastructure. If Brazil aims to achieve sustained inclusive growth in the future, and fulfil its potential as an emerging economy, it must find ways to fill its significant sustainable infrastructure and logistics gaps. This chapter analyses the recent role that Brazil’s national development bank, BNDES, has played in promoting infrastructure and logistics (I&L) investments. It argues that BNDES could, and should, play a critical role in developing a much-needed I&L investment financing architecture by fostering project development capacities, and financing, leveraging, and crowding-in private resource for the sector.
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John, Dewar, ed. International Project Finance. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198832850.001.0001.
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The second edition of this new authority on project financing continues to provide guidance on the legal and practical issues relevant to international projects. As well as addressing the basic principles which affect the structuring and documentation of project financings, the book also explains structural, legal, and contractual differences between the various sectors such as transportation, telecommunication, infrastructure, public/private partnerships; conventional, renewable, and nuclear power; mining, and oil and gas. It considers the application of English and New York law in cross-border documentation and legal and practical matters associated with running financing projects in civil law jurisdictions. Different sources of funding are also examined. These include the legal and documentation issues arising from the use of such financing techniques and how they interact with each other. Equally significant, the book provides analysis of project defaults and work-outs giving guidance on how to manage projects when these circumstances arise. It also contains extensive coverage of dispute resolution in international projects. Project finance is used worldwide to structure and finance natural resource and infrastructure projects. This book provides detailed guidance on practical issues such as the identification and assessment of project risk with relevant documentation such as risk matrices and checklists covering both key project contracts and the major terms of a project financing aimed at providing practical guidance to practitioners on the structuring of projects.
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Östensson, Olle. Local Content, Supply Chains, and Shared Infrastructure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0024.
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Local content policies for extractive industries have attracted increased interest. Local content requirements are often included in legislation or contracts. Such efforts may be constrained by low capacity of potential suppliers, low skills, and the general business environment. A number of extractive industry companies have introduced supplier development programmes that attempt to reduce the constraints and skill gaps. Government industrial policies on local content vary: some prescribe quantitative targets for local content, while others focus on improving skills and raising the capacity of domestic industry. Infrastructure built for extractive industries can often be used by other economic activities. Difficulties in finding suitable financing arrangements have, however, limited the number of successful multi-user extractive industry-related infrastructure projects.
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Oniemola, Peter Kayode, and Jane Ezirigwe. Financing Energy Access in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0006.
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To achieve universal energy access will attract huge capital investments. If sub-Saharan Africa is to realize anything close to the ambitious goals set for its energy access, then new actors, innovative funding mechanisms and sustainable technologies will have to be attracted. Finance is needed for activities such as rural electrification, clean cooking facilities, diesel motors and generators, other renewable energy technologies, oil and gas infrastructures, etc. Finance is also needed in research and development of suitable technologies and funding options as well as investment in the capacity to formulate and implement sound energy policies. This chapter examines the varied financing options for energy access in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that with appropriate laws in place and effective mechanism for implementation, African countries can significantly engage private sector financing, international financial institutions and foreign donors. The role of the law here will be in creating an enabling environment for financing.
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John, Dewar, ed. International Project Finance. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715559.001.0001.
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The second edition of this text on project financing continues to provide guidance on the legal and practical issues relevant to international projects. As well as addressing the basic principles which affect the structuring and documentation of project financings, the book also explains structural, legal, and contractual differences between the various sectors such as transportation, telecommunication,infrastructure/public private partnerships, conventional, renewable and nuclear power, mining, and oil and gas, the latter sector focus being new to this edition. The book considers the application of English and New York law in cross-border documentation and legal and practical matters associated with running financing projects in civil law jurisdictions. Different sources of funding are also examined, such as banking and international bond documentation, and Islamic financing practice, in particular the use of Murabaha financing techniques and with additional analysis in this edition of the growing sukuk (Isalmic bond) market. This includes the legal and documentation issues arising from the use of such financing techniques and how they interact with each other from a legal and contractual perspective. The book also provides analysis of project defaults and work-outs giving guidance on how to manage projects when these circumstances arise. The book also contains coverage of dispute resolution in international projects.
Book chapters on the topic "Infrastructure financing gap"
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McLeod, Ruth. "A continuum of financial services." In Bridging the Finance Gap in Housing and Infrastructure, 59–78. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780444604.005.
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Wild, Robert, Moses Egaru, Mark Ellis-Jones, Barbara Nakangu Bugembe, Ahmed Mohamed, Obadiah Ngigi, Gertrude Ogwok, Jules Roberts, and Sophie Kutegeka. "Using Inclusive Finance to Significantly Scale Climate Change Adaptation." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_127-1.
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AbstractReversing land degradation and achieving ecosystem restoration and management are routes to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The financial resources to achieve this are increasingly available. A major challenge is the absence of scalable mechanisms that can incentivize rapid change for rural communities at the decade-long time scale needed to respond to the climate emergency. Despite moves toward inclusive green finance (IGF), a major structural gap remains between the funding available and the unbankable small-scale producers who are stewards of ecosystems. This paper reports on inclusive finance that can help fill this gap and incentivizes improved ecosystem stewardship, productivity, and wealth creation. A key feature is the concept of eco-credit to build ecosystem management and restorative behaviors into loan terms. Eco-credit provides an approach for overcoming income inequality within communities to enhance the community-level ecosystem governance and stewardship. The paper discusses the experience of implementing the Community Environment Conservation Fund (CECF) over a 8-year-period from 2012. The CECF addresses the unbankable 80% of community members who cannot access commercial loans, has c. 20,000 users in Uganda and pilots in Malawi, Kenya, and Tanzania. The model is contextualized alongside complementary mechanisms that can also incentivize improved ecosystem governance as well as engage and align communities, government, development partners, and the private sector. This complementary infrastructure includes commercial eco-credit as exemplified by the Climate Smart Lending Platform, and the community finance of the Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLA) model upon which CECF builds. The paper describes the technologies and climate finance necessary for significant scale-up.
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Wild, Robert, Moses Egaru, Mark Ellis-Jones, Barbara Nakangu Bugembe, Ahmed Mohamed, Obadiah Ngigi, Gertrude Ogwok, Jules Roberts, and Sophie Kutegeka. "Using Inclusive Finance to Significantly Scale Climate Change Adaptation." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2565–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_127.
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AbstractReversing land degradation and achieving ecosystem restoration and management are routes to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The financial resources to achieve this are increasingly available. A major challenge is the absence of scalable mechanisms that can incentivize rapid change for rural communities at the decade-long time scale needed to respond to the climate emergency. Despite moves toward inclusive green finance (IGF), a major structural gap remains between the funding available and the unbankable small-scale producers who are stewards of ecosystems. This chapter reports on inclusive finance that can help fill this gap and incentivizes improved ecosystem stewardship, productivity, and wealth creation. A key feature is the concept of eco-credit to build ecosystem management and restorative behaviors into loan terms. Eco-credit provides an approach for overcoming income inequality within communities to enhance the community-level ecosystem governance and stewardship. The paper discusses the experience of implementing the Community Environment Conservation Fund (CECF) over a 8-year-period from 2012. The CECF addresses the unbankable 80% of community members who cannot access commercial loans, has c. 20,000 users in Uganda and pilots in Malawi, Kenya, and Tanzania. The model is contextualized alongside complementary mechanisms that can also incentivize improved ecosystem governance as well as engage and align communities, government, development partners, and the private sector. This complementary infrastructure includes commercial eco-credit as exemplified by the Climate Smart Lending Platform, and the community finance of the Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLA) model upon which CECF builds. The paper describes the technologies and climate finance necessary for significant scale-up.
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Hampel-Milagrosa, Aimee, and Lotis Quiao. "Why Institutions Matter for Closing Asia’s Infrastructure Financing Gap." In Infrastructure Financing in Asia, 27–60. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789811215124_0002.
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Chattopadhyay, Soumyadip, and Sampriti Pal. "Availability of Infrastructure Facilities in India." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 143–63. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2361-1.ch007.
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It has been a well-accepted fact that there exists a strong relationship between infrastructure and economic growth. Like many other developing countries, lot of emphasis has been placed on the importance of investments in infrastructure for fostering economic growth in India. A state-wise analysis of five support infrastructure in India shows improvement in infrastructural facilities in 2014 as compared to 2007. Rural–urban gap is converging for most of the states, showing that the rural areas are catching up with their urban counterparts. However, the availability of infrastructure can be termed anything but inadequate. The infrastructural deficits can be met possibly through better management of publicly funded projects and greater role of private players. Given the resource crunch at government level, private financing of investment is simply a matter of necessity rather than a matter of choice. Therefore, this chapter argues for creation of an enabling environment and to facilitate the infusion of adequate private fund while keeping the interest of vulnerable sections in mind.
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"Financing strategies for overcoming infrastructure gaps." In Asia-Pacific Countries with Special Needs Development Report 2017, 48–74. UN, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/8a80791e-en.
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Sarkar, Sandip, and Balwant Singh Mehta. "Infrastructure and Urbanization in India Issues and Challenges." In Cities of Dragons and Elephants, 440–72. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829225.003.0014.
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In the last three decades India has experienced high growth without a significant rise in urbanization. However, this chapter finds that infrastructure primarily affects urbanization through promoting faster economic growth. Certain infrastructural facilities like roadways, electricity generation, and teledensity improved substantially but railways and waterways showed marginal improvement. Compared to the People’s Republic of China, India does not lag behind in terms of passenger traffic but substantially lags behind in terms of goods transport by rail, road, and air, and in electricity consumption. The low manufacturing base of India seems to be primarily responsible for it. This chapter shows that urbanization in India created demand for infrastructure investment but is not financed sufficiently, resulting in gaps in provision of infrastructure. The primary requirement of financing urban infrastructure is to strengthen the financial base of ULBs so that they can generate a predictable quantum of funds over a certain specified period. This would create a sufficient base on the basis of which external financing requirements can be planned and executed.
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Mafusire, Albert, Zuzana Brixiova, John Anyanwu, and Qingwei Meng. "Infrastructure deficit and opportunities in Africa." In Infrastructure in Africa. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447326632.003.0013.
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Private sector investment opportunities in Africa’s infrastructure are huge. Regulatory reforms across African countries are identified as critical to the realization of the expected investment flows in the infrastructure sector. However, planners and policy makers need to note that there are infrastructure deficiencies in all subsectors with low income countries (LICs) in Africa facing the greatest challenge. Inefficiencies in implementing infrastructure projects account for USD 17 billion annually and improving the capacity of African countries will help minimize these costs. In this regard, the donor community must play a greater role in African LICs while innovative financing mechanisms must be the focus in the relatively richer countries of the continent. Traditional sources of financing infrastructure development remain important but private investment is critical in closing the current gaps. Countries need to devise mechanisms to exploit opportunities and avoid pitfalls in investing in infrastructure.
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Lopez, Jorge Cruz. "Mind the Gap: Undercollateralization in the Global and Canadian OTCD Markets." In Analyzing the Economics of Financial Market Infrastructures, 304–16. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8745-5.ch015.
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We provide estimates of the collateral gap in the global and Canadian OTCD markets. Using the latest available data as of December 31 2011, it is estimated that current exposures after netting are $3.9T globally and $71B in Canada. The estimated amount of available collateral after correcting for re-hypothecation in each market is $767B and $48B, respectively. Thence, the current gap in variation margins stands at $3.1T globally and at $23B in Canada. The initial margin that would be required to centrally clear OTCD is estimated at $4T globally and $104B in Canada. The rate of collateralization has increased globally, but specially in Canada. In 2001, 92% of global and 72% of Canadian current exposures were undercollateralized; currently, the figures are 80% for global and 30% for Canadian current exposures. The high level of collateralization and the lack of re-hypothecation could make the Canadian market more resilient to systemic shocks. Further, it is likely that the upcoming regulatory reforms will have a more subtle impact on Canadian banks than on banks elsewhere.
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Bhattacharyya, Subhes C., and Debajit Palit. "Enabling Policies for Advancing Sustainability of Electricity Access Programs." In Sustainable Infrastructure, 1–17. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch001.
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As 1.3 billion people lack access to electricity globally, the challenge of ensuring universal electricity access in accordance with the Sustainable Energy for All initiative remains herculean. This chapter maps policy linkages, identifies the gaps in policies and recommends options for developing the enabling environment. The chapter suggests that the policy environment governing electricity access at present is weak and that improvements are required to deliver a sustainable outcome. Although grid extension remains the preferred mode of electrification in many countries, it is not the least-cost option in remote areas where decentralized off-grid solutions may be required. Successful promotion of off-grid solutions would require a clear regulatory environment, a non-discriminatory support mechanism for various stages of a project, financing options, policy co-ordination and linkage with other economic activities for rural development. The chapter concludes that capacity remains weak and non-transparent policy lobbying can distort the development of an enabling environment.
Conference papers on the topic "Infrastructure financing gap"
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"Bridging the Infrastructure Gap: Innovative financing and investment models for emerging economies." In 21st Annual European Real Estate Society Conference. ERES, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2014_196.
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Raimi, Lukman, Mirela Panait, and Eglantina Hysa. "Financial Inclusion in ASEAN Countries – A Gender Gap Perspective and Policy Prescriptions." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/4.
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Financial inclusion is an increasingly intense issue that is of concern to the credit institutions and the public authorities. It has become topical and gained new value during this period of Covid-19 crisis. Although financial exclusion cuts across demographic categories, but certain categories of financial consumers such as women, young people, people with disabilities and those residing in rural areas have a low presence in the financial services sector. Previous studies attribute the incidence of financial exclusion of some segment of the society to low income, low level of financial education or difficult access to financial products and services generated by poor development of physical infrastructure. Is this true in the case of ASEAN region? A quantitative research approach was adopted in this study, while relying on the secondary data of the World Bank spanning 2011-2017, the UN Women ASEAN Gender Outlook report (2020 -2021), and enriched by scholarly works. The article focuses on the dimensions of the phenomenon of financial inclusion in ASEAN countries, with emphasis on the gender gap financial inclusion. The analysis of the extracted data reveals multiple differences among the countries in the region, a fact that can be explained by the different levels of financial technology development and the governmental interventions implemented to improve financial inclusion. On the strength of the findings, this paper argues that digitalization and financial innovation can also be solutions through which new consumers can be attracted to the financial system, but with these solutions come new challenges related to the protection of personal data and cyber security. For this reason, we believe that increasing financial inclusion must be approached at several levels and must involve joint efforts by public authorities, credit institutions and other categories of stakeholders.
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"Bridging the Infrastructure Investment Gap: Re-Examining the Case for Partnership Based Procurement Post-Financial Crisis." In 20th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2013. ÖKK-Editions, Vienna, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2013_293.
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Meng, Xiangyi, and Taofang Yu. "Infrastructure Imbalance, Financial Investment and AIIB’s Role: Non-state Actor in Regional Governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vxyh8452.
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The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a new multilateral development bank, is an emerging force to solve the problem of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia. Only a few existing researches focuses on infrastructure investment and spatial governance. Based on the economic geographical framework of density, distance and division, this paper attempts to analyze three traditional governance modes in the context of infrastructure imbalance in developing countries in Asia: low-density sprawl, long distance and limited accessibility to central markets, and spatial division. Infrastructure has obvious positive externalities and will widen the differential rent gaps through land value increment, which will bring higher economic density and agglomeration economies. After analyzing the AIIB’s 38 approved investment projects, this paper takes Colombo urban regeneration project in Sri Lanka, Gujarat rural roads project in India and Mandalika tourism infrastructure project in Indonesia as examples, to explore the AIIB’s non-state role in spatial governance.
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Abeinomugisha, Dozith, Irene Batebe, and Benjamin Ariho. "What Will it Take to Commercialize Petroleum Resources in the East Africa Region; The Case of Developing Oil Refinery in Uganda." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2580334-ms.
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ABSTRACT Energy is one of the key drivers of economic growth and development world over. Overcoming energy poverty is one of world's great challenges. All the countries in the East African Region (EAR) are not producing sufficient energy to meet their current needs. The energy mix in the EAR currently includes hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, solar, biomass and fossil fuels. The region's petroleum products consumption, the entire volume of which is currently imported, is estimated at 180,000 bbl/day and is growing at between 4 – 6% p.a. It is projected that the region will consume about 400,000bbl/day by 2030. The discovery of commercially viable oil and gas deposits in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo however, marks a great opportunity to turn around the rather bleak state of the energy sector in the region. These resources however remain largely untapped due to lack of the necessary infrastructure such as road networks, upstream facilities, refinery, pipelines, and gas processing facilities, that are necessary to access, store, process and transport these resources. A number of countries in the EAR are planning for the development of such key infrastructure to enable the commercialization of the discovered these resources. The EAR needs to harmonise the planning and development of petroleum infrastructure in order to leverage the power of collaborative action to attract investment and ensure optimal development of this infrastructure. A case in point is Uganda which plans to commercialise its discovered oil and gas resources, estimated at 6.5 billion barrels as of 2016, through the development of an oil refinery, a crude oil export pipeline and power generation. These projects are being developed with joint participation of the East African Community (EAC) Partner States. Uganda estimates to spend over USD 10 billion on oil and gas infrastructure in the next five years. The region needs to provide a conducive investment environment in order to attract financing for these projects. This can be achieved through providing incentives such as attractive taxation regimes, streamlined decision making and security, among others, given the high CAPEX investments. Given that background, this paper will; Assess the current status of the oil and gas infrastructure in the region vis a vis the growing energy needsDiscuss the optimal infrastructure requirements for the successful development of the oil and gas industry in order to meet the region's growing energy needs.Highlight the investment requirements, incentives, challenges and financing options for the planned refinery in Uganda.
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Luby, P., and M. R. Susta. "Power Generation Technological Determinants for Fuel Scenario Outlook." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-221.
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Concentration of power market revolutionary changes within the relatively narrow time frame of the last decade will continue for at least another decade. Too many dynamic factors have been seen in the research & development of new power generation technology as well as commercial realisation. Too many impulses have been also seen in the independent power market arena. New legislation framework, new financing tools, deregulation, privatisation and liberalisation trends have become typical with many emerging-economy countries but also with countries having highly developed infrastructure supported by stabilised legislation & political system. Under such circumstances natural gas (NG) has been preferred both by private developers as well as state developers. From the same reason also gas turbines (GT) based technologies have become highly competitive option in the new capacity demand saturation. GT technologies will retain their dominant position also in the future. However, this needn’t inevitably mean that also NG must retain the first choice for the whole period of next generation. NG market may become saturated in middle-range horizon, approximately about 2010–2015. Huge reserves of coal together with appropriate coal-based technologies like IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) or PFBC (Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion) will cause subsequent decline from NG towards other fossil fuel commodities. Reasons for such scenario are given in our analysis.
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Parekh, Harsukh, and Vipin Chandra Sati. "Pipelines Industry in India: Recent Developments and Future Requirements." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27019.
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The consumption of petroleum products in India has been growing at a high rate. In order to meet the growing demand for petroleum, additional refining capacity is planned to be created involving augmentation of some of the existing refineries and construction of new refineries. While the refineries will be in a position to meet the demand of petroleum products, the critical and vital issue will be to supply crude oil to the refineries and to reach the products to various consumption centers in an efficient, reliable and cost effective manner. In addition to the liquid petroleum, Natural Gas is emerging as the major source of energy/feedstock. Infrastructure for storage and transportation of Natural Gas are also required to be set up in a big way to meet the projected demand. This can best be done by constructing new pipelines which are recognized worldwide as the most reliable and cost effective mode of transportation of oil and gas. In addition to the requirement for new pipelines, there is a need for upgradation of technology in the existing cross-country pipelines, many of which are more than 20 years old. Moreover, Indian Government has, as part of the process of liberalisation of the economy through a series of measures focused on the infrastructural developments, technology upgradation, trade policies and financial reforms, has opened the core sector of Petroleum to private investment. Thus, considerable scope exists not only for consultants, equipment and material manufacturers/suppliers and contractors for providing their services but also for making investments in the Indian pipeline industry. This paper describes the prospects/opportunities in the Indian pipeline industry.
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Calvin, David, and Sheila Spence. "Owner–Construction Contractor Risk Sharing for Major Oil and Gas Projects in Emerging Economies." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10584.
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The increasing global demand for energy will continue to necessitate the construction of large oil and gas infrastructure. With the exploitation of economic reserves in OECD countries largely in decline, the opportunities available for multinational oil companies and construction contractors are increasingly presenting themselves in non-OECD nations where the nature of non-technical risk is less predictable and less well understood. This paper attempts to outline areas of non-technical risk which should be considered in the formulation of the contracting strategy for large development and infrastructure projects. The non-technical risks described within this paper are a direct result of experiences obtained during the construction and early operations of the BTC and SCP pipelines, from 2003 to the present date. Methods by which these non-technical risks can be recognized and possibly managed will be put forward to ensure that the financial and reputation interests of both the owner and construction contractor can be protected during the execution phase of the project, where the potential for loss is the greatest.
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Ishmanova, Dinora. "Problems of Ensuring Competitiveness of Oil and Gas Enterprises." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02065.
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The article deals with the reforms in the oil and gas industry and investment projects in the industry. To ensure the competitiveness of enterprises in the oil and gas. A number of problems related to the competitiveness of oil and gas enterprises have been identified and research is being conducted. Investment projects in the oil and gas industry are highlighted in the creation of infrastructure facilities and cooperation with international financial institutions. Great attention is paid to the economic growth in the member-states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and further development of the industrial transport system. Liquefied petroleum products have the highest annual growth rates in non-CIS countries. Statistical data show that the amount of fuel required to meet the increasing demand for fuels in the world needs to be increased. The article describes how to solve the problem gradually leaving the monopoly.
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McDermott, Vanessa, and Jan Hayes. "‘We’re Still Hitting Things’: The Effectiveness of Third Party Processes for Pipeline Strike Prevention." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64070.
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High-pressure gas pipelines are vulnerable to damage in the course of building or maintaining other infrastructure, such as roads, water pipelines, electricity or telecommunications cabling. Unlike other countries, there has never been a death or serious injury from a high-pressure gas pipeline strike in Australia and yet external interference continues to be the most common cause of pipeline damage despite a range of technical and legislative measures in place. This research project aims to enhance the safety strategies regarding third party pipeline strikes by giving the pipeline sector a greater understanding of the motivations and priorities of those who work around pipeline assets and so how to work with them to achieve better outcomes. Using data gathered from more than 70 in-depth interviews, we explore empirically alternate understandings of risk amongst a range of stakeholders and individuals that are responsible in some way for work near or around high-pressure gas transmission pipelines in Australia. Outside the pipeline sector, much of the work around pipelines is conducted by those at the bottom of long chains of contractors and sub-contractors. We discuss perceptions of risk held by a range of third party actors whose activities have the potential to threaten gas pipeline integrity. We compare these views with gas pipeline industry perceptions of risk, couched in terms of asset management, public safety, legal and insurance obligations, and reputation management. This paper focuses on how financial risk and so also management of the potential for pipeline strikes is shifted down the third party contractor chain. Added to this, incentives for timely project completion can unintentionally lead to situations where the potential for third party contractors to strike pipelines increases. The data shows that third party contractors feel the time and cost impact of design or project changes most immediately. Consequently, strikes or near misses may result as sub-contractors seek to avoid perceived ‘unnecessary’ time delays along with the associated financial impact. We argue that efforts to reduce the potential for pipeline strike need to be targeted at structural changes, rather than simply aimed at worker risk perception and enforcement of safety compliance strategies.