Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infrastructure numérique'
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Provencher, Luc. "Développement d'une infrastructure pour l'accélération sur matériel de la simulation numérique." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2010. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/312/1/PROVENCHER_Luc.pdf.
Full textTchana, De Tchana Yvan. "Proposition d’un jumeau numérique pour soutenir la gestion de l'exploitation d'une infrastructure linéaire." Thesis, Troyes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TROY0012.
Full textThe digital growth of the construction industry led to BIM (Building Information Modeling). Developed for buildings, BIM is later used on linear infrastructure projects. Such projects require end-to-end control of information. PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) supports digital continuity in the manufacturing industry. Studies evaluate the relevance of a complementary use of the BIM and PLM approaches for linear infrastructure projects. With an adaptation of methods used for building construction, those studies are mostly restricted to the implementation of data repositories. This makes it difficult to consider the infrastructure post-construction phase, where the 3D model is no longer a digital model, but a digital twin. This research work consists in developing a strategy for the design, the implementation and the operations and maintenance of a linear infrastructure. The digital twin of the infrastructure is the target of our approach. It will take into consideration not only BIM and PLM methodologies, but also any other data source positioning the infrastructure in its geographical environment. Data aggregator, our digital twin should make it possible to manage the lifecycle of a linear infrastructure. This system is tested on a specific linear infrastructure, a level crossing. Digital continuity and data traceability are important factors for those constructions. Through the digital twin, our proposal helps to follow the data, and thus to link operational data to the design and construction data of the linear infrastructure
Piras, Paola. "Matérialité et gouvernance du système sociotechnique très haut débit à Dakar (Sénégal) : vision stratégique de l’infrastructure numérique, planification métropolitaine et chantiers de construction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UEFL2009.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the development of a very high-speed socio-technical system (fiber optic network and data centers) and the urban transformations of a West African metropolis, questioning the conditions and modalities of a “digital urbanism” in Dakar (Senegal). The aim is to understand how digital infrastructure and urban spaces shape each other, and to propose a reading based on materiality rather than overhanging an inert materiality-support.Drawing on work from urban studies and social approaches to technology inspired by Science and Technology Studies (STS), the investigation focuses on the socio-political, socio-technical and territorial dimensions of very-high-speed infrastructure deployment, which it analyzes at three scales, corresponding to distinct spheres of action and temporalities, and in different types of intra-urban spaces. Using a qualitative methodology (interviews, participant observation, mapping), the thesis demonstrates the ambivalent relationship between the privatized development of the very-high-speed socio-technical system and socio-spatial inequalities. On a national and metropolitan scale, it highlights the links between urban planners and powerful international telecoms operators, and their respective influence on metropolitan digital planning in a context marked by neoliberal policies. At the street level, it analyzes the role of network engineers and technicians, highlighting the role of material contingencies, informality and socio-technical “bricolage”, as well as the role of “street-level” technical expertise in the material development of very high-speed infrastructure, through a study of construction sites and “on-the-spot” work. Analysis of the governance of deployment, coupled with that of urban materiality and metropolitan socio-spatial evolutions, has enabled us to qualify a digital urbanism that differs according to urban profiles. However, while insisting on the decisive weight of telecoms operators and the insufficient prescription and regulation capacity of public authorities, the thesis identifies self-regulation mechanisms that are sometimes beneficial to the general interest, and partial catch-up mechanisms in certain less “attractive” neighborhoods. These results lead us to qualify the effects of the “privatization” of digital development on urban fragmentation, and suggest elements of reflection for the public reengagement of a thought and practice of urban digital planning in Dakar
Kaabi, Faouzi. "Modeling and enhancement of wireless access and mesh infrastructure vehicular networks." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE4082.
Full textA major technological breakthrough to improve road safety and traffic efficiency will be cooperative communications for transports systems. Through the use of wireless communications, cooperative systems will allow the dynamic exchange of messages between transportation system such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V21) and velicle-to-infrastructure (V21) communications. Cooperative vehicular systems are composed by Road Side Units (RSUs) and On Board Units (OBUs). OBUs provide network connectivity to the users and are inside their cars whereas the RSUs are fixed and deployed equipment on the public roads. The RSUs can be connected to each other and to the Internet using Wireless Mesh Network backbone. We call “service level / access of the vehicular network” the network composed by the RSUs and the OBUs and we call “backbone level / infrastructure of the vehicular network” the network connecting the RSUs to the Internet. In this thesis, we develop several contributions to improve the vehicular network performances at both service level and backbone level. For the service level, 802. 11p defines a control frequency channel for control and most critical data packets and one or several service frequency channels for less critical packets. As a first step, we propose an analytical model for the 802. 11p operations in the control frequency. It captures all suggested enhancements important for exchanging data packets generated by road safety applications. The model is a simple tool that is able to reproduce expected results. This is an important step toward the improvement of vehicular networks performances. The model is then combined with optimization criteria for optimal placement of roadside units. For the backbone level, we conduct a rich study to identify what are the significant factors and mechanisms that have the most important impact on the WMNs backbone performances. We concluded that investigating on channel allocation and routing is the best answer to that issue. After that, we focused and classified the most interesting work are those proposing a common-layer design between MAC layer and network layer and are the mostly concerning a centralized manner. However, in a wireless environment, presenting centralized approach is not too realistic. Our contributions in this area concern the development of two interesting approaches to solve the addressed problem in distributed fashion
Lin, Trista Shuenying. "Smart parking : Network, infrastructure and urban service." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0138/document.
Full textSmart parking, allowing drivers to access parking information through their smart-phone, is proposed to ease drivers' pain. We first spotlight the manner to collect parking information by introducing the multi-hop sensor network architecture, and how the network is formed. We then introduce the traffic intensity models by looking at the vehicle's arrival and departure probabilities, following the heavy-tailed distribution. We study the deployment strategy of wireless on-street parking sensor layouts. We define a multiple-objective problem and solve it with two real street parking maps. In turn, we present a Publish-Subscribe service system to provide good parking information to drivers. We illustrate the system with a vehicular network and point out the importance of content and context of a driver’s message. To evaluate the resilience, we propose an extended Publish-Subscribe model, and evaluate it under different unforeseen circumstances. Our work is based on the premise that large-scale parking sensors are deployed in the city. We look at the whole picture of urban service from viewpoint of the municipality. As such, we shed light on two main topics: the information collection on sensor deployment and an extended version of Publish-Subscribe messaging paradigm. Our work gives a guideline from network-related perspectives for city before launching a smart parking or any similar real-time urban service. It also provides a meaningful evaluation platform for testing more realistic datasets, such as real vehicle traces or network traffic
Camus, Alexandre. "Faire valoir un patrimoine. Comment une école polytechnique investit la numérisation de la collection audiovisuelle d'un festival musical." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM064.
Full textThe Cultural heritage is now considered as a source of added value and, consequently, has become the subject of numerous digitization projects. These projects originate both from public research institutions and from private companies and they explicitly aim at the development of knowledge products for specific markets. However, despite guidelines found here and there, we still know almost nothing of the concrete ways in which what is presented as a new paradigm will be deployed. Does the enactment of techno-patrimonial valuation generate transformations in the definition of what counts as heritage? In the framework of Science and Technology Studies, my analysis is based on ethnographical work in the Montreux Jazz Digital Project led by the Lausanne Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL). This project is truly a laboratory for the enactment of the paradigm of techno-patrimonial valuation; its first aim is to impulse the development of knowledge products through the reformulation of the collection of audio-visual recordings produced in the framework of the Montreux Jazz Festival into a collection of 46 000 musical pieces which are deployed on screens from which their future is oriented. My analysis shows that this digitization process continues the long history of technologies of writing and accumulation. It renews more than it inaugurates the relationship between technology and heritage. The visibility of heritage and its possible transfer to technological realizations become the horizon of collective action. The modalities by which visibility is transferred, among which demonstration is central, act upon all the stages of the digitization process, even before the operations of numerical conservation. Finally, this study shows that patrimonial value may become wholly referred to its potential for innovation and visibility transfer; this development entails changes in our relationship to the past, which is reinterpreted in the light of a continuous technological present in which notions of conservation, transmission and memory are difficult to accommodate
Gallard, Jérôme. "Flexibilité dans la gestion des infrastructures informatiques distribuées." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00625278.
Full textHuguet, François. "(Re)coudre avec du sans fil. Enquête sur des pratiques de médiation infrastructurelle." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0040/document.
Full textThis dissertation is concerned with a longitudinal study of a computer network technology referred to as the Commotion wireless MESH software, and the assemblages of actants that come into contact with it (such as people, objects, organizations, discourses, etc.). I argue that this apparatus produces different versions of itself that uniquely relates the concepts of agency, infrastructure and the Commons because it explicitly claims to be both technical and political within different socio-historical folds. By assuming such an overt political stance, it invites us to think through the notion of mediation in a new light (infrastructural mediation). My research methods reflect different interpretations of this software by seeking to understand whether this wireless mesh network technology represents a compromise solution to redefining the forces that constitute telecommunications infrastructure and its hold on the social bond. To do so, my dissertation expands on a particular ethnographic path which, “by the middle”, attempts to understand the ways in which the existence of a socio-technical system is established. I argue that the establishment of a socio-technical apparatus does not amount to pulling it out of thin air, but rather to make it become what it is. The findings reflect the successive trials and errors that go into this process of developing a sociotechnical and mediatic form that has yet to be recognized, while also shoring up the constitutive elements of a mediation process between the Commons and telecommunications infrastructure
Lachand-Pascal, Valentin. "Approche centrée activité pour la conception et l'orchestration d'activités numériques en classe." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI089.
Full textThe quantity and variety of digital devices available in schools is constantly increasing. However, educational uses have not followed this evolution. The limited use of digital may be explained by the difficulty in creating digital activities. We propose to combine concepts from research related to the creation and conduction of educational activities in the classroom, as well as work related to the conduction of digital activities in a more general way. We present the contributions and limitations of these two conceptual frameworks for the management of digital educational activities. We conducted interviews with teachers to understand how they create their digital activities and how they conduct them. When conducting activities in the classroom, teachers mainly encounter technical problems (unstable network, hardware limitations) and have to adapt their plans to deal with these problems. We propose an adaptable architecture to solve the technical problems. Our architecture allows the conduction of digital activities by taking into account the different constraints: the activities work with or without connection, on the different devices present in the classroom, and the architecture adapts to the infrastructures of the schools. This architecture is materialized in Toccata, an orchestration system allowing the creation and implementation of digital activities in the classroom. Toccata implements the design recommendations we identified. Finally, we identified interaction strategies to help teachers in the management of digital devices in the classroom. Through observations of middle school classrooms, we identified two main classes of tasks: content sharing and remote control of devices. Using an elicitation study, we found that control tasks are easier to perform than content sharing tasks, especially using a device worn like a connected watch. We found that the selection of content sharing devices remained particularly complex in terms of interaction. Our results open new possibilities for managing digital devices in the classroom. However, work is still needed on sharing, reusing, and redesigning digital activities
Marquet, Clément. "Binaire béton : Quand les infrastructures numériques aménagent la ville." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLT036.
Full textHow is the city developed by and with digital technologies? To answer this question, the thesis analyses in a single movement the urban consequences of the information and physical infrastructures of digital technology. To this end, it mobilizes the methodological and analytical frameworks of Infrastructure Studies, the sociology of techniques and innovation and the sociology of public problems. From an empirical point of view, it proposes to take a step back from the major mediatized experiments of the "smart city" to study more diffuse, everyday transformations generated by digital technologies. It consists of two case studies: on the one hand, it follows a programme to develop connected services to improve the accessibility of a Paris Region transport network for people with reduced mobility, and on the other hand, it analyses the discreet establishment of numerous data centres in Plaine Commune, in the north of the Parisian metropolitan area, and the resulting local unrest. The fieldwork includes several participating observations, about 40 interviews, a press review and the analysis of internal documents of the organizations. The thesis shows how the logic of immediacy, of "real time", generally at the centre of the promises associated with the digital city, requires an increased availability of workers, data and servers. Thus, in the transport company, projects to improve passenger service via smartphones confront station agents with the dual imperative of the face-to-face relationship and the alerts of the connected device. The cartographic data on which connected services are based, often taken for granted, require organizations to invent new collaborations to ensure their production and maintenance. The servers necessary for the functioning of the digital society are accumulated, protected and maintained in data centres, imposing buildings that are geographically concentrated, disrupt the environments in which they are located, disconcert elected officials and disturb residents. The logic of real time thus weighs on the social and spatial organization of cities, and invites us to rethink the urban development of digital infrastructures in terms of work, maintenance and the environment - unlike those, more commonly mobilized, of socio-technical imaginaries, promises of optimization and urban models
Oumarou, Mahamane Laouali. "Technologie de l’information et de la communication et développement économique : les enjeux et les opportunités au Niger." Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100231.
Full textNiger is a landlocked country in West Africa. Its position on the outskirts of essential poles in the under-region partly explains its delayed development. To this is added, a further delay, called digital divide. Its fleet of obsolete infrastructure does not allow it to take full advantage of global flows of information to take advantage of the competitiveness of the new information society. Spurred on by recent international discussions on new technologies, it appears that the economic development of Niger would require an appropriation of ICTs by the population. Therefore, these new information technologies are at the epicenter of development issues facing the Niger. This research was given the objective to analyze the current system of ICT in Niger and its ability to set off economic development in a context of globalization of economies based on information, knowledge and expertise, by using ICTs. Following this analysis and the questions it poses, some economic theories have emerged, the information economy and its derivatives. In the second time, this study explores, describes, explains, interprets and illustrates these theories in the context of ICTs access. Illustrative examples show that ICT correct some of these predictions. ICT improves human capital, refine agents' anticipations and reduce the risk of economic decisions. That’s why, ICTs can be considered as an economic development factor in Niger. In this revolution of new technologies, the economies have not necessarily need to go through the stage of industrialization as the old theories. The example of China and the Asian dragons shows that
Valea, Emanuele. "Security Techniques for Test Infrastructures." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS042.
Full textTest infrastructures are crucial to the modern Integrated Circuits (ICs) industry. The necessity of detecting manufacturing defects and preventing system failures in the field, makes their presence inevitable in every IC and its sub-modules. Unfortunately, test infrastructures also represent a security threat due to the augmented controllability and observability on the IC internals that they typically provide. In this thesis, we present a comprehensive analysis of the existing threats and the respective countermeasures, also providing a classification and a taxonomy of the state-of-the-art. Furthermore, we propose new security solutions, based on lightweight cryptography, for the design of test infrastructures. All proposed countermeasures belong to the category of scan encryption solutions and their purpose is to guarantee data confidentiality and user authentication. Each proposed solution is evaluated in terms of implementation costs and security capabilities. The works that have been carried out and are presented in this thesis, indicate that scan encryption is a promising solution for granting a secure design of test infrastructures
Forli, Lionel. "Test et diagnostic de défauts dans les interconnexions métalliques des circuits numériques par infrastructures "IP"." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX11044.
Full textHuguet, François. "(Re)coudre avec du sans fil. Enquête sur des pratiques de médiation infrastructurelle." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENST, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENST0040.
Full textThis dissertation is concerned with a longitudinal study of a computer network technology referred to as the Commotion wireless MESH software, and the assemblages of actants that come into contact with it (such as people, objects, organizations, discourses, etc.). I argue that this apparatus produces different versions of itself that uniquely relates the concepts of agency, infrastructure and the Commons because it explicitly claims to be both technical and political within different socio-historical folds. By assuming such an overt political stance, it invites us to think through the notion of mediation in a new light (infrastructural mediation). My research methods reflect different interpretations of this software by seeking to understand whether this wireless mesh network technology represents a compromise solution to redefining the forces that constitute telecommunications infrastructure and its hold on the social bond. To do so, my dissertation expands on a particular ethnographic path which, “by the middle”, attempts to understand the ways in which the existence of a socio-technical system is established. I argue that the establishment of a socio-technical apparatus does not amount to pulling it out of thin air, but rather to make it become what it is. The findings reflect the successive trials and errors that go into this process of developing a sociotechnical and mediatic form that has yet to be recognized, while also shoring up the constitutive elements of a mediation process between the Commons and telecommunications infrastructure
Dabbebi, Oussema. "Gestion des risques dans les infrastructures VoIP." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0044.
Full textIP telephony has become a new paradigm that permits to establish and transmit voice communications with IP networks. Its deployment has been accelerated by the standardization of dedicated signaling protocols. However, VoIP services are faced to several security issues which are inherited from the IP layer or specific to the service. A large variety of protection mechanisms are available to deal with them. However, IP telephony is a real-time service which requires high network performance. The application of countermeasures may significantly affect such a critical service. Risk management provides new perspectives for this issue. This thesis deals with the application of risk management in VoIP infrastructures. The first axis consists in the automation of the risk management process in VoIP enterprise network. In this context, we have developed a mathematical model for assessing risk, a set of progressive countermeasures to counter attackers and mitigation algorithms that evaluate the risk level and takes the decision to activate a subset of countermeasures. To improve our strategy, we have coupled it with an anomaly detection system based on SVM and a self-configuration mechanism which provides feedback about countermeasure efficiency. The second axis deals with the extension of our adaptive risk strategy to P2PSIP infrastructures. We have implemented a specific risk model and a dedicated set of countermeasures with respect to its peer-to-peer nature. For that, we have identified attack sources and established different threat scenarios. We have analyzed the RELOAD framework and proposed trust mechanisms to address its residual attacks. Finally, the third axis focuses on VoIP services in the cloud where we have proposed a risk strategy and several strategies to deploy and apply countermeasures
Dabbebi, Oussema. "Gestion des Risques dans les Infrastructures VoIP." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00875141.
Full textBarros, Francisco Ricardo Magalhães. "The role of public policies in the development of broadband infrastructures : The Case of Brazil." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025IPPAT013.
Full textThe liberalization of state monopolies in the electronic communications sector aims to foster a competitive environment that attracts new players and investments through sector-specific regulation. In Brazil, this approach was adopted to expand communications infrastructure and ensure universal local access, with partial success, especially in large cities. However, growth in fiber-optic networks stalled between 2010 and 2012, prompting regulatory interventions and government incentives. The Brazilian case highlights the expanding role of regulators and the government in network expansion, challenged by slow regulatory evolution, high costs, and low investment appeal in small and medium municipalities. Recently, a new competitive model, supported by deregulation and incentives, enabled small local operators to partially address infrastructure gaps, though these efforts have not fully met public policy goals to reduce regional inequalities. This thesis investigates the relationship between the expansion of communications infrastructure, particularly broadband, and key economic variables, with a focus on social inequality and digital exclusion
Brahim, Naouraz. "Évaluation du potentiel des capteurs acoustiques sous-marins dans l'inspection des infrastructures portuaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25985/25985.pdf.
Full textFernandes, Soares Mota Vinicius. "Déchargement (offloading) infrastructuré et dispositif-à-dispositif dans les réseaux cellulaires." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1161/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses the overload problem of the Wireless Internet service Providers' (WISP) network. The growth of mobile broadband subscription has been leading several bottlenecks to WISPs, such as, bandwidth availability and resource sharing of over a single cellular cell. WISPs can move off data traffic from its infrastructure by deploying small cells, such as femtocells, to public WiFi networks or, more recently, to device-to-device opportunistic networks. This work evaluates the feasibility to offload mobile data traffic using WiFi hotspots, proposes a framework to opportunistic data offloading and an incentive mechanism to encourage users cooperation. We mapped 3G and WiFi coverage through several bus routes in Paris in order to evaluate how users and WISPs can benefit from the existing infrastructure. Our results indicate that the deployed WISPs access points can offload part of the data traffic, however restrictions such as association time and the authentication process may reduce the amount of offloaded data. We propose a multi-criteria decision-making framework, called OppLite, to offload data from 3G networks using opportunistic device-to-device communications. Trace-driven simulations showed that opportunistic mobile offloading can expand coverage and network efficiency, offloading up to 36% of data in certain scenarios. Thus, the effectiveness of opportunistic mobile offloading depends mainly of the delay tolerance of the applications and whether the user cooperates. Since opportunistic offloading depends on the user's willingness to offer his/her resources to others, we propose a message-based incentive mechanism that builds a reputation rank based on the source of messages received by the forwarding nodes, called MINEIRO. The network supports up to 60% of nodes with selfish behavior without performance degradation in a random mobility scenario. After this threshold, MINEIRO kept the delivery rate and the delay constant. Meanwhile, in a scenario with social-based mobility, selfish behavior degrades the network performance quickly
Lesueur, François. "Autorité de certification distribuée pour des réseaux Pair-à-Pair structurés : modèle, mise en œuvre et exemples d'applications." Rennes 1, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443852.
Full textPeer-to-peer networks allow to design low cost and high availability large systems. Contrary to clients in client-server systems, peers of a peer-to-peer network play an active role in the network and give some bandwidth, computation power and storage to the network : the presence of attackers or misbehaving peers can break the proposed service. Guaranteeing security properties in peer-to-peer networks yields new problems since, contrary to current systems where, most of the times, a central authority allows or not asked operations, no peer should have a critical role for the whole network. The main contribution of this thesis is a distributed certification authority which allows the distributed signature of certificates. Contrary to currently used centralized certification authorities, even in peer-to-peer networks, the authority we propose is fully distributed in the peer-to-peer network and the peers themselves take the decisions, through the cooperation of a fixed percentage of them. We present in this thesis the cryptographic mechanisms used as well as two applications of this authority, in order to limit the sybil attack and to securely name users
Frank, Florian. "Hybrid analogue & digital access network architectures for the mobile/fixe infrastructure convergence." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665650.
Full textLoiret, Frédéric. "Tinap : Modèle et infrastructure d'exécution orienté composant pour applications multi-tâches à contraintes temps réel souples et embarquées." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00321745.
Full textNous définissons un modèle de composant reposant sur plusieurs vues : une vue structurelle, placée au centre du cycle de conception, reposant initialement sur le modèle Fractal, une vue dynamique permettant au concepteur, dans une démarche descriptive, de personnaliser l'architecture métier pour définir les aspects de son applicatif liés à la concurrence, et enfin une vue implantation et une vue comportement fournissant respectivement une abstraction de l'implantation interne des composants et de leur comportement à l'égard de leur environnement. De plus, notre proposition est intégrée à un cadre méthodologique dirigé par les modèles.
Nous avons également expérimenté le paradigme composant à différents niveaux d'abstraction : pour l'applicatif et pour celui de l'infrastructure d'exécution qui les implante. Enfin, au niveau du système d'exploitation fournissant les services élémentaires nécessaires. Cette démarche est motivée par la volonté d'exploiter notre modèle multi-vues canonique et de l'adapter en fonction des besoins de chaque niveau d'abstraction. Cette expérimentation est menée avec Think, une implantation en C des spécifications Fractal.
Nous expérimentons Tinap par deux cas d'étude que nous avons prototypés. En premier lieu, pour concevoir une application d'analyse et de contrôle de flux multimédias par l'intermédiaire de disques vinyles. En second lieu pour expérimenter la mise en oeuvre du modèle d'exécution Accord (une méthodologie de conception pour applications temps-réel).
Bouchaud, Paul. "Beyond the Black Box. Social Structures and Dynamics in the Digital Age : Reconstructing, Modelling and Assessing the Impact of Major Digital Infrastructures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0162.
Full textThis thesis examines the effects of algorithmic systems used by major online platforms on public discourse and society. Through experimental audits and social simulations, the research aims to decipher how these systems, which serve billions of users, operate. The thesis addresses three main objectives: conducting audits of online platform algorithmic systems, investigating mitigation measures for misalignments between platform operations and public good, and enhancing social media simulations with massive field data. Notable contributions include a comprehensive study of Meta's Ad Library, an analysis of Amazon's and Twitter's recommendation systems, and the creation of a data donation tool to gather information on actual user experiences across platforms like Facebook, Google Search, YouTube, and Twitter.The thesis also considers the methods used in algorithmic auditing, emphasizing the need to account for personalization and individual user traits when evaluating these systems. A simulation of a Twitter-like platform was developed, combining predictive models of user engagement with large-scale data collection. This approach was used to assess how content ranking strategies focused on maximizing engagement affect the information users see, showing reduced content variety and altered political representation. The research concludes by investigating alternative content curation approaches beyond immediate user engagement, including a ranking system based on diverse user approval, while recognizing the difficulties in assessing the "democratic value" of civic content to create viable alternatives to current engagement-based systems
Hoang, Thi Minh Phuong Thi minh Phuong. "Optimisation des temps de calculs dans le domaine de la simulation par éléments discrets pour des applications ferroviaires." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20212/document.
Full textThe track deterioration rate is strongly influenced by the ballast behaviour under commercial traffic. In order to restore the initial track geometry, different maintenance processes are performed, like tamping, dynamic stabilisation. A better understanding of the ballast behaviour under these operations on a portion of railway track is a key to optimize the process, to limit degradationand to propose some concept for a better homogeneous compaction. The numerical simulation isdeveloped here to investigate the mechanical behaviour of ballast. However, the main difficultiesof this research action concerns the size of the granular system simulation increasing both in termof number of grains and of process duration. The purpose of this thesis is to develop an efficient numerical tool allows to realize faster computations devoted to large-scale granular samples. In this framework, the Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics (NSCD) of three-dimensional Discrete ElementMethod (DEM) simulations, improved by Domain Decomposition Method (DDM) and processedwith the Shared Memory parallel technique (using OpenMP) has been applied to study the ballast media mechanics
Souliotou, Anastasia Zoé. "Art en réseaux : la structure des réseaux comme une nouvelle matrice pour la production des œuvres artistiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080121.
Full textThis thesis examines and shows ways in which the structure of networks can provide a new matrix for the production of artworks. In order to answer this question we start by studying: the evolution of the term ‘network’ from the ancient times up to nowadays; the theories that refer to network structure or network dynamics. Then we present the applications of these theories into both art and science. We list and analyze eight different types of networks and then we feature artworks which have been inspired by these network types or have used the network structure of a certain type as a matrix for art making. We propose the Imaginary Lines project, a three-dimensional network model which is based on the concept of a metro composed of imaginary lines. More precisely Imaginary Lines metro network encompasses seven paradoxical lines which move, (dis)appear and produce supplementary infrastructure. The Imaginary Lines metro unveils the importance of geography and spatiality, in contrast with topological network graphic representations, which remain insufficient, in terms of utmost accuracy in representation and comprehension of network structure. Additionally, the Imaginary Lines network innovation lays in its infrastructure dynamics as well as in its self-organisation. The objective of the Imaginary Lines artistic project is to visualise a concept by creating an unusual metro, which goes beyond traditional fixed-route transport networks and can support alternative forms of urban transport development
Souliotou, Anastasia Zoé. "Art en réseaux : la structure des réseaux comme une nouvelle matrice pour la production des œuvres artistiques." Thesis, Paris 8, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA080121.
Full textThis thesis examines and shows ways in which the structure of networks can provide a new matrix for the production of artworks. In order to answer this question we start by studying: the evolution of the term ‘network’ from the ancient times up to nowadays; the theories that refer to network structure or network dynamics. Then we present the applications of these theories into both art and science. We list and analyze eight different types of networks and then we feature artworks which have been inspired by these network types or have used the network structure of a certain type as a matrix for art making. We propose the Imaginary Lines project, a three-dimensional network model which is based on the concept of a metro composed of imaginary lines. More precisely Imaginary Lines metro network encompasses seven paradoxical lines which move, (dis)appear and produce supplementary infrastructure. The Imaginary Lines metro unveils the importance of geography and spatiality, in contrast with topological network graphic representations, which remain insufficient, in terms of utmost accuracy in representation and comprehension of network structure. Additionally, the Imaginary Lines network innovation lays in its infrastructure dynamics as well as in its self-organisation. The objective of the Imaginary Lines artistic project is to visualise a concept by creating an unusual metro, which goes beyond traditional fixed-route transport networks and can support alternative forms of urban transport development
Migault, Ariane. "La connexion au quotidien : réflexion sur nos temporalités." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24165.
Full textBased on various scientific studies, news media discourse address more and more regularly the danger posed by connection to all of those who spend too much time using digital devices. A normative load is therefore placed on connection and time. This research project aims to: a) explore what connection means to people whose daily lives involve being connected and questioning their connection; and b) to understand how their approach to connection may orient their experiences of time while at the same time being affected by the temporalities around which today’s societies are organized. The methodological approach that guides this exploratory research features semi-structured interviews conducted in Montreal with four “connected” people who questioned the place of connection in their daily lives. We met once a week for a month and the participants regularly filled out a logbook which they then presented to me at the beginning of each of our conversations. Based on the analysis of interview transcripts, I suggest that the participants share different approaches to dis-connection. The latter can be conceptualized in terms of infrastructure, artifacts and symbols. Also different temporalities modulate and are modulated by this dis-connection as people experience it as a means to fit in, and to aim for an ideal (time) balanced practice.