Academic literature on the topic 'Ingavi (Bolivia : Provincia)'

Bajo condiciones del altiplano central de Bolivia (Provincia de Ingavi, La Paz) se realizó un estudio de campo para evaluar diferentes especies cultivadas y prácticas culturales sobre el nematodo quiste de la papa (Globodera spp.) y determinar la factibilidad de su incorporación en una estrategia para el manejo integrado de esta plaga. Se evaluaron tres clones de papa con resistencia parcial a G. pallida, el cv. Sani Imilla, susceptible (control sin y con nematicida), el cultivo de haba (Vicia faba), el cultivo de cebada (Hordeum vulgare), suelo en descanso e incorporación de haba como abono verde.De acuerdo a la multiplicación de Globodera spp. ocurrida en los clones evaluados, ésta sufrió un incremento de 30% en el clon 390154.4, de 13% en el G84381.9 y se mantuvo invariable en el clon G85472.20, aunque todos ellos mostraron una menor viabilidad en los nuevos quistes formados. La no reducción de las poblaciones del nematodo en el suelo se debería a la presencia de G. rostochiensis, que no fue afectada por la resistencia a G. pallida. En los tratamientos de papa, cebada y haba, se realizaron muestreos de suelo antes de la siembra y a la cosecha, con el objeto de determinar el incremento o disminución de la población del nematodo. Para el abono verde, los muestreos se efectuaron a la siembra, la primera cosecha y luego muestreos mensuales durante la descomposición de la materia verde en el suelo al igual que con el descanso de suelo. La práctica de incorporación de haba como abono verde destacó con una reducción de 41% en la población del nematodo, seguida por los cultivos de haba, cebada y descanso del suelo (25, 23 y 24%), respectivamente. La incorporación del abono verde redujo más notoriamente la población de nematodos durante su etapa de descomposición en el suelo, es decir a partir del segundo mes de su incorporación; posteriormente la población se mantuvo estable. La aplicación del nematicida a la siembra también redujo la población de nematodos en 12% y los rendimientos en tubérculos fueron relativamente mayores. Por otro lado el cv. Sani Imilla sin nematicida registró el aumento más significativo de la población, ya que ésta se elevó en 90%, confirmando su susceptibilidad a Globodera spp.

Tesis de grado para obtar por el titulo de Licendiada en Nutricion y Dietetica, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Facultad de Medicina, Carrera de Nutricion y Dietetica.
Abstract in Spanish and English.

Tesis de grado previo a optar el grado de Licenciatura en Nutrición y Dietética, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Facultad de Medicina, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética.
Abstract in Spanish and English.

The intent of the present work responds to the necessity of the settlers in depressed areas of La Paz's Altiplano in Bolivia of knowing the reality surrounding the unfolding of their lives. The focus takes into account only one part of all that weighs down on them: that part dealing with their nutritional and alimentative state. This study takes in the communities of Canaviri, Pocohata, Colina Blanca, Puente Arriba, and Villa Arriendo of the Ingavi Province in the Department of La Paz. The variable taken into account is the families' nutritional situation; these families possessing the same status in the following dimensions: physical and economic availability of food, food consumption, alimentary habits, biological utilization of aliments-determined in this case through causal indicators, conditions of basic sewage drain off, and level of instruction of family heads. An encompassing and descriptive study was based on the preceding dimensions. Help in collecting information was provided by community authorities and the population of each community in particular who were subjected to the corresponding taking of anthropometric measurements. Through investigation and direct observation, all the information was obtained with the purpose of responding to the proposed objectives. The principal objective was to determine the nutritional and alimentary situation of the populations of the communities under observation. The other objectives could be summed up in the following terms: to evaluate the nutritional state of all inhabitants of the communities, to determine the availability of food for the families in the study, to establish the families' food consumption, to determine nursing (lactational) habits and complementary alimentation, to determine the biological utilization of food, through cause and effect indicators, and to determine the level of instruction of family heads. The figures obtained show the different degrees of malnutrition affecting children as well as adults. In reference to the first point, or the nutritional status, it is necessary to bring out the high prevalence of chronic undernourishment in those under 18 years of age (37% on average in the five communities) in relation to those over 18 years of age where the prevalence reaches 84%. This alimentation is not varied and above all is conditioned on various factors that are principally economic in nature-alimentary habits and little crop diversification. In reference to food consumption, the principal base of alimentation in the five communities is carbohydrates coming primarily from tubers such as the potato and its derivatives including potato starch and tunta. Because of the characteristics of this type of monotonous alimentation, the degrees of adequacy reached vary between 59% and 83% for calories, between 35% and 58% for proteins, and from 72% to 40% for fats. Finally, carbohydrates show the best levels in terms of adequacy, though these are still under recommendable levels, varying from 76% to 88%. Another point to take into consideration is the low incomes obtained by these families, which usually consist of more than 5 members. Of this low income, the amount destined for food fluctuates between 4 and 5 dollars (23.30 Bolivianos) per week. Poverty is a causal factor of malnutrition as well as low food consumption, bad living conditions, lack of basic sanitary sewage services, and problems of effective communication with the outside. Therefore, poverty should be reduced through training of the settlers. Given the characteristics of the nutritional status, the alimentation these people receive regularly, the environmental conditions in which they live, their low incomes, their high percentages of illiteracy, and the few possibilities that they have to overcome their limitations, the conclusion that arises is that by continuing the same path a risk is run that, in the future, the workforce will diminish and, at the same time, their harvests will shrink, consequently causing above all a greater danger in the nutritional well-being of the settlers.

One of the more important economic activities in the Altiplano region is raising livestock, the exploitation of cattle, sheep, and llamas which are raised and adapted to the conditions surrounding this activity. Livestock production plays a fundamental role in the economy of farming families by providing them products such as meat, milk, cheese, fiber, skins, and other products that each translate into monetary revenues. The present study was carried out in the community of "Chama 6 de julio," Ingavi Province, Department of La Paz, about 83 km. (51.6 miles) outside of La Paz at an elevation of 3,792 m. (12,440 ft.) above sea level. The annual precipitation is 370 mm. (14.6 inches) and average annual temperature is 12° C (53.6° F). The set objectives of this investigative work were: To evaluate the economic behavior of the livestock production (cattle, sheep, and llamas) at the small ranchers 14 level. To quantify in monetary units the structure of costs and revenues of livestock activity. To carry out a socio-economic analysis of the activity. The statistic parameters used were: measures of means, deviations, and percentages. Techniques used for gathering information include the following: semi-structured interviews, dynamic polls, dialogues, conversations, key informants, and direct observation. In studying the costs and revenues of livestock activity the conventional model of fixed and variable costs was used. The method utilized to evaluate the activity is an adaptation of the economic evaluation expressed by the indicating gauges Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) and Annual Investment Profitability (RI). 42 families dedicated to agricultural and livestock activity were involved in the study. They were functionally classified according to the number of cattle that they have on their land, a classification that resulted in four groups. The first group contained families possessing from 4 to 6 cattle; the second, from 7 to 9; the third, from 10 to 12; and the fourth, the families with 13 to 15 cattle. Also, the number of samples for each class was calculated to be 5 families. As livestock activity is the most important for families in this community, these families have most of their money invested in their herds, investments ranging from 73% to 86% of all their active livestock investments. The other 14% to 27% of their investment is in the livestock infrastructure, tools, materials, and equipment. The amount of land possessed by families in this community ranges from 8 to 40 hectacres (19.8 to 98.8 acres). The meat (cattle, sheep, and llama) is the most important product for commercial purposes. Accordingly, families from class IV achieved the highest production with 812 kg. (180.7 lbs) per year, followed by classes III and II. The lowest annual amount came from families grouped into class I with only 235 kg. (518 lbs). Another product of utmost importance after meat is cheese for which the families of class IV were those that had the highest annual production with 476 units, with an average weight of 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs). They were followed by families in classes III and I. Finally, the families in class II achieved the smallest output with 337 units. 69% to 79% of the total production of meat and cheese is destined for market. The families consume only 10% to 31% of what is produced. Variable costs represent 87.25% of the total expenses. On the other hand, fixed costs amount to only 12.73% of the total. Labor represents the greatest expense, reaching an average of 71.17% of the total expense. Relative to gross annual revenue, families in class IV reached the highest average numbers with 7,996.00 Bs. (Bolivianos). The lowest gross annual revenues correspond to those in class I with only 3,124.00 Bs. Classes III and II occupy intermediate positions between both former classes. Comparing the sources of gross annual revenue, cattle meat occupies the greatest portion with 40.81%. This is followed by cheese production, lamb, and llama meat with 30.84%, 23.30%, and 2.17% respectively. At the same time, cattle meat and cheese provide these farming families with 71.65% of their total gross annual revenue. The net annual revenues are positive only for families in classes IV and III with numbers at 312.00 and 156.00 Bs. On the other hand, classes II and I have negative net revenues at -3,039.00 and -2,455.00 Bs. The indicative Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) shows viability of the activity for families from classes IV and III with figures of 1.04 and 1.02. It is not as viable for families in classes II and I with numbers at 0.62 and 0.50. Estimates provided by the annual investment profitability (RI) are only satisfactory for those in classes IV and III with percentages of 4.6% and 2.13%. Unsatisfactory percentages result for classes II and I with -35.45% and -49.31%. According to the results obtained for the four classes, livestock activity carried out by farming families does not provide an acceptable profitability, even for families that have greater numbers of livestock (more than 12 cattle). It would be much less profitable for the families that have smaller herds of livestock.

In recent years llamas have attracted great national and international interest for their qualities of human food production, fiber production for high-quality textiles, and for being an ecological animal. These qualities have allowed a resurgence of cultivating them for commercial ends. One of the principal limits is secure food for allowing a constant, sustainable growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile and live weight of male llamas (Lama glama) fed with barley hay, alfalfa hay, and quinoa scrub. The fieldwork occurred in metabolic chambers in a closed environment at the demonstration farm of the Benson Agriculture and Food Institute (of Brigham Young University) located in the community of Letanys, in Viacha municipality. Three types of food--100% barley hay, 80% barley hay + 20% alfalfa hay, and 80% barley hay + 20% quinoa scrub--were offered randomly to seven llamas averaging three years old. A channel allowed the placement of a one-meter probe that collected jugular blood, the plasma of which was analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratory of UAC-Tiahuanaco. The average metabolites in the blood plasma were not significantly different (p>0.05) according to treatment except for GPT enzyme, with CV=20.5 Weight gain showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between treatments nor between blocks. Regarding percentage of food absorbed, 90% was consumed and 64% was absorbed. It was found that animals subjected to the three different diets lost weight due to the stressful experimental conditions of physiologic administration of saline and heparine during sample collection. In conclusion, the recommended feed is the diet consisting of barley hay and quinoa, followed by barley hay and alfalfa, both of which are recommended to supplement the feeding of llamas. Also, animals with better physical constitution and a tranquil temperament respond best to the treatments.

Our objective is to study the agronomic growth characteristics of two varieties of baby carrots at three planting densities. The study site is in the area of Walipini, town of Lentanias, province of Ingavi, department of La Paz, Bolivia. In this investigation, the two varieties of baby carrots used were ‘Amsterdam Forcing 3-Minicor’ and ‘Thumbelina’ (Daucus carota var. sativus). Both varieties were planted at densities of 333 plants/m2, 166 plants/m2 and 111 plants/m2 with a planting interval of two days. Statistical differences were observed for the following variables: plant height, root length, root diameter, base diameter, leaf yield, and root yield. The density with the highest yield was 333 plants/m2 with a root yield of 32 Tm/hectare, which was higher than the amount reported by MAG/IICA of 30 Tm/hectare. Lower yields were obtained with densities of 166 and 111 plants/m2. The products and their quality at harvest were obtained in trials T1, T2 and T6. These products reached the parameters set by MAC/IICA (2003) and Pimentel (1997) for the baby carrot varieties previously mentioned. Both presented proper development in regard to root diameter, root length and root yield. After a marginal analysis looking at a minimum rate of return of 100%, I determined that trial 1 (‘Amsterdam Forcing 3-Minicor’ planted in Walipini at a density of 333.3 plants/m2) was the most economically profitable with respect to the other trials.

The agronomical evaluation and the comparative work of six multiannual forage species was conducted in the facilities of the Benson Institute, in the community of Contorno de Letanias, Ingavi province, La Paz. The objectives were to evaluate the agronomic behavior, as well as to evaluate the dry matter (DM) yield of six multiannual forage species (grasses) under local conditions, and to determine the partial cost of production of the studied species. The annual mean temperature was 9.14°C, and 517.6 mm of precipitation. The test was conducted under the random block design test, with six different forage species, and three repetitions. The evaluated species were: Hybrid grass (Agropyrum crisantum x A. desertorum), Bromus grass(Bromus inermis), Phleum grass (Phleum pratense), Pubescent grass (Agropyron trichophorum), Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), and Weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). The evaluated response variables were: Plant density (%), plant height (cm), base area (m²), tip area (m²), leaf/stem relationship, dry matter yield (kg/ha), and plant vigor. The forage species (grass) that presented a better behavior in relationship to plant density were the weeping lovegrass, Phleum, Orchard, Bromus, and Pubescent grass with: 92.17, 84.44, 75.95, 70.77, and 68.6%. The hybrid grass presented the least density with a 55.50% respectively. According to plant height at two different cut times, the Orchard, Pubescent, Weeping lovegrass, Bromus, Phleum, and Hybrid grass species presented a mean height of 23.0, 26.24, 15.31, 12.27, and 15.5 cm respectively, a tip area of.037, 0.26,.032, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.25 m², and a base area of 0.14, 0.09, 0.10, 0.16, and 0.10 m². The dry matter yield (The total sum of two cuts) was of 3936.0 kg/ha for Pubescent grass, 3459.0 kg/ha of Bromus grass, 2780.7 kg/ha of Weeping lovegrass, 2358.0 kg/ha of Hybrid grass, and 2089.0 kg/ha of Pleum grass. The relationship leaf/stem relationship resented an average of 1.13, 3.38, 3.71, 2.84, 2.49, and 2.93 respectively. The species: Orchard and pubescent grass presented a variable cost of 1384.9 and 1604.9 Bs/Ha in relationship to the other studied species. Also, both grasses (bromus and pubescent) presented a marginal return of 138%; therefore, Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) is recommended as an alternative species.