Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ingesta'
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Lima, Leonardo Rodrigues de. "Efeitos da ingestão de concentrado à base de grãos na ingesta do cólon dorsal direito em eqüinos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5043.
Full textLarge colon (LC) impaction is the most commonly diagnosed disease causing colic in horses, however the complete ethyopathogenesis of this condition is still unknown.Changes produced by diet in the properties of ingesta not yet investigated may also be important contributing factors to impaction formation and to other gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was: 1- to create a tube viscometer able to measure the viscosity of horse ingesta, 2- to assess the effects of grain intake on hydration, gas content, particulate matter content, density, viscosity, and pH of ingesta, 3- to assess the potential for impaction formation with large colon contents in an ex vivo model, 4- to testify a modification on surgical technique for right dorsal colon fistulation. Using a cross-over design, 4 horses with experimental fistulas in the right dorsal colon were alternately fed two diets: 1- exclusively free choice grass hay or 2- pelleted feed rich in hydrolazable carbohydrates plus free choice grass hay. The ingesta were dried at 80°C to determine the water content. The gas content was estimated by the difference in volume after centrifuging the ingesta sample. The amount of particulate mater was determined by flushing a 1 Kg fresh sample of ingesta in a sequence of sieves with 100 L of water and weighing the dry matter of the material retained at the sieves. Ingesta density was calculated by the formula: density = sample weight / sample volume. After measuring the force to move 1 kg of fresh ingesta within a tube viscometer and the force to penetrate a probe into the ingesta in a texture analyzer, the sample was tested for impaction formation with a funnel attached to the viscometer end, in order to increase the resistance to flow. The water content of ingesta as well as density were significantly decreased; gas content and viscosity were increased and pH and particulate matter was not altered, when grain was fed. Despite diet, impaction did not form with any of the fresh ingesta samples. After adjusting ingesta viscosity, impaction was formed in eight repetitions when only hay was fed. Only one impaction could be produced when hay and grain were fed in eight repetitions, even after adjusting ingesta viscosity. Ingesta dehydration produced by grain intake may be explained as the result of reduced water consumption or an increase in the absorption of water following the absorption of larger amounts of volatile fatty acids. Formation of foamy ingesta and the increase in gas content of ingesta is explained by an increase in microbial production of gas and substances that stabilizes the froth. The decreased density may be explained by the increased amount of gas trapped within the ingesta. The increase in viscosity may be explained by the reduced water content of ingesta. It is possible that these changes may affect the likelihood of impaction formation. Although it has been demonstrated that grain ingestion has the potential to increase the risk of colic by several mechanisms, the findings of the present study suggest that grain ingestion may actually have a protective effect for large colon impaction.
A compactação do cólon maior é a principal causa de cólica em eqüinos. No entanto, sua etiopatogenia ainda não é completamente conhecida. Alterações produzidas pela dieta em algumas propriedades da ingesta que ainda não foram estudadas podem contribuir para a formação das compactações e outras doenças gastrointestinais. Os objetivos desse estudo foram: 1- construir um viscosímetro de tubo capaz de medir a resistência viscosa da ingesta de eqüinos, 2- verificar os efeitos da ingestão de concentrado rico em grãos na hidratação, conteúdo de gás, conteúdo de partículas, densidade, viscosidade, pH e textura da ingesta, 3- verificar o potencial para formação de compactação da ingesta do cólon maior em um modelo ex vivo , 4- testar uma modificação da técnica cirúrgica pra criação de uma fístula no cólon dorsal direito . Em um delineamento tipo cross-over , quatro cavalos com fístulas experimentais no cólon dorsal direito foram alimentados alternadamente com duas dietas: 1- exclusivamente feno de gramínea e 2- feno de gramínea mais ração comercial peletizada . A ingesta foi desidratada a 80o C para determinação da hidratação. O conteúdo de gás foi estimado pela diferença no volume das amostras após centrifugação. O conteúdo de partículas foi determinado através da lavagem com 100 litros de água de 1 kg de ingesta fresca sobre uma seqüência de peneiras e pesando-se a matéria seca do material retido nas peneiras. A densidade foi calculada pela fórmula: peso da ingesta / volume da ingesta. Após a mensuração da força para mover 1 kg de ingesta em um viscosímetro de tubo e da força de penetração de uma sonda na ingesta em um texturômetro, a amostra foi testada para a formação de compactação, acoplando-se um funil redutor ao viscosímetro para aumentar a resistência ao fluxo. A hidratação e a densidade foram diminuídas, o conteúdo de gás e a viscosidade aumentadas e não houve diferença no pH e no conteúdo de partículas, quando os animais ingeriram ração à base de grãos. Independentes da dieta, não foram observadas compactações quando a ingesta fresca foi testada. No entanto, após o ajuste da viscosidade, foram formadas compactações em oito repetições quando a dieta era exclusivamente feno. Por outro lado, somente uma compactação foi observada em oito repetições quando os animais ingeriram ração à base de grãos. A desidratação da ingesta pode ser explicada pela menor ingestão ou pela absorção aumentada de água juntamente com ácidos graxos voláteis quando os animais receberam ração à base de grãos. A formação de espuma e o aumento na produção de gás na ingesta podem ser explicados pela fermentação microbiana aumentada e produção de substâncias estabilizadoras da espuma. A densidade diminuída foi devido a grande quantidade de gás incorporada à ingesta. O aumento da viscosidade pode ser explicado pela menor hidratação da ingesta. É possível que essas alterações influenciem o potencial da ingesta em formar compactações. Embora tenha sido demonstrado que o fornecimento de ração à base de grãos aumente o risco de cólica por vários mecanismos, os achados do presente trabalho sugerem um efeito protetor desse tipo de dieta contra a formação de compactação do cólon maior.
Díaz, Vásquez Ramón Abraham. "Ingesta de alimentos y seguridad alimentaria en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/8431.
Full textProyecto Profesional
Brietzke, Elisa Macedo. "Baixa ingesta de cálcio em portadoras de pré-eclâmpsia." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/10055.
Full textFlores, Cotrina Lizeth Ivonne, and Lazo Carla Lorena Romero. "Niveles de insulina post ingesta de edulcorantes en adultos sanos." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3761.
Full textTesis
Rebollo, de Grado Alba. "Ingesta de fructosa líquida, fetge gras i intolerància a la glucosa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84077.
Full textIn previous studies, our research group showed that fructose administration (10% w/v) into drinking water during 14 days induces hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver in male rats. In addition, this 14-day fructose supplementation caused, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance in female rats. Thus, female rats seem to be more sensitive to the deleterious effect of fructose on glucose homeostasis than male rats. In this context, the main goals of the present work have been: 1) To determine the temporal evolution of fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis in female rats, and to study the molecular mechanisms involved; 2) To determine the temporal evolution of the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance induced by fructose ingestion in female rats, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results of the present work show that hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver take place at 14 days but not at 7 days of fructose treatment. Fructose-mediated PPARα repression plays a key role in the reduction of lipid catabolism and in the increased plasma and liver triglyceride concentrations. Cell culture of different types of liver cells in presence of fructose and other compounds have made possible to study the molecular mechanisms involved in PPARα repression, an effect also observed in a primary culture of human hepatocytes. Further, the results of this work suggest that the hyperactivation of ChREBP may have an important role in fructose-mediated PPARα repression. On the other hand, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance only take place after 14 days of fructose consumption. At this time, there is a lack of expression of several molecules involved in insulin pathway, such as IRS-2. The reduction of IRS-2 expression, despite contributing to an improper insulin signaling in liver, does not lead to a classic state of hepatic insulin resistance, since the expression of the main gluconeogenic enzymes is not increased. These observations suggest that fructose-induced glucose intolerance has not a hepatic origin, and also the existence of a compensatory mechanism that avoids an increase of hepatic glucose production.
Julibert, García Alicia. "Ingesta lipídica y Síndrome Metabólico en adultos con algo riesgo cardiovascular." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671462.
Full text[cat] La Síndrome Metabòlica (SMet), és una condició clínica caracteritzada per diversos factors metabòlics associats amb un alt risc de diabetis i malaltia cardiovascular. Aquests factors coexistents, inclouen, l’obesitat (especialment l’anomenada obesitat central), la resistència a la insulina i la tolerància a la glucosa alterada, la dislipèmia aterogènica [nivells alts de triglicèrids (TG) i nivells baixos de lipoproteïna-colesterol d’alta densitat (HDL-c)], i la hipertensió. L’obesitat, i en conseqüència l’SMet, s’estan convertint en epidèmia. Cal assenyalar que aquest grup de factors, aproximadament, afecten entre el 10 i el 25% de les persones adultes d’arreu del món. Si aquest percentatge contínua augmentant als ritmes actuals, s’espera que fins el 20% de la població adulta del món, sigui obesa el 2030. En relació en aquest percentatge, la prevalença de l’SMet variarà segons el perfil de la població, l’edat, el sexe, l’origen ètnic, així com també la definició utilitzada. Les intervencions dietètiques i d’estil de vida, poden ser mesures més efectives que el propi tractament farmacològic, per prevenir el desenvolupament de l’SMet. En concordança, diversos estudis han demostrat que les modificacions en l’estil de vida, com l’augment de l’activitat física, l’adherència a un patró d’alimentació saludable i/o la pèrdua de pes, estan associades amb la reversió de l’SMet i el seus components. Hi ha evidència sòlida que l’alimentació influeix en la incidència de l’SMet. Un alt consum de greix total i àcids grassos saturats (AGS), i un consum inadequat de fibra, estan vinculats a dos dels principals components de l’SMet: el pes corporal poc saludable i/o al risc de Diabetis Mellitus Tipus 2 (DMT2). Per atendre aquesta problemàtica, la comunitat científica ha recomanat un límit global de greix en la dieta. Aquesta recomanació, com a resultat inevitable, es focalitza en l’increment de la ingesta d’hidrats de carboni, i en la disminució d’àcids grassos insaturats saludables. Per aquesta raó, el 2015, el Comitè Assessor de les Guies Dietètiques Americanes, va remarcar la importància dels patrons d’alimentació basats en aliments, fent-ne una revisió dels efectes que provoca el greix en la salut. De fet, l’evidència d’assajos clínics i aleatoritzats, no donen suport a les pautes actuals de greix. Així, patrons de dieta com la Dieta Mediterrània (MedDiet), caracteritzada per una alta proporció de greixos vegetals, la Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, i la dieta vegetariana, han demostrat reduir la incidència i la prevalença de l‘SMet i el seus components. Malgrat això, hi ha controvèrsia, i alhora llacunes d’evidència, per definir el tractament dietètic-nutricional més apropiat per l’SMet. Per tot el que s’ha exposat abans, l’objectiu general d’aquesta Tesi doctoral és comparar la ingesta de greix en una població amb i sense SMet, així com, avaluar la ingesta dietèticanutricional de la població amb SMet, i la seva associació amb els components d’aquesta. La població d’estudi són persones adultes, per una banda homes d’entre 55 i 75 anys, i per l’altra, dones d’entre 60 i 75 anys, ambdós, sense malaltia cardiovascular prèviament documentada. L’evidència actual demostra una associació significativa entre la ingesta d’àcids grassos, i el risc de l’SMet. Els resultats reflecteixen que el subjectes que pateixen aquesta síndrome, reporten una ingesta d’hidrats de carboni i fibra més baixa, i alhora, una ingesta de greix total més alta que el subjectes sense aquesta. Els subjectes amb SMet, també reporten una ingesta major d’àcids grassos monoinsaturats (AGM), i una menor d’àcids grassos poliinsaturats (AGP) ω-3 y ω-6 (només en les dones) que el subjectes sense SMet. En canvi, no s’observen diferències en relació a la ingesta d’AGS i d’àcids grassos trans (AGTrans) (sols en els homes). En concordança, els subjectes amb SMet estan per sota del Rang Acceptable de Distribució dels Macronutrients, proposat per l’Institute of Medicine, per als hidrats de carboni, i per damunt, respecte al greix total i als AGM, establint-ne una comparativa amb les persones participants de l’estudi, què no presenten l’SMet. Els resultats, són similars quan s’avaluen els Objectius Nutricionals 2020 proposats per la Societat Espanyola de Nutrició Comunitària. A més, ambdós grups d’estudi estan per damunt de la ingesta recomanada per AGTrans i el consum de fruites i verdures, però és major en el subjectes amb SMet. Una vegada analitzat el risc de prevalença dels components de l’SMet, segons la ingesta de greix, el resultats reflecteixen el següent: per una banda, un augment significatiu del risc de hiperglucèmia en els subjectes amb major ingesta de greix total, AGM, AGS i AGP ω-3 , un augment del risc de tenir el nivells d’HDL-c baixos en el subjectes amb major ingesta d’àcid linoleic; i per l’altra banda, una disminució del risc de tenir els TG plasmàtics elevats en aquells amb més ingesta d’AGS i AGP ω-3. Malgrat això, no s’observen diferències entre la ingesta d’AGTrans i els components de l’SMet. El 82% dels subjectes amb SMet consumeixen fruits secs, tot i que la quantitat mitjana de consum diari és de 12.6 g/dia. Les persones que consumeixen fruits secs, tenen majors ingestes d’energia total, d’hidrats de carboni, de greix total, d’AGM, d’AGP, de colesterol, de fibra, de vitamines i de minerals, en comparació amb les què no els consumeixen. Alhora, s’observa que els subjectes que consumeixen els fruits secs, tenen menys probabilitat d’estar per sota dels Requeriments Mitjans Estimats, i per damunt de la Ingesta Adequada per a la majoria de nutrients avaluats. A més, presenten també una major adherència a l’MedDiet, respecte els què no en consumeixen. Finalment, segons el canvi en el consum de fruits secs realitzat al primer any de seguiment de la població d’estudi amb SMet, els resultats mostren que la circumferència de la cintura, els TG plasmàtics, la pressió arterial sistòlica, el pes corporal i l’Índex de Massa Corporal, disminueixen significativament amb un major consum de fruits secs; mentre que la glucèmia i la pressió arterial diastòlica, tendeixen a disminuir, i a augmentar el nivells de HDL-c. La ingesta dietètic-nutricional en subjectes adults amb SMet, s'allunya de les recomanacions dietètic-nutricionals actuals i d'un patró d'alimentació saludable. La Tesi actual, i el futur treball d'intervenció de l'assaig PREDIMED-Plus, contribuiran a una millor comprensió i disseny del perfil d'àcids grassos d'una dieta saludable, per a revertir les comorbiditats del’SMet, en individus d'edat avançada.
[eng] The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition characterized by a collection of metabolic factors associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Such coexisting cardiometabolic risk factors include obesity (especially central obesity), insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, atherogenic dyslipidaemia [high triglycerides levels (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c)] and hypertension. Obesity, and consequently the MetS, are becoming an epidemic, as they are currently affecting approximately between 10-20% of adults worldwide. If such an epidemic continues to grow, up to 20% of the world's population is expected to be obese by 2030. Consistent with the latter, prevalence of the MetS will vary according to specific to population, age, gender, and ethnic origins, and the definition which might be used The use of dietary and lifestyle treatments for cardiometabolic disease prevention could be more effective than pharmacological therapy in preventing the development of the MetS. Accordingly, various studies have demonstrated that lifestyle modification, such as increased physical activity, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern and/or weight loss, are associated with the reversion of the MetS and its components. There is solid evidence that food intake is associated with the incidence of the MetS. High total fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) intakes and an inadequate intake of fiber are closely linked to an unhealthy weight and/or to an increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which are also two of the main components of the MetS. In order to address the issue, scientific societies recommended a global limit to fat intake, which inevitably resulted in an increased consumption of carbohydrates and a reduced consumption of healthy unsaturated fatty acids. For this reason, in 2015, the Advisory Committee of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasized the importance of food based dietary patterns, hence reconsidering the role of fat in health. Indeed, data from randomized controlled clinical trials does not support current dietary fat intake guidelines: dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet), marked by high levels of vegetable fats, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet and vegetarian diets, have shown that MetS and its components are decreased in incidence and prevalence. Nevertheless, when it comes to describe the most appropriate dietary treatment for MetS, controversies and gaps of evidence still exists. For all the above reasons, the general purpose of this Doctoral Thesis is to compare fat intake in a population with and without MetS, to assess dietary intake and nutritional status in the MetS population and their possible association with the MetS components. The population of the study consists of adults, male between 55-75 years and women between 60-75 years, without previous CVD. The evidence collected demonstrates a significant association between fatty acids intakes and risk of developing the MetS. Subjects with MetS report lower intakes of fiber and carbohydrates, and a higher intake of fat as compared to subjects without MetS. More specific to the type of fat, subjects with MetS report a higher intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and a lower intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ω-3 y ω-6 (women only) than subjects without MetS. On the other hand, no differences are observed in relation to SFA and trans fatty acids (Trans FA) (in men) intakes. Moreover, subjects with MetS are more likely to fall short of meeting the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range proposed by the Institute of Medicine for carbohydrates and go above the recommended limits of total fat and MUFA, as compared to subjects without MetS. Results remain consistent when assessing the Nutritional Objective by 2020 of the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition. Both populations consume above the recommended intakes of Trans FA, fruits and vegetables, nevertheless consumption is higher in subjects with MetS. In relation to the association between the risk of prevalence of MetS components by fat intake, the results show a significant increase in the risk of hyperglycemia in subjects in the highest total fat intake, MUFA, SFA and PUFAω-3, a significant increase in the risk of presenting low levels of HDL-c in subjects with higher intakes of linoleic acid, and, on the other hand, a significant reduction in the risk of presenting high plasma TG levels in subjects with higher intakes of SFA and PUFA ω-3. However, no differences between Trans FA intakes and MetS components were observed. 82% of MetS subjects consume nuts, although the average daily intake is only 12.6 g/day. Subjects that consume dried nuts also have higher consumption of total energy, carbohydrates, total fat, MUFA and PUFA, cholesterol, fiber, vitamins and minerals than those that do not consume nuts. In turn, subjects that consume nuts are less likely to fall below the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range and, at the same time, to exceed Adequate Intakes of most evaluated nutrients. Moreover, they are also more likely to have higher adherence to the MedDiet as compared to those that do not consume nuts. Finally, analysis at one-year follow-up of the population with MetS, show that with higher intake of nuts, waist circumference, plasma TG, systolic blood pressure, body weight, and Body Mass Index, are significantly reduced; concomitantly, there is a tendency for blood glucose and diastolic blood pressure to decrease, and HDL-c levels to increase. Dietary intake and nutritional status in adult subjects with MetS do not match dietetic recommendations for a healthy eating pattern. The present Thesis and the future work of intervention in the context of the PREDIMED-Plus trial will contribute to a better understanding of the role of fatty acids as part of the dietary approach used to reverse MetS-associated comorbidities in older individuals.
Puhl, Andréia Estér. "Tabagismo e ingesta alcoólica: prevalência em professores, teleoperadores, cantores e atores." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/12277.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
INTRODUCTION: For professionals who have the voice as their main tool of work, the vocal welfare is very relevant. Habits such as smoking and alcohol intake may influence negatively the vocal health of these individuals. OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the prevalence of smoking and alcohol use among teachers, call center operators, singers and actors. METHODS: The sample was composed by voice professionals of the database of the group of researchers from the Clinic of Vocal Arts at Santa Casa, São Paulo. A questionnaire of Identification of Vocal Health Habits was answered by 400 subjects, divided into: 100 teachers; 100 call center operators; 100 singers and 100 actors. The total group was formed by 235 were women and 165 men, mean age 30.3 years. For this study two questions that investigate smoking and alcohol consumption were selected. RESULTS: In the group of 400 subjects, 19.4% were smokers, 26.1% men and 14.5% women. The alcohol consumption was reported by 43.8% of the participants, 49.7% men and 39.7% women. The group with higher prevalence of smoking and alcohol intake was aging between 16-25 years, 46.2% and 40.6% respectively. The prevalence of smoking for call center operators was 25%, for actors, 24%, teachers, 18% and singers 11%. Regarding gender the prevalence of smoking was higher in male call center operators (38.2%). Cigarette smoking, according to profession and age, was more prevalent among actors (35.7%) aging between 36-45 years. The alcohol intake was reported by the actors (55%), call center operators (45%), singers (40%) and teachers (35%). The alcohol intake considering gender was higher among male actors (64.7%) and aging between 36-45 years it was 71.4%. CONCLUSION: Among the four groups of voice professionals analyzed, smoking prevalence was higher in the group of call center operators and related to alcohol intake the prevalence was higher in the group of actors
INTRODUÇÃO: Para os profissionais, que no seu instrumento de trabalho têm a voz, o bem-estar vocal é de grande importância. Hábitos como o tabagismo e a ingesta de bebidas alcoólicas podem influenciar, de forma negativa, a saúde vocal destes indivíduos. OBJETIVO: Determinar e comparar a prevalência de tabagismo e ingesta alcoólica em professores, teleoperadores, cantores e atores. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por profissionais da voz do banco de dados do grupo de pesquisadores do Ambulatório de Artes Vocais da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Foi aplicado um Questionário de Identificação de Hábitos de Saúde Vocal em 400 sujeitos, distribuídos em: 100 professores, 100 teleoperadores, 100 cantores e 100 atores. Do total do grupo, 235 eram mulheres e 165 homens, com média de 30,3 anos de idade. Para este estudo, foram selecionadas duas questões que investigaram o tabagismo e a ingesta alcoólica. RESULTADOS: No total do grupo analisado, 19,4% eram tabagistas, 26,1% homens e 14,5% mulheres. A ingesta alcoólica foi referida por 43,8% dos participantes, 49,7% homens e 39,7% mulheres. A faixa etária, com prevalência maior de tabagismo e ingesta alcoólica, foi de 16 a 25 anos, 46,2% e 40,6%, respectivamente. A prevalência de tabagismo nos teleoperadores foi de 25%, nos atores, 24%, nos professores, 18% e nos cantores, 11%. Quanto ao sexo, a prevalência de tabagismo foi maior nos teleoperadores masculinos (38,2%). O tabagismo, segundo a profissão e faixa etária, foi mais prevalente nos atores (35,7%), dos 36 a 45 anos. A ingesta alcoólica foi referida pelos atores (55%), teleoperadores (45%), cantores (40%) e professores (35%). A ingesta alcoólica, segundo o sexo, foi mais elevada entre os atores masculinos (64,7%) e na faixa etária entre 36 a 45 anos, 71,4%. CONCLUSÃO: Dentre os quatro grupos de profissionais da voz analisados, a prevalência de tabagismo foi maior no grupo dos teleoperadores, e em relação à ingesta alcoólica, no grupo de atores
Ferrer, Lorente Raquel. "Modulació farmacològica de l'oleoil-estrona sobre la ingesta i la composició corporal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2439.
Full textEl nostre grup de treball, basant-se en el model homeostàtic postulat per Kennedy per explicar la complexitat dels mecanismes de regulació del pes corporal, va descobrir l'oleoïl-estrona, una molècula que indueix una pèrdua de pes de manera dosi depenent deguda a la disminució de la ingestió d'aliment mantenint la despesa energètica i facilitant així la mobilització de greixos. L'OE va ser proposada com a possible senyal ponderòstat i com a possible base d'una teràpia farmacològica per a l'obesitat.
En un primer objectiu es pretenia demostrar si els efectes de la OE sobre el balanç energètic eren mitjançats a través dels receptors d'estrògens, pel que es va realitzar un estudi en el que s'administrava un ampli rang de dosis d'estrona lliure comprovant la diferència d'efectes metabòlics existents entre aquesta i l'OE. Continuant amb la mateixa línia, es va realitzar una administració conjunta de l'OE amb el tamoxifè, un antagonista dels receptors d'estrògens àmpliament utilitzat, el que ens permetria confirmar que el tamoxifè no evita els efectes aprimadors de l'OE, suggerint que el bloqueig d'aquests receptors no impedeix l'acció de l'OE, i per tant, que aquesta no actua a través de les vies estrogèniques.
En un segon objectiu es va combinar l'OE amb altres agents aprimadors (sibutramina, dexfenfluramina, fentermina, un agonista dels receptors beta-3-adrenèrgics (CL316,243), i rimonabant), fet que ens va permetre caracteritzar una possible teràpia farmacològica combinada efectiva i segura per al tractament de l'obesitat i aproximar-nos de manera indirecta al coneixement del mecanisme d'acció de l'OE.
En un tercer objectiu, mitjançant la combinació de l'OE amb la rosiglitazona es va estudiar els mecanismes a través dels quals aquests dos compostos milloren la sensibilitat a la insulina. Malgrat que la rosiglitazona i l'OE presenten efectes metabòlics pràcticament oposats, la seva combinació es presenta con una bona alternativa per al tractament de la diabetis mellitus de tipus 2 en els pacients que presenten obesitat.
Finalment, per tal d'aprofundir en els efectes moduladors de l'OE sobre la ingesta, es van analitzar els efectes d'aquesta sobre l'expressió dels principals pèptids gastrointestinals que regulen la ingestió d'aliments a curt termini. Es va comprovar com l'administració d'OE provoca una ràpida i marcada inhibició de l'expressió del pèptid orexigènic ghrelina, amb efectes pràcticament nuls sobre l'expressió dels pèptids anorexigènics CCK, PYY i GLP-1.
SUMMARU:
The aim of this work was to continue the characterization of the the slimming effects of oleoyl-estrone (OE) studying its mechanism of action and whether its effects on food intake, energy balance and insulin sensitivity could be modulated by its combination with other drugs. Possible synergisms and risks of the combination of OE with known drugs were studied.
Our research group discovered OE, a molecule synthesized in white adipose tissue that elicits a marked dose-dependent loss of body weight. OE treatment reduces food intake while maintaining energy expenditure thus creating an energy gap filled by the expense of body fat stores. OE was proposed as a possible ponderostat signal and a possible agent for obesity treatment.
Initially, we focused our study in determining if OE's effects were mediated by the estrogen receptor. First, a wide range of estrone doses were tested in order to evaluate differences between estrone and OE on the energetic balance. Later, we studied the combined effects of OE and tamoxifen, a estrogen receptor antagonist, in order to prove that OE does not act through estrogenic pathways. Tamoxifen does not prevent the mobilization of body lipids elicited by OE.
Secondly, OE was combined with other drugs regularly used to treat obesity (sibutramine, dexfenfluramine, phentermine, a specific b3-adrenergic receptor agonist (CL316,243) and rimonabant), in order to characterize an effective and safe pharmacological therapy. This set of experiments also provided insights regarding the mechanism of action of OE.
Afterwards, we combined OE and rosiglitazone in order to study how these two agents improve insulin sensitivity. Despite their diverging effects on body mass fat, the combination of OE and rosiglitazone may be positive for type 2 diabetics that are obese or show a marked predisposition to the accumulation of fat.
Finally, in order to elucidate the effects of OE on food intake we analyzed the expression of several gut peptides that affect short-term feeding behavior. Results showed that the ghrelin expression was markedly reduced by OE administration. However its effects on the anorexigenic peptides studied (CCK, GLP-1 and PYY) are practically non-existent.
Medina-Pizzali, María, Pamela Robles, Mónica Mendoza, and Celeste Torres. "Ingesta de arsénico: el impacto en la alimentación y la salud humana." Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/623100.
Full textArsenic is an element that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Its compounds are mainly in the state of pentavalent and trivalent oxidation; and in inorganic and organic forms. Arsenical species vary in their degree of toxicity, with inorganic compounds being more political than organic, and trivalent compounds more toxic than pentavalent compounds. There would be interconversion between the less toxic species and other more toxic species and the cooking and processing methods could affect it. Arsenic is a carcinogenic agent and causes multiple negative effects on human health in the short and long term. Non-occupational human exposure to arsenic occurs mainly through water and food. The regulation is variable for each country and is based on WHO standards, the Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union. Many studies focus on determining the total arsenic content but do not identify arsenical species in foods. Globally, fish and seafood, chicken, meat, rice, and seaweed have high levels of arsenic. In Peru, there are few studies on total arsenic content and arsenical species in food despite the fact that we have areas with high levels of environmental contamination. The objective of this review is to discuss exposure to arsenic through food and water intake, related regulations, toxicity, consequences on human health and main foods that contribute to its intake.
Mera, Nanín Paula. "Papel de la carnitina palmitoiltransferasa 1A hipotalámica en el control de la ingesta." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/78903.
Full text“Role of hypothalamic carnitine palmotoyltransferase 1A in the control of food intake” Neutral energy balance permits body weight stability and prevents the emergence of diseases such as obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Central nervous system (CNS) and more specifically the hypothalamus, has a key role in the regulation of homeostatic mechanisms that control food consumption. In response to changes in global energy status, hypothalamic neurons alter the expression of neuropeptides in order to adjust energy intake and expenditure. It is unclear how the expression of these molecules is regulated; however recent studies highlight fatty acid metabolism as a key pathway in hypothalamic control of feeding. Several studies have demonstrated that modulation of fatty acid metabolic enzymes can regulate feeding behaviour by altering the hypothalamic pool of malonyl-CoA and/or long chain fatty acid-CoA (LCFA-CoA), suggesting that these metabolites are signals of nutrient status able to adjust not only food intake but also energy expenditure and glucose production. Malonyl-CoA, derived from glucose metabolism, is not only the first intermediate in fatty acid synthesis but also has a role in the maintenance of balance between de novo synthesis of fatty acids and its oxidation. Malonyl-CoA is the physiological inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), enzyme that catalyses the first step in the transport of LCFA-CoA from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria for their b-oxidation. In the present study we analysed the role of hypothalamic CPT1A in the regulation of food intake. To this aim we used two experimental strategies. On the one hand, we over-expressed a permanently active form of CPT1A (CPT1AM: malonyl-CoAinsensitive-CPT1A) in the VMH of rats and studied its effect on food intake, body weight and glucose metabolism. On the other hand we studied the molecular mechanism by which compound C75 produces anorexia and a reduction in body weight, focusing our attention on its effect on hypothalamic CPT1 activity. Our results show that a long-term increase in CPT1AM activity in the VMH of rats leads to central and peripheral responses producing hyperphagia, overweight, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. On the other hand we demonstrated that only (+)-C75 enantiomer inhibits CPT1 activity and its central administration produces a reduction in food intake and body weight. Altogether these data emphasizes the role of hypothalamic CPT1 in the maintenance of energy homeostasis and highlights its inhibitors as good candidates for the treatment of obesity and related diseases.
Capdevila, Muñoz Francesca. "Dinámica de los componentes de la ingesta energética en las diferentes etapas de la vida." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8721.
Full textFrancesca Capdevila Muñoz
Objectius: Descriure quins són els canvis en la ingesta energètica, la densitat energètica i el volum alimentari que es donen en una població sana, en funció de l'edat i el sexe, i determinar el paper relatiu de la densitat energètica i del volum alimentari en la consecució de la ingesta energètica necessària en cada etapa de la vida. També es pretén veure si la dinàmica que s'estableix entre aquests factors és comparable entre dues poblacions de característiques genètiques, socials i culturals diferents, com són els nens de Reus (Espanya) i els de Guadalajara (Mèxic).
Material i mètodes: Projecte que consta de tres estudis observacionals, transversals i prospectius. A) Estudi de la ingesta alimentària i nutricional en un grup de 120 nens en l'etapa de diversificació alimentària (4 a 12 mesos). B) Estudi nutricional en una mostra de la població de Reus d'entre 1 i 98 anys. C) Comparació de la ingesta alimentària i nutricional d'una mostra de nens mexicans de 1 a 4 anys amb una mostra de la població de Reus d'aquestes mateixes edats. En els tres casos, a partir de les dades recollides mitjançant recordatoris de 24 hores, es va obtenir la ingesta mitjana dels diferents grups d'aliments i es van quantificar els valors d'ingesta energètica diària (kcal/dia) i de macronutrients (g/dia de proteïnes, lípids i hidrats de carboni). Es va realitzar el càlcul del volum alimentari, de la densitat energètica de la dieta, del percentatge de l'energia total aportat pels macronutrients, de la ingesta d'energia per kg de pes corporal i del volum alimentari per kg de pes corporal.
Resultats i conclusions: La ingesta energètica, el volum alimentari i la densitat energètica de la dieta augmenten progressivament al llarg de la infància i fins al final de la pubertat. A la pubertat comencen a fer-se patents diferències significatives entre sexes en les variables analitzades. Durant l'edat adulta s'observa una tendència significativa (p<0.001 als dos sexes) al descens de la ingesta energètica i de la densitat energètica de la dieta. El volum alimentari mostra un progressiu augment des del segon any de vida fins al final de la pubertat; però en l'edat adulta aquesta variable no mostra una tendència significativa a la disminució amb l'edat a les dones, i als homes el descens del volum alimentari es dóna a partir dels 45 anys i és molt menys marcat que el que s'observa a la densitat energètica.
Al comparar la població infantil de Reus amb la mostra de nens mexicans s'observa que les diferències existents en la dieta d'ambdós països condicionen una densitat energètica diferent, que fa que els nens mexicans ingereixin un volum d'aliments major per tal d'obtenir la ingesta energètica necessària, a partir d'una dieta menys densa des del punt de vista energètic.
El percentatge de l'energia total aportat per proteïnes i lípids és superior a les recomanacions en gairebé tots els grups d'edat, mentre que el percentatge aportat pels hidrats de carboni en molt pocs casos arriba al 50%.
De l'anàlisi dels tres estudis es desprèn que, al llarg de les diferents etapes de la vida, la variació de la ingesta energètica en resposta a canvis fisiològics en les necessitats s'aconsegueix bàsicament mitjançant variacions en la densitat energètica de la dieta, tot i que en diferents moments en les quals les necessitats energètiques s'incrementen puntualment o bé la dieta presenta una baixa densitat, s'observa també un augment del volum d'aliments ingerit. En canvi, amb l'edat, quan les necessitats es van fent menors, no es constata una reducció del volum alimentari paral.lela a l'observada en la ingesta energètica i la densitat energètica.
OF THE THESIS ENTITLED: DYNAMICS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE ENERGY INTAKE ALONG THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF LIFE.
Francesca Capdevila Muñoz
Objectives: To describe which are the changes in energy intake, energy density and food volume that take place in a healthy population, according to age and sex, and to determine the relative role of energy density and food volume in the achievement of the energy intake which is necessary in each stage of life. We also try to see whether the dynamics established between these two factors is comparable between two populations of different genetic, social and cultural characteristics, like the children from Reus (Spain) and the ones from Guadalajara (Mexico).
Material and methods: Project that consists of three observational, cross-sectional and prospective studies. A) Study of the food and nutritional intake in a group of 120 children during the dietary diversification age (4 to 12 months old). B) Study of the food and nutritional intake in a sample of the Reus population, aged from 1 to 98 years old. C) Comparison of the food and nutritional intake of a sample of 1 to 4 year-old Mexican children with a sample of the Reus population of the same ages. In the three studies, from the data obtained by means of 24-hour recalls, the mean intakes of the different food groups were calculated and the values of daily energy intake (kcal/day) and macronutrients (g/day of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) were quantified.
We also calculated the food volume, the dietary energy density, the percentage of total energy provided by each macronutrient, the energy intake per kg of body weight and the food volume per kg of body weight.
Results and conclusions: From infancy to the end of puberty there is a progressive increase of the energy intake, the food volume and the energy density of the diet. At the pubertal age significant differences between sexes are established in the variables analysed. During adulthood there is a significant tendency (p<0.001 in both sexes) towards a decrease in the energy intake and in the energy density of the diet. The food volume shows a progressive increase from the second year of life onwards; however, in adulthood this variable does not show a significant tendency towards a decrease in women and, in men, the descent of the food volume begins from the age of 45 and it is much less pronounced than that observed in the energy density.
When we compare the children from Reus with the sample of Mexican children, we observe that the existing differences between the diets of both countries determine a different energy density, so the Mexican children eat a greater food volume in order to obtain the necessary energy intake from a less dense diet.
The percentage of total energy intake that is provided by proteins and lipids exceeds the recommendations in nearly all the age groups, whereas the percentage provided by carbohydrates rarely achieves a 50%.
From the analysis of these three studies we can see that, along the different life stages, the variation in the energy intake ─due to physiological changes in the energy requirements─ is achieved basically by means of variations in the energy density of the diet, although in certain moments, when the energy requirements increase momentarily or the diet has a low energy density, we also observe an increase in the volume of foods consumed. Whereas, with age, as the requirements tend to decrease, we don't find a decrease of the food volume parallel to the one observed both in the energy intake and in the energy density.
Juan, García Cristina. "Análisis de aflatoxinas y ocratoxina A en alimentos y evaluación de la ingesta poblacional." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10077.
Full textMycotoxins are receiving increasing attention for its toxic effects and high incidence in a wide range of food commodities. Sufficient experimental evidence for carcinogenicity in animal studies has led to the classification of ochratoxin A as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B) and aflatoxin B1 as carcinogen (group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1993). The Joint Committee FAO/WHO of Experts on Food Additives (JECFA) has established a provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of OTA at 100 ng kg/ of body weight corresponding to approximately 14 ng /kg body weight/day (JECFA 2001) and for aflatoxins as low are possible (ALARA).In Mediterranean and North African (Morocco) Area the climatic conditions characterized by high humidity and temperature and inadequate storage contribute to the potential for a significant mycotoxins exposure of population. Due to the significant health risks, it is important to establish a data collection on the occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in foods. Much attention has been paid recently in the world to monitor the presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in agricultural products intended for consumption and/or exportation.So that the objectives of this thesis were: study different OTA extraction methods in several matrices; analyze AF and OTA by liquid chromatography using different detection techniques; study different confirmatory processes of AF and OTA; evaluate the presence of AF and OTA in cereals, cereal products, dry fruits and poultry feed, purchased from supermarkets and markets from Spain, Portugal and Morocco; estimate daily intake of AF and OTA for Spanish, Portuguese and Moroccan population through analyzed samples; and compare AF and OTA estimated daily intake with tolerable daily intake proposed by official organisms, in order to evaluate the risk of exposing to both mycotoxins.
Almaida, Pagán Pedro Francisco. "Caracterización del potencial metabólico y regulador de la ingesta del Sardo Picudo (Diplodus puntazzo)." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10865.
Full textSharpsnout seabream are capable, selecting among encapsulated preparations manufactured with pure macronutrient, to compound a complete diet that matches their physiological needs in spite the absence of orosensory information from diet. The encapsulation technique has revealed this last point, highlighting the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the food intake regulation in fish. The omnivorous pattern of this species is characterized by a less dependence of animal protein and a greater acceptance of vegetable protein so as, a high capacity for the utilization of dietary carbohydrates. Sharpsnout seabream show a high ability to maintain their functions with low concentrations of HUFA in the diet, using in such cases, not an increase in the activities of fatty acid desaturation/elongation, but high bioconservation of HUFA in detriment of C18 PUFA.
SANCHEZ, PEREZ ROSARIO 350951, and PEREZ ROSARIO SANCHEZ. "Modelo matemático para predecir la ingesta de materia seca de vacas lecheras de pastoreo." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, UAEM, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67717.
Full textLos resultados del modelo son satisfactorios, ya que son similares a los obtenidos experimentalmente debido a que la ingesta de materia seca, en promedio, es de 21.68 kg/d en un grupo y en el otro de 23.44 kg/d, y al aplicar el modelo se obtiene una estimación de 22.826 kg/d para una vaca con características semejantes a las de las vacas en estudio.
Brufau, Donés Gemma. "Efecte de la ingesta de fitosterols i pectines sobre el perfil lipídic en conills d'índies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/2433.
Full textPor aquesta raó, es va plantejar l'estudi dels efectes de la addició de fitosterols i pectines sobre el perfil lipídic en conills d'índies, quan aquests ingredients funcionals es subministren conjuntament amb greixos amb alt contingut en àcids grassos saturats i colesterol.
Con aquests plantejament previ, l¡addició de fitosterols no va modificar els valors de colesterol en sang mentre que, al seu torn es va incrementar l'absorció d'àcids grassos saturats de cadena mitja (làurico i mirístic) i es va disminuir el colesterol "output". Per altra banda, l'addició de pectina tampoc va disminuir les concentracions de colesterol plasmàtiques, possiblement degut a una hidròlisis prematura d'aquesta fibra.
En resum, en el nostre estudi l'addició de pectina i fitosterols subministrats conjuntament amb una alimentació rica en greixos amb alt contingut en àcid grassos saturats i colesterol no va tenir cap efecte beneficiós sobre el perfil lipídic del model animal utilitzat en aquest assaig.
Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and illness in developed countries, where the consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol is high. In these countries, many functional foods enriched with phytosterols and pectin (described as cholesterol-lowering agents) are on the food market. However, they should never be used to counterbalance the effects of an unhealthy diet.
Thus, the aim of this thesis was to study the effects of a high-saturated diet enriched with phytosterols and pectin on the lipid profile in an animal model.
Phytosterol addition to high-saturated diet did not lower cholesterolemia, did enhance absorption of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (lauric and myristic) and did reduce in cholesterol output. Moreover, pectin addition did not reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations, maybe because of an early breakdown of this soluble fiber. Thus, in our study, the addition of phytosterols and pectin to a high-saturated diet did not show any beneficial effect on the lipid profile.
Collell, Hernández Rosa. "Efecto de la ingesta proteica sobre la función cardiaca. Programación metabólica por la nutrición infantil." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/276959.
Full textAn increase in protein intake during the first year of life in healthy infants is associated with higher BMI at two years of life. This increase is mediated in part by IGF-1. Infants fed with higher protein formulas, have a higher metabolic work load that results in increased cardiac function at two years of life. This functional overload does not produce structural changes of the myocardium and does not affect cardiac mass, or blood presure. A reduction of the protein content in infant formulas healthy infants could reduce the risk of obesity and functional overload of the cardiovascular system. The mechanism and effect of early metabolic programming lasts at least one year after the end of the nutritional intervention.
Pérez, Mañá Clara. "El hidroxitirosol como antioxidante de origen endógeno y natural: modulación por la ingesta de alcohol." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284328.
Full textIntroduction The beneficial effects on human health derived from the consumption of ethanol at moderate doses could result, in part, from the interaction of ethanol with the oxidative metabolism of dopamine, leading to increased formation of the minor metabolite hydroxytyrosol (OHTyr or DOPET). OHTyr is the main antioxidant of olive oil and consumption of olive oil has shown to reduce lipid oxidation and prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Wine, in addition to ethanol, contains phenols as tyrosol (Tyr) and minimal amounts of OHTyr. Methods Objectives: (i) To establish the role of ethanol on OHTyr generation, (ii) to evaluate the relevance of the dose of ethanol on hydroxytyrosol endogenous generation. (iii) To establish the contribution of the different components of wine in OHTyr concentrations in the body and its biological effects. Healthy male volunteers aged from 18 to 55 years were selected. Two studies (DOPET 1 and 2) each composed of three pilot clinical trials and one definitive study were performed. Studies were all randomized, placebo-controlled and had a crossover design. 24 subjects were enrolled in the first study and different doses of pharmaceutical grade ethanol (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 42 g) were administered. A total of 40 subjects were included in the second study where wine (13º or 8º), dealcoholized wine (0º), vodka (40º) and placebo (water) were administered. A study was subsequently designed in animals with several phenol precursors (tyramine, tyrosine, tyrosol) to better interpret the results in humans. The primary endpoint was urinary OHTyr excretion. Other variables measured were tyrosol and dopamine metabolites excretion in urine, blood ethanol concentrations, lipid profile, glucose, biomarkers of oxidation, inflammation and lipid peroxidation, ethanol subjective effects, vital signs and psychomotor performance. Results In DOPET 1 urinary OHTyr excretion increased with the dose of alcohol administered. In DOPET 2 OHTyr excretion was higher with wine in comparison with dealcoholized wine, which in turn was higher compared to vodka (alcohol) and finally alcohol excretion was higher relative to placebo. The recovery of OHTyr was 420% of the administered dose. In the animal study it was observed that Tyr administered was partially recovered as OHTyr. Conclusions Ethanol administration produces a change in dopamine metabolism, which leads, in a dose-dependent manner, to endogenous OHTyr formation. In turn, the various components of wine (phenols, ethanol) produce specific changes in OHTyr concentrations. The beneficial effects of drinking wine or alcohol at low doses may be partially explained by endogenous hydroxytyrosol production.
Johnson, Lera Joyce. "Effects of novel ingesta from novel presenters on food acceptance in infants of different ages." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40068.
Full textPh. D.
Martí, i. Cid Roser. "Estudi de la variació temporal de l'exposició dietètica a contaminants químics en la població de catalunya. RIBEFOOD, una nova eina per establir els beneficis i riscos de la ingesta d'aliments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8739.
Full textAmb els resultats, s'ha dissenyat una eina informàtica (RIBEFOOD, la qual determina la ingesta d'una sèrie de macronutrients, micronutrients i contaminats químics presents en 52 aliments d'ampli consum. RIBEFOOD pot ser utilitzat com una eina fàcil per optimitzar els hàbits alimentaris, augmentat la ingesta de nutrients i disminuint la ingesta de contaminants, i en conseqüència els riscos per a la nostra salut. RIBEFOOD és accessible a través de www.fmcs.urv.cat/ribefood
Estudio de la variación temporal de la exposición dietética a contaminantes químicos en la población de Catalunya. RIBEFOOD, una nueva herramienta para establecer los beneficios y riesgos de la ingesta de alimentos.
En los últimos años, varios estudios han demostrado que algunos alimentos pueden ser una fuente potencial de exposición a contaminantes químicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las concentraciones de PCDD/PCDFs, PCBs, PCNs, PCDEs, PBDEs, HCB y HAP, y la estimación de la ingesta diaria de estos contaminantes químicos por la población catalana, así como la evaluación del riesgo que esta ingesta puede suponer para la salud y la variación temporal respecto a un estudio previo (2000).Con los resultados, se ha diseñado un programa informático (RIBEFOOD), el cual determina la ingesta de una serie de macronutrientes, micronutrientes y contaminantes químicos presentes en 52 alimentos de gran consumo. RIBEFOOD puede ser utilizado como una herramienta fácil para optimizar los hábitos alimentarios, aumentando la ingesta de nutrientes y disminuyendo la ingesta de contaminantes, y en consecuencia los riesgos para nuestra salud. RIBEFOOD es accesible a través de www.fmcs.urv.cat/ribefood
Osorio, Rabanal Alan Steven, and Rios Hamdi Khalil Trablseh. "Asociación entre la ingesta dietética de vitamina D y exposición a la luz solar, y el exceso de peso en estudiantes universitarios de Lima-Perú, 2021." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656680.
Full textBenavides, Mariale, Daniela Vizarreta, and Jorge L. Maguiña. "Evaluación de la composición nutricional de los menús expendidos en restaurantes: necesidad de nueva información." Sociedad Chilena de Nutrición, Bromatología y Toxicología, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622190.
Full textRamos, Romero Sara. "Influencia de la ingesta de cacao en la respuesta inflamatoria aguda y crónica inducida en rata." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669225.
Full textD’ávila, Eliany Aparecida Oliveira. "Risco crônico de intoxicação por ingesta de resíduos de produtos fitossanitários pela população do Espírito Santo." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9533.
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O equilíbrio entre a necessidade do uso de agrotóxicos para a proteção da lavoura e a demanda crescente por alimentos da população em um mundo globalizado é um desafio para o setor agrícola brasileiro. O uso dos agrotóxicos nas lavouras pode deixar seus resíduos nos alimentos, capaz de trazer danos à saúde do consumidor. O risco crônico de intoxicação pela ingesta desses resíduos pode ser estimado por meio de uma avaliação de risco, comparando-se a quantidade ingerida dessas substâncias com a Ingesta Diária Aceitável (IDA). O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a segurança dos alimentos para a população do Espírito Santo em relação aos resíduos de agrotóxicos. Foi realizada uma avaliação quantitativa e probabilística do risco de intoxicação crônica com agrotóxicos, através da ingestão de alimentos não processados seguindo as orientações do Guia da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A exposição via dieta foi estimada pela análise de combinação de alimentos e da distribuição total das exposições, através da Simulação de Monte Carlo. Foram utilizados os resultados das análises de resíduos de agrotóxicos, em alimentos produzidos e, ou, comercializados no Estado do Espírito Santo, dos programas da Anvisa e do Idaf/ES, entre os anos de 2007 e 2012 e dados de consumo da POF/IBGE 2008 – 2009. A avaliação da exposição crônica a agrotóxicos mostrou que a população do Espírito Santo está exposta a 88 diferentes tipos de resíduos de agrotóxicos através da alimentação e estimou-se que oito ingredientes ativos representam risco de intoxicação crônica: Abamectina, Acefato, Buprofezina, Dicofol, Dimetoato, Ditiocarbamatos, Dissulfotom e Endossulfam. A maior probabilidade de consumo de resíduos, em concentrações suficientes para haver danos à saúde da população, foi observada para Dimetoato (6,1%). Os resultados obtidos podem ser utilizados para subsidiar a elaboração de políticas públicas para mitigar riscos e garantir a segurança de alimentos para a população do Espírito Santo.vi
The balance between the need for pesticide use for crop protection and the increment of the demand of people for food in a globalized world is a challenge for the Brazilian agricultural sector. The use of pesticides in crops may leave their residues in food, can be harmful to consumer health. Chronic risk of poisoning by ingestion of such residual pesticide can be estimated by means of a risk assessment, comparing the amount ingested these substances with the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). The objective of this work is to characterize the safety of food for the population of the Espírito Santo State in relation to pesticide residues. A quantitative and probabilistic risk assessment of chronic poisoning with pesticides, by eating unprocessed foods following the guidelines of the World Health Organization Guide was held. The exposure via diet was estimated by analysis of food combining and the total distribution of exhibitions, through Monte Carlo simulation. The results of pesticide residue analyzes were used in food produced and, or, marketed in Espírito Santo State, the Anvisa programs and Idaf/ES, between the years 2007 and 2012 and consumption data of POF/IBGE 2008 - 2009. The evaluation of chronic exposure to pesticides showed that the population of Espírito Santo is exposed to 88 different types of pesticide residues through food and it was estimated that eight active ingredients pose a risk of chronic intoxication: Abamectin, Acephate, Buprofezin, Dicofol, Dimethoate, Dithiocarbamate, Disulfoton and Endosulfan. The most likely residual consumption in concentrations sufficient to cause damage to the health of the population was observed for Dimethoate (6.1%). The results can be used to support the development of public policies to mitigate risks and ensure the safety of food for the population of Espírito Santo.
Ressurreição, Ana Filipa Silva. "Melhoria da qualidade nos cuidados: ingesta durante o trabalho de parto para o conforto da mulher." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31458.
Full textLuna, Tapia Grecia. "Características Clínico - Epidemiológicas de ingesta de cáusticos en pacientes pediátricos del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue durante el periodo 2010-2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2016. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/546.
Full textBocio, Sanz Ana. "Nivells de dioxines i altres contaminants orgànics oersistents en aliments. Ingesta dietètica per la població de Catalunya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8837.
Full textEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivos principales la determinación de la concentración de ciertos contaminantes orgánicos persistentes en alimentos (dibenzo-p-dioxinas policloradas y dibenzofuranos policlorados (PCDD/PCDFs), bifenilos policlorados (PCBs), difenil éteres polibromados (PBDEs) y difenil éteres policlorados (PCDEs)) y la estimación de la ingesta diaria de estos contaminantes químicos por la población catalana, así como la evaluación del riesgo que esta ingesta puede suponer para la salud.
Durante el año 2000, se recogieron muestras de diferentes alimentos representativos de la dieta de la población en varias localidades catalanas. Se determinaron las concentraciones de PCDD/PCDFs, PCBs, PBDEs y PCDEs en estos alimentos. De esta manera se podía observar cuales de estos alimentos presentaban los niveles más altos de las sustancias evaluadas. Posteriormente, se realizó una estimación de la ingesta diaria de estos contaminantes por la población catalana, mediante datos de consumo obtenidos de un estudio de encuestas nutricionales realizado en la misma zona.
En general, las concentraciones más elevadas de los contaminantes evaluados se observaron en el grupo de pescado y marisco, a excepción de los PBDEs, que presentaron los niveles más altos para los aceites y grasas. También es el grupo de pescado y marisco el que representa una mayor aportación dietética de todas las sustancias evaluadas.
La ingesta diaria de dioxinas, furanos y PCBs "dioxin-like" se encuentra por debajo de los niveles de Ingesta Diaria Tolerable (TDI) propuestos por la OMS, a excepción de algunos grupos de población que presentan niveles de ingesta superiores a estos límites. De acuerdo con la normativa establecida, no es posible establecer actualmente, un riesgo global para la salud de la población debido a la exposición conjunta a todos los contaminantes evaluados en el presente trabajo. No obstante, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que, ciertos grupos de la población catalana, como los niños menores de 10 años, o los grandes consumidores de pescado, podrían estar especialmente expuestos a estas sustancias y llegar a superar la TDI en algunos casos.
A pesar del descenso en los niveles de dioxinas y furanos observado en los últimos años, tanto a nivel medioambiental, como en la ingesta dietética, es aún necesario establecer estrategias que incluyan medidas medioambientales y de control alimentario que garanticen una exposición a dioxinas y otros compuestos orgánicos persistentes por debajo de los límites actuales propuestos por los diferentes organismos oficiales.
De los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio, se han realizado las siguientes publicaciones:
Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Bocio A, Casas C, Teixido A, Muller L (2003). Human exposure to dioxins through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Chemosphere 50: 1193-1200.
Llobet JM, Bocio A, Domingo JL, Casas C, Teixido A, Muller L (2003). Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Foods from Catalonia, Spain: Estimated Dietary Intake. J Food Protec 66: 479-484.
Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Corbella J, Teixido A, Casas C (2003). Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Foodstuffs: Human Exposure through the Diet. J Agric Food Chem 51: 3191-3195.
Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL. (2004). Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers through the Diet in Catalonia, Spain J Agric Food Chem. J Agric Food Chem 52: 1769-1772.
The main objectives of the present survey were to determine the concentration of some persistent organic pollutants in foodstuff: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) and to estimate the dietary intake of these pollutants by the population of Catalonia, Spain.
During 2000, food samples were randomly acquired in various locations of Catalonia, and levels of PCDD/PCDFs, PCBs, PBDEs and PCDEs were determined. An estimation of the daily dietary intake of these compounds by the population was done, and results were compared to those observed in other international and similar surveys and to the toxicological reference values, to make an evaluation of the potential risk to the health of the population.
In general terms, the highest concentrations of the evaluated compounds were found in fish and seafood, except for PBDEs, that presented the biggest levels in oils and fats. Fish and seafood was also the kind of food that represented the highest contribution to the dietary intake of all the analyzed pollutants.
The dietary intake of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs "dioxin-like" was under the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) proposed by the WHO in 1998, with the exception of some groups of population with specific dietetic habits which could present levels over this TDI in some cases.
Although environmental levels of dioxins and furans have been decreasing in the latest years in different countries, it is necessary to establish more control in emissions of these kind of pollutants to the environment in order to guarantee a human exposition to them under the limits proposed by different legislations and preserve human and environmental health.
Results of the present survey have been published:
Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Bocio A, Casas C, Teixido A, Muller L (2003). Human exposure to dioxins through the diet in Catalonia, Spain: carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. Chemosphere 50: 1193-1200.
Llobet JM, Bocio A, Domingo JL, Casas C, Teixido A, Muller L (2003). Levels of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Foods from Catalonia, Spain: Estimated Dietary Intake. J Food Protec 66: 479-484.
Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL, Corbella J, Teixido A, Casas C (2003). Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Foodstuffs: Human Exposure through the Diet. J Agric Food Chem 51: 3191-3195.
Bocio A, Llobet JM, Domingo JL. (2004). Human Exposure to Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers through the Diet in Catalonia, Spain J Agric Food Chem. J Agric Food Chem 52: 1769-1772.
Silva, Carlos Henrique Reis de Araujo. "Biologia da mucosa gástrica e comportamento de ingesta de ratos Wistar, submetidos à administração oral de etoricoxib." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2004. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2978.
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Os antiinflamatórios não esteróides são medicamentos empregados no tratamento e controle de várias doenças, em todas as espécies de mamíferos. Estudos têm sido desenvolvidos em animais e seres humanos, visando observar os efeitos deste grupo de drogas na mucosa do trato gastrointestinal. Dentre seus efeitos colaterais encontram-se as lesões gástricas e duodenais, causadas pela supressão não seletiva das ciclooxigenases. O Etoricoxib é uma nova droga antiinflamatória não esteróide, inibidor altamente seletivo da ciclooxigenase 2, preservando a função protetora da mucosa gastroduodenal. Nosso objetivo foi estudar o efeito biológico da administração oral de Etoricoxib sobre as mucosas gástrica e duodenal de ratos Wistar, bem como sobre o peso corporal e a ingestão de água e ração. Foram estudados 45 ratos, divididos em três grupos. O primeiro (grupo controle) recebeu solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9%, o segundo e o terceiro receberam 0,5 mg/dia e 5,0 mg/dia de Etoricoxib, respectivamente. Durante o período de 10 dias mediu-se, diariamente, o consumo de ração, sendo que o consumo de água e a variação do peso corporal foram avaliados a cada dois dias. Os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia no 11º dia sendo retirados o estômago e o duodeno para avaliação macroscópica e microscópica. Concluímos que não houve diferença significante na evolução do peso corporal nem no consumo de água e ração em nenhum dos grupos estudados, assim como não se observou enantema, erosões ou úlceras, tanto na macroscopia quanto na microscopia. Foi identificado um infiltrado eosinofílico leve e difuso, na submucosa dos animais do grupo controle e nos dois grupos tratados. Houve um infiltrado linfoplasmocitário leve, na submucosa dos animais no grupo que recebeu dose alta (5mg/dia) de Etoricoxib.
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory are drugs used to treat and control many diseases, on all mammary species. Many studies have been developed on animals and humans to observe the effects of this group of drugs on gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Gastric and duodenal lesions are among the side effects caused by non selective cyclooxygenase suppression. Etoricoxib is a new non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, that preserves gastric and duodenal mucosa protective function. The objective of this work was to study the biological effect of Etoricoxib oral administration, on rats gastric and duodenal mucosa, food and water ingestion and body weight changes. Forty five Wistar rats were divided on 3 groups. The first one (control group) received 0.9% Sodium chloride solution, The second and third one received 0.5 and 5.0 mg/day Etoricoxib, respectively. During 10 days period, food, water and body weight were measured. All animals were anesthetized and killed on the 11th day. Stomach and duodenum were macro and microscopically evaluated. We concluded that there was no significant difference on body weight changes, nor water or food ingestion on any studied groups. Enantema, erosions or ulcers were not observed macro or microscopically. Soft and diffuse eosinophilic infiltrate was observed on both treated groups. Soft submucosa linphoplasmocitary infiltrate was observed on the higher dose Etoricoxib group (5.0 mg/day).
Cortez, Matos Estuard Benito. "Sarcopenia y nivel de ingesta proteica de pacientes adultos cardiometabólicos del Hospital Nacional Hipólito Unanue, Lima- Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/15928.
Full textPerelló, Berenguer Gemma. "Avaluació dels efectes de diverses tècniques culinàries sobre el contingut de varis contaminants químics en aliments d'ampli consum a catalunya. Exposició dietètica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8750.
Full textIn contrast to the health benefits of a balanced diet, a point of interest related to regular consumption of certain foods is the risk from potential exposure to toxic substances, which are also present in these. In recent years, most studies of national and international dietary intake of contaminated chemicals, the tests were conducted in uncooked foods. However, the physical qualities and nutritional qualities of a number of foods can be largely modified by the processes of cooking. The present study provides an overview of the current state of chemical contamination in cooked foods most consumed in Catalonia. Have analyzed the different food groups as well as various cooking techniques. Contaminants evaluated include: arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), dioxins and furans (PCDD / Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), ethers polybrominated diphenyl (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs). Perhaps most important is that the result was not found any way of cooking that significantly and all food and contaminants evaluated, significantly alter the content of pollutants. However, the results of the study can be useful as a guide for the selection of different cooking techniques to prepare a healthy diet with low toxicity.
Garcia, Alva Geraldine, and Nuñez Jorge Gustavo Yañez. "Relación entre trastornos de la ingesta alimentaria y dismorfia muscular en varones que entrenan en gimnasios de Lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624980.
Full textIntroduction: Currently there is a trend towards healthy living and physical wellbeing, in the case of males this is related to a muscular and defined body, which is why they can alter their habits until make them unhealthy in a search of an aesthetic goal. Muscle dysmorphia (MD) is an excessive concern for having a muscular body that induces to exceed the hours of training, substance abuse and / or diet, as well as to resort to the use of anabolics. Methods: Participants were men over 18 years old, who trained regularly for three months at the gym. A previously applied questionnaire was run as a pilot. The data collection time was 3 months. As for the statistical analysis, Chi square, Pearson and Spearman tests were used. Results: A total of 199 male users from 13 gyms in 10 districts were part of this study. 19.6% (n = 39) had MD and of these, 58.97% (n = 23) also had EBD. The mean age was 24 (E.D. 4) years, while the age of onset of training was 19 (E.D. 4.2) years. The predominant reason for training was aesthetics (56%) and most had a higher level of education (69.85%) with a job that required it (56.78%). Conclusion: In the result of our study, 1 in 10 men presented a disorder of body perception and at the same time incurs unhealthy habits to compensate it. This is a common area in which nutritionists and psychologists need to act together to prevent or correct it at an early age, as it begins during adolescence.
esis
Cornejo, Monthedoro Angela Patricia, Sánchez Isel Luisa Valeria Negreiros, Águila Villar Carlos Del, Marquillo Marlit Ysla, and Percy Mayta-Tristan. "Asociación entre la carga glicémica de la ingesta alimentaria y el síndrome metabólico en niños y adolescentes obesos." Sociedad Argentina de Pediatria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622192.
Full textObjective. To study the association between the metabolic syndrome (MS) and the glycemic load (GL) of food intake among obese children and adolescents seen in consultation by the endocrinology team in a pediatric referral hospital in Lima, Peru. Population and Method. Cross-sectional study among obese children and adolescents (body mass index ≥ 95 percentile), 10-15 years old. The MS was classified according to criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. A 24 hour reminder was used, and the overall and per meal GL was calculated. The association between the GL tertiles (comparison with the lower tertile) and the MS was assessed using prevalence ratios adjusted by demographic outcome measures, family history, physical activity and total carbohydrate consumption in Poisson regression models with a robust variance. Results. Out of 273 obese children and adolescents, 52.4% were male and 94.9% did not engage in any physical activity. Glycemic load median value was 213 (164.8-287.4) and the daily calorie intake value was 2275 (1851-3024) kcal, consisting mainly of carbohydrates (62%). MS prevalence was 22.3%; the most prevalent components were abdominal obesity (81.7%) and low values of high density lipoprotein (HDL) (63.7%). Lastly, an association was observed between a high consumption of GL and the risk of developing MS (aRP 4.5; 95% CI: 1.3-15.3). Conclusions. There is an association between a high consumption of GL and the presence of MS among obese children and adolescents.
Larrosa, Capacés Susana. "Efectos sobre la salud de la ingesta de fibra y su adecuación a las recomendaciones en niños europeos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673187.
Full textLa ingesta de fibra dietética se ha relacionado con la salud digestiva y cardiovascular en adultos, pero existen escasas evidencias de esta relación durante la infancia. Además, las recomendaciones de ingesta de fibra en pediatría se basan en una extrapolación de las indicadas para los adultos, desconociéndose si son adecuadas para la salud en la infancia. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral fue analizar la asociación entre la ingesta de fibra dietética y su adecuación a las recomendaciones durante la infancia con los marcadores de salud cardiometabólicos. Se realizó un análisis longitudinal observacional secundario al Ensayo EU Childhood Obesity Project. Se describió la ingesta de fibra y sus fuentes (recogida a intervalos regulares mediante diarios de 3 días) desde el nacimiento hasta los 8 años en participantes de Alemania, Bélgica, Polonia, Italia y España. Los niños se clasificaron en función del cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de ingesta de fibra. Se calculó el porcentaje de adecuación a las recomendaciones en todas las edades. A los 8 años se evaluó su antropometría, presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y los análisis bioquímicos en sangre (lipoproteínas, triglicéridos y homeostasis para resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR)). La puntación z interna de estos parámetros se sumó como indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico. Bajos consumos de fibra de forma mantenida a lo largo de la infancia se relacionaron con menor tolerancia a la glucosa, cifras superiores de PAS y un puntaje de riesgo cardiometabólico más alto a los 8 años. Diferentes fuentes de fibra (frutas y verduras o legumbres) se asociaron con diferentes parámetros del riesgo cardiometabólico. Un porcentaje elevado de la población infantil realizaba ingestas de fibra inferiores a las recomendadas de la EFSA, aunque el hecho de no cumplirlas no se asoció con la salud cardiometabólica en estas edades. No se halló un punto de corte específico de ingesta de fibra asociado a efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud a los 8 años que pudiera marcarse como nueva recomendación. Sin embargo, el hecho de que una ingesta mantenida alrededor de 6.7 gr/1000 kcal al día se asociase con peores marcadores cardiometabólicos, podría sugerir que una ingesta superior a ésta sería suficiente para prevenir este tipo de alteraciones cardiometabólicas en edades tempranas.
Dietary fiber intake has been associated with digestive and cardiovascular health in adults, but there is little evidence about this relationship during childhood. Furthermore, the fiber intake recommendations in pediatrics are based on an extrapolation of those indicated for adults, and it is unknown whether they are appropriate or not for children’s health. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to analyze dietary fiber intake and its adherence to recommendations in relation to cardiometabolic health markers during childhood. We performed an observational longitudinal analysis secondary to the EU Childhood Obesity Project Trial. Fiber intake and its dietary sources (collected at regular intervals using 3-day diaries) were described in participants from Germany, Belgium, Poland, Italy, and Spain from birth to 8 years. The children were classified depending on the compliance with the fiber intake recommendations. The percentage of adequacy with the recommendations was calculated at all ages. At 8 years of age, anthropometry, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and biochemical blood parameters (lipoproteins, triglycerides and homeostasis for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)) were assessed. The internal z-score of these parameters was added as an indicator of cardiometabolic risk. Sustained low fiber intakes throughout childhood were associated with worse glucose tolerance, SBP levels, and overall cardiometabolic risk score at age 8 years. Different dietary sources of fiber (fruits and vegetables or legumes) were associated with different parameters of cardiometabolic risk. A high percentage of the child population had fiber intakes lower than those recommended by the EFSA, although not following them was not associated with cardiometabolic health at these ages. We did not find a specific cut-off point for fiber intake associated with beneficial health effects at 8 years which could be set as a new recommendation. However, the fact that an intake maintained around 6.7 g / 1000 kcal per day is associated with worse cardiometabolic markers, could suggest that an intake higher than this would be sufficient to prevent this type of cardiometabolic disturbances at an early age.
Grau, Bové Maria Carme. "Regulation of enteroendocrine function by bioactive components through their interaction with bitter taste receptors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672967.
Full textEl sistema enteroendocrino se encuentra en el tracto gastrointestinal y controla el apetito y la actividad pancreática endocrina, entre otras funciones. Los compuestos bioactivos que estimulan este sistema son candidatos terapéuticos para tratar patologías relacionadas con estas funciones. Previamente se identificó que un extracto de proantocianidinas de semillas de uva (GSPE) es antidiabético por sus capacidades de mejora de la función de las células y su capacidad saciante, como consecuencia en parte activar del sistema enteroendocrino. Nuestro grupo relacionó las secreciones enteroendocrinas inducidas por polifenoles con la estimulación de receptores del gusto amargo (TAS2R) in vitro, pero si esto se refleja en una ingesta alterada aún se desconoce. Por esto, es necesario comprender mejor este sistema para poder desarrollar mejores estrategias terapéuticas. Esta tesis aborda si las secreciones enteroendocrinas inducidas por GSPE modulan la producción de glucagón pancreático y si estas se regulan mediante la estimulación específica de TAS2R que conduce a un control diferencial de la ingesta. Esta hipótesis se ha evaluado con estudios in vivo en ratas y estudios ex vivo en muestras intestinales. Hemos identificado que el glucagón es más sensible que la insulina a GSPE, lo que se correlaciona con una secreción ileal de GLP1 mejorada.
The enteroendocrine system is located in the gastrointestinal tract and controls appetite and endocrine pancreatic activity, among other functions. Thus, bioactive compounds that stimulate the enteroendocrine system are therapeutic candidates for treating pathologies related to these functions. Previous research has identified a grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) as antidiabetic for its -cell function enhancement abilities and its appetitesuppressing activity at least partly through activating the enteroendocrine system. Moreover, our group has linked the polyphenol-induced enteroendocrine secretions to the stimulation of some bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) in vitro, but whether it results in an altered food intake has not been studied yet. Since little is known of the mechanisms used by polyphenols to stimulate secretory mechanisms of the enteroendocrine system, there is a need to fully comprehend this system to specifically target it with a therapeutic strategy. For this reason, this thesis addressed whether GSPE-induced enterohormone secretions modulate pancreatic glucagon production, and whether these secretions are regulated through the specific stimulation of TAS2R leading to a differential control of food intake. This hypothesis was assessed with in vivo studies in rats and ex vivo studies in intestinal samples.
Martorell, Mariné Isabel. "Evolució temporal de la ingesta dietètica de contaminants ambientals per la població catalana. Estudis de dieta total i duplicada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294727.
Full textThis thesis is part of the Total Diet Study project (TDS) of pollutants in Catalonia. The EFSA established that TDS provides the results or value of exposure on a representative population. A TDS consist of: Sampling selection, collection, homogenization and data analysis. Otherwise, the WHO includes the Duplicate Diet's methodology (DD). The DD has the same characteristics of the TDS, with the particularity that homogenized are menus based on normal mixes diets. The pollutants selected were: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, and Perfluoroalkyl Substances. The study of PAHs was done for TDS and DD. The food selection was conditioned by the most consumed raw products of Catalonia (Spain). Results: The dietary intake of all pollutants is situated below the recommendation established by government agencies. According to the results of PAHs for both methodologies DD studies might be a good alternative, especially when economic limitation are present.
Aguinaga, Andrés David. "Interacción molecular y funcional entre receptores involucrados en la ingesta de alimentos y el consumo de drogas de abuso." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406073.
Full textCurrently in the scientific community there is still debate about the heteromerization between GPCR and the role it has in cell signaling and functionality. Traditionally, these receptors have been considered monomeric entities. However, in recent decades new results have been obtained supporting the theory that these receptors can form oligomers. Understand how receptors interact when forming heteromeric complexes is crucial to explain many physiological mechanisms as well as in the design of new drugs. To elucidate how the modulation between receptors works will also enable the development of treatments for different disorders, such as drug addiction. One of the main objectives of this Thesis has been to contribute with new data to understand the underlying mechanisms of psychostimulant substances addiction. The importance of the modulation on GPCR exerted by heteromers in relation to cocaine addiction has been shown. The ability of the cocaine-binding receptors sigma-1R and sigma-2R to interact with different GPCRs, dopamine D1R and D2R, CRF1R-OX1R or GHS-R1a-GHS-R1b heteromers, has been demonstrated. Cocaine, when bound to the sigma receptors modifies the normal signaling induced by these GPCRs, contributing to drug addiction, relapse in cocaine seeking behavior or blocking the appetite sensation after the drug consumption. When interactions occur, the formed complexes can adjust their functionality to different cellular environments that these receptors, by themselves, would not be able to detect. One example is the modulating role exerted by the calcium sensing proteins on certain GPCR. Calcium is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms in the cell. Different calcium concentration may induce different signaling through the same GPCR heteromer. The ability of heteromers to bind different calcium sensors has been described. These calcium sensors have different affinities for the calcium ion and regulate differently the heteromer, depending on the low or high calcium concentrations, thus providing versatility to the complex. Finally, interactions between GPCRs at the structural level have been investigated in order to elucidate the receptor domains involved in the heteromers formation. A new tetrameric structural model formed by A1R-A1R-A2AR-A2AR adenosine receptors has been proposed, forming a rhomboidal structure in which two G proteins, Gi and Gs, are coupled. It has also been explained the mechanisms by which this heteromer acts as a adenosine concentration sensor giving opposite responses, via Gi or Gs, depending on the extracellular adenosine concentration.
Bravo, Gatica Javier Ignacio. "Efecto de la ingesta de bebidas energéticas sobre el automatismo cardíaco y el metabolismo energético en individuos en reposo." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146890.
Full textMejorar el rendimiento deportivo constituye un interés constante de entrenadores y deportistas, tanto profesionales como aficionados. Para lograr esto normalmente se propone un entrenamiento específico para cada disciplina y con frecuencia se recomienda la ingesta de elementos nutricionales con poder ergogénico, entre los cuales se encuentran las bebidas energéticas que contienen cafeína, taurina e hidratos de carbono. Éstas han logrado establecerse en el mercado, apoyadas por investigaciones que han demostrado su utilidad para aumentar el estado de vigilia, el rendimiento en deportes intermitentes y también en disciplinas de largo aliento. Sin embargo, los efectos de estos suplementos alimenticios en individuos en reposo no han sido hasta ahora investigados. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar el efecto que tienen dos bebidas energéticas con diferente composición (energy drink y energy shot), sobre diversas variables fisiológicas asociadas al rendimiento físico y la homeostasis del organismo, en sujetos que se encuentran en reposo. Para esto fueron evaluados doce sujetos jóvenes de entre 18 y 28 años, de sexo masculino, sanos y físicamente activos, antes y después de ingerir una de estas bebidas energéticas o una bebida placebo manteniendo reposo en posición supina durante 75 minutos. A todos ellos se les midió a los 15, 30, 45, 60 y 75 minutos después de la ingesta de la bebida, consumo de oxígeno, variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco, presión arterial, glicemia, lactatemia, hematocrito y concentración de proteínas plasmáticas totales, además de parámetros biométricobiométricos, tales como peso, estatura, pliegues cutáneos y porcentaje de grasa corporal. Después de la ingesta de energy drink, se observaron diferencias significativas en los cambios producidos en la frecuencia cardíaca, presión arterial sistólica, glicemia, lactatemia, concentración de proteínas plasmáticas totales, consumo de oxígeno y en la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco, con respecto a los cambios producidos por la ingesta de energy shot o después de beber placebo. Estos cambios sugieren un incremento en el metabolismo energético en reposo y un aumento del trabajo del corazón.
Improving sport performance is a constant interest for professional or amateur athletes and coaches. Normally a specific training plan is developed for each discipline to achieve this and it is frequently recommended the intake of nutritional elements with ergogenic power. For example, energy beverages which composition includes caffeine, taurine and carbohydrates. These types of drinks had penetrated in the market with the support of studies, demonstrating their utility in increasing the vigil state and improving performance in intermittent and endurance sports. However, the effects of these nutritional supplements had not been yet studied for subjects in rest. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two energy beverages with different compositions (energy drink and energy shot), on several physiological variables, which are associated with physical performance and organism homeostasis, upon subjects in rest. Twelve male, healthy and physically active subjects between 18- 28 years old, were evaluated, before and after drinking one of these drinks or a placebo, in supine position maintaining rest for 75 minutes. Everyone was measured at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes after the drink intake. The variables measured were oxygen consumption, heart rate variability, blood pressure, glycemia, blood lactate, hematocrit, and the concentration of total plasma proteins. Furthermore, biometric parameters were measured, such as weight, height, skinfolds and body fat percentage. After the intake of the energy drink significant differences were found in the heart rate, systolic blood pressure, glycemia, blood lactate, concentration of total plasma proteins, oxygen consumption and heart rate variability in comparison to the changes found after the intake of the energy shot and placebo. These changes suggest an increase in basal metabolism rate and cardiac output.
Murillo, Noa Johanna Josemy Giuliana. "Relación entre la sarcopenia e ingesta de proteínas en adultos mayores de la “Casa del Adulto Mayor Aeropuerto”, Callao." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14204.
Full textTesis
Baños, Castro Jhanet Celmira. "Ingesta de sodio y razones del consumo de productos alimenticios ultraprocesados en el entorno escolar en adolescentes, Callao-2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10099.
Full textTesis
Miranda, Bailón Desirée Ines. "Relación entre la ingesta de líquidos, fibra dietética insoluble y exceso de peso con el estreñimiento funcional en adolescentes." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7853.
Full textTesis
Rodas, Cañellas Lluís Antoni. "Evaluación de los efectos de la ingesta de cafeína y la actividad física sobre el estado inflamatorio del organismo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673511.
Full text[cat] Per la seva presència en productes com el cafè o el te, la cafeïna és, probablement, el producte farmacològic més consumit per l’ésser humà. Resultats d’estudis previs demostren un possible efecte antiinflamatori de la cafeïna, així com un efecte saludable degut a la cafeïna mateixa o als àcids clorogènics propis del cafè. D’altra banda, l’activitat física, tant puntual com duta a terme de manera continuada, s’ha relacionat amb un efecte antiinflamatori. Tot i així, no s’han estudiat en profunditat els efectes combinats de l’activitat física i la ingesta de cafeïna sobre la resposta inflamatòria en l’organisme. L’objectiu general de la tesi era determinar l’efecte de l’activitat física en combinació amb la ingesta de cafeïna sobre l’estat inflamatori de l’organisme. Per assolir aquest objectiu, es va seguir un disseny experimental basat en dos estudis. Per una part, es va realitzar un estudi transversal observacional amb 244 participants sans (112 homes i 132 dones), per determinar l’associació entre els marcadors d’inflamació, nivells d’activitat física i de sedentarisme, i la ingesta habitual de cafeïna, a més de variables de control com els nivells de greix visceral i total en l’organisme. En el cas del consum habitual de cafeïna, només es va observar una associació negativa amb els nivells de proteïna C reactiva (PCR) (p=0.001). Quant al percentatge de greix corporal, aquest es va associar positivament amb els nivells de PCR (p<0.001) i negativament amb els d’adiponectina (p=0.032) i de IL-10 (p=0.001). El nivell de greix visceral es va determinar com el principal predictor de la IL-6 (p<0.001) i del TNFα (p<0.001). Finalment, el comportament sedentari fou el principal predictor, negatiu, de la concentració de IL-10 (p<0.001) i, positiu, de la concentració de TNFα (p<0.001). En segon lloc, es va dur a terme un estudi d’intervenció creuat, amb cegament doble i aleatoritzat de suplementació amb cafeïna (6 mg/kg pes corporal) abans de la realització d’un exercici en cinta de córrer (60 minuts, 70% VO2màx). En aquest cas, els participants foren 13 esportistes aficionats de sexe masculí ben entrenats. La suplementació amb cafeïna va provocar concentracions superiors de IL-10 (2.42 ± 0.54 vs. 3.47 ± 0.72 pg·mL-1, p=0.01) i de IL-6 (3.04 ± 0.40 vs. 3.89 ± 0.62 pg·mL-1, p=0.003) en resposta a l’exercici. A més, la suplementació amb cafeïna va induir concentracions superiors d’adrenalina (257.3 ± 53.2 vs. 134.0 ± 25.7 pg·mL-1, p=0.03) després de l’exercici, així com de cortisol (46.4 ± 8.5 vs. 32.3 ± 5.6 pg·mL-1, p=0.007) dues hores després d’haver finalitzat l’exercici. 18 En conclusió, en la població estudiada, tant l’activitat física com la ingesta habitual de cafeïna estaven associades a un efecte antiinflamatori molt lleuger, caracteritzat, respectivament, per nivells superiors de IL-10 i inferiors de PCR. Per contra, el sedentarisme i l’acumulació de greix es varen revelar com els principals determinants de l’estat proinflamatori de l’organisme. Per altra part, la suplementació amb cafeïna va aportar a la resposta inflamatòria en una sessió puntual d’exercici un caràcter més antiinflamatori, caracteritzat, principalment, per majors increments de IL-10 en resposta a l’exercici.
[eng] Due to caffeine's widespread presence in foods such as coffee or tea, it is probably the most commonly consumed pharmacological product by humans. The results of previous studies show a possible anti-inflammatory effect and a beneficial impact on health either as a result of the caffeine itself or due to the chlorogenic acid present in coffee. For its part, physical activity of both an acute or a regular nature has been associated with an anti-inflammatory effect. However, the combined effects of physical activity and caffeine intake on the body's inflammatory response have not been determined. The main aim of this thesis was to determine the effect of physical activity in combination with caffeine intake on the body's inflammatory state. An experimental design based on two studies was applied to achieve this objective. First, a cross-sectional observational study with 244 healthy people (112 men and 132 women) was conducted to determine the association between inflammatory markers and the level of physical activity or sedentary behaviour and regular caffeine intake, in addition to other control variables, like the level of visceral and total body fat. In the case of regular caffeine intake, only a negative association with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (p=0.001) was observed. The body fat percentage was positively associated with CRP levels (p<0.001) but negatively associated with adiponectin (p=0.032) and IL-10 (p=0.001). The visceral fat level was the main predictor for IL-6 (p<0.001) and TNFα (p<0.001). Sedentary behaviour was the main negative predictor for IL-10 (p<0.001) and main positive predictor for TNFα concentrations (p<0.001). A randomized, double-blind crossover study was also conducted of supplementation with caffeine (6 mg/kg body mass) prior to a treadmill exercise test (60 minutes, 70% VO2max). Thirteen well-trained recreational male athletes participated in the study. Caffeine supplementation produced higher plasma concentrations of IL-10 (2.42 ± 0.54 vs. 3.47 ± 0.72 pg·mL-1, p=0.01) and IL-6 (3.04 ± 0.40 vs. 3.89 ± 0.62 pg·mL·1, p=0.003) in response to exercise. Furthermore, caffeine supplementation induced higher adrenaline concentrations (257.3 ± 53.2 vs. 134.0 ± 25.7 pg·mL-1, p=0.03) after exercise and higher cortisol levels (46.4 ±8.5 vs. 32.3 ± 5.6 pg·mL-1, p=0.007) after a 2-hour recovery period. In conclusion, in the population under study, regular physical activity and caffeine intake were both only associated with a slight anti-inflammatory effect, characterized, respectively, by higher IL-10 and lower CRP levels. Sedentary habits and fat accumulation were found to be the main predictors of a proinflammatory state. However, caffeine supplementation raised the anti-inflammatory response to an acute bout of exercise, mainly through higher IL-10 levels.
Del, Aguila Vargas Henry. "Estudio químico toxicológico de las muertes por ingesta de etanol en los cadáveres en la ciudad de Pucallpa 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/17948.
Full textPérez, Manuel Susana. "Estado Nutricional y Psicosocial en adolescentes con alteración de la conducta alimentaria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8835.
Full text- Estimar la prevalencia de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) según diferentes niveles de severidad (diagnóstico de anorexia y bulimia nerviosa, de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria no especificados (TCANE) y síntomas de TCA) en adolescentes del municipio de Tarragona y de zona rural de la misma provincia.
- Describir y analizar según los diferentes niveles de severidad de alteración de la conducta alimentaria.
- Valorar la influencia de los diferentes factores sobre el riesgo de desarrollo de TCA.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS:
Estudio epidemiológico transversal en dos fases con adolescentes de ambos sexos que cursaban 1º y 3º de ESO (12-16 años) en 26 centros públicos y privados de la provincia de Tarragona. Primera fase (n=2967): se valoró la prevalencia de síntomas de alteración de la conducta alimentaria mediante dos test de cribado: Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) y Youth´s Inventory. Segunda fase: se estudió sólo el sexo femenino (n=295). Con los resultados de los test se seleccionaron dos grupos de individuos en función de la presencia (EAT>25 y Youth´s (+) para TCA) o ausencia de riesgo (controles) de TCA; valorandose: satisfacción y autopercepción corporal, influencia sociocultural, clima familiar, síntomas psicopatológicos, actividad física, conocimientos, preferencias y hábitos alimentarios mediante cuestionarios. Se valoró individualmente: el consumo de alimentos mediante el recordatorio de 24 horas, la composición corporal y se realizó la entrevista "Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry" (SCAN) en versión DSM-IV, CIE-10 para la obtención de diagnósticos.
RESULTADOS:
El 13,3-17,1% de los participantes fueron considerados a riesgo de padecer un TCA (18,9-22,5%) mujeres, (7,6-11,7%) hombres dependiendo del test de cribado considerado. El nivel educativo de los padres es más bajo en las adolescentes con síntomas de TCA. Las situaciones familiares estresantes se asocian a una mayor prevalencia de síntomas de TCA.
La prevalencia estimada de TCA en el sexo femenino es de 5,2% (IC 95%: 5-5,4), de anorexia nerviosa (0,53%) (IC 95%: 0,5-0,55), bulimia (0,66%) (IC 95%: 0,63-0-68) y TCANE (4 %) (IC 95%: 3,83-4,17 ). El nivel socioeconómico y educativo de los padres no esta significativamente asociado con TCA. En las adolescentes con TCANE se producen más situaciones familiares estresantes: divorcio padres, convivir con la nueva pareja del progenitor y/o con otras personas ajenas al núcleo familiar y no convivir con la madre. A medida que aumenta la severidad de la alteración de la conducta alimentaria, las adolescentes describen a sus familias con menor cohesión, mayor conflictividad y control; se evidencia también un aumento progresivo de síntomas psicopatológicos.
Las adolescentes con TCANE son más corpulentas que el resto, el 77,3% de ellas y el 40% de las adolescentes a riesgo refieren elevada insatisfacción corporal.
Hay una disminución progresiva en el consumo de alimentos, energía y macronutrientes en relación a la severidad de la alteración de la conducta alimentaria. Las adolescentes con riesgo de TCA y las adolescentes con TCANE consumen respectivamente alrededor de 500 y 900 Kcal. menos que las controles.
La probabilidad de ingesta inadecuada es superior en las adolescentes a riesgo y las adolescentes con TCANE. El 67% y el 86% respectivamente realizan ingestas de calcio inferiores a las recomendaciones. Hay una mayor probabilidad de ingesta vitamínica inadecuada en adolescentes con TCANE que puede estar relacionado con las alteraciones mentales asociadas y podría ser un factor más que contribuyera a dar continuidad a los TCA.
La restricción calórica es un factor de riesgo para cualquier nivel de severidad de alteración de la conducta alimentaria. El riesgo de síntomas de TCA se relaciona con las variables ansiedad y que algún familiar haga dieta, mientras que el riesgo de TCANE se relaciona con un IMC elevado, insatisfacción corporal y una situación de estrés (divorcio padres).
OBJETIVES:
- To estimate the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) at a different levels of severity (diagnosed as anorexia and nervous bulimia and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and symptoms of ED) in teenagers from the town of Tarragona and surrounding areas of Tarragona.
- To describe and analysed the varying degrees of severity of the EDs.
- To evaluate the influence of the different factors which contribute to the risk of contracting EDs.
METHODS AND MATERIAL:
A cross sectional study in two phases of teenagers of both sexes (12-16 years) who study (1st ,2nd ESO) in 26 both publics and privates schools in the Tarragona region. First phase (n=2967): To evaluate the prevalence of EDs symptoms using two screening test: Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and Youth's Inventory. Second phase: only females studied (n=295). With the results of the test two groups were selected those which fell into the risk category (EAT>25 or Youth's (+) for ED) and non-risk category of ED (controls); evaluating: body satisfaction and autoperception, sociocultural influence, family climate, psychopathologic symptoms, physical activity, knowledge, preferences and dietary habits using written questionnaires. Individually evaluated was: food consumption using 24-h recall, body composition and the interview "Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry" (SCAN) in version DSM-IV, ICD-10 was administered to obtain the diagnoses.
RESULTS:
13,3-17,1% of participants were considered at risk of suffering from an ED (18,9-22,5% females, 7,6-11,7% males) depending on the screening test used. The education level of parents is lower in parents of those female teenagers with ED symptoms. Stressful family backgrounds are also associated with a greater risk of ED symptoms.
The estimate prevalence of ED in females is 5,2% (CI 95%: 5-5,4), nervous anorexia (0,53%) (CI 95%: 0,5-0,55), bulimia (0,66%) (CI 95%: 0,63-0-68) and EDNOS (4 %) (CI 95%: 3,83-4,17 ). Socioeconomic and educational stages of the parents were not associated with ED. EDNOS were more prevalent in teenagers with stressful family situations: divorce, living with a step-parent or unrelated people, and not living with the birth mother. As well as those factors affecting the severity of eating disorders, other factors include teenagers descriptions of the closeness of family, family conflicts and control; the evidence also notes the increase of psychopathologic symptoms.
EDNOS are more frequently found among heavily-built teenage girls, 77,3% of those and the 40% of the teenagers at risk of ED reported high body dissatisfaction.
There is a steady decline in the daily intake of food, energy and nutrients directly related to the severity of ED. The teenagers at risk of ED y the adolescents with EDNOS consume respectively around 500 to 900 Kcal. less than the controls.
The probability of unsuitable intake is higher in those teenagers at risk of EDs and those with EDNOS. 67% and 86% respectively consume less than the recommended amount of calcium. There is a higher probability of unsuitable vitamin intake in adolescents with EDNOS that could be related to mental factors and this in itself could be another factor which contributes to the continuation of EDs.
Caloric restraint is a risk factor that applies to all levels of ED. The risk of symptoms of EDs are directly related to factors such as anxiety, and to have any relative on diet; while the risk of EDNOS is related to a high body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction and stressful events (divorced parents).
Cristìà, Civit Esther. "Adaptacions del còlon de rata al contingut en sodi de la dieta: paper del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona i de la vasopressina." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/1831.
Full textMitjançant un model animal d'activació del RAAS en rata, s'han reproduït les adaptacions funcionals i estructurals en la mucosa del còlon distal en l'adaptació d'una dieta amb alt contingut en sodi (HS) a una dieta amb baix contingut en sodi (LS). Després de tan sols 3 dies de dieta LS augmenta el transport electrogènic de sodi i disminueix la permeabilitat del teixit, fet que es confirma per un augment en la densitat de les unions estretes, concretament de l'expressió de claudina 4, i per un augment en la resistència transepitelial. S'ha confirmat que en tan sols tres dies de dieta LS, la capa de miofibroblasts presents en la zona pericriptal prolifera, ja que augmenta l'expressió d'alfa-actina de múscul llis i la síntesi de col·lagen IV, augmenta l'expressió de les unions adherents que uneixen aquests miofibroblasts, concretament d'E- i OB-caderina, i es produeix acumulació de sodi en aquesta zona pericriptal. El tractament amb captopril, inhibidor de l'ECA, losartan, inhibidor dels ATr1, o espironolactona, antagonista del receptor mineralcorticoide, reverteix aquests efectes, confirmant la implicació de l'angiotensina II i l'aldosterona.
Per determinar el paper concret de l'angiotensina II i de l'aldosterona en aquests efectes s'ha posat a punt un model animal d'activació del RAAS minimitzant la síntesi d'aldosterona mitjançant una operació d'adrenalectomia i controlant la concentració plasmàtica d'ambdues hormones mitjançant la seva infusió exògena. L'aldosterona, sense la presència d'angiotensina II, aconsegueix reproduir els efectes de la dieta LS augmentant el transport electrogènic de sodi, disminuint la permeabilitat del teixit, incrementant la resistència transepitelial, afavorint el creixement miofibroblàstic i augmentant l'acumulació de sodi a la zona pericriptal. L'angiotensina II, en canvi, per si sola no reprodueix aquests efectes. Els resultats obtinguts estan recollits en dues publicacions (Moretó et al., 2005; Cristià et al., 2005).
També s'han estudiat els efectes del grau de deshidratació sobre les funcions del còlon distal, comprovant la implicació directa de la vasopressina i determinant els receptor implicats. Tant la deshidratació com concentracions elevades de vasopressina donen lloc a una disminució de la permeabilitat del teixit, un augment en l'acumulació de sodi a la zona pericriptal i un augment del creixement miofibroblàstic. Ambdós tipus de receptors, V1 i V2, hi estan implicats. Aquests resultats, tot i ser similars a les accions de l'aldosterona, no han demostrat un sinergisme entre ambdues hormones. A més, s'ha confirmat l'expressió d'aquaporina-2 (AQP-2) en la mucosa del còlon distal i l'augment de la seva expressió tant en estats de deshidratació com d'administració de vasopressina. L'expressió d'AQP-2 està mitjançada pel receptor V2, ja que tan sols el tractament amb Tolvaptan, un antagonista específic d'aquests receptors, l'inhibeix.
Aquest estudi destaca l'aldosterona com l'hormona clau de les adaptacions del còlon distal al disminuir la ingesta de sodi de la dieta, descartant un paper directe de l'angiotensina II en aquests efectes. En condicions de deshidratació, la vasopressina també disminueix la permeabilitat de l'epiteli i indueix el desenvolupament de la beina pericriptal, a més de regular el moviment d'aigua a través d'aquaporines mitjançant els seus receptors V2 al còlon distal de rata.
Fluid and electrolyte absorption by colonic crypts depends on the transport properties of crypt cellular and paracellular routes and of the pericryptal sheath. During the transition from a high-Na+ (HS) to a low-Na+ (LS) diet there are changes in the colonic crypt wall and pericryptal sheath. The effect of angiotensin II, aldosterone and vasopressin in these changes was studied. The extracellular Na+ concentration in isolated rat distal colonic mucosa was determined by confocal microscopy using a low-affinity Na+-sensitive fluorescent dye (Sodium red, and Na+-insensitive BODIPY) bound to polystyrene beads. Crypt permeability to FITC-labelled dextran was monitored by its rate of escape from the crypt lumen into the pericryptal space. Mucosal ion permeability was estimated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current. Different epithelial, myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix proteins and membrane receptors were determined by immunolocalization. After only 3 days of a LS diet all colonic changes were reproduced, a decrease in crypt wall permeability, an increase in electrogenic sodium transport and a growth in the pericryptal space, that produced an increase in Na+ accumulation in the pericryptal space. The treatment with captopril, losartan and spironolactone reversed all these effects, showing the implication of angiotensin II and aldosterone. High plasma aldosterone concentrations, independently of the diet or angiotensin II, decreased crypt wall dextran permeability, increased TER, increased Na+ accumulation in the pericryptal sheath and ENaC expression, increased extracellular matrix, membrane receptors and myofibroblast proteins. Angiotensin II did not reproduced LS diet effects. High vasopressin plasma concentration raised alpha-SMA expression in the pericryptal sheath, increased the pericryptal Na+ accumulation in this space and caused a reduction of crypt wall permeability. All these effects were reversed by selective blocking of V1 and V2 receptors. Dehydration and vasopressin infusion increased AQP-2 expression in distal colonic mucosa, an effect mediated by the V2 receptor, as only the specific V2 receptor antagonist inhibited this effect. In conclusion, these findings show that aldosterone alone is responsible for the adaptative changes in the colonic crypts of distal colon due to the sodium content and that vasopressin has similar effects as aldosterone in permeability and growth development.
Cortés, Barrera Raúl Antonio. "Implicación de la MRAP2s en el sistema de melanocortinas de peces usando como modelos a la lubina europea y el pez cebra." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/147861.
Full text[EN] The melanocortin system is an endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormonal system composed by agonist (hormones), receptors, and atypically endogenous antagonists. Recently, the so-called melanocortin receptor-accessory proteins (MRAPs) have been integrated as a part of the system. These proteins conform a new regulatory point of the system. The activity of the hormonal system is related to several physiological functions including control of pigment patters as well as the regulation of energy balance and the stress response. Experiments done in the lab in which I have run my PhD studies were pioneer in the description of fish MRAPs. It was demonstrated that the genome of zebrafish includes two accessory proteins (MRAP1 and MRAP2) and the second one is duplicated into MRAP2a and MRAP2b forms. MRAP1 interacts with the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R) allowing its functional expression but the function of MRAP2 was unknown and delimiting its function has been the main objective of this doctoral thesis. Results demonstrated that sea bass MC2R also requires the interaction with MRAP1 in order to be activated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), reaching therefore its functional expression. We also demonstrated that glucocorticoids are able to inhibit MC2R expression in the interrenal tissue suggesting the existence of a negative feedback with potential relevance in the stress adaptation. The MPRA2 has no effects on MC2R activity, but as we demonstrate, the MRAP2a, but not MRAP2b, in able to transform the MC4R, a canonical melanocyte- stimulating hormone (MSH) receptor expressed in the brain, into an ACTH receptor. ACTH is released form the pituitary in response to stressful stimuli integrated in the hypothalamus. On the other hand, MC4R is mainly involved in the central control of food intake and energy balance. Therefore, the MC4R pharmacological profile after interaction with MRAP2a provides a molecular mechanism for the integration of stress information into the central circuits controlling energy balance. That means, molecular basis for the stress-food intake interaction. This pharmacological modification seems to be specific for MC4R since the interaction of MRAP2a with MC5R or MC1R does not provide ACTH sensitivity to the receptor. However, MC1R-MRAP2a interaction induces a decrease in the sensibility of the receptor to MSH. Finally, we have characterized the central and peripheral response of zebrafish to acute stress by evaluating the expression levels of several components of the melanocortin system thus demonstrating the sensibility of this system to stressful agents.
[CA] El sistema de melanocortines és un sistema hormonal, autocrí, paracrí i endocrí compost per agonistes (hormones), receptors i paradóxicament, per antagonistes del mateix sistema. A aquests components del sistema se'ls ha addicionat recentement les seues proteïnes accesòries, les quals conformen un noa punt de regulació conegut. L'activitat d'aquest sistema hormonal està relacionada amb diverses funcions fisiològiques que inclouen principalment: el control de la pigmentació, la regulació del balanç energètic i la regulació de la resposta a l'estrès. Els experiments realitzats al laboratori on he desenvolupat la meua tesi doctoral, van ser pioners en la descripció de les proteïnes accesòries dels receptors de melanocortines (MRAPs) en peixos. Durant l'experimentació se va demostrar l'existència de dues proteïnes accesòries en el genoma del peix zebra (MRAP1 y MRAP2), la segona de les quals està duplicada en aquesta espècie (MRAP2a y MRAP2b), model que ha sigut utilitzat en l'experimentació presentada. La MRAP1 interacciona amb el receptor 2 de melanocortines (MC2R) per a permetre la seua expressió funcional, però la funció de les MRAP2s era desconeguda i acotar la seua funció ha sigut el principal objectiu de la tesi doctoral. Els resultats presentats demostren que el MC2R del llobarro també requeireix de la interacció amb MRAP1 per a poder respondre a la hormona adrenocorticotropa (ACTH), adquirint així la seua expressió funcional. A més a més, demostrem que els glucocorticoides son capaços d'inhibir l'expressió del MC2R a les glàndules interrenals, la qual cosa suposa un mecanisme de retroalimentació amb possible relevància en l'adaptació a l'estrès. Per la seua part les MRAP2 no tenen efectes sobre l'activitat del MC2R, però com demostrem a la tesi doctoral, la MRAP2a, però no la MRPA2b, és capaç de convertir al MC4R, un receptor canònic de la hormona estimuladora dels melanocitos (MSH) expressat en el cervell, en un receptor de ACTH. La ACTH es allibera des de la hipòfisi com a resposta a estímuls hipotalàmics que integren informació relativa a condicions estressants. Mentres que el MC4R està fonamentalment implicat en el control central de la regulació de la ingesta. Per tant, la modificació del perfil farmacològic del MC4R tras interacció amb MRAP2a atorga un mecanisme molecular per la integració de la informació de l'estrès sobre els circuits centrals que controlen la ingesta. És a dir, atorga una base molecular directa per a les relacions estrès-ingesta. Aquest canvi del perfil farmacològic no s'observa tras la interacció amb el MC1R ni amb el MC5R, encara que la interacció MC1R-MRAP2a provoca una disminució de la sensibilitat del receptor a la MSH. Finalment, hem caracteritzat la resposta central i perifèrica del peix zebra a l'estrès agut avaluant els nivels d'expressió de diversos components del sistema de melanocortines i demostrant la sensibilitat d'aquest sistema als elements estressants.
La realización de esta tesis doctoral ha sido posible gracias a la obtención de una beca predoctoral FPI (BES-2011-048425) y gracias a la financiación obtenida del proyecto “Participación de las proteínas accesorias de los receptores de melanocortinas (MRAPS) en la regulación de la respuesta al estrés en peces (AGL2010-22247-C03-01)” del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. Así como otros proyectos de investigación obtenidos por mi director de tesis doctoral entre los cuales destacan: Mejora de la producción en acuicultura mediante herramientas de biotecnología” (Aquagenomics) (CSD2007-00002) e “Implicación del sistema de melanocortinas en la regulación del crecimiento de peces: estudio de las interacciones estrés-ingesta (MELANOGROWTH) AGL2013-46448-C3-3-R, Proyectos I+D+I, RETOS.
Cortés Barrera, RA. (2020). Implicación de la MRAP2s en el sistema de melanocortinas de peces usando como modelos a la lubina europea y el pez cebra [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/147861
TESIS
Esteve, Ibáñez Héctor. "Efectos de la ingesta del ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) sobre la velocidad de reacción y el bienestar psicológico en mujeres deportistas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/81860.
Full textOmega-3 fatty acids (n-3) has shown to improve neuromotor function. This study examined the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on complex reaction time, precision and efficiency, and on psychological wellbeing, as well as the agility in female elite soccer players. 34 players (M = 24.12, SD = 5.03), from two Spanish female soccer Super League teams, Levante UD (n = 20) and Valencia C.F. (n = 14), were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental groups, then administered, in a double-blind manner, 3.5 g•day-1 of either DHA-rich fish oil (FO-DHA) or olive oil (OO-Placebo) over 4 weeks of training. Two measurements (pre- and post-treatment) of complex reaction time and precision were taken. Participants had to press different buttons and pedals with left and right hands and feet, or stop responding, according to visual and auditory stimuli. The agility through a field test designed for this purpose (Test of Illinois), and the psychological variables through several questionnaires designed for similar purposes (POMS and PGWB). Multivariate analysis of variance displayed an interaction between supplement administration (pre/post) and experimental group (FO/OO) on complex reaction time (FO pre = 0.713 ± 0.142 ms, FO post = 0.623 ± 0.109 ms, OO pre = 0.682 ± 1.132 ms, OO post = 0.715 ± 0.159 ms; p = 0.004) and efficiency (FO pre = 40.88 ± 17.41, FO post = 57.12 ± 11.05, OO pre = 49.52 ± 14.63, OO post = 49.50 ± 11.01; p = 0.003). There were no significant results clearly other variables. It was concluded that after 4 weeks of supplementation with FO, there was a significant improvement in the neuromotor function of female elite soccer players.
Luque, Moreno Verónica. "Nutrición temprana: efecto de la ingesta de proteína durante los primeros meses de vida sobre el tamaño y función renales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8881.
Full textMetodología: este ensayo multicéntrico Europeo (EU Childhood Obesity Project) examinó a los 6 meses de vida a 601 lactantes sanos asignados aleatoriamente durante las 8 primeras semanas de vida (mediana=14 días) a consumir una fórmula infantil con mayor o menor contenido proteicos. Estos lactantes fueron comparados con un grupo alimentado con lactancia materna.
Conclusiones principales: a los 6 meses, la ingesta proteica se asociaba de forma directa al tamaño renal y corporal, así como la secreción de IGF-1. IGF-1 puede ser un mediador del crecimiento corporal y renal inducido por la proteína dietética, posiblemente mediante un mecanismo hiperplásico. .
Background: Protein intake has been associated with kidney growth and function in human observational studies, and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1) has been postulated as a mediator of this process. Although this mechanism has been shown by animal models, randomized control trials have not been published in healthy infants.
Methods: this multicenter European clinical trial (EU Childhood Obesity Project) examined 601 healthy 6-month-old formula-fed infants randomly assigned within the first 8 weeks of life (median 14 days) to receive an infant formula with higher or lower protein content. For comparison, 204 breastfed infants were also followed.
Conclusions: higher protein content of infant formula increases kidney size at 6 months of life, whereas a lower protein supply achieves a normal kidney size relative to healthy breastfed infants. Protein intake has a direct significant relation with IGF-1 secretion. IGF-1 is a mediator of body and kidney growth, induced by protein intake
LEBLANC, JEAN-CHARLES. "Influence de l'environnement sur le comportement alimentaire de groupes particuliers de consommateurs : etude de l'equilibre nutritionnel et sanitaire des ingesta." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077040.
Full textPillaca, Loayza Stefany. "Patrón dietético e ingesta de energía y nutrientes en niños de 6 a 59 meses, distrito Baños del Inca, Cajamarca." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14723.
Full textDetermina el patrón dietético e ingesta de energía y algunos nutrientes en 44 niños(as) de 6 a 59 meses de edad de diez caseríos del distrito Los Baños del Inca, Cajamarca – Perú 2012. Enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La selección de la muestra fue no probabilística y por conveniencia. Previo consentimiento informado al padre y/o madre de cada niño(a), se aplicó el método de encuesta pesada directa de los alimentos y cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos por un período de cuatro meses. Para el análisis de datos se empleó las recomendaciones establecidas por la FAO/OMS y CENAN. Las principales medidas de resultados fueron los registrso del número de veces y el peso de los alimentos (g/día) ingeridos, y el porcentaje de adecuación de energía y algunos nutrientes. Los grupos de alimentos como tubérculos-raíces, cereales-derivados y productos azucarados fueron consumidos con similar frecuencia en ambos grupos de edad. El consumo de alimentos de origen animal fue poco frecuente en ambos grupos de edad, destacando el grupo de huevos, pescados, leches y derivados. Los niños(as) mayores consumieron más cantidad de alimentos que menores. El grupo de alimentos consumido en mayor cantidad por ambos grupos de edad y sexo fueron las frutas. La mediana del porcentaje de adecuación de consumo de energía, carbohidratos y proteína total en ambos grupos de edad y sexo superó el 95%. La mediana de adecuación para las grasas fue adecuado sólo para los niños(as) menores. La mediana de adecuación de hierro total y de zinc superó el 85% en niños(as) mayores y en ambos sexos, mientras que la ingesta de sólo zinc fue adecuada para los niños(as) menores; la mediana de adecuación de consumo de vitamina A fue deficiente para ambos grupos de edad y sexo. El patrón dietético de los niños(as) de ambos grupos de edad se caracterizó por el consumo de tubérculos-raíces, cereales-derivados y productos azucarados, principalmente en niños y un consumo poco frecuente de alimentos de origen animal en ambos grupos de edad y sexo. La ingesta de energía, carbohidratos y proteína total fue adecuada para ambos grupos de edad y sexo, mas no para las grasas en niños(as) mayores y ambos sexos. La ingesta de hierro total y de zinc fue adecuada en niños(as) mayores y ambos sexos, mientras que la ingesta de sólo el zinc fue adecuada en niños(as) menores. Para ambos grupos de edad y sexo la ingesta de vitamina A fue deficiente.
Tesis
Brizuela, Oscar Sebastián, Alicia Alida Olivares, and Claudia Alejandra Sevilla. "La restricción de ingesta líquida durante la jornada laboral de los profesionales de enfermería y el impacto en su salud." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería, 2013. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/10148.
Full textFil: Brizuela, Oscar Sebastián. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..
Fil: Olivares, Alicia Alida. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..
Fil: Sevilla, Claudia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..
Ttito, Llanos Elizabeth. "Relación entre ingesta de energía, proteína, actividad física con masa muscular en adultos mayores - Municipalidad San Martín de Porres - 2013." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/3845.
Full textTesis