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1
Virtudes, Ana, Ana Nascimento, Irene Mendoza García, and António Fonseca. "Requalification of Social Housing: Ingote plateau (Coimbra)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 960 (December 10, 2020): 022003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/960/2/022003.
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Killick, David. "Tracing Ingombe Ilede's trade connections." Antiquity 91, no. 358 (August 2017): 1087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.100.
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McIntosh and Fagan (above) write that “For 45 years, Ingombe Ilede has been viewed as a key nexus linking the Copperbelt and Great Zimbabwe”. Some regional specialists have not believed this since the publication of Swan's (2007) important review of the sizes and shapes of prehistoric copper ingots found in modern Zimbabwe. Swan noted that both of the ingot moulds found at Great Zimbabwe (which have a clear stylistic connection to the Copperbelt) are of the earlier HIH style (ninth to fourteenth centuries AD; de Maret 1995; Nikis & Livingstone Smith in press). But neither the later HXR-style copper ingots (fourteenth to seventeenth centuries)—some of which were excavated at Ingombe Ilede—nor the moulds to make them have been found on a Zimbabwe tradition site. The distribution of HXR ingots within the modern nation of Zimbabwe is almost exclusively in the north, within the former territory of the Mutapa state (Swan 2007: fig. 2). The clear implication is that the HXR ingot style—and thus the elite burials at Ingombe Ilede—post-date the breakup of the state ruled from Great Zimbabwe, which gave birth to the Mutapa (northern) and Torwa (southern) states. The new radiocarbon dates by McIntosh and Fagan provide welcome confirmation of this inference.
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Zhao, Zhi Hao, Jian Zhong Cui, Jing Wang, and Gao Song Wang. "Homogenization Behaviors of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Casting and Direct Chill Casting 7050 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.991.
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7050 aluminum alloy ingots were produced by low frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) and direct chill casting (DC) respectively. As-cast microstructures and homogenization behaviors of LFEC and DC ingots were investigated experimentally. The optical microscope and DSC analyses shown that the grain size of LFEC ingot was finer and the content of constituents and eutectic structure was less than that of DC ingot. Accordingly, the homogenization behaviors of the LFEC and DC ingots were significantly different. The remnant constituents of LFEC ingot were less in content and smaller in size than that of DC ingot after homogenization at 480°C for various lengths of time. Similar to the dissolving of constituents, the LFEC ingot exhibited faster diffusion kinetics of alloying elements from grain boundary to inner. The concentrations of Cu, Mg and Zn inside grain of LFEC ingot after homogenization for 12 h were 2.4%, 2.2% and 6.5% respectively, but the DC ingots had not reach the level even for 48 h.
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Pereira, J. V. Silva. "Processos de perurbanização na expansão urbana de Coimbra: os casos do Vale das Flores e do Ingote." Cadernos de Geografia, no. 99 (1999): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0871-1623_99_17.
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Persson, Ewa Sjöqvist, Sofia Brorson, Alec Mitchell, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Impact of Solidification on Inclusion Morphology in ESR and PESR Remelted Martensitic Stainless Steel Ingots." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030408.
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This study focuses on the impact of solidification on the inclusion morphologies in different sizes of production-scale electro-slag remelting (ESR) and electro-slag remelting under a protected pressure-controlled atmosphere, (PESR), ingots, in a common martensitic stainless steel grade. The investigation has been carried out to increase the knowledge of the solidification and change in inclusion morphologies during ESR and PESR remelting. In order to optimize process routes for different steel grades, it is important to define the advantages of different processes. A comparison is made between an electrode, ESR, and PESR ingots with different production-scale ingot sizes, from 400 mm square to 1050 mm in diameter. The electrode and two of the smallest ingots are from the same electrode charge. The samples are taken from both the electrode, ingots, and rolled/forged material. The solidification structure, dendrite arm spacing, chemical analyzes, and inclusion number on ingots and/or forged/rolled material are studied. The results show that the larger the ingot and the further towards the center of the ingot, the larger inclusions are found. As long as an ingot solidifies with a columnar dendritic structure (DS), the increase in inclusion number and size with ingot diameter is approximately linear. However, at the ingot size (1050 mm in diameter in this study) when the center of the ingot converts to solidification in the equiaxial mode (EQ), the increase in number and size of the inclusions is much higher. The transition between a dendritic and an equiaxial solidification in the center of the ingots in this steel grade takes place in the region between the ingot diameters of 800 and 1050 mm.
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Wróbel, T., J. Szajnar, D. Bartocha, and M. Stawarz. "Primary Structure and Mechanical Properties of AlSi2 Alloy Continuous Ingots." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0066.
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AbstractThe paper presents the research results of horizontal continuous casting of ingots of aluminium alloy containing 2% wt. silicon (AlSi2). Together with the casting velocity (velocity of ingot movement) we considered the influence of electromagnetic stirring in the area of the continuous casting mould on refinement of the ingot’s primary structure and their selected mechanical properties, i.e. tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and elongation. The effect of primary structure refinement and mechanical properties obtained by electromagnetic stirring was compared with refinement obtained by using traditional inoculation, which consists in introducing additives, i.e. Ti, B and Sr, to the metal bath. On the basis of the obtained results we confirmed that inoculation done by electromagnetic stirring in the range of the continuous casting mould guarantees improved mechanical properties and also decreases the negative influence of casting velocity, thus increasing the structure of AlSi2 continuous ingots.
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Alam, M. K., S. L. Semiatin, and Z. Ali. "Thermal Stress Development During Vacuum Arc Remelting and Permanent Mold Casting of Ingots." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, no. 4 (November 1, 1998): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830216.
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The development of thermal stresses in ingots during the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) as well as specialized permanent mold casting (PMC) process was modeled via numerical solution of the two-dimensional, nonsteady-state heat conduction and stress equilibrium equations. The numerical analysis was carried out in conjunction with experimental studies of the mechanical properties and microstructure of a cracked VAR titanium aluminide ingot. Numerical solutions were obtained for different values of ingot diameter, crucible-ingot interface heat transfer coefficients, and lengths of the melted-and-resolidified ingot. For both VAR and PMC, model predictions revealed that the maximum tensile thermal stresses are developed at the bottom of the ingot; the magnitude of such stresses increases with ingot diameter and the magnitude of the interface heat transfer coefficients. The microstructural analysis of a cracked ingot indicated that the thermal cracking occurred in the temperature range where the alloy has very little ductility. The predicted development of large tensile stresses correlates well with observations of thermal cracking during VAR of near-gamma titanium aluminide alloy ingots. By contrast, the predicted thermal stresses developed during PMC are lower, thus suggesting an attractive alternative to VAR to obtain sound, crack-free ingots.
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Chen, Jian Mei, Yu Qiang Li, and Jia Qiang E. "Multi-Fields Coupled Simulation on Casting Process of Aluminum Alloy Based on Heat Conduction by Rotating Heat Pipe Bundle." Advanced Materials Research 621 (December 2012): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.621.237.
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Based on the knowledge to defects and advantages of traditional ingot casting, a new approach for casting of aluminum alloy ingot, based on heat conduction by rotating heat pipes, is put forward in this paper. Different from the conventional casting method that cooling around ingot, the microstructure and properties of casting ingots can be significantly improved due to cooling of molten liquid from the central by rotating heat pipes proposed by this paper. Through simulation on the working process and the fields of flow and temperature, it can be speculatively seen that the ingot solidification is from inside to outside and that inner stress inside the ingot is compressive. The influences of speed of heat pipe bundle, casting speed and casting temperature on the temperature field in the ingot have been systematically studied. The ingots with different sizes can be prepared by changing size and structure layout of the heat pipes.
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Hu, Yuqi, Ripeng Jiang, Xiaoqian Li, Anqing Li, and Ziming Xie. "Effects of High-Intensity Ultrasound on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2195 Aluminum Ingots." Metals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071050.
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The microstructural refinement of 2195 aluminum alloy ingots is particularly important for improving their industrial applications and mechanical properties. Combined with vacuum casting and inert gas protection, scalable high-strength ultrasonic melt processing (USMT) technology was used to manufacture 2195 aluminum alloy cylindrical ingots. Then, the influence of USMT on the main microstructural components (primary α-Al grains, secondary phase network, and precipitated particles) was studied. Our experiments show that the main microstructure of the ingot was improved after the introduction of ultrasound. Compared to the ingot formed without USMT, the size and morphology of the primary α-Al phase were optimized. The agglomeration of coarsening secondary phases can be alleviated, and the large layered secondary phase network becomes discontinuous throughout the ingot under USMT. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the solidified aluminum alloy ingots were also tested, and comparisons were made between samples formed with and without USMT. The results show that the stress concentration caused by the large area of coarse secondary phase in the ingot leads to the decrease of mechanical properties.
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Wang, Hai Jun, Jun Xu, Zhi Feng Zhang, Bo Liang, and Ming Wei Gao. "Application Research of a New Coupling Stirring on DC Casting Process for Large-Sized Aluminum Ingots." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.48.
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A new coupling stirring technology was proposed and used to prepare direct chill (DC) ingots. Ingots of 7075 alloy were produced by a process of normal direct chill (NDC) casting and coupling-stirring direct chill (CDC) casting, respectively. The effect of the technology on the microstructures, composition segregation and mechanical properties of the ingots was investigated. The results showed that the temperature variation in the CDC casting process was more uniform than that in the NDC casting process. The grain of the CDC ingots was finer and more spherical than the grain of NDC ingots. The grain size at the edge, 1/2 radius, and center position in CDC ingot decrease by 28%, 22%, and 24% comparing with the grain size of the corresponding positions of NDC ingot, respectively. The billets with higher performance and lower macro-segregation were obtained in case of CDC. The flow stresses and the difference in different positions of DC ingots measured at Gleeble-1500D thermo-mechanical simulator decreased obviously when the coupling stirring technology is used in the casting process.
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Jiang, Zhou Hua, and Xin Geng. "Research on the Surface Quality of ESR Large Slab Ingots." Advanced Materials Research 146-147 (October 2010): 670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.146-147.670.
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A special bifilar 40t electroslag remelting(ESR) furnace for slab products has been fabricated to produce heavy plates for special application. The ESR slabs with the maximum thickness of the world in size of 980 mm thickness, 2000 mm wideness and 2800 mm length have been produced successfully. However, the ingots surface quality is a serious problemn in ESR process for large slab ingots, for ingot and mold with a relatively mobile, larger ingot contraction and thicker slag skin. Using CaF2-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-MgO slag, suited remelting rate, lower filling ration, smooth movement of mold and adjusting taper of the mold and are necessary for improving surface quality of the ESR large slab ingots.
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Kim, Nam Yong, Dae-Cheol Ko, Yangjin Kim, Sang Wook Han, Il Yeong Oh, and Young Hoon Moon. "Feasibility of Reduced Ingot Hot-Top Height for the Cost-Effective Forging of Heavy Steel Ingots." Materials 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132916.
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Feasibility studies have been performed on ingots with reduced hot-top heights for the cost-effective hot forging of heavy ingots. The quality of the heavy ingots is generally affected by internal voids, which have been known to be accompanied by inclusions and segregation. To guarantee the expected mechanical performance of the forged products, these voids should be closed and eliminated during the hot open die forging process. Hence, to effectively control the internal voids, the optimum hot-top height and forging schedules need to be determined. In order to improve the utilization ratio of ingots, the ingot hot-top height needs to be minimized. To investigate the effect of the reduced hot-top height on the forged products, shaft and bar products have been manufactured via hot forging of ingots having various hot-top heights. From the operational results, the present work suggests effective forging processes to produce acceptable shaft and bar products using ingots having reduced hot tops. The mechanical properties of shop-floor products manufactured from ingots with reduced hot tops have also been measured and compared with those of conventional ingot products.
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Tikal, Filip, Michal Duchek, and Jan Nacházel. "FEM Analyses of the Radiation in Heating Forging Furnace." Applied Mechanics and Materials 751 (April 2015): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.751.235.
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The purpose of this study was to identify possible causes of longitudinal surface cracks found during early stages of ingot breakdown. However, these cracks need not necessarily form during forging or as a result of poor quality of the surface in metallurgical terms. Under certain conditions, they may occur even as the ingot is being heated in the furnace to the forging temperature. The cracks probably form within a few minutes after placing the ingot in the furnace as a result of the temperature gradient, which is most severe on the ingot surface. A numerical model was created to represent the case of three ingots in a furnace. Upon casting, the ingots are cooled down to no more than 600°C and then placed in a furnace at 1,100 - 1,200°C. Numerical simulations were used to analyse their internal stresses and temperatures.
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Liu, Yu, Zhao Zhang, Guangqiang Li, Qiang Wang, and Baokuan Li. "Effect of Current on Segregation and Inclusions Characteristics of Dual Alloy Ingot Processed by Electroslag Remelting." High Temperature Materials and Processes 38, no. 2019 (February 25, 2019): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2017-0144.
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AbstractThree dual alloy ingots were processed by electroslag remelting with 1500 A, 1800 A and 2100 A. The compositions and inclusions of ingots were analyzed by means of various analytical techniques. The results show that the segregation becomes severer with the increase of current. With the current increasing, the proportion of inclusions with large size, the T.[O] and sulfur content in the ingot increase, showing a worse cleanliness due to the severer electrode surface oxidation and shorter interaction time between slag pool and film of molten steel at the electrode tip. The single (Mn,Cr)S inclusion can precipitate in transition zone of each ingot and NiCrMoV zone of ingot with 1800 A and 2100 A due to higher sulfur content and the solute segregation during solidification. The ingot processed by ESR with 1500 A performed a balanced quality.
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Syryamkin, R. S., Yu A. Gorbunov, S. B. Sidelnikov, and A. Yu Otmahova. "STUDY INTO THE INFLUENCE OF THE GRAIN STRUCTURE REFINEMENT DEGREE OF ALLOY 6063 INGOTS ON THEIR PLASTICITY, EXTRUSION PARAMETERS AND PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED PROFILES." Izvestiya Vuzov Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Proceedings of Higher Schools Nonferrous Metallurgy, no. 6 (December 14, 2018): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2018-6-51-57.
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The analysis of scientific and technical literature and practical data made it possible to found that changes in casting parameters for ingots using different mold designs allows varying the degree of ingot grain structure refinement in a sufficiently wide range, which should be reflected in the conditions of aluminum alloy profile extrusion as well as physical and mechanical properties of these profiles. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to assess the influence of the degree of grain structure refinement for Alloy 6063 ingots on extrusion deformation and speed parameters and mechanical properties of profiles produced. The study used several batches of Alloy 6063 ingots 178 mm in diameter cast under industrial conditions, as well as profiles obtained by direct extrusion on a 18 MN horizontal hydraulic press subjected to quenching and aging. The grain size in homogenized ingots was estimated by light microscopy using the Olimpus optical microscope, and mechanical properties tests were carried out using the Inspect 20 kN-1 universal test machine. It was found that the initial grain size in the ingot structure exerts a significant influence both on ingot plasticity during extrusion, and on the final structure and mechanical properties of profile products made of aluminum alloys. Having analyzed the results obtained, we can conclude that the increase in strength characteristics of products extruded from ingots with a more refined structure is due to the fact that fine grains are retained in the structure of metal after its deformation, and cast metal plasticity increases with the degree of grain structure refinement in the ingot. This leads to the higher efficiency of profile product hardening and metal outflow rate during extrusion.
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Wołczyński, W., A. A. Ivanova, P. Kwapisiński, and E. Olejnik. "Structural Transformations Versus Hard Particles Motion in the Brass Ingots." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0362.
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AbstractA mathematical method for the forecast of the type of structure in the steel static ingot has been recently developed. Currently, the method has been applied to structural zones prediction in the brass ingots obtained by the continuous casting. Both the temperature field and thermal gradient field have been calculated in order to predict mathematically the existence of some structural zones in the solidifying brass ingot. Particularly, the velocity of theliquidusisotherm movement and thermal gradient behavior versus solidification time have been considered. The analysis of the mentioned velocity allows the conclusion that the brass ingots can evince: chilled columnar grains-, (CC), fine columnar grains-, (FC), columnar grains-, (C), equiaxed grains zone, (E), and even the single crystal, (SC), situated axially. The role of the mentioned morphologies is analyzed to decide whether the hard particles existing in the brass ingots can be swallowed or rejected by the solid / liquid (s/l) interface of a given type of the growing grains. It is suggested that the columnar grains push the hard particles to the end of a brass ingot during its continuous casting.
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Kwapisiński, P., Z. Lipnicki, A. A. Ivanova, and W. Wołczyński. "Role of the Structural and Thermal Peclet Numbers in the Brass Continuous Casting." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0050.
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AbstractThe Structural Peclet Number has been estimated experimentally by analyzing the morphology of the continuously cast brass ingots. It allowed to adapt a proper development of the Ivantsov’s series in order to formulate the Growth Law for the columnar structure formation in the brass ingots solidified in stationary condition. Simultaneously, the Thermal Peclet Number together with the Biot, Stefan, and Fourier Numbers is used in the model describing the heat transfer connected with the so-called contact layer (air gap between an ingot and crystallizer). It lead to define the shape and position of the s/l interface in the brass ingot subjected to the vertical continuous displacement within the crystallizer (in gravity). Particularly, a comparison of the shape of the simulated s/l interface at the axis of the continuously cast brass ingot with the real shape revealed at the ingot axis is delivered. Structural zones in the continuously cast brass ingot are revealed: FC - fine columnar grains, C - columnar grains, E - equiaxed grains, SC - single crystal situated axially.
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Smyrnov, Yevgen, Vitalii Skliar, and Doston Parpiev. "Evaluating Plasticity of Alloy AD31 on Ingot Height." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.461.
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The authors present the results of evaluating the distribution of plastic properties on the height of a log ingot with the diameter of 145 mm, obtained by means of semi-continuous casting, from the aluminum alloy AD31. The authors study semi-continuous alloys of three manufacturers. One part of ingots was obtained with the use of only primary aluminum, secondary raw materials and secondary raw materials with the addition of primary aluminum. With the purpose of stabilizing the process of presswork the authors define the values of yield stress in the ingot lower and upper parts and study its microstructure. The research was conducted for the ingots without thermal treatment after accelerated homogenization. It is shown that the ingots, produced with the use of primary aluminum only, have less scattered plastic properties in terms of the height. That is why, for the case of press-working the items with thin components, it is reasonable to use the ingots from primary aluminum.
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Hu, Yan, Hai Hao, and Xiao Teng Liu. "Temperature Field Analysis of Directional Solidification of Multi-Crystalline Silicon." Materials Science Forum 750 (March 2013): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.750.96.
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A cost effective directional solidification (DS) technique is one of the main methods to produce multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) ingots for solar cells. A detailed understanding of the DS process is very important to control the formation and distribution of impurities, precipitates, thermal stress and dislocation defects in an ingot. All these factors have direct effects on the solar cells efficiency. The quality of crystal grown by DS is largely determined by the temperature field. In order to optimize the technique parameters and obtain high quality silicon ingots, the temperature fields with different heat transfer coefficients at different positions have been calculated during the silicon DS process. The influence of the heat transfer coefficients at the ingot top(ht), the ingot bottom (hb), and between ingot and crucible (hs) on the DS process of mc-Si have been analyzed. The calculation results may provide important theoretical basis for optimizing technological recipe in the productive practice.
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Nicholson, Paul T., Caroline M. Jackson, and Katharine M. Trott. "The Ulu Burun Glass Ingots, Cylindrical Vessels and Egyptian Glass." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 83, no. 1 (December 1997): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751339708300108.
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This paper examines a possible Egyptian origin for the glass ingots discovered in the Ulu Burun shipwreck off the Turkish coast and seeks to relate them to cylindrical vessels believed to be ingot moulds from Tell el-Amarna. A preliminary distinction between types of Ulu Burun ingot is also suggested and a comparison made between the ingot moulds from Amarna and those from Qantir.
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Narivskyi, A. V., A. N. Smirnov, N. I. Tarasevich, and S. Ye Kondratyuk. "Chemical and physical heterogeneities and gases in large steel ingot." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 96, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2020.04.003.
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For creation of the high-tech equipment that is used in energy, heavy engineering, chemistry and transport, the unique large-sized steel products are required. In the manufacture of such products, large forging ingots in the mass to 600 tons are used. However, an increase in the mass of the ingots leads to the formation of chemical and physical heterogeneity, enlargement and unfavorable distribution of non-metallic inclusions, of the development of segregation defects in them, which reduce the strength and exploitation characteristics of the metal. In this connection, the quality forgings and finished parts are not always meet the producing demands and the loss of metal, in the form of technological waste and rejects are reaching significant values. It is known that eccentric zonal segregation, especially it’s the most dangerous variety - cords, significantly reduce the quality and properties of products from large steel ingots. In connection with the continuous expansion of the production of large ingots, the problem of creating optimal technologies for their formation, which reduce or exclude the possibility of the formation of chemical heterogeneity and cords in steel during crystallization, it is currently important and relevant. In this paper it are presented the results of studies of the structure, gas distribution, physical and chemical heterogeneities in the cross section and height of an ingot in the mass of 140 tons, which was casted in vacuum from steel 25KHN3MFA. It is shown that depending on the temperature and time conditions of ingot hardening, among which the crystallization interval (due to the chemical composition of steels), cooling intensity in different volumes in height and cross section of ingot, temperature gradient before the crystallization front, solubility of alloying elements and gas content in the melt, etc. Based on this, when developing technology for large ingots to ensure their quality, optimal structure and properties should take into account not only their dimensions, but also the combination of these thermokinetic parameters on the crystallization process, dendritic structure formation, manifestations of liquation in different ingot volumes. Keywords: ingot, segregation strip and inclusions, dendrites, structure, oxygen, oxides, sulfides.
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Puzikov, A. Ya, S. B. Gamanuk, N. A. Zyuban, D. V. Rutskiy, and K. A. Ivchenko. "THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FORCES ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HARDENING AND THE CHARACTER OF CONVECTIVE FLOWS DURING THE CURING OF INGOTS." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 7(254) (July 22, 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2021-7-254-56-62.
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The paper describes the influence of external influences on the features and nature of convective flows during the solidification of ingots. It is shown that topping up the profitable part of the ingot with hot portions of the melt changes the nature of the convective motion of the melt in the body of the model ingot. Laminar movement is observed before refilling, after turbulent. The change in the nature of the movement of the liquid in the body of the ingot contributes to an increase in the speed of the front of the solid phase, as evidenced by the results of calculating the rate of solidification throughout the solidification process of the model ingot. The analysis of the structural zones showed an increase in the zone of columnar crystals from 58.6% to 72.3% and the zone of the deposition cone, from 6.5% to 9.1% in refilled ingots compared to the classic ingot. There is also a decrease in the zone of differently oriented crystals from 26.8 to 13.7% and the crustal zone from 5.9% to 2.8%. The length of the axial zone increased from 36 to 54%, with a decrease in its diameter from 6.5 to 5.1%.
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Wang, En Gang, En Jiang, Guo Feng Zhan, An Yuan Deng, and Ji Cheng He. "Solidification Structure of Incoloy800 Superalloy with Electromagnetic Field." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2480.
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The evolution of solidification structure in Incoloy800 with and without electromagnetic stirring (EMS) are studied to investigate its influence on the morphology of solidifying crystals and element segregation. The samples examination and EDX analysis show that some broken dendrite in the subsurface of the ingot were brought into the internal part of the ingot, it is proves the shear mechanism of EMS to dendrite or column crystal in the initial solidifying period, and the equiaxed grain region is formed in the internal part of ingots owing to the stirring effect of EMS. Both of them are helpful to reduce the element segregation in Incoly800 ingots.
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Liu, Rui Qing, An Yun Li, Li Jun Peng, and Guang Bin Qiu. "Microstructure and Properties of As-Cast Cu-20Ni-5Sn Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.18.
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Cu-20Ni-5Sn alloy has not only high content of Ni melted point 1453°C, but also low melting point elements of Sn melted at 231.9°C, therefore, the grain structure of alloy as-cast is in perfect dendrite that lends to form segregation and inverse segregation of Sn, so that the hot rolling (cogging) processing is restricted. The influence of casting methods, cooling rate and heat treatment on the microstructures and properties of as-cast Cu-20Ni-5Sn alloy were investigated. The results show that, compared to the ingot casted in iron mold and graphite mold, the microstructure of Cu-20Ni-5Sn ingot prepared by horizontal continuous casting is the finest and the Sn segregation level is in lowest. The microstructure of the ingot casted in graphite mold is in the most perfected dendritic and with the highest segregation of Sn, the microstructure of ingot in iron molding is in the middle. The ingots must be homogenized before cold-processing. Homogenization treatment can eliminate Sn segregation and dissolve the non-equilibrium phase of ingots.
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Lai, Hui Xian, Liu Qing Huang, Ming Fang, Cheng Hao Lu, Juan Chen, De Qin Yu, Jin Tang Li, et al. "Defects and Electrical Properties of Crystalline Silicon at Different Metallurgical Route." Applied Mechanics and Materials 420 (September 2013): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.420.134.
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To investigate the effects of the metallurgical route on the defects in mc-Si, various metallurgical routes were conducted. Dislocation formation and the resistivity of the mc-Si were also studied. The results showed that high inhomogeneity in dislocation distribution within individual grains and paralleled tacking faults could be observed when the ingot was grown by using the feedstock prepared by adopting the sequence of slag treatment, acid leaching and vacuum refining. Different grains have various dislocation density, which was showed in ingot grown by utilizing the feedstock prepared by adopting the sequence of vacuum refining, slag treatment and acid leaching, tacking faults could also be seen, as well as some dislocation clusters. The resistivity of this two ingots was detected at various height by using the a 4-point probe silicon tester, it was expected that the resistivity of these two ingots has the same tendency of the change, and the value of the resistivity of the ingot obtained using the previous technology was relatively higher than that of the ingot obtained using the latter technology.
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Gamanyuk, Sergey B., Dmitriy V. Rutskiy, and Nikolay A. Zyuban. "An Investigation of Ingots Teemed under Different Thermal and Physical Solidification Conditions and the Analysis of Metal Quality of the Hollow Forgings Produced." Materials Science Forum 973 (November 2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.973.36.
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Optical and electron microscopy are used in the paper to analyze the quality of the cast metal of a 1.53 ton ingot of steel 38ХН3МФАteemed with a cooling feeder head. In addition, the analysis of the metal of hollow forgings produced from ingots with “cooled” and thermally insulated feeders is performed. A metallographic study reveals that if the ingot top is cooled down, it results in an accelerated solidification throughout the entire mass of the ingot; in addition, the thermal centre shifts to the ingot central axial area.
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Wang, Xiao Ming, Sheng Zhu, Zhi Hao Zhao, Qi Wei Wang, and Min Zhang. "Effect of Addition of Sc, Zr, Er on Microstructure of Al-Mg Ingot to Generate Welding Wire and Micro-Hardness of Surfacing Layer." Advanced Materials Research 940 (June 2014): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.940.28.
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Al-Mg welding wires applied extensively in aluminum alloy welding field.5183 ingot and 5356 ingot added Sc, Zr and Er were fabricated by DC casting method and extruded into welding wire, furtherly. Surfacing layer on 7A52 aluminum alloy prepared by using automatic surfacing formation system. Optical microscopy (OM) and 1600-5122VD MICROMET 5104 micro-hardness tester utilized to observe microstructure of 5183 and 5356 ingots, to measure micro-hardness of surfacing layer fabricated by using 5183 and 5356 welding wire with Sc, Zr, Er addition, respectively. The results indicated that, owing to addition of rare earth element, re-crystallization of Al-Mg extruded ingot to generate welding wire was restrained markedly; Microstructure was refined obviously when Sc added; And average size of the grains was about 10μm. Micro-hardness of surfacing layer improved after addition of Sc, Zr, Er element in the ingots.
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Zuo, Yu Bo, Qing Feng Zhu, Lei Li, Guang Ming Xu, and Jian Zhong Cui. "Effect of Electromagnetic Field on the Macrosegregation Behaviour of Al-Cu Alloy Ingot Prepared with Direct-Chill Casting Process." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.84.
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A low frequency electromagnetic field was introduced into the direct chill (DC) casting process and the ingots of Al-Cu alloy were prepared to study the macrosegregation behaviour of the ingots under the influence of the electromagnetic field. The experimental results showed that there is an obvious positive segregation near to the surface and a negative segregation in the centre area of the ingot. Cu shows the highest segregation tendency among the main elements of Cu, Mg and Mn. Grain refiner element Ti shows a segregation trend opposite to that of Cu. With the application of electromagnetic field, the negative centreline segregation in the centre area of the ingot was evidently reduced although it didn’t show significant effect on the segregation near to the ingot surface. A significant grain refinement was also achieved with the application of electromagnetic field. The mechanism of the reduction of macrosegregation with electromagnetic field was also analyzed in the present work.
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Zheng, Hong-guang, Li-jiang Yao, and Heng Xu. "Effect of Two Kinds of Refiners on the Solidification Structure and Property of Invar Alloy." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 4 (August 16, 2013): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0153.
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AbstractThe solidification structure of two 500 g cylindrical ingots of Fe-36Ni invar alloy, which were melted in a carbon tube furnace and cast adding Ce and Zr-Ti refiners respectively, were investigated. The results showed that the grain size became smaller. With the increase of refiner content, the ratio of equiaxed grains of ingot increased and the equiaxed grain size decreased. As for the 100 kg flat ingot, which was melted in a vacuum induction furnace and cast with Ce and Zr-Ti refiners respectively, the situation was different slightly. When adding Ce the dendritic grain diameter of the flat ingot became finer and the equiaxed grain ratio remained low; however, the mechanical property deteriorated. While adding Zr-Ti complex refiners, the solidification structure of the alloy was improved dramatically. Therefore, the mechanical properties at room temperature of as-cast flat ingots were improved. Furthermore, its high temperature ductility range expanded and the expansion coefficient of its hot-rolling plate remained almost the same.
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Brocato, Carmelo Maria. "Technological Jump in Aluminium Ingot Production." Materials Science Forum 630 (October 2009): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.630.243.
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Abstract Usual production of modern cast houses includes semi products and re-melt products. Billets, slabs and rod belong to the family of semi products, while T-bars, sows and ingots are incorporated in the category of re-melt products. Re-melt forms have been developed to be easily transported and easily processed in locations even far away from the cast house where these have been produced. Unlike sow and T-bars, ingots need to be stacked in bundles and securely strapped to allow safe and easier handling and transportation. Yet, the ingots can be processed one-by-one by small users or can be loaded into the melting furnace bundle-by-bundle. The shape and weight of pure aluminium ingots of the old prior art were determined with two aims: maximization of the production rate and minimization of the production costs: for many years heavy ingots have been produced by pouring molten aluminium into a chain of open top moulds. The traditional complex shape of the ingots was intended to facilitate de-moulding operations and bundle piling. For the above reasons, the most common ingot weight worldwide has ranged, until now, from 22.5 to 23.5kg. Now a new technology launched by Continuus-Properzi offers bigger hourly production rates and handy, safe and sound ingots of 30 pounds (13.6kg) as well as more compact and stable bundles. These advantages are paralleled by low maintenance costs and a very high yield near to 90%. With similar investment and production costs the new technology can give a 30% yearly production increase and winning ingot characteristics.
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Tian, Ni, Qi Long Liu, Zi Yan Zhao, Gang Zhao, and Kun Liu. "Effects of Homogenization-Free on the Microstructures of an Al-Mg-Si-Cu Hot-Rolled Plate for Automotive Pannel." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1529.
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The microstructure of Al-1.01Mg-1.11Si-0.38Cu-0.69Mn aluminum alloy plate hot-rolled from homogenization and homogenization-free ingots were investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy assisted with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The results showed that there are 3 main kinds of constituents such as Mg2Si, AlCuMgSi and AlFeMnSi in the as-cast Al-1.01Mg-1.11Si-0.38Cu-0.69Mn aluminum alloy ingot. After homogenization treated at 545°C for 24h, the black Mg2Si and the white bright AlCuMgSi particles in the ingot dissolved into matrix, but the grey AlFeMnSi phase partly dissolved, contracted into sphere and become coarse, many ultrafine dispersoids appear in the dendritic arms. The constituents in the plates hot-rolled from the homogenization and homogenization-free ingots are both distributed as broken chains along the rolling direction. However, compared with the particles configuration in the plate that hot-rolled from homogenization ingot, the particles in the plate that hot-rolled from the homogenization-free ingot are finer, more numerous and more homogenous, and with insufficient recrystallization when the plates are solution treated at 545°C for 2 h and then water quenched.
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shijie, Zhou, Liu hengquan, and Huang nan. "Effect of original grain size on microstructure and properties of extruded Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn biomedical alloy." Integrated Ferroelectrics 201, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2017.1331418.
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Magnesium is a biocompatible and biodegradable metal, which has attracted much interest in biomedical engineering. Cast magnesium alloy shows the low strength and plasticity at ambient temperature. Microstructure, mechanical properties and degradation properties of the extrusion pressed magnesium alloy have been investigated for biomedical application in detail by optical microscopes, mechanical properties testing and corrosion testing. The magnesium alloy ingots were gained by different cooling rate. Then the ingots were extrude into bar at the same processing condition. The results show that the cooling rate of cast ingot is important factors that affect the properties of Mg alloy by dynamic recrystallisation extruding. The cooling rate of cast ingot has been successfully applied to control the microstructure, mechanical and degradation properties of the Mg alloy. Optical microscopy observation has indicated that the grain size of the dynamic recrystallisation extruding has been significantly decreased from fast cooling cast magnesium ingot, which has mainly contributed to the high tensile strength and good elongation. Fasting cooling rate of cast ingot and dynamic recrystallisation extruding has provided moderate corrosion resistance, which has opened a new window for materials design, especially for biomedical.
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Binczyk, Franciszek, Jan Cwajna, Paweł Gradoń, Maria Sozańska, and Marek Cieśla. "Metallurgical Quality of Feed Ingots and Castings Made from Nickel and Cobalt Superalloys." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.215.
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The paper presents the results of ATD thermal analysis of feed ingots (master heat) and castings made from IN-713C, MAR-247 and MAR-509 superalloys. Metallurgical quality assessment was made based on the analysis of dT/dt curve in rage from Teutto Tsol. Furthermore, impurities (oxides of Al, Zr, Hf, Cr etc.) have been identified inside the shrinkage cavities of feed ingots and castings. Significant similarities has been observed between impurities found in ingots, ATD test samples and finished castings. It has been demonstrated that ATD analysis of samples taken from different parts of feed ingot can be effective method of metallurgical quality assessment for these ingots.
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Shi, Chen, Yongjun Wu, Daheng Mao, and Gaofeng Fan. "Effect of Ultrasonic Bending Vibration Introduced by the L-shaped Ultrasonic Rod on Solidification Structure and Segregation of Large 2A14 Ingots." Materials 13, no. 3 (February 10, 2020): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030807.
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In order to achieve long-term and stable ultrasonic treatment in the direct chill semi-continuous casting process, a new L-shaped ceramic ultrasonic wave guide rod is designed to introduce ultrasonic bending vibration into 2A14 aluminum alloy melt. The effect of ultrasonic bending vibration on the solidification structure and composition segregation of large 2A14 aluminum alloy ingots (φ 830 mm × 6000 mm) in the process of semi-continuous casting were studied by means of a direct reading spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, metallographic microscope, and hardness test. The ultrasonic ingot treated by bending vibration was compared with the ingot without ultrasonic treatment and the ingot treated by the traditional straight-rod titanium alloy wave guide rod. The results show that, during the solidification of 2A14 aluminum alloy, ultrasonic treatment can significantly refine the grain, break up the agglomerated secondary phase, and make its distribution uniform. The macro-segregation degree of solute including the negative segregation at the edge of the ingots and the positive segregation in the center can be reduced. Through comparative analysis, the macrostructure of the ingot, treated by the L-shaped ceramic ultrasonic wave guide rod, was found to be better than that of the ingot treated by the traditional straight-rod titanium alloy wave guide rod. In particular, the grain refinement effect at the edge of the ingot was the best, the secondary phase was smaller, more solute elements can be dissolved into the α-Al matrix, and the ability of the L-shaped ultrasonic wave guide rod to restrain segregation was stronger at the edge of the ingot.
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Indeykin, I. A., R. V. Starykh, E. V. Salimzhanova, V. B. Fomichev, and L. V. Krupnov. "Effect of copper-nickel matte ingot cooling time on its floatation separation selectivity indicators." Izvestiya Vuzov. Tsvetnaya Metallurgiya (Universities' Proceedings Non-Ferrous Metallurgy), no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0021-3438-2020-1-4-12.
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A criterion used to evaluate the efficiency of converter matte foam separation into nickel and copper concentrates is a selectivity index based on the total recoveries of metals into target concentrates that in turn defines their cumulative impurities (secondary metals) content. In addition to various factors (meeting density and reagent flow charts, comminution parameters, etc.), the time of preceding cooling of ingots is also known to have a substantial effect on the process of converter matte separation at commercial scale. Laboratory studies on selective separation were made to evaluate the influence of converter matte crystallization conditions at constant comminution and floatation parameters. Commercial converter matte ingots produced at different cooling rates were ground and floated in the closed circuit under laboratory conditions according to the existing floatation flowsheet. The lab studies allowed to exclude the multifactor nature of the system and to examine the commercial converter separation process only from the viewpoint of converter matte melt cooling rate since the other factors were kept constant during the laboratory tests. The temperature field in the body of the converter matte ingot was measured during its cooling in the conditions of the current production – this is reflected in the chemical and phase composition of various ingot sections. The temperature of the ingot, due to its massiveness, varies considerably throughout the material volume. A small change in the ingot surface temperature can be accompanied by significant changes in the temperature in its body. The measurement results showed that the temperature gradient from the center to the periphery of the ingot exceeds400 °C. In this regard, reducing the time of converter matte cooling can lead to significant violations of the cooling mode in the central zones of the ingot. In accordance with the optical mineralogical analysis of samples, the longer was the ingot cooling time, the higher was its decrystallization implying the formation of coarse-particle structures of copper and nickel sulfides with sharp interface boundaries. The chemical analysis revealed that the highest possible selectivity index of converter matte copper and nickel separation with resulting copper and nickel sulfide concentrates, respectively, is reached after 72 h of cooling for converter matte ingots from the smelting shop of the Nadezhdinsky Metallurgical Plant.
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Narivskij, Anatolij, Abdi Nuradinov, and Ibrahim Nuradinov. "Devising manufacturing techniques to control the process of zonal segregation in large steel ingots." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 3, no. 1 (111) (June 10, 2021): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.232496.
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A method of physical modeling was applied to study the effect of external actions on the processes of crystallization and the formation of the structure of ingots. A brief review of existing hypotheses about the evolution of physical, structural, and chemical heterogeneities in large steel ingots is given. The parameters of the structure and the two-phase zone have been determined, as well as the nature of the distribution of segregated materials along the cross-section of ingots, depending on the conditions of their curing. The decisive importance of convective and capillary mass transfer in the interdendritic channels of hardening ingots on the formation of a zonal heterogeneity at their cross-section has been proven. Experimentally, when crystallizing a model environment (camphene), it has been visually confirmed that the flow of segregated materials in interdendritic channels occurs when a certain amount of impurities accumulates in them. A clear dependence of the speed of this flow on the rate of melt crystallization has been established. With an increase of the hardened part of the melt, the rate of segregated material movement (Vl) increases while the rate of crystallization (R) decreases due to worsening heat release conditions. At a certain distance from the ingot’s surface, these rates become equal, and impurities are carried to the curing border, which is the main cause of the formation of zonal segregation. The results reported here show that the evolution of zonal segregation in ingots can be controlled using various techniques involving external influence on the hardening melt. This study has demonstrated that the adjustable intensity of heat removal from an ingot, as well as the addition of external excess pressure on the hardening melt, could be used as such tools. In the study, to obtain ingots with a minimum level of chemical heterogeneity, it would suffice to provide the following conditions for the curing of the alloy: a value of the alloy crystallization speeds at the level of Rcr ≥ 9·10–2 mm/s, or external pressure on the free surface of ingots Рext. ≥ 135 kPa. The industrial implementation of the reported results could make it possible to improve the technology of obtaining large blacksmith ingots, provide savings in materials and energy resources, increase the yield of a suitable metal, and improve its quality
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Belevitin, Vladimir, Yevgen Smyrnov, and Vitalii Skliar. "Forecasting Increase of Quality of Large-Sized Forgings Used for Stamping, Piercing, and Rolling of High-Duty Products." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 660–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.660.
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When utilizing current combined systems of manufacturing large-sized shaft forgings, there is a tendency towards using an integrated approach, which consists in optimizing the shape of forged ingots and methods of their forging, intensifying shear strains in the axial zone of the ingots during their plastic deformation, and eliminating asymmetry of external forces at various points along the cross section of the ingot being deformed. This paper presents the results of the comparative analysis of quality of shaft forgings when forging ingots with a three-beam symmetric and asymmetric cross-section, as well as with the traditional octahedral cross-section, are used for the manufacture of shaft forgings. It has been shown that the use of forging ingots with a three-beam symmetrical and asymmetrical cross section provided an increase of KCU by an average of 4.3% and 13.1%, and of density by 17.5% and 21.0%, respectively, in the absence and presence of inert gas (argon) blowdown of the melt in the casting ladle before casting it into ingot molds. Their use also contributes to an increase in the number of forgings, suitable for ultrasonic testing, according to the C/c class with a permissible equivalent discontinuity diameter of ≤ 3 mm.
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Bartocha, D., T. Wróbel, J. Szajnar, W. Adamczyk, W. Jamrozik, and M. Dojka. "The Influence of Casting Velocity on Structure of Al Continuous Ingots." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0246.
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AbstractThe aim of paper was determination of influence of the casting velocity in horizontal continuous casting process on solidification phenomenon and next primary structure of aluminum ingots. In the range of studies was conducted the experiment concerning continuous casting of Al ingots with diameter 30 mm at velocity from 30 to 80 mm/min. Moreover was developed adequate to the real the virtual model of cooled water continuous casting mould, which was used in simulation of solidification process of Al continuous ingot, made in ANSYS Fluent software. In result was determined the influence of casting velocity and temperature of cooling water on position of crystallization front inside the continuous casting mould. While the shape and size of grains in primary structure of Al continuous ingots were determined on the basis of metallographic macroscopic studies. On the basis of the results analysis was affirmed that increase of casting velocity strongly influences on position of crystallization front and causes increase of temperature of ingot leaving the continuous casting mould. In result the increase of casting velocity supposedly leads to decrease of temperature gradient on crystallization front what creates coarse grains in primary structure of aluminum continuous ingots and caused low usable properties i.e. suitability to plastic deformation.
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Wang, Fuyue, Xiangjie Wang, and Jianzhong Cui. "Effect of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Casting on Micro-Structure and Macro-Segregation of 5A90 Alloy Ingots." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122720.
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The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the micro-structure and macro-segregation of 5A90 alloy ingots during the semi-continuous casting process were quantitatively investigated. The ingots of a 5A90 alloy with a diameter 170 mm were produced by the conventional direct chill casting (DCC) process and low-frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) with 10 Hz/100 A. The results showed that LFEC can substantially refine the micro-structure and shorten the width of the columnar grain area of an ingot. The refinement effect came with the relieving of grain boundary segregation and an improvement in the macro-segregation of the ingot. Compared with the traditional DCC process, the tensile properties of the aged alloy prepared by the LFEC process were improved due to the effects of the increase in solid solubility and the strengthening of the grain refinement, so that the stability of the tensile properties was also improved. Meanwhile, the rate of yield increased by 2.3% with a decrease in the peeling thickness of the ingot.
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Luo, Da Wei. "Growth and Characterization of 420 kg Bulk Multicrystalline Silicon (mc-Si) Ingot Grown by Directional Solidification Process for Photovoltaic Application." Advanced Materials Research 873 (December 2013): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.873.592.
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Cast mc-Si ingots are widely used in photovoltaic manufacturing. The utilization rate of industrial polycrystalline silicon ingot only about 70%, most of them are less than 70%, the main influence factors are casting process, raw and auxiliary materials as well as the crucible material. The growth process and the overall characteristics of 420 kg polycrystalline silicon ingot are analyzed and researched in detail. This paper focuses on the distribution characteristics and causes of the casting defect which are analyzed in detail and discussed, at the same time suggestions are given to improve the utilization rate of the ingot.
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Wu, Xiao Dong, Bin Liao, Chang Jian Yan, Li Huang, and Ling Fei Cao. "Grain Refinement in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Casting Ingot." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.104.
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The grain refinement in a high specific strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu casting ingot was studied by add different amount of Al-Ti-C and Al-Ti-B master alloys during casting. The optical microscopy observation shows that the grain size of ingot is greatly reduced when adding Al-Ti-B as low as 0.01 wt%. Both the average size and the size difference among samples from various locations of ingots are smaller when the alloy casted with Al-Ti-B, which indicates that Al-Ti-B is effecient for the grain refinement in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu casting ingot.
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Zhu, Qing Feng, Zhi Hao Zhao, Xiang Jie Wang, and Jian Zhong Cui. "Floating Grains in the HDC Casting 7075 Aluminum Alloy Ingot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 1531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.1531.
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7075 aluminum alloy ingot with the diameters of 100 mm was produced by Horizontal Direct-Chill (HDC). The temperature in the melt was measured and the ingots were examined in detail with the aim to reveal the floating grains in the HDC ingot. Experimental results show that very large floating grains with coarse dendrite arm spacing (DAS) mainly concentrate in the half-moon area near bottom surface of the HDC casting ingot, under the function of gravity. The floating grains in the HDC casting process is much bigger than that founded in Vertical Direct-Chill (VDC) casting process.
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Hermansyah, Adid A., Kosasih Kosasih, and Hafid Hafid. "Penelitian Proses Pembuatan Konsentrat dan Ingot Tembaga dari Batuan Mineral Cu sebagai Substitusi Impor." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 9, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v9i1.1700.
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Research on the manufacturing process of concentrates and ingots of copper from Cu mineralized rocks as import substitution has been done. The aim is to produce import substitute products from raw materials from copper alloys in domestic. The research method was taken, consist of: (1) the manufacturing concentrates process, namely Cu smoothing stone (crusher), soaking in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and dilution with Zn powder, (2) ingot-making process, that is burned on non-ferrous furnace (melting process) and liquid non-ferrous metals in print according to the desired size. Based on the results of the experimentaltrial the composition of concentrates and ingots of copper is dominated by Cu-Pb (98.7% -1.05%), the hardness of copper ingots is 62.28 Hv (hardness exceeds the standards of pure copper: Hv 20-40). The results of SEM and EDS showed the presence of a layer of copper matrix is quite tight and together, where the elements of Pb slip the matrix Cu. We hope that the products manufacturing process technology of copper alloys can be produced by SMEs mining in Indonesia to developing the added value of local mineral alloy.ABSTRAKPenelitian proses pembuatan konsentrat dan ingot tembaga dari batuan mineral Cu sebagai substitusi impor dengan tujuan untuk menghasilkan produk substitusi impor dari bahan baku paduan tembaga yang berasal dari dalam negeri. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah: (1) proses pembuatan konsentrat, yaitu; penghalusan batu Cu (crusher), perendaman dengan asam sulfat (H2SO4) dan pelarutan dengan serbuk Zn, (2) proses pembuatan ingot, yaitu; dibakar pada tungku non ferro (proses peleburan) dan cairan logam non ferro di cetak sesuai ukuran yang dikehendaki. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan diketahui bahwa komposisi konsentrat maupun ingot tembaga didominasi oleh Cu-Pb (98,7%-1,05%), kekerasan yang dimiliki ingot tembaga adalah 62,28Hv (melebihi kekerasan pada standar tembaga murni: 20-40 Hv). Hasil pengujian SEM dan EDS menunjukkan adanya lapisan matrix tembaga yang cukup rapat dan menyatu, dimana unsur Pb menyelip pada matrix Cu. Diharapkan teknologi proses pembuatan produk dari paduan tembaga dapat diproduksi oleh Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM) penambangan di Indonesia untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah mineral paduan lokal. Kata kunci : konsentrat, ingot tembaga, tungku non ferro.
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Jiang, Yong, Wen Hui Ma, Kui Xian Wei, Yang Zhou, Xiang Yang Mei, Bin Yang, and Yong Nian Dai. "Study of Dislocation Generation and Growth Orientations in Upgraded Metallurgical Grade Multicrystalline Silicon." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 1559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.1559.
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We used high-purity multicrystalline silicon prepared by metallurgical method for the study of directional solidification. The optical microscope was used to observe the etch pits on the surface of silicon wafers, and we calculated their dislocation density. The result showed the space distribution of dislocation density presented “V” shape for each ingot produced at different drop-down rates. The dislocation density of slicon ingots followed the order 10<20<30<40μm/s. The high-resolution glow discharge mass spectroscopy was used to analyze the concentration of transition metal impurities. The macro-morphology of vertical-section of silicon ingots growth at different drop-down rates was observed. The x-ray diffraction measurement was performed to analyze the crystallographic orientations of the silicon ingot growth at 20μm/s, which was a better drop-down rate for producing high-quality multicrystalline silicon.
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Bi, Ping, Xiu Hua Chen, Wen Hui Ma, Cong Zhang, Kui Xian Wei, Yu Ping Li, and Xue Mei Liu. "Nucleation of Multicrystalline Silicon during Directional Solidification." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.103.
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In this work, directional solidification was performed for multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) ingot casting. The initial nucleation at the bottom of the silicon melt could be controlled by changing the cooling rate from 9 to 20μm/s. Metallographic microscope, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Microwave photoconductivity decay meter (μ-PCD) and four-point probe resistivity tester were used to investigate the microstructure, crystal orientation and electrical properties of the mc-Si ingots. The obtained results showed that cooling rate at 17μm/s is the optimum condition for the mc-Si ingots casting, under which the prepared ingot has lower dislocation density of 6×10-3 cm-2, better electrical properties, more uniformer resistivity distribution with an average value of 0.68 Ω×cm and higher minority carrier lifetime with a maximum value of 1.8 μs than that of in the other cooling rate conditions.
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Zhao, Ya Nan, and Shi Guang Ba. "Influence of Riser Necking Ratio and Taper on the Solidification of Heavy Ingots by Numerical Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.59.
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The effect of riser necking ratio and taper on solidification process of 96T steel ingot have been studied numerically using the software package ProCAST. The results show that the solidification time decrease with the increase of riser necking ratio, and the position of shrinkage porosity moves up and the secondary porosity presents a tendency of increase, and the inclusions on the shoulder of body ingot decreases. The riser taper has little effect on the solidification process of heavy ingots.
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Huang, Xin Sheng, Kazutaka Suzuki, Akira Watazu, Ichinori Shigematsu, and Naobumi Saito. "Effects of Homogenization Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Hot-Rolled AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.255.
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The mechanical properties of the AZ31B alloy sheets processed by differential speed rolling (DSR) from the cast ingots homogenized at two different conditions were investigated. There still existed the uneven distribution of Al and Zn in the ingot homogenized at 673 K for 6 h, while it was homogeneous for the ingot homogenized at 723 K for 24 h. Compare with the sheet rolled from the ingot homogenized at 673 K for 6 h, the sheet rolled from the ingot homogenized at 723 K for 24 h exhibited a lower proof stress, a larger elongation, and a lager strain hardening exponent. The improvement in the ductility can be attributed to the elimination of the microsegregation of Al and Zn in the matrix.
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Han, Xing, and Jian Zhong Cui. "Study on Multi-Alloy Ingots Produced Using Hot-Top DC Casting Approach." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.199.
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In this paper, a new approach that using hot-top DC casting process to produce multi-alloy ingots is present. The different type and size of composite and cladding ingots (4045/3004/4045 three-layer composite ingots with section 630mm by 1500mm and 4045/3003 cladding ingot with Φ140mm/Φ110mm in diameter) are fabricated by this approach. The macro-morphologies and microstructures of the ingots, the temperature distribution and the element distribution in the interface zone were investigated, and the interface bonding strength was measured. The results show that the solid supporting layer formed on the cooling plates plays a key role in the casting process of composite ingots. The solid supporting layer can prevent the blending of two melts by resisting the impact of alloy melt, which ensures the stable casting process and casting high quality composite ingots, because the contact height is increased using hot-top DC casting. In addition, fabrication and properties of 4045/3004/4045 three-layer composite ingots with section 630mm by 1500mm are reported in detail.
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Akhonin, S. V., V. A. Berezos, and A. Yu Severyn. "ELECTRON-BEAM MELTING OF INGOTS OF TiAl SYSTEM INTERMETALLICS." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032110004.
Full textAbstract:
Performance of scientific-technical researches at the E. O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine have been directed on development of technology for manufacture of titanium aluminide –based alloys using the method of electron-beam melting (EBM). The mathematical models of heat state and evaporation of alloying elements in EBM were developed. The results of calculations of heat state using the mathematical model allowed determining a dependence of depth of liquid pool on different melting rates. The mathematical models of processes of evaporation in EBM of titanium aluminide ingots were used for plotting the nomograms, which help to determine the necessary content of alloying element of the alloy in the initial charge for acquiring the necessary concentration of this element in ingot at set technological parameters of melting. In scopes of designed mathematical models there were investigated different technological modes of electron-beam melting of ingots based on titanium aluminide. The optimum EBM modes, at which a solidification front approaches to flat, were determined. At that, more uniform distribution of the additives on ingot section and volume is provided as well as level of stressed state is reduced. The works were carried out on manufacture of titanium aluminide based-ingots with addition of refractory as well as volatile alloying elements. Composition and structure of produced ingots were examined. It is shown that electron-beam melting allows getting chemically homogeneous ingots based on titanium aluminide and is a perspective method for production of such class materials.
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Zhang, Bin, and Craig Shaber. "Aluminum Ingot Thermal Stress Development Modeling of the Wagstaff® EpsilonTM Rolling Ingot DC Casting System during the Start-up Phase." Materials Science Forum 693 (July 2011): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.196.
Full textAbstract:
Based on sequentially coupled CFD and FEM models, aluminum alloy rolling ingot thermal stress simulations have been conducted in order to understand start-up phase cold cracking phenomena and optimize tooling designs for 520×2120 mm rolling ingot casting on Wagstaff® Epsilon™ Ingot Tooling. In the CFD model, ingot surface temperature dependant and water flow rate dependant water boiling curves are applied. Thermal boundary conditions for the complex water intrusion phenomena under the ingot butt have been attempted. Temperature dependant elastic-plastic materials constitutive relationship has been employed in the transient thermal stress FEM model. Results of thermal stress development at ingot surface and inside the ingot are presented; Connection of cold cracking (ingot butt quarter and center cracks) with near surface stress development at the ingot butt is shown and the effect of water intrusion under the ingot butt on the butt stress development is also discussed. The predicted temperatures are validated against temperatures measured from cast-in thermocouples at strategic locations in field ingots in order to obtain realistic thermal boundary conditions. The predicted butt curl is also verified through field observation and measurement.